laporan tugas akhir menggunakan password dan rfid …

ii

LAPORAN TUGAS AKHIR

JUDUL

RANCANG BANGUN KUNCI PINTU RUMAH PINTAR

MENGGUNAKAN PASSWORD DAN RFID VIA GSM

MESSAGE BERBASIS ARDUINO MEGA 2560

Disusun Oleh :

NAMA :ABDUL KHOLIQ

NIM :C.411.12.0024

JURUSAN TEKNIK ELEKTRO

FAKULTAS TEKNIK UNIVERSITAS SEMARANG

SEMARANG

2016

iii

HALAMAN PERNYATAAN ORIGINALITAS

Tugas akhir ini adalah hasil karya saya sendiri, dan semua sumber

baik yang dikutip maupun yang dirujuk telah saya nyatakan dengan benar.

NAMA : ABDUL KHOLIQ

NIM : C.411.12.0024

Tanda Tangan :………………………………….

Tanggal : …………………………………

Yang Menyatakan,

Abddul Kholiq

C.411.12.0024

v

ABSTRACT

Nama : Abdul Kholiq

Program studi : Teknik Elektro

Judul : Rancang Bangun Kunci Pintu Rumah Pintar Menggunakan

Password dan RFID Via GSM Message Berbasis Arduino Mega

As technology develops very rapidly in this era of globalization has providedmany benefits in various aspects of social progress. In the era of globalization isstill a lot of crime, especially at the empty house in residence owners. With thedesign of Smart House Door Locks Using Password and RFID-based Via GSMMessege Arduino Mega 2560, will be a member of security when homeowners goaway.

In the system Door Locks Smart Home Solutions Using Password and RFIDVia GSM Messege Based Arduino there are various supporting componentsSelenoid Door Lock as lock, Buzzer as a warning sound, Sensor LDR and Laserused as a detector of thieves, Keypad password and RFID are used as a safetydoor, GSM SIM900A used as send SMS messages to the owner of the house.

The test results on RFID at a distance of 1-5 cm can be read by the cardreader. Testing LDR laser light if the objects in the value of less than 100 lux,when directly exposed to laser light LDR worth more than 100 lux. Testingprogram password, if entered in accordance with the set password (12369) thenlook at the LCD 'Scan Card'.

Keywords: Arduino Microcontroller 2560, GSM SIM900A, Selenoid Door Lock,Sensor LDR, 4x4 Keypad and RFID.

vi

KATA PENGANTAR

Dengan mngucapkan segala puji syukur kehadirat Allah SWT atas segala

rahmat,karunia dan hidayah-Nya,penulis diberi kekuatan untuk menyelesaikan

Tugas Akhir ini .Sehingga penulis dapat menyelesaikan penyusunan Tugas

Akhir.Penulisan Tugas Akhir ini dimaksudkan guna memenuhi syarat untuk

menyelesaikan jenjang pendidikan Sarjana (S-1) program studi Teknik Elektro

Fakultas teknik Universitas Semarang.

Dengan telah selesainya Laporan Tugas Akhir ini yang tidak terlepas dari

dukungan dan bantuan dari berbagai pihak baik secara langsung maupun tidak

langsung.Oleh karena itu perkenankanlah penulis menyampaikan ucapan terima

kasih yang sebesar-besarnya kepada :

1) Bapak Prof.DR.H.Pahlawansjah Harahap,SE,ME., selaku Rektor

Universitas Semarang.

2) Bapak Ir.H.Supoyo,MT., selaku Dekan Fakultas Teknik Universitas

Semarang.

3) Ibu Budiani Destyningtias,ST,M.Eng.,selaku Ketua Jurusan Teknik

Elektro Fakultas Teknik Univeristas Semarang.

4) Bapak Agus Margiantono,SSi,MT., selaku Dosen Pembimbing I yang

telah bersedia meluangkan waktu untuk memberikan pengarahan,saran,dan

bimbingan materi serta berbagai kemudahan yang memungkinkan dalam

terselesainya penyusunan Tugas Akhir ini.

5) Ibu Sri Heranurweni, ST, MT., selaku Dosen Pembimbing II yang telah

bersedia meluangkan waktu untuk memberikan pengarahan, saran, dan

vii

bimbingan materi serta berbagai kemudahan yang memungkinkan dalam

terselesainya penyusunan Tugas Akhir ini.

6) Orang tua penulis, yang selalu memberikan do’a dan restunya serta yang

menjdi sumber motivasi.

7) Sahabat yang telah banyak membantu saya dalam menyelesaikan Tugas

Akhir ini.

Penulis menyadari bahwa penelitian ini tidak sesempurna

sebagaiaman yang diharapkan, untuk itu saran dan kritik sangat

diharapkan demi penyempurnaan skirpsi ini. Semoga hasil penelitian ini

dapat bermanfaat untuk para akademisi,praktisi ataupun untuk penelitian-

penelitian selanjutnya. Akhir kata penulis mohon maaf atas kekurangan

dan kesalahan yang ada pada penyusunan laporan ini.Semoga laporan ini

dapat bermanfaat bagi kita semua terutama bagi pihak yang

berkepentingan.

Semarang,.

Abdul Kholiq

viii

DAFTAR ISI

HALAMAN JUDUL………………………………………………………………………...i

HALAMAN PENGESAHAN……………………………………………………………....ii

HALAMAN PERNYATAAN ORISINALITAS…………………………………………..iii

ABSTRAK…………………………………………………………………………………..v

ABSTRACT……………………………………………………………………………………………vi

PRA KATA………………………………………………………………………………...vii

DAFTAR ISI………………………………………………………………………………viii

DAFTAR GAMBAR……………………………………………………………………….xi

DAFTAR TABEL…………………………………………………………………………xiii

BABI PENDAHULUAN……………………………………………………………………1

1.1 Latar Belakang…………………………………………………………………………..1

1.2 Perumusan Masalah……………………………………………………………………..2

1.3 Tujuan dan Manfaat Tugas Akhir……………………………………………………….2

1.4 Batasan Masalah…………………………………………………………………………3

1.5 Metodologi Penelitian…………………………………………………………………...3

1.6 Sistem Penulisan………………………………………………………………………...5

BABII DASAR TEORI……………………………………………………………………...7

2.1 Pemograman Bahasa C Arduino………………………………………………………...7

2.1.1 Struktur……………………………………………………………………………8

2.1.2 Syntax……………………………………………………………………………..8

2.1.3 Variabel…………………………………………………………………………...9

2.1.4 Operator matemtika……………………………………………………………...10

2.1.5 Operator pembanding……………………………………………………………11

2.1.6 Struktur pengaturan……………………………………………………………...12

2.1.7 Digital……………………………………………………………………………13

ix

2.1.8 Analog…………………………………………………………………………...13

2.2 Mikrokontroler Arduino Mega2560……………………………………………………14

2.2.1 Ringkasan Spesifikasi Arduino mega2560……………………………………...17

2.3 LCD (Liquid Crystal Display)…………………………………………………………22

2.3.1 Pengertian LCD (Liquid Crystal Display)………………………………………22

2.3.2 Register LCD (Liquid Crystal Display)…………………………………………24

2.3.3 Spesifikasi Kaki LCD 16x2……………………………………………………..26

2.4 Keypad 4x4……………………………………………………………………………..28

2.5 RFID (Radio Frequensy Identification)………………………………………………..29

2.5.1 Spesifikasi RFID ………………………………………………………………..30

2.6 Modul GSM SIM900 Sheild………………………………………………………………….32

2.7 Sensor LDR (Light Dependent Resistor)………………………………………………32

2.8 Laser……………………………………………………………………………………34

2.8.1 Spesifikasi Laser………………………………………………………………...35

2.9 Selenoid Door Lock……………………………………………………………………………36

2.10 Buzzer………………………………………………………………………………………….36

2.11 IC Voltage Regulator………………………………………………………………………..37

2.12 Catu daya……………………………………………………………………………..38

BABIII METODOLOGI PENELITIAN…………………………………………………..40

3.1 Jenis Penelitian…………………………………………………………………………40

3.2 Bahan…………………………………………………………………………………..40

3.3 Peralatan………………………………………………………………………………..41

3.4 Perancangan Alat dalam Blok Diagram………………………………………………..42

3.5 Perancangan Hardware…………………………………………………………………44

3.5.1 Perancangan Rangkaian Catu Daya……………………………………………..46

3.5.2 Perancangan Rangkaian Arduino Mega2560……………………………………47

3.5.3 Perancangan Rangkaian LCD (Liquid Crystal Display)………………………..49

3.5.4 Perancangan Rangkaian Keypad………………………………………………...50

3.5.5 Perancangan Rangkaian RFID (Radio Frequency Identification)………………51

3.5.6 Perancangan Rangkaian GSM SIM900…………………………………………52

x

3.5.7 Perancangan Rangkaian Transistor TIP120 dan Sensor LDR………………….53

3.5.8 Perancangan Rangkaian Transisitor TIP120 dan Laser…………………………54

3.5.9 Perancangan Rangkaian Trasisitor TIP210 dan solenoid Door Lock…………...55

3.5.10 Perancangan Rangkaian Buzzer………………………………………………..56

3.6 Diagram Alir Sistem…………………………………………………………………...57

3.7 Perancangan Program…………………………………………………………………..61

BABIV PENGUJIAN DAN ANALISA………………………………………………...…63

4.1 Pengujian Rangakaian Catu Daya……………………………………………………...63

4.2 Pengujian Mikrokontroler Arduino Mega2560…………………………………...……65

4.3 Pengujian keypad pada LCD…………………………………………………………...67

4.4 Pengujian Keypad dengan program Password…………………………………………69

4.5 Pengujian RFID………………………………………………………………………...69

4.6 Pengujian Selenoid door lock…………………………………………………………..72

4.7 Pengujian sensor LDR………………………………………………………………….73

4.8 Pengujian Modul SIM900 Sheild……………………………………………………….……78

4.9 Pengujian Sitem Keseluruhan………………………………………………………….79

BABV PENUTUPAN……………………………………………………………………...80

5.1 Kesimpulan…………………………………………………………………………….80

5.2 Saran…………………………………………………………………………………....80

DAFTAR PUSTAKA……………………………………………………………………...82

xi

DAFTAR GAMBAR

1. Gambar 2.1 Tampilan Program Arduino…………………………………………………7

2. Gambar 2.2 Mikrokontroler Arduino Mega2560……………………………………….15

3. Gambar 2.3 Pemetaan Pin Arduino Mega2560…………………………………………16

4. Gambar 2.4 Pin Diagram Arduino Mega2560………………………………………….17

5. Gambar 2.5 LCD 16x2 Board dan Deskripsi Pin………………………………………26

6. Gambar 2.6 skematik LCD 16x2 ……………………………………………………….28

7. Gambar 2.7 Konstruksi keypad 4x4…………………………………………………….29

8. Gambar 2.8 RFID……………………………………………………………………….31

9. Gambar 2.9 Konfigurasi pin GSM SIM900…………………………………………….32

10. Gambar 2.10 Sensor LDR…………………………………………………………….33

11. Gambar 2.11 Laser……………………………………………………………………35

12. Gambar 2.12 Selenoid Door Lock……………………………………………………36

13. Gambar 2.13 Simbol Buzzer………………………………………………………….37

14. Gambar 2.14 IC Voltage Regulator ………………………………………………….38

15. Gambar 2.15 Fisik Tranformator 0 3A……………………………………………….39

16. Gambar 2.16 Skema Rangkaian Power Supply………………………………………39

17. Gambar 3.1 Perancangan Diagram Blok……………………………………………..42

18. Gambar 3.2 Perancngan Fisik tampak depan…………………………………………44

19. Gambar 3.3 Perancangan Fisik tampak belakang…………………………………….45

20. Gambar 3.4 Perancangan Rangkaian Catu Daya……………………………………..47

21. Gambar 3.5 Blok Diagram Pin Out Arduino Mega2560…………………………….48

22. Gambar 3.6 Rangkaian LCD dengan Arduino Mega2560…………………………...49

23. Gambar 3.7 Rangkaian keypad dengan Arduino Mega2560…………………………50

24. Gambar 3.8 Rangkaian RFID dengan Arduino Mega2560…………………………..51

xii

25. Gambar 3.9 Rangkaian GSM SIM900 dengan Arduino Mega2560………………….52

26. Gambar 3.10 Perancangan saklar TIP120, LDR dengan Arduino Mega2560………..53

27. Gambar 3.11 Perancangan saklar TIP120, Laser dengan Arduino Mega2560……….54

28. Gambar 3.12 Perancangan saklar TIP120, Selenoid door lock dengan Arduino

mega2560…..………………………………………………………………………….55

29. Gambar 3.13 Perancangan Buzzer dengan Arduino Mega2560……………………..56

30. Gambar 3.14 Diagram Alir Kunci Pintu Rumah Eletrik……………………………..57

31. Gambar 3.15 Diagram alir Deteksi pencuri…………………………………………..60

32. Gambar 3.16 Aplikasi program Arduino……………………………………………..61

33. Gambar 3.17 Lembar Kerja Program Arduino……………………………………….62

34. Gambar 4.1 Pengukuran Power supply………………………………………………64

35. Gambar 4.2 Pengukuran Pin digital…………………………………………………..65

36. Gambar 4.3 Pengujian keypad pada LCD…………………………………………….67

37. Gambar 4.4 Pengujian Password salah……………………………………………….69

38. Gambar 4.5 Pengujian RFID dengan tampilan LCD…………………………………70

39. Gambar 4.6 Hasil pengambilan data sebuah RFID Tag………………………………72

40. Gambar 4.7 Pengujian tegangan sensor LDR dengan Lux meter…………………….73

41. Gambar 4.8 grafik hubungan tegangan sensor LDR dengan Lux Meter……………..74

42. Gambar 4.9 Pengujian sensor LDR dan Laser………………………………………..75

43. Gambar 4.10 Hasil data kalibrasi sensor LDR………………………………………..77

44. Gambar 4.11 Pengujian Modul Sim900 sheild……………………………………….78

45. Gambar 4.12 pengujian sistem keseluruahan…………………………………………79

xiii

DAFTAR TABEL

1. Tabel 2.1 Ringkasan Spesifikasi Arduino Mega2560………………………………….17

2. Tabel 2.2 Spesifikasi LCD 16X2……………………………………………………….26

3. Tabel 2.3 Konfigurasi Koneksi PinOut RFID dan Arduino Mega2560………………..31

4. Tabel 4.1 Pengukuran Tegangan Power Supply………………………………………..64

5. Tabel 4.2 Hasil Pengukuran Tegangan Output pin digital……………………………..66

6. Tabel 4.3 Pengujian Keypad dan LCD………………………………………………….68

7. Tabel 4.4 Jarak baca Reader terhadap tag pasif RFID………………………………….70

8. Tabel 4.5 Kondisi Reader terhadap Tag RFID………………………………………….71

9. Tabel 4.6 Hasil Pengujian solenoid door lock…………………………………………..72

10. Tabel 4.7 Data pengujian LDR…………………………………………………….73

11. Tabel 4.8 Hasil Pengujian sensor LDR (Terkena Lampu Ruangan)………………75

12. Tabel 4.9 Hasil Pengujian sensor LDR (Tidak Terkena Lampu Ruangan)……….76

13. Tabel 4.10 Pengujian Modul Sim900 Sheild………………………………………78

1

BAB I

PENDAHULUAN

1.1.Latar Belakang

Seiring perkembangan teknologi yang sangat pesat di era globalisasi saat

ini telah memberikan banyak manfaat dalam kemajuan berbagai aspek sosial.

Di jaman globalisasi ini masih banyak tindakan kejahatan khususnya pada

rumah kosong yang ditinggal pemiliknya.

Sistem keamanan pintu rumah adalah sebuah sistem yang menggunakan

mikrokontroler yang akan memberikan keamanan, yang berlangsung secara

otomatis dan terprogram melalui mikrokontroler.

Penulis mencoba untuk merancang sebuah sistem keamanan pintu rumah

dan deteksi pencuri, dirancang dengan menggunakan keypad password dan

RFID, apabila password dan RFID yang di input kodenya salah sampai 3 kali

maka pintu tidak bisa membuka selama 10 detik, Selama 10 detik GSM

SIM900 akan mengirim sms ke pemilik rumah. Deteksi pencuri menggunakan

sensor LDR dan laser dot, apabila ada langkah kaki yang mengenai sensor

LDR dan kena laser dot, maka buzzer On dan GSM SIM900 akan mengirim

sms ke pemilik rumah.

Sistem Kunci Pintu Rumah Pintar Menggunakan Password dan RFID

Via Gsm Message Berbasis Mikrokontroler Arduino Mega 2560 pada Tugas

Akhir tersebut akan dirancang dalam bentuk prototype dan menggunakan

sistem keamanan.

2

1.2.Perumusan Masalah

Dari latar belakang yang telah diungkapkan tersebut diperoleh beberapa

permasalahan, diantaranya sebagai berikut:

1. Bagaimana cara membuat program Password yang dapat beroperasi

dengan RFID dapat membuka On & Off pada Selenoid door lock.

2. Bagaimana cara membuat program, alat ini dapat mengirim SMS ke

pada pemilik rumah jika terjadi kesalahan.

3. Bagaimana cara alat ini dapat mendeteksi pencuri.

1.3.Tujuan Dan Manfaat Tugas Akhir

Tujuan

Adapun hal-hal yang ingin dicapai dari penelitian tugas akhir ini adalah:

1. Merancang dan merealisasikan Pintu Rumah Pintar yang mampu

memberikan kenyamanan dan keamanan pada pemilik rumah.

2. Merancang dan membuat sistem kontrol kendali dan komunikasi antara

arduino dengan GSM Message pada Pintu Rumah Pintar Menggunakan

Password dan RFID komunikasi via GSM Message Berbasis

Mikrokontroler Arduino Mega 2560.

3. Merancang agar dapat bisa mengirim pesan pada pemilik rumah.

Manfaat

Adapun manfaat tugas akhir adalah sebagai berikut:

1. Bagi penelitti

Digunakan sebagai sarana untuk mempratekkan teori-teori yang

diperoleh dari bangku kuliah.

3

2. Bagi instansi

Tambah referensi akademik pada Perpustakaan Universitas Semarang,

serta dapat digunakan sebagai perbandingan untuk penelaahan yang

serupa bagi peneliti selanjutnya.

3. Bagi pengguna

Terwujudnya sistem kunci Pintu Rumah dengan Selenoid Door Lock

secara elektrik dengan menggunakan Password dan RFID via Gsm

Message agar pemilik rumah nyaman dan aman.

1.4.Batasan Masalah

Agar perancangan pembahasan dalam tugas akhir ini tidak telalu luas dan

jauh dari topic yang telah ditentukan maka penulis membatasi permasalahan

sebagai berikut :

a. Software pemograman menggunkan bahasa C pada Arduino 1.6.4

b. Pembahasan mengenai komponen atau sensor – sensor pendukung

yang meliputi : LCD 16x2, Keypad 4x4, RFID, Sensor LDR, Laser

Dot, GSM SIM900 dan beberapa yang lainnya yang berkaitan dengan

perencanaan Pintu Rumah Elektrik.

c. Sistem dibuat dalam bentuk prototype dan disimulasikan pada maket

pintu rumah.

1.5.Metode

Untuk mencapai tujuan yang maksimal dari tugas akhir ini, maka

dibutuhkan suatu metode atau urutan untuk menjelaskan seluruh

permasalahan yang akan dikemukakan dalam penelitian tugas akhir ini. Oleh

4

karena itu penulis menentukan langkah – langkah yang dapat memaksimalkan

penelitian tugas akhir.

1. Metode Studi Pustaka

Metode studi pustaka adalah suatu metode yang dilakukan dengan

membandingkan buku-buku atau literatur-literatur yang berkaitan dengan

pokok pembahasan. Factor penunjang yang penting dalam penyusunan

laporan tugas akhir ini adalah kebutuhan akan referensi dan literature-

literatur, untuk memenuhi kebutuhan tersebut maka dibaca buku-buku

maupun sumber pustaka lain sebagai sumber informasi yang berkaitan

dengan pokok bahasan tentang Kunci Pintu Rumah Elektrik.

2. Metode Perancangan Sistem dan Program

Metode perancangan adalah suatu metode yang dilakukan dengan cara

menggambar sketsa robot. Metode ini juga digunakan dalam

menentukan komponen-komponen, sensor, bahan untuk desain serta

perencanaan sistem yang digunakan dalam merancang sistem kunci

pintu rumah eletrik.

3. Metode Pembuatan Sistem dan Program

Metode ini dilakukan untuk membuat suatu sistem atau alatnya secara

nyata sesuai dengan perancangan yang sudah dibuat, baik sesuai dengan

gambar, sistem yang sudah kita persiapkan.

4. Metode Pengujian Sistem dan Program

Metode ini dilakukan ketika semua alat selesai dirancang, pengujian

alat dilakukan perblok untuk mempermudah dalam memperbaiki jika

5

terjadi kesalahan baru selanjutnya dilakukan pengujian secara

keseluruhan.

5. Metode Analisa Sistem dan Program

Metode ini digunakan untuk menguji kehandalan alat dan kestabilanya,

dan menjadi koreksi bila alat tidak berjalan sesuai dengan apa yang ada

dalam perencanaan.

6. Metode Pengambilan Kesimpulan

Dari serangkaian metode yang telah dilakukan, barulah diambil

kesimpulan dari alat dan sistem yang dibuat.

7. Metode Laporan

Metode ini adalah langkah terakhir dalam penelitian dimana

perencanaan alat sampai dengan kesimpulan, ditulis secara sistematika

yang berurutan. Sehingga dapat dimengerti dan dipahami oleh semua

yang membaca penelitian tugas akhir ini.

1.6.Sistematika Penulisan

Sistematika pembahasan laporan tugas akhir ini dibagi dalam lima bab.

Isi masing-masing bab diuraikan sebagai berikut :

BAB I PENDAHULUAN

Berisi tentang Latar Belakang, Perumusan Masalah, Tujuan

dan Manfaat, Batasan Masalah, Metode Penulisan, dan

Sistematika Penulisan Laporan.

6

BAB II TINJAUAN PUSTAKA

Berisi tentang teori dasar yang mendukung pembuatan tugas

akhir, khususnya perangkat yang menyusun alat tersebut.

BAB III METODOLOGI PENELITIAN

Berisi tentang gambaran umum tentang perangkat yang akan

digunakan serta prinsip kerja dari sistem secara keseluruhan

dan perencanaan pembuatan software dan hardware.

BAB IV HASIL DAN ANALISIS

Berisi tentang pegujian dan analisa kerja sistem serta

permasalahan – permasalahan yang timbul dalam pengujian

dan alternatif penyelesaiannya.

BAB V SIMPULAN DAN SARAN

Berisi tentang kesimpulan secara keseluruhan dari benda kerja

serta buku laporan. Dan untuk pengembangan kedepan.

7

BAB II

TINJAUAN PUSTAKA

2.1 Pemrogram bahasa C Arduino.

Program dasar yang digunakan dalam pemograman mikrokontroler adalah

menggunakan bahasa C. Bahasa C ini sangat mudah dipelajari dan mudah

dipahami. Pemograman bahasa C untuk mikrokontroler dalam penulisan ada dua

syarat yang harus dipenuhi yaitu ada program inisialisasi (program pengenalan)

dan program Utama. Inisialisasi ini hanya dijalankan program sekali, saat

program dinyalakan pertama kali, sedangkan program utama ini yang akan

berjalan terus menerus dan akan mati bila power di matikan. Program tidak bisa

di jalankan tanpa kedua syarat tersebut, berikut gambar tampilan program

Arduino 1.0.1 :

Gambar 2.1 Tampilan Software Pemograman Arduino 1.0.1

8

Pemrogram harus tahu bentuk dan karakter perintah dalam bahasa program.

Berikut perintah yang digunakan berdasarkan kategori :

2.1.1 Struktur

Setiap program Arduino (biasa disebut sketch) mempunyai dua buah fungsi

yang harus ada.

Void setup()

Semua kode didalam kurung kurawal akan dijalankan hanya satu

kali ketika program Arduino dijalankan untuk pertama kalinya.

Void loop()

Fungsi ini akan dijalankan setelah setup (fungsi void setup)

selesai. Setelah dijalankan satu kali fungsi ini akan dijalankan lagi,

secara terus menerus sampai catu daya (power) dilepaskan.

2.1.2 Syntax

Berikut ini adalah elemen bahasa C yang dibutuhkan untuk format penulisan.

// (komentar satu baris)

Kadang diperlukan untuk member catatan pada diri sendiri apa arti

dari kode-kode yang dituliskan. Cukup menuliskan dua buah garis

miring dan apapun yang di ketikan dibelakang akan diabaikan

oleh program.

9

/* */ (komentar banyak baris)

Jika mempunya banyak catatan, maka hal itu dapat dituliskan pada

beberapa baris sebagai komentar. Semua hal yang terletak di

antara dua simbol tersebut akan diabaikan oleh program.

… (kurung kurawal)

Digunakan untuk mendefinisikan kapan blok program mulai dan

berakhir (digunakan juga pada fungsi dan pengulangan).

; (titik koma)

Setiap baris kode harus diakhiri dengan tanda titik koma (jika ada

titik koma yang hilang maka program tidak akan bisa dijalankan).

2.1.3 Variabel

Sebuah program secara garis besar dapat didenfinisikan sebagai instruksi

untuk memindahkan angka dengan cara yang cerdas. Variabel inilah yang

digunakan untuk memindahkannya.

Int (interger)

Digunakan untuk menyimpan angka dalam 2 byte (16bit). Tidak

mempunyai angka desimal dan menyimpan nilai dari -32,768 dan

32,767.

10

Long (long)

Digunakan ketika interger tidak mencukupi lagi. Memakai 4 byte

(32 bit) dari memori (RAM) dan mempunyai rentang dari -

2,147,483 dan 2,147,483,647.

Boolean (Boolean)

Variabel sederhana yang digunakan untuk menyimpan nilai TRUE

(benar) atau FALSE (salah). Sangat berguna karena hanya

menggunakan 1 bit dari RAM.

Float (float)

Digunakan untuk angka desimal (floating point). Memakai 4 byte

(32 bit) dari RAM dan mempunyai rentang dari -3.4028235E+38

dan 3.4028235E+38.

Char (character)

Digunakan untuk menyimpan 1 karakter menggunakan kode

ASCII (misalnya ‘A’= 65). Hanya memakai 1 byte (8 bit) dari

RAM.

2.1.4 Operator matematika

Operator yang digunakan untuk memanipulasi angka (bekerja seperti

matematika yang sederhana).

11

=

Membuat sesuatu menjadi sama dengan nilai yang lain (misalnya:

x=10*2,x sekarang sama dengan 20).

%

Menghasilkan sisa dari hasil pembagian suatu angaka dengan angka

yang lain ( misalnya : 12 % 10, ini akan menghasilkan angka 2 ).

+

Penjumlahan

-

Pengurangan

*

Perkalian

/

Pembagian

2.1.5 Operator Pembanding

Digunakan untuk membandingkan nilai logika. Berikut operator pembanding

yang digunakan :

= =

Sama dengan, missal 10 == 9 adalah False (salah) atau 10 == 10

adalah True (benar).

12

!=

Tidak sama dengan, missal 10 !=9 adalah False (salah) atau 10 !=9

adalah True (benar)

<

Lebih kecil dari, missal 10 < 9 adalah False (salah) atau 10 < 11

adalah True (benar).

>

Lebih besar dari, missal 10 > 9 adalah False (salah) atau 10 > 11

adalah True (benar)

2.1.6 Struktur Pengaturan

Program sangat tergantung pada pengaturan apa yang akan dijalankan

berikutnya, berikut ini adalah elemen dasar pengaturan.

If….else…., dengan format seperti berikut ini:

if (kondisi)

else if (kondisi)

else

Struktur seperti diatas program akan menjalankan kode yang ada di

dalam kurung kurawal jika kondisinya TRUE, dan jika tidak FALSE

maka akan diperiksa apakah kondisi pada else if dan kondisinya False

maka kode pada else yang akan dijalankan.

for, dengan format seperti berikut ini:

13

for (int I = 0;I < #pengulangan; i++)

Digunakan untuk proses pengulangan kode di dalam kurung kurawal

beberapa kali, ganti #pengulangan dengan jumlah pengulangan yang

diinginkan. Melakukan penghitungan ke atas dengan i++ atau ke

bawah dengan i--.

2.1.7 Digital

pinMode (pin, mode)

Digunakan untuk mendapatkan mode dari suatu pin, pin adalah nomor

pin yang akan digunakan dari 0-19 (pin analog 0-5 adalah 14-19).

Mode yang bisa digunakan adalah INPUT atau OUTPUT.

digitalWrite (pin, valve)

Sebuah pin ketika ditetapkan sebagai OUTPUT, pin tersebut dapat

dijadikan HIGH 9 ditarik menjadi 5 volt) atau LOW (diturunkan

menjadi ground).

digitalReat (pin)

Sebuah pin ketika ditetapkan sebagai INPUT maka anda dapat

menggunakan kode ini untuk mendapatkan nilai pin tersebut apakah

HIGH (ditarik menjadi volt) atau LOW (diturunkan menjadi graund).

2.1.8 Analog

Arduino adalah mesin digital tetapi mempunyai kemampuan untuk

beroperasi di dalam analog.

14

Anlogwrite(pin, valve)

Beberapa pin pada arduino mendukung PWM (pulse width

modulation) yaitu pin 3,5,6,9,10,11. Ini dapat merubah pin hidup

(On) atau mati (Off) dengan sangat cepat sehingga membuatnya

dapat berfungsi layaknya keluaran analog. Valve (nilai) pada format

kode tersebut adalah angka atara 0 ( 0% duty cycle ~ 0V) dan 255

(100% duty cycle ~ 5V).

analogRead (pin)

Ketika pin analog ditetapkan sebagi INPUT anda dapat membaca

voltage. Keluarannya berupa angka antara 0 (untuk 0 Volt) dan 1024

(Untuk 5 Volt).

(Langga Wardana, 2006 )

2.2 Mikrokontroler Arduino Mega 2560

Arduino Mega 2560 adalah papan mikrokontroler ATmega2560 berdasarkan

(datasheet) memiliki 54 digital pin input / output (dimana 15 dapat digunakan

sebagai output PWM), 16 analog input, 4 UART (hardware port serial), osilator

kristal 16 MHz, koneksi USB, jack listrik, header ICSP, dan tombol reset. Ini

berisi semua yang diperlukan untuk mendukung mikrokontroler, hanya

menghubungkannya ke komputer dengan kabel USB atau power dengan adaptor

AC-DC atau baterai. Arduino Mega kompatibel dengan sebagian besar shield,

dirancang untuk Arduino Duemilanove atau Diecimila. Mega 2560 adalah update

dari Arduino Mega Arduino Mega 2560 berbeda dari semua board sebelumnya,

15

tidak menggunakan chip driver FTDI USB-to-serial. Sebaliknya, fitur

ATmega16U2 (ATmega8U2 dalam revisi 1 dan revisi 2 papan) diprogram

sebagai konverter USB-to-serial. Revisi 2 dewan Mega2560 memiliki resistor

menarik garis 8U2 HWB ke graund, sehingga lebih mudah untuk dimasukkan ke

dalam mode DFU. Revisi 3 dari dewan memiliki fitur-fitur baru berikut:

1,0 pinout: menambah SDA dan pin SCL yang dekat dengan pin

AREF dan dua pin baru lainnya ditempatkan dekat dengan pin

RESET, yang IOREF yang memungkinkan perisai untuk

beradaptasi dengan tegangan yang tersedia dari papan. Di masa

depan, perisai akan kompatibel baik dengan dewan yang

menggunakan AVR yang beroprasi dengan 5 Volt dengan Due

yang beroperasi dengan 3.3 Volt.

Stroger RESET sirkuit.

Atmega 16U2 menggatikan 8U2.

Gambar. 2.2 Mikrokontroler Arduino Mega 2560.

16

Pemetaan Pin

Dibawah ini gambar 2.3 pemetaan pin ATmega2560 dengan Arduino Mega 2560:

Gambar 2.3 Pemetaan pin ATmega250 dengan Arduino Mega2560

16

Pemetaan Pin



16

Pemetaan Pin



17

Pin Diagram Arduino Mega2560

Gambar 2.4 pin Diagram Arduino Mega2560

2.2.1 Ringkasan Spesifikasi Arduino Mega2560

Dibawah ini Tabel 2.1 Ringkasan Spesifikasi Arduino Mega2560

Tabel 2.1 Ringkasan Spesifikasi Arduino Mega2560

Mikrokonroler ATmega2560

Tegangan Operasi 5Volt

Input Voltage (disarankan) 7-12Volt

Input Voltage (limit) 6-20Volt

17










17










18

Pin Digital I/O 54 (yang 15 pin digunakan sebagai Output PWM)

Pins Input analog 16

Arus DC per pin I/O 40 mA

Arus DC untuk pin

3.3Volt

50 mA

Flash Memory 256 KB (8 KB digunakan untuk bootloader)

SRAM 8 KB

EEPROM 4 KB

Clock Speed 16 MHz

Sumber Daya

Arduino Mega dapat diaktifkan melalui koneksi USB atau dengan catu daya

eksternal. Sumber daya dipilih secara otomatis. Sumber daya eksternal (non-

USB) dapat berasal baik dari adaptor AC-DC atau baterai. Adaptor dapat

dihubungkan dengan mencolokkan steker 2,1 mm yang bagian tengahnya

terminal positif ke ke jack sumber tegangan pada papan, jika tegangan berasal

dari baterai dapat langsung dihubungkan melalui header pin Gnd dan pin Vin

dari konektor Power.

Papan Arduino ATmega2560 dapat beroperasi dengan pasokan daya eksternal

6 Volt sampai 20 volt, jika diberi tegangan kurang dari 7 Volt, maka, pin 5 Volt

mungkin akan menghasilkan tegangan kurang dari 5 Volt dan ini akan membuat

papan menjadi tidak stabil. Sumber tegangan menggunakan lebih dari 12 Volt,

19

regulator tegangan akan mengalami panas berlebihan dan bisa merusak papan.

Rentang sumber tegangan yang dianjurkan adalah 7 Volt sampai 12 Volt.

Pin tegangan yang tersedia pada papan Arduino adalah sebagai berikut:

VIN : Adalah input tegangan untuk papan Arduino ketika menggunakan

sumber daya eksternal (sebagai ‘saingan’ tegangan 5 Volt dari koneksi USB atau

sumber daya ter-regulator lainnya). Yang diberikan tegangan melalui pin ini,

atau jika menyuplai tegangan untuk papan melalui jack power, kita bisa

mengakses/mengambil tegangan melalui pin ini.

5V : Sebuah pin yang mengeluarkan tegangan ter-regulator 5 Volt, dari pin ini

tegangan sudah diatur (ter-regulator) dari regulator yang tersedia (built-in) pada

papan. Arduino dapat diaktifkan dengan sumber daya baik berasal dari jack

power DC (7-12 Volt), konektor USB (5 Volt), atau pin VIN pada board (7-12

Volt). Memberikan tegangan melalui pin 5V atau 3.3V secara langsung tanpa

melewati regulator dapat merusak papan Arduino.

3V3 : Sebuah pin yang menghasilkan tegangan 3,3 Volt. Tegangan ini

dihasilkan oleh regulator yang terdapat pada papan (on-board). Arus maksimum

yang dihasilkan adalah 50 mA.

GND : Pin Ground atau Massa.

IOREF : Pin ini pada papan Arduino berfungsi untuk memberikan referensi

tegangan yang beroperasi pada mikrokontroler. Sebuah perisai (shield)

dikonfigurasi dengan benar untuk dapat membaca pin tegangan IOREF dan

memilih sumber daya yang tepat atau mengaktifkan penerjemah tegangan

20

(voltage translator) pada output untuk bekerja pada tegangan 5 Volt atau 3,3

Volt.

Input dan Output

Masing-masing dari 54 digital pin pada Arduino Mega dapat digunakan

sebagai input atau output, menggunakan fungsi pinMode() , digitalWrite() , dan

digitalRead(). Arduino Mega beroperasi pada tegangan 5 volt. Setiap pin dapat

memberikan atau menerima arus maksimum 40 mA dan memiliki resistor pull-up

internal (yang terputus secara default) sebesar 20-50 kOhms. Selain itu, beberapa

pin memiliki fungsi khusus, antara lain:

Serial : 0 (RX) dan 1 (TX); Serial 1 : 19 (RX) dan 18 (TX); Serial 2 : 17

(RX) dan 16 (TX); Serial 3 : 15 (RX) dan 14 (TX). Digunakan untuk menerima

(RX) dan mengirimkan (TX) data serial TTL. Pins 0 dan 1 juga terhubung ke pin

chip ATmega16U2 Serial USB-to-TTL.

Eksternal Interupsi : Pin 2 (interrupt 0), pin 3 (interrupt 1), pin 18 (interrupt

5), pin 19 (interrupt 4), pin 20 (interrupt 3), dan pin 21 (interrupt 2). Pin ini dapat

dikonfigurasi untuk memicu sebuah interupsi pada nilai yang rendah, meningkat

atau menurun, atau perubah nilai.

SPI : Pin 50 (MISO), pin 51 (MOSI), pin 52 (SCK), pin 53 (SS). Pin ini

mendukung komunikasi SPI menggunakan perpustakaan SPI. Pin SPI juga

terhubung dengan header ICSP, yang secara fisik kompatibel dengan Arduino

Uno, Arduino Duemilanove dan Arduino Diecimila.

21

LED : Pin 13. Tersedia secara built-in pada papan Arduino ATmega2560.

LED terhubung ke pin digital 13. Ketika pin diset bernilai HIGH, maka LED

menyala (ON), dan ketika pin diset bernilai LOW, maka LED padam (OFF).

TWI : Pin 20 (SDA) dan pin 21 (SCL), yang mendukung komunikasi TWI

menggunakan perpustakaan Wire. Pin ini tidak di lokasi yang sama dengan pin

TWI pada Arduino Duemilanove atau Arduino Diecimila. Arduino Mega2560

memiliki 16 pin sebagai analog input, yang masing-masing menyediakan resolusi

10 bit (yaitu 1024 nilai yang berbeda). Secara default pin ini dapat diukur/diatur

dari mulai Ground sampai dengan 5 Volt, juga memungkinkan untuk mengubah

titik jangkauan tertinggi atau terendah menggunakan pin AREF dan fungsi

analogReference().

Ada beberapa pin lainnya yang tersedia, antara lain:

AREF : Referensi tegangan untuk input analog. Digunakan dengan fungsi

analogReference().

RESET : Jalur low ini digunakan untuk me-reset (menghidupkan ulang)

mikrokontroler. Jalur ini biasanya digunakan untuk menambahkan tombol reset

pada shield yang menghalangi papan utama Arduino.

Komunikasi

Arduino Mega2560 memiliki sejumlah fasilitas untuk berkomunikasi dengan

komputer, dengan Arduino lain, atau dengan mikrokontroler lainnya. Arduino

ATmega328 menyediakan 4 hardware komunikasi serial UART TTL (5 Volt).

Sebuah chip ATmega16U2 (ATmega8U2 pada papan Revisi 1 dan Revisi 2)

22

yang terdapat pada papan digunakan sebagai media komunikasi serial melalui

USB dan muncul sebagai COM Port Virtual (pada Device komputer) untuk

berkomunikasi dengan perangkat lunak pada komputer, untuk sistem operasi

Windows masih tetap memerlukan file inf, tetapi untuk sistem operasi OS X dan

Linux akan mengenali papan sebagai port COM secara otomatis. Perangkat lunak

Arduino termasuk didalamnya serial monitor memungkinkan data tekstual

sederhana dikirim ke dan dari papan Arduino. LED RX dan TX yang tersedia

pada papan akan berkedip ketika data sedang dikirim atau diterima melalui chip

USB-to-serial yang terhubung melalui USB komputer (tetapi tidak untuk

komunikasi serial seperti pada pin 0 dan 1). Sebuah perpustakaan Software

Serial memungkinkan untuk komunikasi serial pada salah satu pin digital

Mega2560. ATmega2560 juga mendukung komunikasi TWI dan SPI. Perangkat

lunak Arduino termasuk perpustakaan Wire digunakan untuk menyederhanakan

penggunaan bus TWI. Untuk komunikasi SPI, menggunakan perpustakaan SPI.

(Anggara’ Enggal Putra, 2015)

2.3 LCD (Liquid Crystal Display)

2.3.1 Pengertian LCD (Liquid Crystal Display)

LCD (Liquid Cystal Display) adalah salah satu komponen elektronik yang

berfungsi sebagai tampilan suatu data, baik karakter, huruf ataupun grafik.

Dipasang (tampilan LCd sudah tersedia dalam bentuk modul yaitu tampilan LCD

23

beserta rangkaian pendukungnya termasuk ROM dll. LCD mempunyai pin data,

kontrol catu daya dan pengatur kontras tampilan.

LCD juga merupakan perangkat tampilan yang paling umum dipasangkan

di mikrokontroler, mengingat ukurannya yang kecil dan kemampuannya

menampilkan karakter atau grafik yang lebih dibandingkan tampilan 7 segment.

Pengembangan embedded LCD mutlak diperlukan sebagai sumber informasi

utama.

Berdasarkan jenis tampilan LCD dapat di kelompokan menjadi beberapa

jenis yaitu :

1. Segment LCD

LCD ini terbentuk dari beberapa 7 segment atau 16 segment,

namun ada juga yang menggabungkan keduanya. LCD ini sering

dipakai untuk jam digital.

2. Dot Matrix Karakter LCD

LCD ini terbentuk dari beberapa Dot Matrix Display berukuran 5

x 7 atau 5 x 9 yang membentuk sebuah matriks yang lebih besar

dengan berbagai kombinasi jumlah baris dan kolom. Kombinasi ini

yang menentukan karakter yang dapat ditampilakan LCD tersebut.

Seperti 2 baris x 20 karakter atau 4 baris 20 karakter.

24

3. Graphic LCD

LCD jenis ini masih berkembang saat ini. Resolusi LCD ini

bervariasi diantara 128x64, 128x128. Sekarang ini graphic LCD

banyak dipakai pada handycam, laptop, telepon dan lain-lain.

2.3.2 Register LCD

Register yang terdapat di LCD adalah sebagai berikut :

1. IR (Intruction Register)

Digunakan untuk menetukan fungsi yang harus dikerjakan oleh

LCD serta pengalaman DDRAM atau CGRAM.

2. DR (Data Register)

Digunakan sebagai tempat data DDRAM atau CGRAM yang akan

ditulis atau dibaca oleh computer atau sistem minimum. Saat dibaca,

DR menyimpan data DDRAM atau CGRAM, setelah itu data

alamatnya secara otomatis masuk ke DR. pada waktu menulis, cukup

lakukan inisialisasi DDRAM atau CGRAM, kemudian untuk

selanjutnya data dituliskan ke DDRAM atau CGRAM sejak awal

alamat tersebut.

3. BF (Busy Flag)

Digunakan untuk menentukan bahwa LCD dalam keadaan siap

atau sibuk. Apabila LCD sedang melakukan operasi internal, BF diset

menjadi 1, sehingga tidak akan menerima perintah dari luar. Jadi, BF

harus dicetak apakah telah diriset menjadi 0 ketika akan menulis LCD

25

(memberi data pada LCD). Cara untuk menulis LCD adalah dengan

mengeset RS menjadi 0 dan R/W menjadi 1.

4. AC (Address Counter)

Digunakan untuk menunjukan alamat pada DDRAM atau

CGRAM dibaca atau ditulis, maka AC secara otomatis menunjukan

alamat berikutnya. Alamat yang disimpan AC dapat dibaca bersamaan

dengan BF.

5. DDRAM (Display Data random Access Memory)

Digunakan sebagai tempat penyimpanan data yang sebesar 80 byte

atau 80 karakter.

6. CGROM (Character Generator Read Only Memory)

LCD terdapat ROM untuk menyimpan karakter ASCII ( American

Standart Code For Intruction ), sehingga cukup memasukan kode

ASCII untuk menampilakannya.

7. CGRAM (Character Generator Random Access Memory)

Sebagai data storage untuk merancang karakter yang dikehendaki.

CGRAM terdapat kode ASCII dari 00h sampai 0fh, tetapi hanya 8

karakter yang disediakan.

8. Cursor dan Blink Control Circuit

Merupakan rangkaian yang menghasilakan tampilan kursor dan

kondisi blink (berkedip-kedip).

26

Dibawah ini adalah deskripsi pin pada LCD :

Gambar 2.5 LCD 16x2 Board dan Deskripsi PIN

(Isya’ Aryan Sulistyo, 2015)

2.3.1 Spesifikasi kaki LCD 16x2

Tabel 2.2 Spesifikasi LCD 16x2

Pin Deskripsi1 Ground2 Vcc3 Pengantur Kontras4 “RS” Instruction5 “R/W” Read6 “EN” Enable

7-14 Data I/O pins15 Vcc16 Ground

Pin 1 dan 2

Merupakan sambungan catu daya, Vss dan Vdd. Pin Vdd dihubungkan dengan

tegangan positif catu daya, dan Vss pada 0V atau ground. Meskipun data

menentukan catu 5 Vdc (hanya pada beberapa mA), menyediakan 6V dan 4.5V

yang keduanya bekerja dengan baik, bahkan 3V cukup untuk beberapa modul.

27

Pin 3

Pin 3 merupakan pin kontrol Vee, yang digunakan untuk mengatur kontras

display. Idealnya pin ini dihubungkan dengan tegangan yang bisa dirubah untuk

memungkinkan pengaturan terhadap tingkatan kontras display sesuai dengan

kebutuhan, pin ini dapat dihubungkan dengan variable resistor sebagai pengatur

kontras.

Pin 4

Pin 4 merupakan Register Select (RS), masukan yang pertama dari tiga command

control input. Dengan membuat RS menjadi high, data karakter dapat ditransfer

dari dan menuju modulnya.

Pin 5

Read/Write (R/W), untuk memfungsikan sebagai perintah write maka R/W low

atau menulis karakter ke modul. R/W high untuk membaca data karakter atau

informasi status dari register-nya.

Pin 6

Enable (E), input ini digunakan untuk transfer aktual dari perintah-perintah atau

karakter antara modul dengan hubungan data. Ketika menulis ke display, data

ditransfer hanya pada perpindahan high atau low, tetapi ketika membaca dari

display, data akan menjadi lebih cepat tersedia setelah perpindahan dari low ke

high dan tetap tersedia hingga sinyal low lagi.

28

Pin 7-14

Pin 7 sampai 14 adalah delapan jalur data/data bus (D0 sampai D7) dimana data

dapat ditransfer ke dan dari display.

Pin 15 dan 16

Pin 15 adalah ground dan Pin 16 dihubungkan kedalam tegangan 5 Volt untuk

memberi tegangan dan menghidupkan lampu latar/Back Light LCD.

Skematik LCD 16x2

Gambar 2.6 Skematik LCD 16x2

(Sumber dari : Datasheet Skematik LCD 16x2)

2.4 Keypad 4x4

Keypad adalah bagian penting dari suatu perangkat elektronika yang

membutuhkan interaksi manusia. Keypad berfungsi sebagai interface antara

perangkat (mesin) elektronik dengan manusia atau dikenal dengan istilah HMI

(Human Machine Interface). Matrix keypad 4x4 pad artikel ini merupakan salah

satu contoh keypad yang dapat digunakan untuk berkomunikasi antara manusia

28

Pin 7-14



Pin 15 dan 16



Skematik LCD 16x2



2.4 Keypad 4x4






28

Pin 7-14



Pin 15 dan 16



Skematik LCD 16x2



2.4 Keypad 4x4






29

dengan mikrokontroler. Matrix keypad 4x4 memiliki konstruksi atau sususnan

yang simple dan hemat dalam penggunaan port mikrokontroler. Konfigurasi

keypad dengan susunan bentuk matrix ini betujuan untuk penghematan port

mikrokontroler karena jumlah key (tombol) yang dibutuhkan banyak pada suatu

sistem dengan mikrokontroler. Konstruksi matrix keypad 4x4 untuk

mikrokontroler dapat dibuat seperti pada gambar berikut.

Gambar 2.7 Konstruksi Matrix Keypad 4x4.

(Sumber dari : elektronika-dasar.web.id/artikel-elektronika/matrix-keypad-

4x4-untuk-mikrokontroler/)

2.5 RFID

RFID reader, yang bias ditempatkan sebagai pengganti kunci di pintu rumah

atau kendaraan, mengeluarkan gelombang radio dan menginduksi RFID tag.

Gelombang induksi tersebut berisi password (kata kunci) dan jika dikenali oleh

RFID tag, memori RFID tag (ID chip) kan terbuka. Kemudian RFID tag akan

mengirim kode yang terdapat di memori ID chip melalui antena yang terpasang

30

di tag. RFID reader akan membandingkan kode yang diterima dengan kode

kunci yang tersimpan di RFID reader. RFID reader akan membuka kunci pintu

jika sesuai, untuk menghindari usaha penggandaan dan pencurian kode kunci,

RFID reader akan membuka kode kunci yang baru. Kode baru ini akan disimpan

ke memori RFID reader dan dikirimkan ke RFID tag yang kan disimpan

dimemori ID chip.

2.5.1 Spesifikasi Produk:

Chipset : MFRC522 contac tless Reader/Write IC

Frekuensi: 13,56 MHz

Jarak pembacaan kartu: < 50mm

Protokol akses: SPI (Serial Peripheral Interface)

Kecepatan transmisi RF: 424 kbps (dua arah / bi-directional) / 848 kbps

(unidirec tional)

Mendukung kartu MIFARE jenis Classic S50 / S70, UltraLight dan

DESFire

Framing & Error Detection (parity + CRC) dengan 64 byte internal I/O

buffer

Catu Daya: 3,3 Volt

Konsumsi Arus: 13-26 mA pada saat operasi baca

Suhu operasional: -20˚C s.d + 80˚C

Dimensi: 40 x 50 mm

31

Gambar 2.8 RFID (5)

Konfigurasi Koneksi Pinout RFID dan Arduio Mega2560

Tabel.2.3 Konfigurasi Koneksi Pinout RFID dan Arduino Mega2560

SDA Pin 53

SCK Pin 52

MOSI Pin 51

MISO Pin 50

IRQ Not Connected

GND GND

RST Pin 5

VSS 3.3 Volt

31

Gambar 2.8 RFID (5)



SDA Pin 53

SCK Pin 52

MOSI Pin 51

MISO Pin 50

IRQ Not Connected

GND GND

RST Pin 5

VSS 3.3 Volt

31

Gambar 2.8 RFID (5)



SDA Pin 53

SCK Pin 52

MOSI Pin 51

MISO Pin 50

IRQ Not Connected

GND GND

RST Pin 5

VSS 3.3 Volt

32

2.6 Modul GSM SIM900

Alokasi frekuensi Modul GSM SIM900 yang dipakai di Indonesia sama

dengan yang dipakai di sebgian besar dunia terutama Eropa yaitu pada pita 900

MHz, yang dikenal sebagai GSM900, dan pada pita 1800 MHz, yang dikenal

sebagai GSM1800 atau DCS (Digital Communication System). Daya yang

dibutuhkan berada pada tegangan 3.4 – 4.5 Volt. Konfigurasi pin dapat di lihat

pada gambar 2.9.

Gambar 2.9 Konfigurasi Pin GSM SIM900 (9)

2.7 Sensor LDR

Sensor Cahaya LDR (Light Dependent Rsisitor) adalah salah satu jenis

resistor yang dapat mengalami perubahan resistansinya apabila mengalami

33

perubahan penerimaan cahanya. Besarnya nilai hambatan pada Sensor Cahaya

LDR (Light Dependent Resistor) tergantung pada besar kecilnya cahaya yang di

terima oleh LDR itu sendiri. LDR sering disebut dengan alat atau sensor yang

berupa resistor yang peka terhadap cahanya. LDR terbuat dari cadmium sulfide

yaitu merupakan bahan semikonduktor yang resisitansinya berubah-ubah

menurut banyaknya cahaya (sinar) yang mengenainya. Resistansi LDR pada

tempat yang gelap biasanya mencapai sekitar 10 MΩ dan ditempat terang LDR

mempunyai resistansi yang turun menjadi sekitar 150 Ω. Seperti halnya resistor

konvensional, pemasangan LDR dalam suatu rangkaian sama persisi seperti

pemasangan resisitor biasa.

Gambar 2.10 sensor LDR

(Sumber dari:http://playground.arduino.cc/Learning/PhotoResistor)

Laju Recovery Sensor Cahaya LDR (Light Dependent Resistor)

“Sensor Cahaya LDR (Light Dependent Resistor)” dibawa dari suatu

ruangan dengan level kekuatan cahaya tertentu ke dalam suatu ruangan yang

gelap, maka bisa diamati bahwa nilai resistansi dari LDR tidak akan segera

berubah resistansinya pada keadaan ruangan gelap tersebut. Na-mun LDR

34

tersebut hanya akan bisa menca-pai harga di kegelapan setelah mengalami

selang waktu tertentu. Laju recovery meru-pakan suatu ukuran praktis dan

suatu ke-naikan nilai resistansi dalam waktu tertentu. Harga ini ditulis dalam

K/detik, untuk LDR tipe arus harganya lebih besar dari 200K/detik(selama 20

menit pertama mulai dari level cahaya 100 lux), kecepatan tersebut akan lebih

tinggi pada arah sebaliknya, yaitu pindah dari tempat gelap ke tempat terang

yang memerlukan waktu kurang dari 10 ms untuk mencapai resistansi yang

sesuai den-gan level cahaya 400 lux.

Respon Spektral Sensor Cahaya LDR (Light Dependent Resistor)

Sensor Cahaya LDR (Light Dependent Resistor) tidak mempunyai

sensitivitas yang sama untuk setiap panjang gelombang cahaya yang jatuh

padanya (yaitu warna). Bahan yang biasa digunakan sebagai penghantar arus

listrik yaitu tembaga, aluminium, baja, emas dan perak. Tembaga merupakan

penghantar yang paling banyak digunakan karena mempunyai daya hantar

yang baik (TEDC,1998).

2.8 Laser

Laser adalah singkatan dari Light Amplification by Stimulated Emission of

Radiantion atau cahaya yang dikuatkan dari stimulus emisi/pancaran radiasi.

Laser adalah sebuah alat yang menghasilkan pancaran cahaya radiasi

elektromagnetik yang koheren, intensitas tinggi, mudah daarahkan, dan

mempunyai lintasan lurus. Cahaya yang koheren berrti sinar-sinarnya

35

menghasilkan bukit dan lembah secara bersamaan setiap waktu (sama fasa).

Pembentukan laser terjadi jika suatu atom yang berada pada tingkat eksitasi

disinari dengan foton tertentu yang sesuai sehingga terangsang dan turun ke

tingkat energy yang lebih rendah dengan memancarkan foton cahaya tertentu

pula. Cahaya radiasi ini bias berasal dari sinar inframerah, cahaya tampak, atau

ultraviolet.

2.8.1 Spesifikasi Laser Dot:

- Output power: 2-5mW

- Wavelength: 650nM

- Working Voltage: 5V

- Working Temperature: -10˚ C ~ + 40˚C

- Lens & Housing : Plastic

- Dimensions: 6 x 10 mm

Gambar 2.11 laser

(Sumber dari :www.indo-ware.com)

36

2.9 Selenoid Door Lock

Solenoid Door Lock adalah salah satu solenoid pengunci otomatis yang

berfungsi khusu sebagai solenoid untuk pengunci pintu. Door Lock Solenoid ini

membutuhkan tegangan supply 12 Volt, sistem kerja solenoid pengunci pintu ini

adalah NC (Normally Close). Katup solenoid akan tertarik jika ada tegangan dan

sebaliknya katup solenoid akan memanjang jika tidak ada tegangan.

Gambar 2.12 Solenoid Door Lock (8)

2.10 Buzzer

Buzzer merupakan suatu komponen yang dapat menghasilkan suara yang

mana apabila diberi tegangan pada input komponen, maka akan bekerja sesuai

dengan karakteristik dari alarm yang digunakan. Pembuatan tugas akhir ini,

penulis menggunakan “Buzzer” sebagai informasi suara. Hal ini dikarenakan

karakteristik dari komponen yang mudah untuk diaplikasikan dan suara yang

dihasilkan relatif kuat.

Buzzer merupakan sebuah komponen elektronik yang dapat

mengkonversikan energi listrik menjadi suara yang di dalamnya terkandung

37

sebuah osilator internal untuk menghasilkan suara dan pada buzzer osilator yang

digunakan biasanya diset pada frekuensi kerja sebesar 400 Hz.

Buzzer dapat digunakan pada tegangan sebesar antara 6V sampai 12V dan

dengan tipical arus sebesar 25 mA. Gambar 2.13 dapat dilihat simbol dari

komponen buzzer. (Eddy, 2004)

Gambar 2.13 Simbol Buzzer

(Sumber dari: DataSheet.Buzzer)

2.11 IC Voltage Regulator (IC Pengatur Tegangan)

Voltage Regulator atau Pengatur Tegangan adalah salah satu rangkaian yang

sering dipakai dalam peralatan Elektronika. Fungsi Voltage Regulator adalah

untuk mempertahankan atau memastikan Tegangan pada level tertentu secara

otomatis. Artinya, Tegangan Output (Keluaran) DC pada Voltage Regulator tidak

dipengaruhi oleh perubahan Tegangan Input (Masukan), Beban pada Output dan

juga Suhu. Tegangan Stabil yang bebas dari segala gangguan seperti noise

ataupun fluktuasi (naik turun) sangat dibutuhkan untuk mengoperasikan peralatan

Elektronika terutama pada peralatan elektronika yang sifatnya digital seperti

Mikro Controller ataupun Mikro Prosesor. Terdapat berbagai jenis Voltage

Regulator atau Pengatur Tegangan, salah satunya adalah Voltage Regulator

dengan Menggunakan IC Voltage Regulator. Salah satu tipe IC Voltage

38

Regulator yang paling sering ditemukan adalah tipe 7805 yaitu IC Voltage

Regulator yang mengatur Tegangan Output stabil pada Tegangan 5 Volt DC.

Gambar 2.14 IC Voltage Regulator (2)

2.12 Catu daya

Rangkaian catu daya adalah suatu alat atau pernagkat elektronik yang

berfungsi untuk mengubah arus AC menjadi arus DC untuk member daya suatu

pernagkat keras lainnya. Rangkaian ini juga disebut Power Supply yang

digunakan untuk mencatu seluruh rangkaian yang memerlukan tegangan DC.

Catu daya yang digunakan mengeluarkan tegangan +5V, -12V dan +12V.

Tranfomator dalam rangkaian catu daya ini digunakan untuk menurunkan

tegangan AC 220V menjadi tegangan DC yang lebih rendah. Dari tranformator

tegangan masuk melalui dioda untuk menjadikan tegangan DC, rangkaian catu

daya ini terdiri dari dua keluaran yaitu 5 Volt dan 12 Volt tegangan DC.

Rangkaian catu daya ini menggunakan sebuah tranformator 0 yang

berukuran 3 A. dari tegangan AC 220V kemudian diubah menjadi tegangan DC

yang dibutuhkan.

39

Gambar 2.15 Fisik Tranformator 0 3A

Gamabar 2.16 Skema Rangkaian Power Supply (1)

40

BAB III

METODOLOGI PENELITIAN

3.1 Jenis Penelitian.

Penulisan tugas akhir ini, yang digunakan adalah metode rancang

bangun. Rancang bangun tersebut adalah membuat kunci pintu rumah pintar

menggunakan password dan RFID via GSM message berbasis Arduino

mega2560. Yang dapat member kenyamanan dan keamanan kepada pemilik

rumah, alat ini di lengkapi dengan Gsm message jika terjadi kesalahan pada

inputan keypad password dan dilengkapi juga pendeteksi pencuri.

3.2 Bahan.

Adapun bahan penting yang digunakan dalam pembuatan alat ini, antara

lain:

1 buah board Arduino Mega.

1 buah LCD.

1 buah Keypad matrix.

1 buah GSM SIM900.

1 buah RFID.

1 buah Sensor LDR.

1 buah Laser.

2 buah Tombol.

4 buah Led.

41

2 buah potensiometer 10K Ohm.

3 buah Transistor TIP210.

3 buah IC Regulator 7805.

2 buah rangkaian catu daya 5 volt dan 12 volt.

Akrilik.

Kabel sebagai konektor.

3.3 Peralatan

Untuk mendapat data yang diinginkan maka digunakan beberapa perlatan

dan perlengkapan pendukung, sebagai berikut:

1. Seperangkat alat ukur

Multimeter.

2. Alat yang digunakan

Obeng.

Tang potong.

Gergaji.

Solder.

Bor.

Cutter.

Gunting.

42

3.4 Perancangan Alat dalam Blok Digaram

Berikut ini adalah perancangan penelitian yang akan dilakukan dan

digambarkan dalam bentuk diagram blok perancanaan alat.

Gambar 3.1 Perancangan Diagram Blok

HandPhoneUser

ArduinoMega 2560

LCD 16x2

Buzzer

Laser

Tombol Hijau

(Buka pintu)

Tombol Merah

(Tutup pintu)

Keypad Matrix

RFID

LDR GSMSIM900

A

Led Hijau

Led Merah

Power Supply 5Volt Power Supply 12Volt

PowerSupply5 Volt

Power Supply

DriverSelenoid doorlock

43

Penjelasan dari diagram blok diatas :

Arduino Mega: Digunakan untuk pusat perintah atau main prosesor.

Karena seluruh perintah dilakukan dari Mikrokontroler Arduino Mega.

GSM SIM900: Digunakan sebagai berkomunikasi kepada user, apabila

terjadi sesuatu yang tidak dikehendaki GSM SIM900 akan langsung sms

kepada user.

Power Supply 12 Volt: Untuk mensuplai board mikrokontroler arduino

mega 2560, Lcd 16x2 dan RFID.

Power Supplay 5 Volt: Untuk mensuplai Sensor LDR, Buzzer dan Laser.

Power Supplay 12 Volt: Untuk mensuplai Solenoid Door Lock dan GSM

SIM900.

Tombol Hijau: Berfungsi sebagai pembuka pintu di bagian dalam rumah.

Tombol Merah: Berfungsi sebagai penutup pintu di bagian luar rumah.

Led Hijau: Sebagai indikator jika pintu terbuka.

Led Merah: Sebagai indikator jika pintu tertutup dan apabila password

yang di masukan salah.

Buzzer: Sebagai Alarm yang berupa bunyi, Jika ada pencuri masuk alarm

ini akan berbunyi dan apabila password yang dimasukan salah.

Keypad + RFID : Keypad ini digunakan untuk mengetik password agar

bisa dapat menjalankan RFID, jika Password dan RFID benar maka pintu

akan membuka.

Sensor LDR dan Laser: LDR adalah Prinsip kerja untuk menghantarkan

arus listrik jika menerima sejumlah intensitas cahaya (Kondisi Terang) dan

menghembat arus listrik dalkam kondisi gelap. Laser adalah sebuah alat

44

yang menghasilkan pancaran cahaya radiasi elektromagnetik yang

koheren, intensitas tinggi, mudah daarahkan, dan mempunyai lintasan

lurus. Prinsip kerja dua alat tersebut bisa dapat dimanfaatkan untuk

mendeteksi langkah kaki.

Selenoid Door Lock: Digunakan sebagai pengunci pintu rumah.

3.5 Perancangan Hardware

Perancangan hardware ini akan menjelaskan tentang perancangan kunci

pintu rumah pintar menggunakan password dan RFID via GSM message

berbasis arduino Mega2560.

Gambar 3.2 Perancangan Fisik tampak depan

45

Gambar 3.3 Perancangan Fisik tampak belakang

Cara kerja Kunci Pintu Rumah Pintar Menggunakan Password dan RFID

via GSM Message Berbasis Arduino Mega adalah pertama tombol power

ditekan On. Jika ingin membuka pintu harus menginputkan 6 digit angka

keypad password yang benar, jika password benar di tampilan LCD

bertuliskan “Password Benar”, selanjutnya Input Tag Rfid ke Rfid Reader

jika Rfid benar atau cocok di tampilan LCD bertuliskan “Pintu Buka”,

indikator Led Hijau = High, sensor LDR dan Laser kondisi Off bersamaan

Selenoid door lock = High dan membuka pintu selama 10 detik pintu akan

tertutup Selenoid door lock = low dan LDR + Laser akan On.

Kegunaan Tombol berwarna hijau untuk membuka pintu saat berada di

dalam rumah dan Tombol berwarna merah untuk menutup pintu saat berada

di luar Rumah. Tombol Hijau jika di tekan maka pintu membuka dan sensor

46

LDR + Laser akan Off. Tombol Merah jika di tekan maka pintu tertutup dan

sensor LDR + Laser akan On.

Jika terjadi kesalahan memasukan Password selama 3 kali percobaan di

tampilan LCD bertuliskan “Terblokir 10 detik” dan buzzer menyala

bersamaan GSM Message mengirim pesan kepada pemilik rumah jika terjadi

masalah.

Jika pengisian Password benar dan RFID salah atau tidak cocok maka

pintu tersebut tidak bisa terbuka. Jika terjadi perusakan pintu atau membuka

paksa, alat ini akan mengirim pesan kepada pemilik rumah dan buzzer

menyala.

Perancangan Kunci pintu rumah pintar menggunakan Password dan

RFID via GSM message berbasis Arduino mega2560 ini diharapkan dapat

tercipta suatu alat yang dapat mengatasi permasalah tersebut.

3.5.1 Perancangan rangkaian Catu Daya

Rangkaian catu daya tersebut mendapatkan input 220V AC kemudian

masukan ke trafo Step down untuk menurunkan tegangan menjadi 15 V AC

selanjutnya masuk ke dalam diode bridge yang berfungsi merubah tegangan

15 V AC menjadi tegangan 15V DC. Saat tegangan menjadi DC selanjutnya

masuk ke kapasitor yang berfungsi sebagai filter setelah itu masuk ke IC

LM317 terdapat potensiometer 4.7K tegangan yang dihasilkan 1.5 Volt DC–

15 Volt DC.

47

Gambar 3.4 Perancangan Rangkaian Catu Daya Variable 1.5-15 Volt DC

3.5.2 Perncangan Rangkaian Arduino Mega2560

Arduino Mega2560 adalah sebagai komponen utama dalam pembuatan

alat Kunci Pintu Elektrik. Arduino Mega2560 sebagai pengendali dan

memberi perintah untuk sistem operasi alat ini, salah satu masukannya adalah

salah satu program dari bahasa C yang terlebih dahulu di masukkan.

Arduino Mega2560 ini mengendalikan semua rangkaian dalam alat

Kunci Pintu Elektrik. Salah satunya adalah untuk menampilan LCD,

mengatur password menggunakan keypad dan RFID, sebagai kontrol solenoid

door lock dan sensor LDR + Laser, mengontrol GSM SIM900.

48

Gambar 3.5 Blok Digram Pin Out Arduino Mega2560

49

3.5.3 Perancangan Rangkain LCD (Liquid Crystal Display)

Rangkaian LCD (Liquid Crystal Display) berfungsi sebagai penampil.

Tampilan pada LCD akan menampilkan password di inputakan melalui

keypad.

Gambar 3.6 Rangkain LCD dengan Arduino

Berdasarkan gambar 3.6 untuk menghubungkan LCD dengan Arduino

adalah sebagai berikut :

Pin RS (kaki 4) di sambungkan dengan pin Arduino Analog pin A0.

Pin E (kaki 6) di sambungkan dengan pin Arduino Analog pin A1.

Pin D4 (kaki 11) di sambungkan dengan pin Arduino Analog pin A2.




Sambungkan potensiometer 10 K Ohm ke +5v dan GND, dan Pin kaki 3.

sambungkan ke potensiometer.

Pin R/W (kaki 3) ke Ground.

50

3.5.4 Perancanaan Rangkain Keypad

Keypad dalam sistem kunci rumah elektrik berfungsi sebagai pengisian

password agar alat ini dapat berkerja dengan semestinya.

Gambar 3.7 Rangkain keypad dengan Arduino

Berdasarkan gambar 3.7 untuk menghubungkan keypad dengan Arduino

adalah sebagai berikut:

Pin 1 pada keypad disambungkan dengan Pin Digital 8 Arduino.








51

3.5.5 Perancangan Rangkaian RFID (Radio Frequency Identification)

RFID dalam sistem kunci rumah elektik ini berfungsi sebagai pemberi

acuan jika RFID tag cocok dengan RFID Reader.

Gambar 3.8 Rancangan RFID dengan Arduino

Berdasarkan gambar 3.8 untuk menghungkan RFID dengan Arduino

adalah sebagai berikut :

Pin +Vcc pada RFID disambungkan dengan Pin +3.3 V pada Arduino

Mega.

Pin RST pada RFID disambungkan dengan Pin Digital 5 Arduino Mega.

Pin Gnd pada RFID disambungkan dengan Pin Gnd pada Arduino Mega.

Pin MISO pada RFID disambung dengan Pin Digital 50 Arduino Mega.

Pin MOSI pada RFID disambungkan dengan Pin Digital 51 Arduino

Mega.

Pin SCK pada RFID disambungkan dengan Pin Digital 52 Arduino

Mega.

52

Pin SDA pada RFID disambungkan dengan Pin Digital 32 Arduino

Mega.

3.5.6 Perancangan Rangkaian GSM SIM900

GSM SIM900 digunakan untuk mengirim pesan kepada pemilik rumah

jika terjadi kesalahan pada pengisian password dan jika terjadi pembobolan

pintu.

Gambar 3.9 Rangkaian GSM SIM900 dengan Arduino

Berdasarkan gambar 3.9 diatas untuk menghubungkan GSM SIM900

dengan Arduino adalah sebagai berikut :

Pin Rx pada GSM SIM900 hubungkan ke Pin Tx Arduino mega.

Pin Tx pada GSM SIM900 hubungkan ke Pin Rx Arduino mega.

Pin 9 pada GSM SIM900 hubungkan ke Pin Digital 9 Arduino mega, ini

gunanya untuk menghidupkan GSM SIM900 dan mematikan.

53

Pin GND pada GSM SIM900 hubungkan ke Pin GND Arduino mega.

Pin 5 Volt pada GSM SIM900 hubungkan ke Pin 5Volt Arduino Mega.

3.5.7 Perencanaan Rangkaian Transitor TIP120 dan sensor LDR(Light

Dependent Resistor)

Transistor TIP120 berfunsi sebagai saklar On Off sensor LDR bersifat

NPN, digunakan untuk menyalakan sensor LDR agar dapat berfungsi sebagai

pendeteksi pencuri.

Gambar 3.10 Perancanaan saklar TIP120, LDR dengan Arduino

Berdasarkan gambar 3.10 diatas untuk menghubungkan TIP120, LDR

dengan Arduino dapat dilakukan dengan cara sebagai berikut :

TIP120 kaki Base sambungkan ke Resistor 1K Ohm dan hubungkan ke

Pin Digital 24 Arduino Mega.

TIP120 kaki Collector sambungkan potensiometer .

54

TIP120 Kaki Emitter sambungkan ke Gnd Power supply dan Gnd

Arduino Mega.

LDR kaki positif hubungkan ke +VCC Power Supply dan kaki negatif

hubungkan ke potensiometer, Output dari LDR hubungkan ke Pin

Analog A7 Arduino Mega.

3.5.8 Perencanaan Rangkaian Transistor TIP120 dan Laser

Transistor TIP120 berfungsi sebagai saklar On Off Laser bersifat NPN,

digunakan untuk menyalakan laser agar dapat berfungsi sebagai Transmiter

dan diterima oleh sensor LDR.

Gambar 3.11 Perencanaan saklar TIP120, Laser dengan Aduino Mega.

Bedasarkan gambar 3.11 diatas untuk menghubungkan TIP120 dan Laser

dengan Arduino dapat dilakukan dengan cara sebagai berikut:

55

TIP120 kaki Base samhubungkan ke Resistor 1K Ohm dan hubungkan ke


TIP120 kaki Collector sambungkan kaki laser yang negatif.

TIP120 kaki Emitter sambungkan ke Gnd Power Supply dan Gnd

Arduino mega.

Laser kaki positif sambungkan ke +Vcc Power Supply +5Volt DC.

3.5.9 Perencanaan Rangkian Transistor TIP120 dan Selenoid Door Lock.

Transisitor TIP120 berfungsi sebagai saklar On Off Selenoid Door Lock

bersifat NPN, digunakan untuk menyalakan selenoid door lock agar dapat

berfungsi sebagai pengunci pintu.

Gambar 3.12 Perencanaan Transistor TIP120 dan Selenoid dengan Arduno Mega.

Bedasarkan gambar 3.12 diatas untuk menghubungkan Transistor TIP120

dan Selenoid Door Lock dengan Arduino Mega dapat dilakukan dengan cara

sebagai berikut :

56

TIP120 kaki Base samhubungkan ke Resistor 1K Ohm dan hubungkan ke


TIP120 kaki Collector sambungkan kaki Selenoid door lock yang

negatif.

TIP120 kaki Emitter sambungkan ke Gnd Power Supply dan Gnd

Arduino mega.

Selenoid door lock kaki positif sambungkan ke +Vcc Power Supply

+12Volt DC.

3.5.10 Perencanaan Rangkaian Buzzer

Buzzer dalam sistem kunci rumah elektrik berfungsi sebagai alarm atau

bunyi,

Gambar 3.13 Perancanaan buzzer dengan Arduino Mega.

Berdasarkan gambar 3.13 diatas untuk menghubungkan buzzer dengan

Arduino Mega adalah sebagai berikut:

Kaki positif dari buzzer sambungkan ke Pin Digital 14 Arduino Mega.

57

Kaki negatif dari buzzer sambungkan ke Pin GND Arduino Mega.

3.6 Diagram Alir Sistem

Sebelum membuat satu program terlebih dahulu harus dibuat flowchart

(bagan alir sistem) sehingga program yang dibuat dapat terencana dengan

baik. Berikut ini adalah diagram alir perencanaan sistem kunci pintu rumah

pintar menggunakan password dan RFID via GSM message berbasis Arduino

Mega.

1. Keamanan Pintu

MULAI

PasswordBenar

Inisialisasi Program

Input Keypad Password

Input Tag RFID ke Reader

RFIDBenar

Mengirim SMS&&

Ter blokir selama10 detik

Salah RFID

LDR = LOW && Laser = LOW

1

Passwordsalah = 3

x

A

T

T

T

YY

Y

58

Gambar 3.14 Diagram Alir Kunci Pintu Rumah Elektrik

Selonoid Door Lock =HIGH

(Pintu terbuka)

1

Delay (5000)

Solenoid Door Lock = Low

(Pintu Tertutup)

Tombol Hijau = High

Solenoid Door Lock= High

(Pintu Terbuka)

Tombol Merah=High

Solenoid Door Lock=Low

(Pintu Tertutup)

LDR = High && Laser =High

ResetPassword

APintu Terkunci

SELESAI

T Y

59

Penjelasan Diagram Alir (Flow Chart)

Program diawali dari :

Mulai.

Insisialisasi Program : Program yang berupa bahasa C pertama kali di baca

terlebih dahulu oleh mikrokontroler untuk selanjutnya dijalankan

perintahnya.

Input Keypad Password, RFID : Jika Password benar (Y) salanjutnya

Input Tag RFID ke RFID Reader. Jika RFID benar (Y), Maka Pintu akan

membuka dan sensor LDR dan Laser akan Off.

Jika Password salah (T) sampai tiga kali akan terblokir selama 10 detik

dan akan SMS kepada User.

Jika Password dan RFID Salah (T), maka perlu input Keypad Password

dan Tag RFID ke Reader sampai Benar, agar pintu dapat terbuka.

Tombol Hijau untuk selenoid door lock = High dan membuka pintu.

Tombol Merah untuk selenoid door lock = Low dan menutup pintu,

menjalankan Sensor LDR + Laser akanOn.

Setelah itu pintu terkunci dan reset password, jika ingin mengakses pintu

harus mengiput Keypad Password dan Tag RFID ke RFID Reader.

Selesai.

60

2. Deteksi Pencuri.

Gambar 3.15 Diagram Alir Deteksi pencuri.

Mulai

InisialisasiProgram

Sensor LDR

Nilai LDR <100

Mengirim SMS kepadapemilik rumah

Buzzer On

Nilai LDR≥100

Buzzer Off

Selesai

T

Y

T

Y

61

Penjelasan Flow Chart Sensor LDR

Mulai.

Inisialisasi Program.

Sensor LDR.

Jika Nilai LDR < 100, Maka GSM SIM900A akan mengirim SMS kepada

pemilik rumah dan Buzzer ON.

Jika Nilai LDR > 100, Maka GSM SIM900A Off, dan Buzzer Off.

Selesai.

3.7 Perancangan Program.

Perancangan program Arduino Mega2560 memerlukan suatu sistem

program untuk menempatkan dan mengirim program dari PC ke

mikrokontroller yang terdapat pada Arduino Mega, kemudian akan tersimpan

pada mikrokontroller yang terdapat pada arduino Mega. Program ini

menggunakan bahasa assembly yang mudah dimengerti oleh mikrokontroller.

Gambar 3.16 Aplikasi program Arduino.

62

Gambar 3.17 Lembar kerja Program Arduino.

BAB IV

PENGUJIAN ALAT DAN ANALISA

Bab ini membahas tentang hasil pengujian dan analisa sistem yang telah

dirancang dan dibuat, yang bertujuan untuk mengetahui sistem yang dibuat sudah

memenuhi kriteria yang diinginkan atau tidak.

Pengujian dilakukan pada masing – masing blok yang bertujuan untuk

memenuhi kerja dari masing – masing blok rangkaian, sehingga dapat diketahui

apakah masing – masing blok rangkaian tersebut dapat melakukan fungsinya

dengan baik.Dilanjutkan dengan pengujian secara keseluruan.

4.1. Pengujian Rangkaian Catu Daya

Rangkaian catu daya membutuhkan tegangan masukan dari PLN sebesar

220 VAC dan tegangan keluaran sekitar 5-12 VDC. Untuk mendapatkan

tegangan tersebut, digunakan transformator step-down 3 ampere yang akan

menurunkan tegangan 220 VAC. Tegangan yang dihasilkan oleh tranformator

masih berupa tegangan AC oleh karena itu dibutuhkan penyearah tegangan

agar keluarannya berupa tegangan DC. Untuk menghasilkan tegangan 5 VDC

maka dibutuhkan IC regulator LM7805 yang akan menurunkan tegangan

menjadi 5 VDC, kemudian untuk menghasilkan tegangan 12 VDC maka

dibutuhkan IC regulator LM7812 yang akan mentabilkan tegangan menjadi

12 VDC.

Pengujian terhadap rancangan 12 Volt dan 5 Volt menujukan keluaran

sebesar 11.78 Volt dan 5.05 Volt, keluaran tegangan tersebut masih

bisa digunakan untuk mencatu komponen yang digunakan dalam

penelitian ini. Catu daya 12 Volt digunakan untuk mencatu rangkaian

Mikrokontroler Arduino Mega 2560 dan selenoid door lock, sedangkan catu

daya 5 Volt digunakan untuk mencatu rangkaian GSM SIM900 sheild dan

rangkaian sensor.

Gambar 4.1 Pengukuran Power Supply

Tabel 4.1 Pengukuran Tegangan Power Supply

Tegangan Input

(VAC)

Tegangan Ouput

(VDC)

Hasil

Pengukuran

(VDC)

220 Volt 12 11.74

220 Volt 12 11.74

220 Volt 5 5.05

220 Volt 5 5.05

65

Terlihat pada tabel 4.1 hasil pengukuran power supply menggunakan

listrik PLN menghasilkan tegangan yaitu untuk tegangan output 12 VDC

didapat hasil 11.74 VDC dan kemudian untuk tegangan 5 VDC didapat 5.05

VDC.

4.2 Pengujian Mikrokontroler Arduino Mega2560

Pengujian mikrokontroler Arduino Atmega2560 dilakukan dengan cara

pengecekan pada pin-pin Arduino yang nantinya akan digunakan sebagai

inputmaupun output untuk menjalankan sistem.

a. Pengujian Output Digital

Pengujian output digital dilakukan dengan cara pengecekan pada pin-pin

digital Arduino dengan menggunakan multimeter digital. Pada perancangan

alat ini, ada beberapa pin yang digunakan sebagai output digital.

Gambar 4.2 Pengukuran Pin Digital

66

Tabel 4.2 Hasil Pengukuran Tegangan Output digital

NO Tegangan

Input VDC

Pin Digital Hasil Pengukuran

VDC

1 12 2 4.92

2 12 3 4.92

3 12 4 4.92

4 12 5 4.92

5 12 6 4.92

6 12 7 4.92

7 12 8 4.92

8 12 9 4.92

9 12 10 4.92

10 12 11 4.92

11 12 12 4.92

12 12 22 4.92

13 12 24 4.92

14 12 25 4.92

15 12 28 4.92

16 12 29 4.92

17 12 50 4.92

18 12 52 4.92

Rata-Rata 4.92

67

Terlihat pada hasil pengukuran pada Tabel 4.2 yang dilakukan pada

tegangan output pin digital pada Arduino menghasilkan tegangan rata-rata

4.92 VDC dari pengukuran pada setiap Pin digital yang digunakan.

4.3 Pengujian Keypad pada LCD

Keypad berfungsi sebagai pengisian password agar dapat membuka pintu

rumah. Berikut ini adalah contoh pengisian password pada LCD:

a. Hidupkan kunci pintu elektrik dengan cara menekan tombol power.

b. Setelah sistem pintu elektrik hidup masukan password berupa angka,

maksimal 6 digit menggunakan keypad.

c. Semisal ingin memberi input password 123456 tinggal tekan tombol pada

keypad.

Gambar 4.3 Pengujian keypad pada LCD

d. Setelah muncul angka 123456 pada LCD tekan tombol # pada keypad

(Tombol # berfungsi sebagai tombol konfirmasi password).

e. Jika ingin menghapus password gunakan tombol * pada keypad.

68

Tabel 4.3 Tabel pengujian keypad dan LCD

TOMBOL KEYPAD FUNGSI

1 Menampilkan angka 1 pada LCD










* Menghapus password

# Konfirmasi password

A -

B -

C -

D Tombol Reset / standby

69

4.4 Pengujian keypad dengan program password

Pengujian keypad dengan program password bertujuan untuk mengetahui

program dapat berjalankan dengan semestinya. Kemudian dilakukan

pengisian password salah, maka indikator lampu LED merah akan menyala,

jika pengisian password salah sampai batas maksimal (3 kali), maka

mikrokontroler akan mengirimkan data ke SIM900 sheild GPRS yang akan

mengirimkan SMS kepemilik rumah “PASSWORD SALAH”, begitu

seterusnya jika pengisian password salah sampai 3 kali mengirim pesan

kepemilik rumah.

Gambar 4.4 Pengujianpasswordsalah

4.5 Pengujian RFID (Radio Frequency Identification) Reader.

Pengujian dilakukan untuk memperoleh hasil bahwa rangkaian dapat

bekerja sesuai dengan yang diinginkan IC RFID reader yang digunakan ID-

12 yang dapat memancarkan gelombang radio frekuensi 125 KHz.

70

Gambar 4.5 Pengujian RFID dengan tampilan LCD

Kemudian pengujian juga dilakukan untuk memperoleh jarak sebuah tag

yang dapat dibaca oleh reader ID-12. Dalam pengujian ini posisi tag

diletakakan di depan dan belakang reader.Data hasil pengukuran dapat dilihat

seperti Tabel 4.4 berikut ini:

Tabel 4.4 Jarak baca reader terhadap tag pasif RFID

Jarak Baca

POSISI Tag

Di Depan Reader Di Belakang Reader

1 cm Terbaca Terbaca





6 cm Tidak terbaca Tidak terbaca

71

Percobaan tersebut dilakukan tanpa adanya penghalang di antara tag

dengan reader. Dari data di atas dapat diketahui bahwa jarak baca reader

terhadap tag sebesar 5 cm, hal tersebut terjadi karena adanya kemungkinan

bahwa daya yang dipancarkan oleh reader bernilai rendah. Kemudian sebagai

indikator pada rangkaian reader digunakan sebuah LED yang berwarna

merah aktif jika sebuah tag RFID dilewatkan pada ID-12. Led indikator ini

berfungsi sebagai penanda apabila reader melakukan komunikasi dengan

tag.Kondisi tersebut dapat dilihat pada Tabel 4.5 berikut:

Tabel 4.5 kondisi Reader terhadap Tag RFID

Kondisi Tag Kondisi Reader (LED)

Jarak 1 cm Aktif (menyala)

Jarak 6 cm Tidak Aktif (mati)

Kemudian dilakukan juga pengujian untuk memperoleh identitas dari tag

RFID tersebut. Pengujian dilakukan dengan mendekatkan tag pada reader,

lalu hasil pembacaan akan ditampilkan pada perangkat computer melalui

Port Serial COM. Dengan memanfaatkan serial monitor pada software

Arduino, dapat memperoleh identitas dari tag RFID tersebut seperti terlihat

pada Gambar 4.6 :

72

Gambar 4.6 Hasil pengambilan data sebuah tag RFID

4.6 Pengujian Selenoid door lock

Pengujian dilakukan dengan memberi logic 0 dan 1 pada masukan

rangkaian, sehingga transistor TIP120 akan bekerja dan akan menghubungkan

dan memutuskan kunci selenoid dengan sumber tegangan. Data hasil

pengujian dapat diliahat seperti dalam Tabel 4.6 berikut :

Tabel 4.6 Hasil pengujian solenoid door lock

Logic Kondisi Kunci Selenoid

1 Membuka

0 Mengunci

Ket :

Kondisi kunci selenoid mengunci berarti selenoid Low / 0, transistor

TIP120 tidak dapat tegangan (tonjolan kunci keluar).

73

Kondisi kunci selenoid membuka berarti selenoid High / 1, transistor

TIP120 dapat tegangan (tonjolan kunci masuk).

4.7 Pengujian sensor LDR (Ligh Dependent Resistor)

a. pengujian sensor LDR dengan Lux meter

Pengujian LDR dilakukan dengan mengukur tegangan yang ada pada

kaki LDR dengan suatu kondisi intensitas cahaya tertentu. Untuk megetahui

jumlah intensitas, digunakan alat Lux meter. Berikut ini adalah hasil

pengukuran intensitas terhadap tegangan.

Tabel 4.7 Data pengujian LDR

Lux meter (Cd) Tegangan Output sensor LDR (mV)

9 1

19 3

29 4

429 115

770 150

Gambar 4.7 Pengujian tegangan sensor LDR dengan Lux meter

74

Gambar 4.8 Grafik hubungan tegangan sensor LDR dengan Lux meter

Analisa : Tabel hasil tabel dan grafik diatas dapat di analisis bahwa semakin

tinggi tingkat cahaya yang diterima oleh LDR, maka tegangan dari LDR

tersebut akan semakin besar.

b. Pengujian sensor LDR dengan laser

Pengujian sensor LDR dengan Laser bertujuan untuk mengetahui

kemampuan sensor dalam mendeteksi keberadaan atau langkah kaki manusia,

cara kerjanya, jika sensor LDR terhalang oleh langkah kaki atau melakukan

pegerakan dan indikator LED merah menyala maka menandakan adanya

manusia dan mikrokontroler Arduino Mega2560 akan mengirimkan data ke

SIM900 sheild GPRS yang akan mengirimkan pesan SMS ke pemilik rumah

“ADA MALING” dan alarm akan menyala.

y = 0,908x + 1,644R² = 0,964

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

140

160

180

0 200 400 600 800 1000

Series1

Linear (Series1)

Garis trendlinepersamaankalibrasiGaris Linear

Persamaan kalibrasi

LUX (cd)

Tegangan(mv)

75

Gambar 4.9 Pengujian sensor LDR dan Laser

Tabel 4.8 Hasil pengujian sensor LDR (terkena lampu Ruangan)

NO Kondisi siang hari (Terkena Lampu Ruangan)

Kondisi tidak

terhalang benda padat

(Nilai kalibrasi sensor

LDR)

LED

Merah

Buzzer Jam Lama

pengirima

n SMS

(detik)

Status

SMS

Kondisi

sensor /

Tegangan

(Volt)

1 103 Off Off - - Tidak

Terkirim

High / 3,4


Terkirim

High / 3,4


Terkirim

High /3,4

NO Kondisi siang hari (Terkena Lampu Ruangan)

Kondisi tidak

terhalang benda padat

(Nilai kalibrasi sensor

LDR)

LED

Merah

Buzzer Jam Lama

pengirima

n SMS

(detik)

Status

SMS

Kondisi

sensor /

Tegangan

(Volt)

1 8 On On 23:00 - Tidak High / 3,4

76

Terkirim

2 9 On On 23:20 - Tidak

Terkirim

High / 3,4

3 2 On On 00:00 - Tidak

Terkirim

High /3,4

Tabel 4.9 Hasil pengujian sensor LDR (tidak terkena lampu ruangan)

NO Kondisi malam hari (Tidak terkena lampu ruangan)

Kondisi tidak

terhalang benda

padat (Nilai

kalibrasi sensor

LDR)

LED

Merah

Buzzer Jam Lama

pengiriman

SMS

(detik)

Status

SMS

Kondisi

Sensor

/

Tegangan

(Volt)


Terkirim

High / 3,4


Terkirim

High / 3,4

No Kondisi malam hari (Tidak terkena lampu ruangan)

Kondisi

tidak

terhalang

benda padat

(Nilai

LED

Merah

Buzzer Jam Lama

pengiriman

SMS (detik)

Status SMS Kondisi

Sensor

/ Tegangan

(Volt)

77

kalibrasi

sensor LDR)


Terkirim

High /3,4

4 8 On On 23:00 - Tidak

Terkirim

High / 3,4

5 9 On On 23:20 - Tidak

Terkirim

High / 3,4

6 2 On On 00:00 - Tidak

Terkirim

High /3,4

Gambar 4.10 hasil data kalibrasi sensor LDR kondisi

Dari tabel di atas pengujian sensor LDR pada keadaan tidak terhalang kondisi

high tegangan output lebih dari 3 volt dengan nilai kalibrasi lebih dari 100 Cd,

indikator led, buzzer off dan status sms tidak terkirim. pada keadaan terhalang

kondisi high tegangan output kurang dari 3 volt dengan nilai kalibrasi kurang dari

10 Cd, indikator led, buzzer on dan status sms terkirim.

78

4.8 Pengujian Modul SIM900 Sheild

Pengujian modul SIM900 Sheild GPRS dilakukan dengan membuat

program Arduino 1.0.5. Tujuan dari pengujian ini adalah untuk mengetahui

apakah Modul SIM900 sheild dapat melakukan pengiriman SMS ke nomor

tertentu, dengan cara menggunakan Software Arduino 1.0.5. Seperti gambar

4.11 pengujian ini dilakukan sebanyak empat kali dan mencatat hasilnya

seperti pada tabel 4.10.

Gambar 4.11 Pengujian menggunakan Software Arduino

Tabel 4.10 Pengujian Modul SIM900 Sheild

No kartu Perintah Jam Lama Hasil

Pengujian

1 IM3 Pengiriman SMS 23:00 10 detik Terkirim

2 Telkomsel Pengiriman SMS 23:40 13 detik Terkirim

3 3 Pengiriman SMS 00:30 10 detik Terkirim

Hasil pengujian pada Tabel 4.10 menjelaskan bahwa modul SIM900

Sheild yang digunakan dapat bekerja dengan baik. Mikrokontroler mampu

79

mengendalikan Modul SIM900 sheild untuk melakukan pengiriman SMS ke

nomor tertentu.

4.9 Pengujian sistem keseluruhan

Pengujian sistem keseluruhan dilakukan setelah pengujian pada setiap

bagian dari sistem kunci pintu elektrik. Tujuan dari pengujian ini adalah

mengetahui cara kerja dari sistem kunci rumah pintar menggunakan password

dan RFID via GSM message berbasis mikrokontroler Arduino Mega2560,

apakah sudah memenuhi tujuan yang diinginkan.

Gambar 4.12 Pengujian sistem keseluruhan.

Pengujian keseluruhan sistem pada Gambar 4.12 terdapat dijelaskan

bahwasanya sistem keamanan yang digunakan seperti sensor LDR (Ligh

Dependent Resistor),Keypaddan RFID dapat berfungsi atau bekerja dengan

baik. Kemudian lamanya waktu dalam proses pengiriman SMS ke nomor

pemilik rumah oleh sistem tergantung dari operator seluler yang digunakan.

Bagaimana kondisi ideal, maka sistem akan melakukan pengiriman SMS

peringatan ke pemilik rumah.

80

BAB V

PENUTUPAN

5.1 Kesimpulan

Hasil pembahasan dari tugas akhir ini dapat diambil kesimpulan sebagai

berikut :

1. Sistem kunci rumah pintar menggunakan password dan rfid via gsm

message berbasis Arduino mega2560 telah bekerja atau berhasil sesuai

dengan spesifikasi dan tujuan yang dinginkan.

2. Hasil pengujian Modul SIM900 Sheild dengan kartu operator (IM3,

Telkomsel dan 3), telah dapat mengirim SMS ke pemilik rumah dengan

lamanya waktu 10 detik sampai 13 detik.

3. Semua tegangan yang keluar dari pin Arduino Mega 2560 sebesar 4.92

Volt DC.

4. Data yang tercatat pada penelitian ini, jarak pembacaan RFID reader

dengan RFID tag dari 1 cm sampai 5 cm.

5. Penerimaan cahaya laser ke LDR pembacaan tampilan di LCD bernilai

lebih dari 100 lux , sedangkan penerimaan cahaya laser ke LDR jika

terhalang benda padat nilai pembacaan tampilan di LCD bernilai kurang

dari 100 lux.

5.2 Saran

Hasil pembuatan maupun pengujian dan analisa sistem dalam tugas akhir

ini, dapat diberikan saran sebagai berikut:

1. Alat ini akan berfungsi lebih baik, apabila dilengkapi dengan power

cadangan / baterai, waspadai jika terjadi pemadaman listrik.

2. Penambahan kamera guna mendapatkan hasil yang lebih detail lagi

sehingga mengurangi tingkat kejahatan pada sistem keamanan ini.

3. Pengiriman SMS ke nomor pemilik rumah tergantung sinyal / operator dari

jaringan seluler yang digunakan.

82

DAFTAR PUSTAKA

1) Arduino. (n.d). LiquidCrystal-“Hello World”. Diakses September

20, 2015, dari http://arduino.cc/en/Tutorial/LiquidCrystal.

2) Durfee W. 2011. Arduino Mikrocontroller Guide. Minnesota:

Universitas of Minnesote.

http://www.me.umn.edu/courses/me2011/arduino/arduinoGuide.p

df. [6 Oktober 2015].

3) Finkenzeller, Klaus. 1999. RFID handbook: Radiofrequency

identification fundamentals and applications. New York: Wiley.

4) http://corelita.com/cara-membuat-skema-rangkaian-regulator-

catu-daya-15-35-volt-dc/ diakses pada 5-10-2015.

5) http://playground.arduino.cc/Learning/PhotoResistor diakses

pada 8-10-2015.

6) http://teknikelektronika.com/daftar-isi-blog-teknik-elektronika/

diakses pada 5-10-2015.

7) http://www.allsensor.in/ProductDetails.aspx?SEOType=BSuwhm

B9Ll4%3D&PID=GFaU4Xrv1Tk%3D&CType=ZgDIC937E8s%

3D&CID=7PWpaONgkEc%3Ddiakses pada 7-10-2015.

8) McRoberts, Mike. 2010. Arduino Starter Kit Manual. New York:

Earthshine Electronics.

9) Rahmad Rizky, Kiagus.2011.BABII.Rancang Bangun Pengendali

Pintu Gerbang Menggunakan Frekuensi GSM Berbasis

Mikrokontroler AT89S52.Proyek Akhir.AKATEL:Jakarta.

LAMPIRAN

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The Arduino Mega 2560 is a microcontroller board based on the ATmega2560 (datasheet). It has 54 digital input/output pins (of which 14 can be used as PWM outputs), 16 analog inputs, 4 UARTs (hardware serial ports), a 16 MHz crystal oscillator, a USB connection, a power jack, an ICSP header, and a reset button. It contains everything needed to support the microcontroller; simply connect it to a computer with a USB cable or power it with a AC-to-DC adapter or battery to get started. The Mega is compatible with most shields designed for the Arduino Duemilanove or Diecimila.

http://www.atmel.com/dyn/resources/prod_documents/doc2549.PDF

EAGLE files: arduino-mega2560-reference-design.zip Schematic: arduino-mega2560-schematic.pdf

Microcontroller ATmega2560Operating Voltage 5VInput Voltage (recommended) 7-12VInput Voltage (limits) 6-20VDigital I/O Pins 54 (of which 14 provide PWM output)Analog Input Pins 16DC Current per I/O Pin 40 mADC Current for 3.3V Pin 50 mAFlash Memory 256 KB of which 8 KB used by bootloaderSRAM 8 KBEEPROM 4 KBClock Speed 16 MHz

http://dev.arduino.cc/wiki/uno/Main/ArduinoBoardMega2560?action=upload&upname=arduino-mega2560-schematic.pdf

http://dev.arduino.cc/wiki/uno/Main/ArduinoBoardMega2560?action=upload&upname=arduino-mega2560-reference-design.zip

http://dev.arduino.cc/wiki/uno/Main/ArduinoBoardMega2560?action=upload&upname=arduino-mega2560-reference-design.zip

The Arduino Mega2560 can be powered via the USB connection or with an external power supply. The power source is selected automatically. External (non-USB) power can come either from an AC-to-DC adapter (wall-wart) or battery. The adapter can be connected by plugging a 2.1mm center-positive plug into the board's power jack. Leads from a battery can be inserted in the Gnd and Vin pin headers of the POWER connector.

The board can operate on an external supply of 6 to 20 volts. If supplied with less than 7V, however, the 5V pin may supply less than five volts and the board may be unstable. If using more than 12V, the voltage regulator may overheat and damage the board. The recommended range is 7 to 12 volts.

The Mega2560 differs from all preceding boards in that it does not use the FTDI USB-to-serial driver chip. Instead, it features the Atmega8U2 programmed as a USB-to-serial converter.

The power pins are as follows:

• VIN. The input voltage to the Arduino board when it's using an external power source (as opposed to 5 volts from the USB connection or other regulated power source). You can supply voltage through this pin, or, if supplying voltage via the power jack, access it through this pin.

• 5V. The regulated power supply used to power the microcontroller and other components on the board. This can come either from VIN via an on-board regulator, or be supplied by USB or another regulated 5V supply.

• 3V3. A 3.3 volt supply generated by the on-board regulator. Maximum current draw is 50 mA. • GND. Ground pins.

The ATmega2560 has 256 KB of flash memory for storing code (of which 8 KB is used for the bootloader), 8 KB of SRAM and 4 KB of EEPROM (which can be read and written with the EEPROM library).

Each of the 54 digital pins on the Mega can be used as an input or output, using pinMode(), digitalWrite(), and digitalRead() functions. They operate at 5 volts. Each pin can provide or receive a maximum of 40 mA and has an internal pull-up resistor (disconnected by default) of 20-50 kOhms. In addition, some pins have specialized functions:

• Serial: 0 (RX) and 1 (TX); Serial 1: 19 (RX) and 18 (TX); Serial 2: 17 (RX) and 16 (TX); Serial 3: 15 (RX) and 14 (TX). Used to receive (RX) and transmit (TX) TTL serial data. Pins 0 and 1 are also connected to the corresponding pins of the ATmega8U2 USB-to-TTL Serial chip .

• External Interrupts: 2 (interrupt 0), 3 (interrupt 1), 18 (interrupt 5), 19 (interrupt 4), 20 (interrupt 3), and 21 (interrupt 2). These pins can be configured to trigger an interrupt on a low value, a rising or falling edge, or a change in value. See the attachInterrupt() function for details.

• PWM: 0 to 13. Provide 8-bit PWM output with the analogWrite() function. • SPI: 50 (MISO), 51 (MOSI), 52 (SCK), 53 (SS). These pins support SPI communication, which, although

provided by the underlying hardware, is not currently included in the Arduino language. The SPI pins are also broken out on the ICSP header, which is physically compatible with the Duemilanove and Diecimila.

• LED: 13. There is a built-in LED connected to digital pin 13. When the pin is HIGH value, the LED is on, when the pin is LOW, it's off.

• I2C: 20 (SDA) and 21 (SCL). Support I2C (TWI) communication using the Wire library (documentation on the Wiring website). Note that these pins are not in the same location as the I2C pins on the Duemilanove.

The Mega2560 has 16 analog inputs, each of which provide 10 bits of resolution (i.e. 1024 different values). By default they measure from ground to 5 volts, though is it possible to change the upper end of their range using the AREF pin and analogReference() function.

There are a couple of other pins on the board:

• AREF. Reference voltage for the analog inputs. Used with analogReference(). • Reset. Bring this line LOW to reset the microcontroller. Typically used to add a reset button to shields which

block the one on the board.

http://arduino.cc/en/Reference/AnalogReference

http://wiring.org.co/reference/libraries/Wire/index.html

http://arduino.cc/en/Reference/AnalogWrite

http://arduino.cc/en/Reference/AttachInterrupt

http://arduino.cc/en/Reference/DigitalRead

http://arduino.cc/en/Reference/DigitalWrite

http://arduino.cc/en/Reference/PinMode

http://www.arduino.cc/en/Reference/EEPROM

The Arduino Mega2560 has a number of facilities for communicating with a computer, another Arduino, or other microcontrollers. The ATmega2560 provides four hardware UARTs for TTL (5V) serial communication. An ATmega8U2 on the board channels one of these over USB and provides a virtual com port to software on the computer (Windows machines will need a .inf file, but OSX and Linux machines will recognize the board as a COM port automatically. The Arduino software includes a serial monitor which allows simple textual data to be sent to and from the board. The RX and TX LEDs on the board will flash when data is being transmitted via the ATmega8U2 chip and USB connection to the computer (but not for serial communication on pins 0 and 1).

A SoftwareSerial library allows for serial communication on any of the Mega's digital pins.

The ATmega2560 also supports I2C (TWI) and SPI communication. The Arduino software includes a Wire library to simplify use of the I2C bus; see the documentation on the Wiring website for details. To use the SPI communication, please see the ATmega2560 datasheet.

The Arduino Mega2560 can be programmed with the Arduino software (download). For details, see the reference and tutorials.

The Atmega2560 on the Arduino Mega comes preburned with a bootloader that allows you to upload new code to it without the use of an external hardware programmer. It communicates using the original STK500 protocol (reference, C header files).

You can also bypass the bootloader and program the microcontroller through the ICSP (In-Circuit Serial Programming) header; see these instructions for details.

http://arduino.cc/en/Hacking/Programmer

http://www.atmel.com/dyn/resources/prod_documents/avr061.zip

http://www.atmel.com/dyn/resources/prod_documents/doc2525.pdf

http://arduino.cc/en/Tutorial/Bootloader

http://arduino.cc/en/Tutorial/HomePage

http://arduino.cc/en/Reference/HomePage

http://arduino.cc/en/Main/Software

http://wiring.org.co/reference/libraries/Wire/index.html

http://www.arduino.cc/en/Reference/SoftwareSerial

Rather then requiring a physical press of the reset button before an upload, the Arduino Mega2560 is designed in a way that allows it to be reset by software running on a connected computer. One of the hardware flow control lines (DTR) of the ATmega8U2 is connected to the reset line of the ATmega2560 via a 100 nanofarad capacitor. When this line is asserted (taken low), the reset line drops long enough to reset the chip. The Arduino software uses this capability to allow you to upload code by simply pressing the upload button in the Arduino environment. This means that the bootloader can have a shorter timeout, as the lowering of DTR can be well-coordinated with the start of the upload.

This setup has other implications. When the Mega2560 is connected to either a computer running Mac OS X or Linux, it resets each time a connection is made to it from software (via USB). For the following half-second or so, the bootloader is running on the Mega2560. While it is programmed to ignore malformed data (i.e. anything besides an upload of new code), it will intercept the first few bytes of data sent to the board after a connection is opened. If a sketch running on the board receives one-time configuration or other data when it first starts, make sure that the software with which it communicates waits a second after opening the connection and before sending this data.

The Mega contains a trace that can be cut to disable the auto-reset. The pads on either side of the trace can be soldered together to re-enable it. It's labeled "RESET-EN". You may also be able to disable the auto-reset by connecting a 110 ohm resistor from 5V to the reset line; see this forum thread for details.

The Arduino Mega has a resettable polyfuse that protects your computer's USB ports from shorts and overcurrent. Although most computers provide their own internal protection, the fuse provides an extra layer of protection. If more than 500 mA is applied to the USB port, the fuse will automatically break the connection until the short or overload is removed.

The maximum length and width of the Mega PCB are 4 and 2.1 inches respectively, with the USB connector and power jack extending beyond the former dimension. Three screw holes allow the board to be attached to a surface or case. Note that the distance between digital pins 7 and 8 is 160 mil (0.16"), not an even multiple of the 100 mil spacing of the other pins.

The Mega is designed to be compatible with most shields designed for the Diecimila or Duemilanove. Digital pins 0 to 13 (and the adjacent AREF and GND pins), analog inputs 0 to 5, the power header, and ICSP header are all in equivalent locations. Further the main UART (serial port) is located on the same pins (0 and 1), as are external interrupts 0 and 1 (pins 2 and 3 respectively). SPI is available through the ICSP header on both the Mega and Duemilanove / Diecimila. Please note that I2C is not located on the same pins on the Mega (20 and 21) as the Duemilanove / Diecimila (analog inputs 4 and 5).

http://www.arduino.cc/cgi-bin/yabb2/YaBB.pl?num=1213719666/all

Arduino can sense the environment by receiving input from a variety of sensors and can affect its surroundings by controlling lights, motors, and other actuators. The microcontroller on the board is programmed using the Arduino programming language (based on Wiring) and the Arduino development environment (based on Processing). Arduino projects can be stand-alone or they can communicate with software on running on a computer (e.g. Flash, Processing, MaxMSP).

Arduino is a cross-platoform program. You’ll have to follow different instructions for your personal OS. Check on the Arduino site for the latest instructions. http://arduino.cc/en/Guide/HomePage

Once you have downloaded/unzipped the arduino IDE, you can Plug the Arduino to your PC via USB cable.

Now you’re actually ready to “burn” your first program on the arduino board. To select “blink led”, the physical translation of the well known programming “hello world”, select

File>Sketchbook>Arduino-0017>Examples>Digital>Blink

Once you have your skecth you’ll see something very close to the screenshot on the right.

In Tools>Board select MEGA

Now you have to go toTools>SerialPort and select the right serial port, the one arduino is attached to.

http://arduino.cc/en/Guide/HomePage

http://www.processing.org/

http://wiring.org.co/

http://arduino.cc/en/Reference/HomePage

1. Warranties

1.1 The producer warrants that its products will conform to the Specifications. This warranty lasts for one (1) years from the date of the sale. The producer shall not be liable for any defects that are caused by neglect, misuse or mistreatment by the Customer, including improper installation or testing, or for any products that have been altered or modified in any way by a Customer. Moreover, The producer shall not be liable for any defects that result from Customer's design, specifications or instructions for such products. Testing and other quality control techniques are used to the extent the producer deems necessary.

1.2 If any products fail to conform to the warranty set forth above, the producer's sole liability shall be to replace such products. The producer's liability shall be limited to products that are determined by the producer not to conform to such warranty. If the producer elects to replace such products, the producer shall have a reasonable time to replacements. Replaced products shall be warranted for a new full warranty period.

1.3 EXCEPT AS SET FORTH ABOVE, PRODUCTS ARE PROVIDED "AS IS" AND "WITH ALL FAULTS." THE PRODUCER DISCLAIMS ALL OTHER WARRANTIES, EXPRESS OR IMPLIED, REGARDING PRODUCTS, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO, ANY IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY OR FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE

1.4 Customer agrees that prior to using any systems that include the producer products, Customer will test such systems and the functionality of the products as used in such systems. The producer may provide technical, applications or design advice, quality characterization, reliability data or other services. Customer acknowledges and agrees that providing these services shall not expand or otherwise alter the producer's warranties, as set forth above, and no additional obligations or liabilities shall arise from the producer providing such services.

1.5 The Arduino products are not authorized for use in safety-critical applications where a failure of the product would reasonably be expected to cause severe personal injury or death. Safety-Critical Applications include, without limitation, life support devices and systems, equipment or systems for the operation of nuclear facilities and weapons systems. Arduino products are neither designed nor intended for use in military or aerospace applications or environments and for automotive applications or environment. Customer acknowledges and agrees that any such use of Arduino products which is solely at the Customer's risk, and that Customer is solely responsible for compliance with all legal and regulatory requirements in connection with such use.

1.6 Customer acknowledges and agrees that it is solely responsible for compliance with all legal, regulatory and safety-related requirements concerning its products and any use of Arduino products in Customer's applications, notwithstanding any applications-related information or support that may be provided by the producer.

2. Indemnification

The Customer acknowledges and agrees to defend, indemnify and hold harmless the producer from and against any and all third-party losses, damages, liabilities and expenses it incurs to the extent directly caused by: (i) an actual breach by a Customer of the representation and warranties made under this terms and conditions or (ii) the gross negligence or willful misconduct by the Customer.

3. Consequential Damages Waiver

In no event the producer shall be liable to the Customer or any third parties for any special, collateral, indirect, punitive, incidental, consequential or exemplary damages in connection with or arising out of the products provided hereunder, regardless of whether the producer has been advised of the possibility of such damages. This section will survive the termination of the warranty period.

4. Changes to specifications

The producer may make changes to specifications and product descriptions at any time, without notice. The Customer must not rely on the absence or characteristics of any features or instructions marked "reserved" or "undefined." The producer reserves these for future definition and shall have no responsibility whatsoever for conflicts or incompatibilities arising from future changes to them. The product information on the Web Site or Materials is subject to change without notice. Do not finalize a design with this information.

The producer of Arduino has joined the Impatto Zero® policy of LifeGate.it. For each Arduino board produced is created / looked after half squared Km of Costa Rica’s forest’s.

• All specifications are subject to change without notice.• Conformity to RoHS Directive: This means that, in conformity with EU Directive 2002/95/EC, lead, cadmium, mercury, hexavalent chromium, and specific

bromine-based flame retardants, PBB and PBDE, have not been used, except for exempted applications.

PS series

Piezoelectronic Buzzers

Pin terminal/LeadWithout oscillator circuit

Issue date: May 2011

(1/7)

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• All specifications are subject to change without notice.

Piezoelectronic Buzzers(without circuit)PS Series(Pin Terminal/Lead)

FEATURES

• The PS series are high-performance buzzers that employ

unimorph piezoelectric elements and are designed for easy

incorporation into various circuits.

• They feature extremely low power consumption in comparison to

electromagnetic units.

• Because these buzzers are designed for external excitation, the

same part can serve as both a musical tone oscillator and a

buzzer.

• They can be used with automated inserters. Moisture-resistant

models are also available.

• The lead wire type(PS1550L40N) with both-sided adhesive tape

installed easily is prepared.

APPLICATIONS

Electric ranges, washing machines, computer terminals, various

devices that require speech synthesis output.

SOUND MEASURING METHOD

SPECIFICATIONS AND CHARACTERISTICS

Conformity to RoHS Directive

DC powersupply

Drivercircuit

Piezoelectricbuzzer

Standardmicrophone AMP Filter (A curve)

Recorder

Frequencycounter

Measuringdistance

10cm

Anechoic chamber

Testing input voltage

Type Part No.External dimensions CharacteristicsOuter diameter(mm)

Height(mm)

Pitch(mm)

Sound pressure(dB(A)/10cm)

Frequency(kHz)

Input voltage(Vo-p)[Rectangular wave]

PS12 TypePS1240P02BT ø12.2 6.5 5 70 min. 4 3PS1240P02CT3 ø12.2 3.5 5 60 min. 4 3

PS14 TypePS1440P02BT ø14 8 5 75 min. 4 3PS1420P02CT ø14 11 5 70 min. 2 5

PS17 TypePS1720P02 ø17 8 10 70 min. 2 3PS1740P02E ø17 7.5 10 75 min. 4 3PS1740P02CE ø17 4.6 10 60 min. 4 3

PS19 TypePS1927P02 ø19

10.5[excluding terminal]

20 90 min. 2.7 10

PS1920P02 ø1910.5[excluding terminal]

20 80 min. 2 10

Others PS1550L40N ø15 1.6 — Depend on the installation condition

Type Part No. Applications Features

PS12 TypePS1240P02BT

For warning and alarm sounds of home appliances(air conditioners, refrigerators, fan forced heaters, cordless telephones, etc.)

• Compact • Automatic mountable • 12.7mm pitch radial tapingPS1240P02CT3 • Thin type • Automatic mountable • 12.7mm pitch radial taping

PS14 TypePS1440P02BT • High sound pressure • Automatic mountable • 15mm pitch radial tapingPS1420P02CT • Low frequency tone • Automatic mountable • 15mm pitch radial taping

PS17 TypePS1720P02 • Low frequency tone • High sound pressurePS1740P02E • High sound pressurePS1740P02CE • Thin type

PS19 TypePS1927P02 For potted circuit (washing

machines, drying machines, hot water supply systems, etc.)

• High sound pressure • Water-proof processing element

PS1920P02 • Low frequency tone • Water-proof processing element

Others PS1550L40N Digital camera • Compact, Thin type • Fix in both-sided adhesive tape

• Conformity to RoHS Directive: This means that, in conformity with EU Directive 2002/95/EC, lead, cadmium, mercury, hexavalent chromium, and specific bromine-based flame retardants, PBB and PBDE, have not been used, except for exempted applications.

(2/7)

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PIN TERMINAL TYPEPS12 TYPEPS1240P02BTFEATURES• Miniature size(ø12.2×T6.5mm).

• High cost performance.

• Suitable for automatic radial taping machine(12.7mm-pitch).

SHAPES AND DIMENSIONS


FREQUENCY SOUND PRESSURE CHARACTERISTICSSINE WAVE DRIVE SQUARE WAVE DRIVE

PS1240P02CT3FEATURES• Thin type(ø12.2×T3.5mm).

• Suitable for automatic radial taping machine(12.7mm-pitch).




ø12.2±0.3

6.5

±0.3

0.5

±0.2

18+

2, –

0 0.65+0, –0.1

12.7±1

5±0.512.7±0.3 ø4±0.2

Dimensions in mm

Sound pressure70dBA/10cm min.

[at 4kHz, 3V0-P rectangular wave, measuring temperature: 25±5°C, humidity: 60±10%]

Operating temperature range

–10 to +70°C

Storage conditions+5 to +40°C, 20 to 70%RH, please use within 6 months

Maximum input voltage 30V0-P max. [without DC bias]Minimum delivery unit 2500 pieces [500 pieces/1 reel×5 reels]

1000 2000 5000 10000

90

80

70

60

Sou

nd p

ress

ure

( dB

/10c

m)

Frequency(Hz)

at 3Vrms sine wave

1000 2000 5000 10000

80

70

60

50

Sou

nd p

ress

ure

( dB

/10c

m)

Frequency(Hz)

at 3V0-P square wave

ø12.2±0.5

3.5

±0.3

0.5

±0.3

18+

2, –

0 0.65+0, –0.1

12.7±1

5±0.512.7±0.3 ø4±0.2

Dimensions in mm




–10 to +70°C



1000 2000 5000 10000

90

80

70

60

Sou

nd p

ress

ure

( dB

/10c

m)

Frequency(Hz)

at 3Vrms sine wave

1000 2000 5000 10000

80

70

60

50

Sou

nd p

ress

ure

( dB

/10c

m)

Frequency(Hz)


(3/7)

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PS14 TYPEPS1440P02BTFEATURES• High sound pressure.

• Miniature size(ø14×T8mm).

• Suitable for automatic radial taping machine(15mm-pitch).




PS1420P02CTFEATURES• Low frequency tone(2kHz).

• Suitable for automatic radial taping machine(15mm-pitch).




ø14±0.5 15±1

8±0.

5

0.5

±0.2

18+

2, –

0 0.65+0, –0.1

5±0.5 15±0.3 ø4±0.2

Dimensions in mm




–10 to +70°C



1000 2000 5000 10000

100

90

80

70

Sou

nd p

ress

ure

( dB

/10c

m)

Frequency(Hz)

at 3Vrms sine wave

1000 2000 5000 10000

90

80

70

60

Sou

nd p

ress

ure

( dB

/10c

m)

Frequency(Hz)


ø14±0.5 15±1

11±0

.5

0.5

±0.2

18+

2, –

0

0.65+0, –0.1

5±0.5 15±0.3 ø4±0.2

Dimensions in mm




–10 to +70°C



1000 2000 5000 10000

90

80

70

60

Sou

nd p

ress

ure

( dB

/10c

m)

Frequency(Hz)

at 3Vrms sine wave

1000 2000 5000 10000

80

70

60

50

Sou

nd p

ress

ure

( dB

/10c

m)

Frequency(Hz)


(4/7)

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PS17 TYPEPS1720P02FEATURES• Low frequency tone.

• High sound pressure.




PS1740P02EFEATURES• High sound pressure.




Tolerance: ±0.3Dimensions in mm

ø17 8 4

0.5

10

10A

A

0.65

+0,

–0.

1

0.4

±0.1




–10 to +70°C


Maximum input voltage 30V0-P max. [without DC bias]Minimum delivery unit 1500 pieces

1000 2000 5000 10000

90

80

70

60

Sou

nd p

ress

ure

( dB

/10c

m)

Frequency(Hz)

at 3Vrms sine wave

1000 2000 5000 10000

80

70

60

50

Sou

nd p

ress

ure

( dB

/10c

m)

Frequency(Hz)



ø17 7.5 4

0.5

10

10A

A

0.65

+0,

–0.

1

0.4

±0.1




–10 to +70°C



1000 2000 5000 10000

110

80

90

100

70

40

60

50

Sou

nd p

ress

ure

( dB

/10c

m)

Frequency(Hz)

at 3Vrms sine wave

1000 2000 5000 10000

100

70

80

90

60

50

Sou

nd p

ress

ure

( dB

/10c

m)

Frequency(Hz)


(5/7)

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PS17 TYPEPS1740P02CEFEATURES• Thin type.




PS19 TYPEPS1920P02FEATURES• Low frequency tone(2kHz).

• Piezo element is coated with water proof processing.


• It considers that water escapes from sound release hole and please decide an attachment angle.




ø17 4.6 4

0.5

10

10A

A

0.65

+0,

–0.

1

0.4

±0.1




–10 to +70°C



1000 2000 5000 10000

100

90

80

70

40

50

60

Sou

nd p

ress

ure

( dB

/10c

m)

Frequency(Hz)

at 3Vrms sine wave

1000 2000 5000 10000

90

80

70

60

40

50Sou

nd p

ress

ure

( dB

/10c

m)

Frequency(Hz)


23max.

ø19 20 1.2623

9.5

10.5Dimensions in mm

7.4 Sound hole




–10 to +70°C



1000 2000 5000 10000

90

80

70

60

Sou

nd p

ress

ure

( dB

/10c

m)

Frequency(Hz)

at 3Vrms sine wave

1000 2000 5000 10000

80

70

60

50

Sou

nd p

ress

ure

( dB

/10c

m)

Frequency(Hz)


(6/7)

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PS19 TYPEPS1927P02FEATURES• High sound pressure.

• Piezo element is coated with water proof processing.




LEAD WIRE TYPEPS15 TYPEPS1550L40NFEATURES• Miniature size(ø15×T1.6mm).

• High cost performance.

• The installation of this type is easy with both-sided tape.

• This product adopts an excellent both-sided adhesive tape in

bonding and the sound characteristic.




∗ The frequency characteristic changes depending on the case shape and the installation method.

23max.

ø19 20 2.1

23

9.5

10.5 Dimensions in mm

7.4 Sound hole


[at 2.7kHz, 10V0-P rectangular wave, measuring temperature: 25±5°C, humidity: 60±10%]


–10 to +70°C



1000 2000 5000 10000

100

90

80

70

Sou

nd p

ress

ure

( dB

/10c

m)

Frequency(Hz)

at 3Vrms sine wave

1000 2000 5000 10000

90

80

70

60

Sou

nd p

ress

ure

( dB

/10c

m)

Frequency(Hz)


Dimensions in mm

40±5ø15±0.3

2±1.5

ø14±0.3

ø10±0.3

0.75

±0.3 0.2

±0.1 Both-sided adhesive tape

Element

Metal

Red UL3302 AWG32

Black


–10 to +70°C



1000 2000 5000 10000

90

80

70

60

Sou

nd p

ress

ure

( dB

/10c

m)

Frequency(Hz)


1000 2000 5000 10000

100

90

80

70

Sou

nd p

ress

ure

( dB

/10c

m)

Frequency(Hz)

at 2.83Vrms sine wave

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PRECAUTIONS FOR USE• Do not apply DC bias to the piezoelectric buzzer; otherwise

insulation resistance may become low and affect the

performance.

• Do not supply any voltage higher than applicable to the piezo-

electric buzzer.

• Do not use the piezoelectric buzzer outdoors. It is designed for

indoor use. If the piezoelectric buzzer has to be used outdoors,

provide it with waterproofing measures; it will not operate

normally if subjected to moisture.

• Do not wash the piezoelectric buzzer with solvent or allow gas to

enter it while washing; any solvent that enters it may stay inside

a long time and damage it.

• A piezoelectric ceramic material of approximately 100µm thick is

used in the sound generator of the buzzer. Do not press the

sound generator through the sound release hole otherwise the

ceramic material may break. Do not stack the piezoelectric

buzzers without packing.

• Do not apply any mechanical force to the piezoelectric buzzer;

otherwise the case may deform and result in improper operation.

• Do not place any shielding material or the like just in front of the

sound release hole of the buzzer; otherwise the sound pressure

may vary and result in unstable buzzer operation. Make sure that

the buzzer is not affected by a standing wave or the like.

• Be sure to solder the buzzer terminal at 350°C max.(80W

max.)(soldering iron trip) within 5 seconds using a solder

containing silver. • Avoid using the piezoelectric buzzer for a long time where any

corrosive gas (H2S, etc.) exists; otherwise the parts or sound

generator may corroded and result in improper operation.

• Be careful not to drop the piezoelectric buzzer.

RECOMMENDED OPERATING CIRCUIT EXAMPLE

VCC

C-MOS, etc

PiezoelectricbuzzerR

∗

R

GND

∗ Resistor to do charging and discharging to a piezoelectric element (Value of about 1kΩ is good efficiency).

Tr(Equivalent toC1815)

1

®CA3140, CA3140A

4.5MHz, BiMOS Operational Amplifier with MOSFET Input/Bipolar OutputThe CA3140A and CA3140 are integrated circuit operational amplifiers that combine the advantages of high voltage PMOS transistors with high voltage bipolar transistors on a single monolithic chip.

The CA3140A and CA3140 BiMOS operational amplifiers feature gate protected MOSFET (PMOS) transistors in the input circuit to provide very high input impedance, very low input current, and high speed performance. The CA3140A and CA3140 operate at supply voltage from 4V to 36V (either single or dual supply). These operational amplifiers are internally phase compensated to achieve stable operation in unity gain follower operation, and additionally, have access terminal for a supplementary external capacitor if additional frequency roll-off is desired. Terminals are also provided for use in applications requiring input offset voltage nulling. The use of PMOS field effect transistors in the input stage results in common mode input voltage capability down to 0.5V below the negative supply terminal, an important attribute for single supply applications. The output stage uses bipolar transistors and includes built-in protection against damage from load terminal short circuiting to either supply rail or to ground.

The CA3140A and CA3140 are intended for operation at supply voltages up to 36V (±18V).

Features• MOSFET Input Stage

- Very High Input Impedance (ZIN) -1.5TΩ (Typ)

- Very Low Input Current (Il) -10pA (Typ) at ±15V- Wide Common Mode Input Voltage Range (VlCR) - Can be

Swung 0.5V Below Negative Supply Voltage Rail- Output Swing Complements Input Common Mode

Range

• Directly Replaces Industry Type 741 in Most Applications

• Pb-Free Plus Anneal Available (RoHS Compliant)

Applications• Ground-Referenced Single Supply Amplifiers in

Automobile and Portable Instrumentation

• Sample and Hold Amplifiers

• Long Duration Timers/Multivibrators(µseconds-Minutes-Hours)

• Photocurrent Instrumentation

• Peak Detectors

• Active Filters

• Comparators

• Interface in 5V TTL Systems and Other LowSupply Voltage Systems

• All Standard Operational Amplifier Applications

• Function Generators

• Tone Controls

• Power Supplies

• Portable Instruments

• Intrusion Alarm Systems

PinoutCA3140 (PDIP, SOIC)

TOP VIEW

INV. INPUT

NON-INV.

V-

1

2

3

4

8

7

6

5

STROBE

V+

OUTPUT

OFFSETNULL

OFFSETNULL

INPUT

-+

Data Sheet July 11, 2005 FN957.10

CAUTION: These devices are sensitive to electrostatic discharge; follow proper IC Handling Procedures.1-888-INTERSIL or 321-724-7143 | Intersil (and design) is a registered trademark of Intersil Americas Inc.Copyright Harris Corporation 1998, Copyright Intersil Americas Inc. 2002, 2004, 2005. All Rights Reserved

All other trademarks mentioned are the property of their respective owners.

2 FN957.10July 11, 2005

Ordering InformationPART NUMBER

(BRAND)TEMP.

RANGE (°C) PACKAGEPKG.

DWG. #

CA3140AE -55 to 125 8 Ld PDIP E8.3

CA3140AEZ*(See Note)

-55 to 125 8 Ld PDIP(Pb-free)

E8.3

CA3140AM(3140A)

-55 to 125 8 Ld SOIC M8.15

CA3140AM96(3140A)

-55 to 125 8 Ld SOIC Tape and Reel

CA3140AMZ(3140A) (See Note)

-55 to 125 8 Ld SOIC(Pb-free)

M8.15

CA3140AMZ96(3140A) (See Note)

-55 to 125 8 Ld SOIC Tape and Reel(Pb-free)

CA3140E -55 to 125 8 Ld PDIP E8.3

CA3140EZ*(See Note)

-55 to 125 8 Ld PDIP(Pb-free)

E8.3

CA3140M(3140)

-55 to 125 8 Ld SOIC M8.15

CA3140M96(3140)

-55 to 125 8 Ld SOIC Tape and Reel

CA3140MZ(3140) (See Note)

-55 to 125 8 Ld SOIC(Pb-free)

M8.15

CA3140MZ96(3140) (See Note)

-55 to 125 8 Ld SOIC Tape and Reel (Pb-free)

*Pb-free PDIPs can be used for through hole wave solder processing only. They are not intended for use in Reflow solder processing applications.

NOTE: Intersil Pb-free products employ special Pb-free material sets; molding compounds/die attach materials and 100% matte tin plate termination finish, which are RoHS compliant and compatible with both SnPb and Pb-free soldering operations. Intersil Pb-free products are MSL classified at Pb-free peak reflow temperatures that meet or exceed the Pb-free requirements of IPC/JEDEC J STD-020.

CA3140, CA3140A

3 FN957.10July 11, 2005

Absolute Maximum Ratings Thermal InformationDC Supply Voltage (Between V+ and V- Terminals) . . . . . . . . . 36VDifferential Mode Input Voltage . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8VDC Input Voltage . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (V+ +8V) To (V- -0.5V)Input Terminal Current . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1mAOutput Short Circuit Duration∞ (Note 2) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Indefinite

Operating Conditions

Temperature Range . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . -55oC to 125oC

Thermal Resistance (Typical, Note 1) θJA (oC/W) θJC (oC/W)PDIP Package*. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 115 N/ASOIC Package . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 165 N/A

Maximum Junction Temperature (Plastic Package) . . . . . . . 150oCMaximum Storage Temperature Range. . . . . . . . . . -65oC to 150oCMaximum Lead Temperature (Soldering 10s) . . . . . . . . . . . . 300oC

(SOIC - Lead Tips Only)

*Pb-free PDIPs can be used for through hole wave solder process-ing only. They are not intended for use in Reflow solder processingapplications.

CAUTION: Stresses above those listed in “Absolute Maximum Ratings” may cause permanent damage to the device. This is a stress only rating and operation of thedevice at these or any other conditions above those indicated in the operational sections of this specification is not implied.

NOTES:

1. θJA is measured with the component mounted on a low effective thermal conductivity test board in free air. See Tech Brief TB379 for details

2. Short circuit may be applied to ground or to either supply.

Electrical Specifications VSUPPLY = ±15V, TA = 25oC

PARAMETER SYMBOL TEST CONDITIONS

TYPICAL VALUES

UNITSCA3140 CA3140A

Input Offset Voltage Adjustment Resistor Typical Value of ResistorBetween Terminals 4 and 5 or 4 and 1 to Adjust Max VIO

4.7 18 kΩ

Input Resistance RI 1.5 1.5 TΩ

Input Capacitance CI 4 4 pF

Output Resistance RO 60 60 Ω

Equivalent Wideband Input Noise Voltage(See Figure 27)

eN BW = 140kHz, RS = 1MΩ 48 48 µV

Equivalent Input Noise Voltage (See Figure 35) eN RS = 100Ω f = 1kHz 40 40 nV/√Hz

f = 10kHz 12 12 nV/√Hz

Short Circuit Current to Opposite Supply IOM+ Source 40 40 mA

IOM- Sink 18 18 mA

Gain-Bandwidth Product, (See Figures 6, 30) fT 4.5 4.5 MHz

Slew Rate, (See Figure 31) SR 9 9 V/µs

Sink Current From Terminal 8 To Terminal 4 to Swing Output Low

220 220 µA

Transient Response (See Figure 28) tr RL = 2kΩCL = 100pF

Rise Time 0.08 0.08 µs

OS Overshoot 10 10 %

Settling Time at 10VP-P, (See Figure 5) tS RL = 2kΩCL = 100pFVoltage Follower

To 1mV 4.5 4.5 µs

To 10mV 1.4 1.4 µs

Electrical Specifications For Equipment Design, at VSUPPLY = ±15V, TA = 25oC, Unless Otherwise Specified

PARAMETER SYMBOL

CA3140 CA3140A

UNITSMIN TYP MAX MIN TYP MAX

Input Offset Voltage |VIO| - 5 15 - 2 5 mV

Input Offset Current |IIO| - 0.5 30 - 0.5 20 pA

Input Current II - 10 50 - 10 40 pA

CA3140, CA3140A

4 FN957.10July 11, 2005

Large Signal Voltage Gain (Note 3)(See Figures 6, 29)

AOL 20 100 - 20 100 - kV/V

86 100 - 86 100 - dB

Common Mode Rejection Ratio(See Figure 34)

CMRR - 32 320 - 32 320 µV/V

70 90 - 70 90 - dB

Common Mode Input Voltage Range (See Figure 8) VICR -15 -15.5 to +12.5 11 -15 -15.5 to +12.5 12 V

Power-Supply Rejection Ratio,∆VIO/∆VS (See Figure 36)

PSRR - 100 150 - 100 150 µV/V

76 80 - 76 80 - dB

Max Output Voltage (Note 4)(See Figures 2, 8)

VOM+ +12 13 - +12 13 - V

VOM- -14 -14.4 - -14 -14.4 - V

Supply Current (See Figure 32) I+ - 4 6 - 4 6 mA

Device Dissipation PD - 120 180 - 120 180 mW

Input Offset Voltage Temperature Drift ∆VIO/∆T - 8 - - 6 - µV/oC

NOTES:

3. At VO = 26VP-P, +12V, -14V and RL = 2kΩ.

4. At RL = 2kΩ.

Electrical Specifications For Equipment Design, at VSUPPLY = ±15V, TA = 25oC, Unless Otherwise Specified (Continued)

PARAMETER SYMBOL

CA3140 CA3140A

UNITSMIN TYP MAX MIN TYP MAX

Electrical Specifications For Design Guidance At V+ = 5V, V- = 0V, TA = 25oC

PARAMETER SYMBOL

TYPICAL VALUES

UNITSCA3140 CA3140A

Input Offset Voltage |VIO| 5 2 mV

Input Offset Current |IIO| 0.1 0.1 pA

Input Current II 2 2 pA

Input Resistance RI 1 1 TΩ

Large Signal Voltage Gain (See Figures 6, 29) AOL 100 100 kV/V

100 100 dB

Common Mode Rejection Ratio CMRR 32 32 µV/V

90 90 dB

Common Mode Input Voltage Range (See Figure 8) VICR -0.5 -0.5 V

2.6 2.6 V

Power Supply Rejection Ratio PSRR∆VIO/∆VS

100 100 µV/V

80 80 dB

Maximum Output Voltage (See Figures 2, 8) VOM+ 3 3 V

VOM- 0.13 0.13 V

Maximum Output Current: Source IOM+ 10 10 mA

Sink IOM- 1 1 mA

Slew Rate (See Figure 31) SR 7 7 V/µs

Gain-Bandwidth Product (See Figure 30) fT 3.7 3.7 MHz

Supply Current (See Figure 32) I+ 1.6 1.6 mA

Device Dissipation PD 8 8 mW

Sink Current from Terminal 8 to Terminal 4 to Swing Output Low 200 200 µA

CA3140, CA3140A

5 FN957.10July 11, 2005

Block Diagram

Schematic Diagram

A ≈ 10A ≈

10,000

C1

12pF

5

A ≈ 1

1 8

4

6

7

2

3

OFFSET

STROBE

NULL

OUTPUTINPUT

+

-

200µA 200µA1.6mA 2µA 2mA

2mA 4mAV+

V-

BIAS CIRCUITCURRENT SOURCES

AND REGULATOR

R5500Ω

R4500Ω

Q11 Q12

R2500Ω

R3500Ω

Q10Q9

D5

D4D3

5 1 8

STROBEOFFSET NULL

3

2

NON-INVERTINGINPUT

INVERTINGINPUT

+-

C1

12pF

Q13

Q15Q16

Q21

Q20

D8

Q19

Q18

Q17

R1120Ω

R950Ω

R8

1K

R1212K

R1420K

R135K

D7

R101K

OUTPUT

D6

4

V-

V+

6

7

DYNAMIC CURRENT SINKOUTPUT STAGESECOND STAGEINPUT STAGEBIAS CIRCUIT

D2

Q8

Q4

Q3

Q5

Q2

Q6

Q7

D1

Q1

R18K

Q14

R730Ω

R650Ω

NOTE: All resistance values are in ohms.

CA3140, CA3140A

6 FN957.10July 11, 2005

Application InformationCircuit DescriptionAs shown in the block diagram, the input terminals may be operated down to 0.5V below the negative supply rail. Two class A amplifier stages provide the voltage gain, and a unique class AB amplifier stage provides the current gain necessary to drive low-impedance loads.

A biasing circuit provides control of cascoded constant current flow circuits in the first and second stages. The CA3140 includes an on chip phase compensating capacitor that is sufficient for the unity gain voltage follower configuration.

Input StageThe schematic diagram consists of a differential input stage using PMOS field-effect transistors (Q9, Q10) working into a mirror pair of bipolar transistors (Q11, Q12) functioning as load resistors together with resistors R2 through R5. The mirror pair transistors also function as a differential-to-single-ended converter to provide base current drive to the second stage bipolar transistor (Q13). Offset nulling, when desired, can be effected with a 10kΩ potentiometer connected across Terminals 1 and 5 and with its slider arm connected to Terminal 4. Cascode-connected bipolar transistors Q2, Q5 are the constant current source for the input stage. The base biasing circuit for the constant current source is described subsequently. The small diodes D3, D4, D5 provide gate oxide protection against high voltage transients, e.g., static electricity.

Second StageMost of the voltage gain in the CA3140 is provided by the second amplifier stage, consisting of bipolar transistor Q13 and its cascode connected load resistance provided by bipolar transistors Q3, Q4. On-chip phase compensation, sufficient for a majority of the applications is provided by C1. Additional Miller-Effect compensation (roll off) can be accomplished, when desired, by simply connecting a small capacitor between Terminals 1 and 8. Terminal 8 is also used to strobe the output stage into quiescence. When terminal 8 is tied to the negative supply rail (Terminal 4) by mechanical or electrical means, the output Terminal 6 swings low, i.e., approximately to Terminal 4 potential.

Output StageThe CA3140 Series circuits employ a broad band output stage that can sink loads to the negative supply to complement the capability of the PMOS input stage when operating near the negative rail. Quiescent current in the emitter-follower cascade circuit (Q17, Q18) is established by transistors (Q14, Q15) whose base currents are “mirrored” to current flowing through diode D2 in the bias circuit section. When the CA3140 is operating such that output Terminal 6 is sourcing current, transistor Q18 functions as an emitter-follower to source current from the V+ bus (Terminal 7), via D7, R9, and R11. Under these conditions, the collector potential of Q13 is sufficiently high to permit the necessary flow of base current to emitter follower Q17 which, in turn, drives Q18.

When the CA3140 is operating such that output Terminal 6 is sinking current to the V- bus, transistor Q16 is the current sinking element. Transistor Q16 is mirror connected to D6, R7, with current fed by way of Q21, R12, and Q20. Transistor Q20, in turn, is biased by current flow through R13, zener D8, and R14. The dynamic current sink is controlled by voltage level sensing. For purposes of explanation, it is assumed that output Terminal 6 is quiescently established at the potential midpoint between the V+ and V- supply rails. When output current sinking mode operation is required, the collector potential of transistor Q13 is driven below its quiescent level, thereby causing Q17, Q18 to decrease the output voltage at Terminal 6. Thus, the gate terminal of PMOS transistor Q21 is displaced toward the V- bus, thereby reducing the channel resistance of Q21. As a consequence, there is an incremental increase in current flow through Q20, R12, Q21, D6, R7, and the base of Q16. As a result, Q16 sinks current from Terminal 6 in direct response to the incremental change in output voltage caused by Q18. This sink current flows regardless of load; any excess current is internally supplied by the emitter-follower Q18. Short circuit protection of the output circuit is provided by Q19, which is driven into conduction by the high voltage drop developed across R11 under output short circuit conditions. Under these conditions, the collector of Q19 diverts current from Q4 so as to reduce the base current drive from Q17, thereby limiting current flow in Q18 to the short circuited load terminal.

Bias CircuitQuiescent current in all stages (except the dynamic current sink) of the CA3140 is dependent upon bias current flow in R1. The function of the bias circuit is to establish and maintain constant current flow through D1, Q6, Q8 and D2. D1 is a diode connected transistor mirror connected in parallel with the base emitter junctions of Q1, Q2, and Q3. D1 may be considered as a current sampling diode that senses the emitter current of Q6 and automatically adjusts the base current of Q6 (via Q1) to maintain a constant current through Q6, Q8, D2. The base currents in Q2, Q3 are also determined by constant current flow D1. Furthermore, current in diode connected transistor Q2 establishes the currents in transistors Q14 and Q15.

Typical ApplicationsWide dynamic range of input and output characteristics with the most desirable high input impedance characteristics is achieved in the CA3140 by the use of an unique design based upon the PMOS Bipolar process. Input common mode voltage range and output swing capabilities are complementary, allowing operation with the single supply down to 4V.

The wide dynamic range of these parameters also means that this device is suitable for many single supply applications, such as, for example, where one input is driven below the potential of Terminal 4 and the phase sense of the output signal must be maintained – a most important consideration in comparator applications.

CA3140, CA3140A

7 FN957.10July 11, 2005

Output Circuit ConsiderationsExcellent interfacing with TTL circuitry is easily achieved with a single 6.2V zener diode connected to Terminal 8 as shown in Figure 1. This connection assures that the maximum output signal swing will not go more positive than the zener voltage minus two base-to-emitter voltage drops within the CA3140. These voltages are independent of the operating supply voltage.

Figure 2 shows output current sinking capabilities of the CA3140 at various supply voltages. Output voltage swing to the negative supply rail permits this device to operate both power transistors and thyristors directly without the need for

level shifting circuitry usually associated with the 741 series of operational amplifiers.

Figure 4 shows some typical configurations. Note that a series resistor, RL, is used in both cases to limit the drive available to the driven device. Moreover, it is recommended that a series diode and shunt diode be used at the thyristor input to prevent large negative transient surges that can appear at the gate of thyristors, from damaging the integrated circuit.

Offset Voltage NullingThe input offset voltage can be nulled by connecting a 10kΩ potentiometer between Terminals 1 and 5 and returning its wiper arm to terminal 4, see Figure 3A. This technique, however, gives more adjustment range than required and therefore, a considerable portion of the potentiometer rotation is not fully utilized. Typical values of series resistors (R) that may be placed at either end of the potentiometer, see Figure 3B, to optimize its utilization range are given in the Electrical Specifications table.

An alternate system is shown in Figure 3C. This circuit uses only one additional resistor of approximately the value shown in the table. For potentiometers, in which the resistance does not drop to 0Ω at either end of rotation, a value of resistance 10% lower than the values shown in the table should be used.

Low Voltage OperationOperation at total supply voltages as low as 4V is possible with the CA3140. A current regulator based upon the PMOS threshold voltage maintains reasonable constant operating current and hence consistent performance down to these lower voltages.

The low voltage limitation occurs when the upper extreme of the input common mode voltage range extends down to the voltage at Terminal 4. This limit is reached at a total supply voltage just below 4V. The output voltage range also begins to extend down to the negative supply rail, but is slightly higher than that of the input. Figure 8 shows these characteristics and shows that with 2V dual supplies, the lower extreme of the input common mode voltage range is below ground potential.

3

2

4

CA3140

8

6

7

V+5V TO 36V

6.2V

≈5V

LOGICSUPPLY

5V

TYPICALTTL GATE

FIGURE 1. ZENER CLAMPING DIODE CONNECTED TO TERMINALS 8 AND 4 TO LIMIT CA3140 OUTPUT SWING TO TTL LEVELS

10.01 0.1

LOAD (SINKING) CURRENT (mA)1.0 10

10

100

1000

OU

TP

UT

STA

GE

TR

AN

SIS

TOR

(Q

15, Q

16)

SA

TU

RA

TIO

N V

OLT

AG

E (

mV

)

SUPPLY VOLTAGE (V-) = 0VTA = 25oC

SUPPLY VOLTAGE (V+) = +5V+15V

+30V

FIGURE 2. VOLTAGE ACROSS OUTPUT TRANSISTORS (Q15 AND Q16) vs LOAD CURRENT

FIGURE 3A. BASIC FIGURE 3B. IMPROVED RESOLUTION FIGURE 3C. SIMPLER IMPROVED RESOLUTION

FIGURE 3. THREE OFFSET VOLTAGE NULLING METHODS

3

2

4

CA3140

7

6

V+

51

V-

10kΩ

3

2

4

CA3140

7

6

V+

51

V-

10kΩR R

3

2

4

CA3140

7

6

V+

51

V-

10kΩ

R

CA3140, CA3140A

8 FN957.10July 11, 2005

Bandwidth and Slew RateFor those cases where bandwidth reduction is desired, for example, broadband noise reduction, an external capacitor connected between Terminals 1 and 8 can reduce the open loop -3dB bandwidth. The slew rate will, however, also be proportionally reduced by using this additional capacitor. Thus, a 20% reduction in bandwidth by this technique will also reduce the slew rate by about 20%.

Figure 5 shows the typical settling time required to reach 1mV or 10mV of the final value for various levels of large signal inputs for the voltage follower and inverting unity gain amplifiers.

The exceptionally fast settling time characteristics are largely due to the high combination of high gain and wide bandwidth of the CA3140; as shown in Figure 6.

Input Circuit ConsiderationsAs mentioned previously, the amplifier inputs can be driven below the Terminal 4 potential, but a series current limiting resistor is recommended to limit the maximum input terminal current to less than 1mA to prevent damage to the input protection circuitry.

Moreover, some current limiting resistance should be provided between the inverting input and the output when

FIGURE 4. METHODS OF UTILIZING THE VCE(SAT) SINKING CURRENT CAPABILITY OF THE CA3140 SERIES

3

2

4

CA3140

7

6

LOAD

RL

RS

MT2

MT1

30VNO LOAD

120VAC3

2

4

CA3140

7

6

V+ +HV

LOAD

RL

FIGURE 5A. WAVEFORM FIGURE 5B. TEST CIRCUITS

FIGURE 5. SETTLING TIME vs INPUT VOLTAGE

SETTLING TIME (µs)0.1

INP

UT

VO

LTA

GE

(V

)

1.0 10

SUPPLY VOLTAGE: VS = ±15VTA = 25oC

1mV

10mV 10mV

1mV

1mV1mV

10mV

FOLLOWER

INVERTING

LOAD RESISTANCE (RL) = 2kΩLOAD CAPACITANCE (CL) = 100pF

10

8

6

4

2

0

-2

-4

-6

-8

-10

10mV

3

2

CA3140 6

SIMULATEDLOAD

4

-15V

0.1µF 5.11kΩ

0.1µF7

+15V

5kΩ

2kΩ100pF

5kΩINVERTING

SETTLING POINT

200Ω

4.99kΩ

D1

1N914

D2

1N914

2

CA3140 6

SIMULATEDLOAD

4

-15V0.1µF

0.1µF7

+15V

2kΩ100pF

0.05µF

2kΩ

310kΩ

FOLLOWER

CA3140, CA3140A

9 FN957.10July 11, 2005

the CA3140 is used as a unity gain voltage follower. This resistance prevents the possibility of extremely large input signal transients from forcing a signal through the input protection network and directly driving the internal constant current source which could result in positive feedback via the output terminal. A 3.9kΩ resistor is sufficient.

The typical input current is on the order of 10pA when the inputs are centered at nominal device dissipation. As the output supplies load current, device dissipation will increase, raising the chip temperature and resulting in increased input current. Figure 7 shows typical input terminal current versus ambient temperature for the CA3140.

It is well known that MOSFET devices can exhibit slight changes in characteristics (for example, small changes in

input offset voltage) due to the application of large differential input voltages that are sustained over long periods at elevated temperatures.

Both applied voltage and temperature accelerate these changes. The process is reversible and offset voltage shifts of the opposite polarity reverse the offset. Figure 9 shows the typical offset voltage change as a function of various stress voltages at the maximum rating of 125oC (for metal can); at lower temperatures (metal can and plastic), for example, at 85oC, this change in voltage is considerably less. In typical linear applications, where the differential voltage is small and symmetrical, these incremental changes are of about the same magnitude as those encountered in an operational amplifier employing a bipolar transistor input stage.

FIGURE 6. OPEN LOOP VOLTAGE GAIN AND PHASE vsFREQUENCY

FIGURE 7. INPUT CURRENT vs TEMPERATURE

FIGURE 8. OUTPUT VOLTAGE SWING CAPABILITY AND COMMON MODE INPUT VOLTAGE RANGE vs SUPPLY VOLTAGE

101 103 104 105 106 107 108

FREQUENCY (Hz)

OP

EN

LO

OP

VO

LTA

GE

GA

IN (

dB

)

100

80

60

40

20

0


102

OP

EN

LO

OP

PH

AS

E-75

-90

-105

-120

-135

-150

(DE

GR

EE

S)

RL = 2kΩ,CL = 0pF

RL = 2kΩ,CL = 100pF

φOL

SUPPLY VOLTAGE: VS = ±15V

TEMPERATURE (oC)-60 -40 -20 0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140

INP

UT

CU

RR

EN

T (

pA

) 1K

100

1

10K

10

SUPPLY VOLTAGE (V+, V-)0 5 10 15 20 25

-1.5

-2.0

-1.0

-2.5

RL = ∞

+VOUT AT TA = 125oC

+VOUT AT TA = 25oC

+VOUT AT TA = -55oC

+VICR AT TA = 125oC

+VICR AT TA = 25oC

+VICR AT TA = -55oC

-3.0

0

-0.5

INP

UT

AN

D O

UT

PU

T V

OLT

AG

E E

XC

UR

SIO

NS

FR

OM

TE

RM

INA

L 7

(V

+)

SUPPLY VOLTAGE (V+, V-)0 5 10 15 20 25

-VICR AT TA = 125oC

-VICR AT TA = 25oC

-VICR AT TA = -55oC-VOUT FOR TA = -55oC to 125oC

INP

UT

AN

D O

UT

PU

T V

OLT

AG

E E

XC

UR

SIO

NS

FR

OM

TE

RM

INA

L 4

(V-

)

0

-0.5

0.5

-1.0

-1.5

1.5

1.0

CA3140, CA3140A

10 FN957.10July 11, 2005

Super Sweep Function GeneratorA function generator having a wide tuning range is shown in Figure 10. The 1,000,000/1 adjustment range is accomplished by a single variable potentiometer or by an auxiliary sweeping signal. The CA3140 functions as a non-inverting readout amplifier of the triangular signal developed across the integrating capacitor network connected to the output of the CA3080A current source.

Buffered triangular output signals are then applied to a second CA3080 functioning as a high speed hysteresis switch. Output from the switch is returned directly back to the input of the CA3080A current source, thereby, completing the positive feedback loop

The triangular output level is determined by the four 1N914 level limiting diodes of the second CA3080 and the resistor divider network connected to Terminal No. 2 (input) of the CA3080. These diodes establish the input trip level to this switching stage and, therefore, indirectly determine the amplitude of the output triangle.

Compensation for propagation delays around the entire loop is provided by one adjustment on the input of the CA3080. This adjustment, which provides for a constant generator amplitude output, is most easily made while the generator is sweeping. High frequency ramp linearity is adjusted by the single 7pF to 60pF capacitor in the output of the CA3080A.

It must be emphasized that only the CA3080A is characterized for maximum output linearity in the current generator function.

Meter Driver and Buffer AmplifierFigure 11 shows the CA3140 connected as a meter driver and buffer amplifier. Low driving impedance is required of the CA3080A current source to assure smooth operation of the Frequency Adjustment Control. This low-driving impedance requirement is easily met by using a CA3140 connected as a voltage follower. Moreover, a meter may be

placed across the input to the CA3080A to give a logarithmic analog indication of the function generator’s frequency.

Analog frequency readout is readily accomplished by the means described above because the output current of the CA3080A varies approximately one decade for each 60mV change in the applied voltage, VABC (voltage between Terminals 5 and 4 of the CA3080A of the function generator). Therefore, six decades represent 360mV change in VABC.

Now, only the reference voltage must be established to set the lower limit on the meter. The three remaining transistors from the CA3086 Array used in the sweep generator are used for this reference voltage. In addition, this reference generator arrangement tends to track ambient temperature variations, and thus compensates for the effects of the normal negative temperature coefficient of the CA3080A VABC terminal voltage.

Another output voltage from the reference generator is used to insure temperature tracking of the lower end of the Frequency Adjustment Potentiometer. A large series resistance simulates a current source, assuring similar temperature coefficients at both ends of the Frequency Adjustment Control.

To calibrate this circuit, set the Frequency Adjustment Potentiometer at its low end. Then adjust the Minimum Frequency Calibration Control for the lowest frequency. To establish the upper frequency limit, set the Frequency Adjustment Potentiometer to its upper end and then adjust the Maximum Frequency Calibration Control for the maximum frequency. Because there is interaction among these controls, repetition of the adjustment procedure may be necessary. Two adjustments are used for the meter. The meter sensitivity control sets the meter scale width of each decade, while the meter position control adjusts the pointer on the scale with negligible effect on the sensitivity adjustment. Thus, the meter sensitivity adjustment control calibrates the meter so that it deflects 1/6 of full scale for each decade change in frequency.

Sine Wave ShaperThe circuit shown in Figure 12 uses a CA3140 as a voltage follower in combination with diodes from the CA3019 Array to convert the triangular signal from the function generator to a sine-wave output signal having typically less than 2% THD. The basic zero crossing slope is established by the 10kΩ potentiometer connected between Terminals 2 and 6 of the CA3140 and the 9.1kΩ resistor and 10kΩ potentiometer from Terminal 2 to ground. Two break points are established by diodes D1 through D4. Positive feedback via D5 and D6 establishes the zero slope at the maximum and minimum levels of the sine wave. This technique is necessary because the voltage follower configuration approaches unity gain rather than the zero gain required to shape the sine wave at the two extremes.

7

6

5

4

3

2

0

OF

FS

ET

VO

LTA

GE

SH

IFT

(m

V)

0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000 3500 4000 4500TIME (HOURS)

1

DIFFERENTIAL DC VOLTAGE(ACROSS TERMINALS 2 AND 3) = 0VOUTPUT VOLTAGE = V+ / 2

TA = 125oCFOR METAL CAN PACKAGES

DIFFERENTIAL DC VOLTAGE(ACROSS TERMINALS 2 AND 3) = 2VOUTPUT STAGE TOGGLED

FIGURE 9. TYPICAL INCREMENTAL OFFSET VOLTAGE SHIFT vs OPERATING LIFE

CA3140, CA3140A

11 FN957.10July 11, 2005

FIGURE 10A. CIRCUIT

Top Trace: Output at junction of 2.7Ω and 51Ω resistors;5V/Div., 500ms/Div.

Center Trace: External output of triangular function generator;2V/Div., 500ms/Div.

Bottom Trace: Output of “Log” generator; 10V/Div., 500ms/Div.

FIGURE 10B. FIGURE FUNCTION GENERATOR SWEEPING

1V/Div., 1s/Div.

Three tone test signals, highest frequency ≥0.5MHz. Note the slightasymmetry at the three second/cycle signal. This asymmetry is due toslightly different positive and negative integration from the CA3080Aand from the PC board and component leakages at the 100pA level.

FIGURE 10C. FUNCTION GENERATOR WITH FIXEDFREQUENCIES

FIGURE 10D. INTERCONNECTIONS

FIGURE 10. FUNCTION GENERATOR

0.1µF

1N914

6

7

4

2

3

0.1µF

5.1kΩ

10kΩ

2.7kΩ

6

7

4

2

5

-15V13kΩ

+15VCENTERING

10kΩ-15V

910kΩ 62kΩ

11kΩ10kΩ

EXTERNALOUTPUT

11kΩ

HIGHFREQUENCYLEVEL

7-60pF

EXTERNALOUTPUT

TO OUTPUTAMPLIFIER

OUTPUTAMPLIFIER

TO SINE WAVESHAPER

2kΩ

FREQUENCYADJUSTMENT

HIGHFREQ.SHAPE

SYMMETRY

THIS NETWORK IS USED WHEN THEOPTIONAL BUFFER CIRCUIT IS NOT USED

-15V +15V

10kΩ120Ω39kΩ

100kΩ

3

6

3

24

7

7.5kΩ +15V+15V

15kΩ

360Ω

360Ω

2MΩ

7-60pF

-15V-15V +15V

51pF

+

CA3080A- CA3140

CA3080

+

-+

-

5

-15V

FROM BUFFER METERDRIVER (OPTIONAL)

FREQUENCYADJUSTMENT

METER DRIVERAND BUFFERAMPLIFIER

FUNCTIONGENERATOR

SINE WAVESHAPER

M

POWERSUPPLY ±15V

-15V

+15V

DC LEVELADJUST

51Ω

WIDEBANDLINE DRIVER

SWEEPGENERATOR

GATESWEEP

V-

SWEEPLENGTH

EXTERNALINPUT

OFF

V-COARSERATE

FINERATE

EXT.

INT.

CA3140, CA3140A

12 FN957.10July 11, 2005

FIGURE 11. METER DRIVER AND BUFFER AMPLIFIER FIGURE 12. SINE WAVE SHAPER

FIGURE 13. SWEEPING GENERATOR

FREQUENCYCALIBRATION

MINIMUM200µAMETER

FREQUENCYCALIBRATIONMAXIMUM

METERSENSITIVITY

ADJUSTMENT

METERPOSITION

ADJUSTMENT

CA3080A6

3

24

7

+

CA3140

-

FREQUENCYADJUSTMENT

10kΩ

620Ω

4.7kΩ

0.1µF12kΩ

2kΩ

500kΩ

620kΩ51kΩ

3MΩ

510Ω510Ω

2kΩ

3.6kΩ

-15V

M

11

14

13

3/5 OF CA3086

54

TO CA3080AOF FUNCTIONGENERATOR

(FIGURE 10)

7

8

6

9

1kΩ2.4kΩ

2.5kΩ

+15V

SWEEP IN

10

12

63

2 4

7+

CA3140

-

7

2856

1

43

9

5.1kΩ

0.1µF

-15V

D1 D4

D2D3 D6

D5CA3019DIODE ARRAY

EXTERNALOUTPUT

+15V

+15V

-15V

100kΩ

SUBSTRATEOF CA3019

TOWIDEBAND

OUTPUTAMPLIFIER

7.5kΩ5.6kΩ

-15V

R3 10kΩ10kΩ

0.1µF

1MΩ

9.1kΩ

R110kΩ

R21kΩ

430Ω

4

7

+

CA3140-

0.1

+15V

-15V

2

3

6

µF

0.1µF

COARSERATE

SAWTOOTHSYMMETRY

0.47µF

0.047µF

4700pF

470pF

73

2

6

4

+

CA3140

-5

1

3

24

15

51kΩ 6.8kΩ 91kΩ 10kΩ

100Ω390Ω

3.9Ω

25kΩ

+15V-15V

10kΩ

10kΩ

100kΩ30kΩ

43kΩ

LOGVIO

50kΩLOGRATE

10kΩ GATEPULSEOUTPUT

-15V

EXTERNAL OUTPUT

TO FUNCTION GENERATOR “SWEEP IN”SWEEP WIDTH

TO OUTPUTAMPLIFIER

36kΩ

51kΩ75kΩ

50kΩ

SAWTOOTH

“LOG”

TRIANGLE

+15V

+15V

4

7

+

CA3140-3

2

6

+15V

TRANSISTORSFROM CA3086

ARRAY

ADJUST

TRIANGLE

SAWTOOTH

“LOG”

8.2kΩ

100kΩ

100kΩ

FINERATE

SAWTOOTH

22MΩ1MΩ

18MΩ

750kΩ

“LOG”

1N914

1N914 SAWTOOTH ANDRAMP LOW LEVELSET (-14.5V)

-15V

CA3140, CA3140A

13 FN957.10July 11, 2005

This circuit can be adjusted most easily with a distortion analyzer, but a good first approximation can be made by comparing the output signal with that of a sine wave generator. The initial slope is adjusted with the potentiometer R1, followed by an adjustment of R2. The final slope is established by adjusting R3, thereby adding additional segments that are contributed by these diodes. Because there is some interaction among these controls, repetition of the adjustment procedure may be necessary.

Sweeping Generator

Figure 13 shows a sweeping generator. Three CA3140s are used in this circuit. One CA3140 is used as an integrator, a second device is used as a hysteresis switch that determines the starting and stopping points of the sweep. A third CA3140 is used as a logarithmic shaping network for the log function. Rates and slopes, as well as sawtooth, triangle, and logarithmic sweeps are generated by this circuit.

Wideband Output Amplifier

Figure 14 shows a high slew rate, wideband amplifier suitable for use as a 50Ω transmission line driver. This circuit, when used in conjunction with the function generator and sine wave shaper circuits shown in Figures 10 and 12 provides 18VP-P output open circuited, or 9VP-P output when terminated in 50Ω. The slew rate required of this amplifier is 28V/µs (18VP-P x π x 0.5MHz).

Power Supplies

High input impedance, common mode capability down to the negative supply and high output drive current capability are key factors in the design of wide range output voltage supplies that use a single input voltage to provide a regulated output voltage that can be adjusted from essentially 0V to 24V.

Unlike many regulator systems using comparators having a bipolar transistor input stage, a high impedance reference voltage divider from a single supply can be used in connection with the CA3140 (see Figure 15).

Essentially, the regulators, shown in Figures 16 and 17, are connected as non inverting power operational amplifiers with a gain of 3.2. An 8V reference input yields a maximum output voltage slightly greater than 25V. As a voltage follower, when the reference input goes to 0V the output will be 0V. Because the offset voltage is also multiplied by the 3.2 gain factor, a potentiometer is needed to null the offset voltage.

Series pass transistors with high ICBO levels will also prevent the output voltage from reaching zero because there is a finite voltage drop (VCESAT) across the output of the CA3140 (see Figure 2). This saturation voltage level may indeed set the lowest voltage obtainable.

The high impedance presented by Terminal 8 is advantageous in effecting current limiting. Thus, only a small signal transistor is required for the current-limit sensing amplifier. Resistive decoupling is provided for this transistor to minimize damage to it or the CA3140 in the event of unusual input or output transients on the supply rail.

Figures 16 and 17, show circuits in which a D2201 high speed diode is used for the current sensor. This diode was chosen for its slightly higher forward voltage drop characteristic, thus giving greater sensitivity. It must be emphasized that heat sinking of this diode is essential to minimize variation of the current trip point due to internal heating of the diode. That is, 1A at 1V forward drop represents one watt which can result in significant regenerative changes in the current trip point as the diode temperature rises. Placing the small signal reference amplifier in the proximity of the current sensing diode also helps minimize the variability in the trip level due to the negative temperature coefficient of the diode. In spite of those limitations, the current limiting point can easily be adjusted over the range from 10mA to 1A with a single adjustment potentiometer. If the temperature stability of the current limiting system is a serious consideration, the more usual current sampling resistor type of circuitry should be employed.

A power Darlington transistor (in a metal can with heatsink), is used as the series pass element for the conventional current limiting system, Figure 16, because high power Darlington dissipation will be encountered at low output voltage and high currents.

2

6

81

4

7+

CA3140

-

50µF25V

2.2kΩ 2N3053

1N914

2.2kΩ

1N914

2.7Ω

2.7Ω

2N4037

+-

+- 50µF

25V

3

SIGNALLEVEL

ADJUSTMENT

2.5kΩ

200Ω

2.4pF2pF -15V

+15V

OUTPUTDC LEVEL

ADJUSTMENT

-15V

+15V3kΩ

200Ω1.8kΩ

51Ω

2W

OUT

NOMINAL BANDWIDTH = 10MHztr = 35ns

FIGURE 14. WIDEBAND OUTPUT AMPLIFIER

6

3

24

7+

CA3140

-

VOLTAGEREFERENCE

VOLTAGEADJUSTMENT

REGULATEDOUTPUTINPUT

FIGURE 15. BASIC SINGLE SUPPLY VOLTAGE REGULATOR SHOWING VOLTAGE FOLLOWER CONFIGURATION

CA3140, CA3140A

14 FN957.10July 11, 2005

A small heat sink VERSAWATT transistor is used as the series pass element in the fold back current system, Figure 17, since dissipation levels will only approach 10W. In this system, the D2201 diode is used for current sampling. Foldback is provided by the 3kΩ and 100kΩ divider network connected to the base of the current sensing transistor.

Both regulators provide better than 0.02% load regulation. Because there is constant loop gain at all voltage settings, the

regulation also remains constant. Line regulation is 0.1% per volt. Hum and noise voltage is less than 200µV as read with a meter having a 10MHz bandwidth.

Figure 18A shows the turn ON and turn OFF characteristics of both regulators. The slow turn on rise is due to the slow rate of rise of the reference voltage. Figure 18B shows the transient response of the regulator with the switching of a 20Ω load at 20V output.

FIGURE 16. REGULATED POWER SUPPLY FIGURE 17. REGULATED POWER SUPPLY WITH “FOLDBACK” CURRENT LIMITING

5V/Div., 1s/Div.

FIGURE 18A. SUPPLY TURN-ON AND TURNOFF CHARACTERISTICS

Top Trace: Output Voltage;200mV/Div., 5µs/Div.

Bottom Trace: Collector of load switching transistor, load = 1A;5V/Div., 5µs/Div.

FIGURE 18B. TRANSIENT RESPONSE

FIGURE 18. WAVEFORMS OF DYNAMIC CHARACTERISTICS OF POWER SUPPLY CURRENTS SHOWN IN FIGURES 16 AND 17

1

3

75Ω

3kΩ

100Ω

2

1kΩ 1kΩ

D2201

CURRENTLIMITINGADJUST

2N6385POWER DARLINGTON

21kΩ

1

3

8

2N2102

1kΩ

+30V

INPUT4

CA3140

7

1

6

5

100kΩ

2

3

180kΩ56pF

1kΩ82kΩ

250µF+

-

0.01µF

100kΩ1410

6

9

8

50kΩ

13

5µF+-

12

CA3086

2.2kΩ

3

1

5

4

62kΩ

VOLTAGEADJUST

10µF+-2.7kΩ

1kΩ

11

7

2

HUM AND NOISE OUTPUT <200µVRMS(MEASUREMENT BANDWIDTH ~10MHz)

LINE REGULATION 0.1%/V

LOAD REGULATION(NO LOAD TO FULL LOAD)

<0.02%

OUTPUT0.1 ⇒ 24V

AT 1A

1

2

1kΩ 200Ω

D2201

“FOLDBACK” CURRENTLIMITER

2N5294

3kΩ

8

2N2102

1kΩ

+30V

INPUT4

CA3140

7

1

6

5

100kΩ

2

3

180kΩ56pF

1kΩ82kΩ

250µF+

-

0.01µF

100kΩ1410

6

9

8

50kΩ

13

5µF+-

12

CA3086

2.2kΩ

3

1

5

4

62kΩ

VOLTAGEADJUST

10µF+-2.7kΩ

1kΩ

11

7

2

HUM AND NOISE OUTPUT <200µVRMS(MEASUREMENT BANDWIDTH ~10MHz)

LINE REGULATION 0.1%/V

LOAD REGULATION(NO LOAD TO FULL LOAD)

<0.02%

OUTPUT ⇒ 0V TO 25V25V AT 1A

3

100kΩ

“FOLDS BACK”TO 40mA

100kΩ

CA3140, CA3140A

15 FN957.10July 11, 2005

Tone Control CircuitsHigh slew rate, wide bandwidth, high output voltage capability and high input impedance are all characteristics required of tone control amplifiers. Two tone control circuits that exploit these characteristics of the CA3140 are shown in Figures 19 and 20.

The first circuit, shown in Figure 20, is the Baxandall tone control circuit which provides unity gain at midband and uses standard linear potentiometers. The high input impedance of the CA3140 makes possible the use of low-cost, low-value, small size capacitors, as well as reduced load of the driving stage.

Bass treble boost and cut are ±15dB at 100Hz and 10kHz, respectively. Full peak-to-peak output is available up to at least 20kHz due to the high slew rate of the CA3140. The amplifier gain is 3dB down from its “flat” position at 70kHz.

Figure 19 shows another tone control circuit with similar boost and cut specifications. The wideband gain of this circuit is equal to the ultimate boost or cut plus one, which in this case is a gain of eleven. For 20dB boost and cut, the input loading of this circuit is essentially equal to the value of the resistance from Terminal No. 3 to ground. A detailed analysis of this circuit is given in “An IC Operational Transconductance Amplifier (OTA) With Power Capability” by L. Kaplan and H. Wittlinger, IEEE Transactions on Broadcast and Television Receivers, Vol. BTR-18, No. 3, August, 1972.

FIGURE 19. TONE CONTROL CIRCUIT USING CA3130 SERIES (20dB MIDBAND GAIN)

FIGURE 20. BAXANDALL TONE CONTROL CIRCUIT USING CA3140 SERIES

4

7

+CA3140-

+30V

3

2

0.1µF

6

0.005µF

0.1µF

2.2MΩ

2.2MΩ

5.1MΩ

0.012µF 0.001µF

0.022µF2µF

18kΩ

0.0022µF

200kΩ(LINEAR)

100pF 100pF

BOOST TREBLE CUT

BOOST BASS CUT

10kΩ 1MΩCCW (LOG)

100kΩ

TONE CONTROL NETWORK

FOR SINGLE SUPPLY

- +

+15V

30.1µF0.005µF

5.1MΩ

0.1µF

-15V

2

6

7

4

+CA3140-


FOR DUAL SUPPLIES

NOTES:

5. 20dB Flat Position Gain.

6. ±15dB Bass and Treble Boost and Cut at 100Hz and 10kHz, respectively.

7. 25VP-P output at 20kHz.

8. -3dB at 24kHz from 1kHz reference.

4

7

+CA3140-

+32V

3

0.1

2.2MΩ

2.2MΩ

FOR SINGLE SUPPLY

µF

6

2

0.1µF

20pF

750pF

750pF

2.2MΩ

0.047µF

BOOST TREBLE CUT

51kΩ 5MΩ(LINEAR)

51kΩ


BOOST BASS CUT

240kΩ 5MΩ(LINEAR)

240kΩ

+15V

30.1µF

0.047µF

0.1µF

-15V

2

6

7

4

+CA3140-

FOR DUAL SUPPLIES

ΝΟΤΕΣ:9. ±15dB Bass and Treble Boost and Cut at 100Hz and 10kHz, Respectively.

10. 25VP-P Output at 20kHz.11. -3dB at 70kHz from 1kHz Reference.12. 0dB Flat Position Gain.

TONE CONTROLNETWORK

CA3140, CA3140A

16 FN957.10July 11, 2005

Wien Bridge OscillatorAnother application of the CA3140 that makes excellent use of its high input impedance, high slew rate, and high voltage qualities is the Wien Bridge sine wave oscillator. A basic Wien Bridge oscillator is shown in Figure 21. When R1 = R2 = R and C1 = C2 = C, the frequency equation reduces to the familiar f = 1/(2πRC) and the gain required for oscillation, AOSC is equal to 3. Note that if C2 is increased by a factor of four and R2 is reduced by a factor of four, the gain required for oscillation becomes 1.5, thus permitting a potentially higher operating frequency closer to the gain bandwidth product of the CA3140.

Oscillator stabilization takes on many forms. It must be precisely set, otherwise the amplitude will either diminish or reach some form of limiting with high levels of distortion. The element, RS, is commonly replaced with some variable resistance element. Thus, through some control means, the value of RS is adjusted to maintain constant oscillator output. A FET channel resistance, a thermistor, a lamp bulb, or other device whose resistance increases as the output amplitude is increased are a few of the elements often utilized.

Figure 22 shows another means of stabilizing the oscillator with a zener diode shunting the feedback resistor (RF of Figure 21). As the output signal amplitude increases, the zener diode impedance decreases resulting in more feedback with consequent reduction in gain; thus stabilizing the amplitude of the output signal. Furthermore, this combination of a monolithic zener diode and bridge rectifier circuit tends to provide a zero temperature coefficient for this regulating system. Because this bridge rectifier system has no time constant, i.e., thermal time constant for the lamp bulb, and RC time constant for filters often used in detector networks, there is no lower frequency limit. For example, with 1µF polycarbonate capacitors and 22MΩ for the frequency determining network, the operating frequency is 0.007Hz.

As the frequency is increased, the output amplitude must be reduced to prevent the output signal from becoming slew-rate limited. An output frequency of 180kHz will reach a slew rate of approximately 9V/µs when its amplitude is 16VP-P.

Simple Sample-and-Hold System

Figure 23 shows a very simple sample-and-hold system using the CA3140 as the readout amplifier for the storage capacitor. The CA3080A serves as both input buffer amplifier and low feed-through transmission switch (see Note 13). System offset nulling is accomplished with the CA3140 via its offset nulling terminals. A typical simulated load of 2kΩ and 30pF is shown in the schematic.

In this circuit, the storage compensation capacitance (C1) is only 200pF. Larger value capacitors provide longer “hold” periods but with slower slew rates. The slew rate is:

NOTE:

13. AN6668 “Applications of the CA3080 and CA 3080A High Performance Operational Transconductance Amplifiers”.

NOTES:f 1

2π R1C1R2C2

-------------------------------------------=

AOSC 1C1C2-------

R2R1-------+ +=

ACL 1RFRS--------+=

C1

R2

R1

C2

OUTPUT

RF

RS

+

-

FIGURE 21. BASIC WIEN BRIDGE OSCILLATOR CIRCUITUSING AN OPERATIONAL AMPLIFIER

8

5 4

3

1

9

6

CA3109DIODEARRAY

+15V

0.1µF

0.1µF

-15V

2

6

7

4

+CA3140- SUBSTRATE

OF CA3019

0.1µF7

7.5kΩ

3.6kΩ

500Ω

OUTPUT19VP-P TO 22VP-PTHD <0.3%

3

R2

C2 1000pF

1000pF

C1R1

R1 = R2 = R

50Hz, R = 3.3MΩ100Hz, R = 1.6MΩ

1kHz, R = 160MΩ10kHz, R = 16MΩ30kHz, R = 5.1MΩ

2

FIGURE 22. WIEN BRIDGE OSCILLATOR CIRCUIT USING CA3140

+15V

3.5kΩ

30pF

2

6

1

+CA3140

-

SIMULATED LOADNOT REQUIRED

100kΩ

INPUT

0.1

0.1µF

µF

7

0.1µF

-15V2kΩ

3

400Ω

200pF

6

4

5

7

4

+

CA3080A

-

0.1µF

+15V

-15V

200pF

2kΩ

2

3

52kΩ

STROBE

SAMPLE

HOLD-15

030kΩ

1N914

1N914

2kΩ

C1

FIGURE 23. SAMPLE AND HOLD CIRCUIT

dvdt------ I

C---- 0.5mA 200pF⁄ 2.5V µs⁄= = =

CA3140, CA3140A

17 FN957.10July 11, 2005

Pulse “droop” during the hold interval is 170pA/200pF which is 0.85µV/µs; (i.e., 170pA/200pF). In this case, 170pA represents the typical leakage current of the CA3080A when strobed off. If C1 were increased to 2000pF, the “hold-droop” rate will decrease to 0.085µV/µs, but the slew rate would decrease to 0.25V/µs. The parallel diode network connected between Terminal 3 of the CA3080A and Terminal 6 of the CA3140 prevents large input signal feedthrough across the input terminals of the CA3080A to the 200pF storage capacitor when the CA3080A is strobed off. Figure 24 shows dynamic characteristic waveforms of this sample-and-hold system.

Current AmplifierThe low input terminal current needed to drive the CA3140 makes it ideal for use in current amplifier applications such as the one shown in Figure 25 (see Note 14). In this circuit, low current is supplied at the input potential as the power supply to load resistor RL. This load current is increased by the multiplication factor R2/R1, when the load current is monitored by the power supply meter M. Thus, if the load current is 100nA, with values shown, the load current presented to the supply will be 100µA; a much easier current to measure in many systems.

Note that the input and output voltages are transferred at the same potential and only the output current is multiplied by the scale factor.

The dotted components show a method of decoupling the circuit from the effects of high output load capacitance and the potential oscillation in this situation. Essentially, the necessary high frequency feedback is provided by the capacitor with the dotted series resistor providing load decoupling.

Full Wave Rectifier

Figure 26 shows a single supply, absolute value, ideal full-wave rectifier with associated waveforms. During positive excursions, the input signal is fed through the feedback network directly to the output. Simultaneously, the positive excursion of the input signal also drives the output terminal (No. 6) of the inverting amplifier in a negative going excursion such that the 1N914 diode effectively disconnects the amplifier from the signal path. During a negative going excursion of the input signal, the CA3140 functions as a normal inverting amplifier with a gain equal to -R2/R1. When the equality of the two equations shown in Figure 26 is satisfied, the full wave output is symmetrical.

NOTE:

14. “Operational Amplifiers Design and Applications”, J. G. Graeme, McGraw-Hill Book Company, page 308, “Negative Immittance Converter Circuits”.

Top Trace: Output; 50mV/Div., 200ns/Div.Bottom Trace: Input; 50mV/Div., 200ns/Div.

Top Trace: Output Signal; 5V/Div, 2µs/Div.Center Trace: Difference of Input and Output Signals through

Tektronix Amplifier 7A13; 5mV/Div., 2µs/Div.Bottom Trace: Input Signal; 5V/Div., 2µs/Div.

LARGE SIGNAL RESPONSE AND SETTLING TIME

SAMPLING RESPONSE

Top Trace: Output; 100mV/Div., 500ns/Div.Bottom Trace: Input; 20V/Div., 500ns/Div.

FIGURE 24. SAMPLE AND HOLD SYSTEM DYNAMIC CHARACTERISTICS WAVEFORMS

+15V

21

100kΩ

0.1µF

-15V

4

5

7+CA3140

- 0.1µF

4.3kΩ

10kΩ

6

3

R1

POWERSUPPLY

10MΩ

R2

ILR2R1

M

RL

IL

x

FIGURE 25. BASIC CURRENT AMPLIFIER FOR LOW CURRENT MEASUREMENT SYSTEMS

CA3140, CA3140A

18 FN957.10July 11, 2005

+15V

3

0.1µF

8

5kΩ

7

15

6

2

R2

R1

10kΩ

R3

1N914

10kΩ

100kΩOFFSETADJUST

4

PEAKADJUST10kΩ

+

CA3140

-

20VP-P Input BW (-3dB) = 290kHz, DC Output (Avg) = 3.2V

GAINR2R1------- X

R3R1R2 R3+-----------------------------= = =

R3X X

2+

1 X–-----------------

R1=

FOR X 0.5 5kΩ10kΩ---------------

R2R1-------= =

R3 10kΩ 0.750.5-----------

15kΩ= =

OUTPUT0

INPUT0

FIGURE 26. SINGLE SUPPLY, ABSOLUTE VALUE, IDEAL FULL WAVE RECTIFIER WITH ASSOCIATED WAVEFORMS

+15V

-15V

2

7

4

+

CA3140

-

3

0.01µF

0.01µF

61MΩ NOISE VOLTAGEOUTPUT

30.1kΩ

1kΩ

RS

BW (-3dB) = 140kHzTOTAL NOISE VOLTAGE(REFERRED TO INPUT) = 48µV (TYP)

FIGURE 27. TEST CIRCUIT AMPLIFIER (30dB GAIN) USED FOR WIDEBAND NOISE MEASUREMENT

Top Trace: Output; 50mV/Div., 200ns/Div.

Bottom Trace: Input; 50mV/Div., 200ns/Div.

FIGURE 28B. SMALL SIGNAL RESPONSE

(Measurement made with Tektronix 7A13 differential amplifier.)

Top Trace: Output Signal; 5V/Div., 5µs/Div.

Center Trace: Difference Signal; 5mV/Div., 5µs/Div.

Bottom Trace: Input Signal; 5V/Div., 5µs/Div.

FIGURE 28C. INPUT-OUTPUT DIFFERENCE SIGNAL SHOWING SETTLING TIME

FIGURE 28. SPLIT SUPPLY VOLTAGE FOLLOWER TESTCIRCUIT AND ASSOCIATED WAVEFORMS

+15V

-15V

2

7

4

+

CA3140

-

3

0.1µF

0.1µF

6

0.05µF

2kΩ

10kΩ

100pF

SIMULATEDLOAD

2kΩ

BW (-3dB) = 4.5MHzSR = 9V/µs

FIGURE 28A. TEST CIRCUIT

INPUT

CA3140, CA3140A

19 FN957.10July 11, 2005

Typical Performance Curves

FIGURE 29. OPEN-LOOP VOLTAGE GAIN vs SUPPLYVOLTAGE AND TEMPERATURE

FIGURE 30. GAIN BANDWIDTH PRODUCT vs SUPPLYVOLTAGE AND TEMPERATURE

FIGURE 31. SLEW RATE vs SUPPLY VOLTAGE ANDTEMPERATURE

FIGURE 32. QUIESCENT SUPPLY CURRENT vs SUPPLYVOLTAGE AND TEMPERATURE

FIGURE 33. MAXIMUM OUTPUT VOLTAGE SWING vsFREQUENCY

FIGURE 34. COMMON MODE REJECTION RATIO vs FREQUENCY

125

100

75

50

25

OP

EN

-LO

OP

VO

LTA

GE

GA

IN (

dB

)

0 5 10 15 20

SUPPLY VOLTAGE (V)

125oC25oC

TA = -55oC

RL = 2kΩ

250

GA

IN B

AN

DW

IDT

H P

RO

DU

CT

(M

Hz)

125oC25oC

TA = -55oC

RL = 2kΩ20

10

0 5 10 15 20

SUPPLY VOLTAGE (V)

25

CL = 100pF

1

125oC25oC

TA = -55oC

RL = 2kΩ

5 10 15 20

SUPPLY VOLTAGE (V)

25

CL = 100pF

20

15

10

5

0SL

EW

RA

TE

(V

/µs)

0

7

6

5

4

3

0 5 10 15 20

SUPPLY VOLTAGE (V)

125oC

TA = -55oC

RL = ∞

250

2

1

25oC

QU

IES

CE

NT

SU

PP

LY C

UR

RE

NT

(m

A)

25

20

15

10

5

0

OU

TP

UT

SW

ING

(V

P-P

)

10K 100K

FREQUENCY (Hz)

1M 4M


120

100

80

60

40

20

0

CO

MM

ON

-MO

DE

RE

JEC

TIO

N R

AT

IO (d

B)

101 102 103 104 105 106 107

FREQUENCY (Hz)


CA3140, CA3140A

20 FN957.10July 11, 2005

FIGURE 35. EQUIVALENT INPUT NOISE VOLTAGE vsFREQUENCY

FIGURE 36. POWER SUPPLY REJECTION RATIO vs FREQUENCY

Typical Performance Curves (Continued)


FREQUENCY (Hz)1 101 102 103 104 105

EQ

UIV

ALE

NT

INP

UT

NO

ISE

VO

LTA

GE

(nV

/√H

z)

100

10

1

1000

102 103 104 105 106 107

FREQUENCY (Hz)

PO

WE

R S

UP

PLY

RE

JEC

TIO

N R

AT

IO (d

B) 100

80

60

40

20

0

+PSRR

-PSRR


POWER SUPPLY REJECTION RATIO(PSRR) = ∆VIO/∆VS

101

CA3140, CA3140A

21 FN957.10July 11, 2005

Metallization Mask Layout

Dimensions in parenthesis are in millimeters and are derivedfrom the basic inch dimensions as indicated. Grid graduationsare in mils (10-3 inch).

The photographs and dimensions represent a chip when it ispart of the wafer. When the wafer is cut into chips, the cleavageangles are 57o instead of 90ο with respect to the face of thechip. Therefore, the isolated chip is actually 7 mils (0.17mm)larger in both dimensions.

62-70(1.575-1.778)

4-10(0.102-0.254)

60

50

40

30

20

10

0

58-66(1.473-1.676)

5040302010

61

0 60 65

CA3140, CA3140A

22 FN957.10July 11, 2005

CA3140, CA3140A

Dual-In-Line Plastic Packages (PDIP)

CL

E

eA

C

eB

eC

-B-

E1INDEX

1 2 3 N/2

N

AREA

SEATING

BASEPLANE

PLANE

-C-

D1

B1B

e

D

D1

AA2

L

A1

-A-

0.010 (0.25) C AM B S

NOTES:

1. Controlling Dimensions: INCH. In case of conflict between English and Metric dimensions, the inch dimensions control.

2. Dimensioning and tolerancing per ANSI Y14.5M-1982.

3. Symbols are defined in the “MO Series Symbol List” in Section 2.2 of Publication No. 95.

4. Dimensions A, A1 and L are measured with the package seated in JEDEC seating plane gauge GS-3.

5. D, D1, and E1 dimensions do not include mold flash or protru-sions. Mold flash or protrusions shall not exceed 0.010 inch(0.25mm).

6. E and are measured with the leads constrained to be per-pendicular to datum .

7. eB and eC are measured at the lead tips with the leads uncon-strained. eC must be zero or greater.

8. B1 maximum dimensions do not include dambar protrusions. Dambar protrusions shall not exceed 0.010 inch (0.25mm).

9. N is the maximum number of terminal positions.

10. Corner leads (1, N, N/2 and N/2 + 1) for E8.3, E16.3, E18.3, E28.3, E42.6 will have a B1 dimension of 0.030 - 0.045 inch(0.76 - 1.14mm).

eA-C-

E8.3 (JEDEC MS-001-BA ISSUE D)8 LEAD DUAL-IN-LINE PLASTIC PACKAGE

SYMBOL

INCHES MILLIMETERS

NOTESMIN MAX MIN MAX

A - 0.210 - 5.33 4

A1 0.015 - 0.39 - 4

A2 0.115 0.195 2.93 4.95 -

B 0.014 0.022 0.356 0.558 -

B1 0.045 0.070 1.15 1.77 8, 10

C 0.008 0.014 0.204 0.355 -

D 0.355 0.400 9.01 10.16 5

D1 0.005 - 0.13 - 5

E 0.300 0.325 7.62 8.25 6

E1 0.240 0.280 6.10 7.11 5

e 0.100 BSC 2.54 BSC -

eA 0.300 BSC 7.62 BSC 6

eB - 0.430 - 10.92 7

L 0.115 0.150 2.93 3.81 4

N 8 8 9

Rev. 0 12/93

23

All Intersil U.S. products are manufactured, assembled and tested utilizing ISO9000 quality systems.Intersil Corporation’s quality certifications can be viewed at www.intersil.com/design/quality

Intersil products are sold by description only. Intersil Corporation reserves the right to make changes in circuit design, software and/or specifications at any time withoutnotice. Accordingly, the reader is cautioned to verify that data sheets are current before placing orders. Information furnished by Intersil is believed to be accurate andreliable. However, no responsibility is assumed by Intersil or its subsidiaries for its use; nor for any infringements of patents or other rights of third parties which may resultfrom its use. No license is granted by implication or otherwise under any patent or patent rights of Intersil or its subsidiaries.

For information regarding Intersil Corporation and its products, see www.intersil.com

FN957.10July 11, 2005

CA3140, CA3140A

Small Outline Plastic Packages (SOIC)

INDEXAREA

E

D

N

1 2 3

-B-

0.25(0.010) C AM B S

e

-A-

L

B

M

-C-

A1

A

SEATING PLANE

0.10(0.004)

h x 45o

C

H

µ

0.25(0.010) BM M

α

NOTES:

1. Symbols are defined in the “MO Series Symbol List” in Section 2.2 of Publication Number 95.

2. Dimensioning and tolerancing per ANSI Y14.5M-1982.

3. Dimension “D” does not include mold flash, protrusions or gate burrs. Mold flash, protrusion and gate burrs shall not exceed 0.15mm (0.006inch) per side.

4. Dimension “E” does not include interlead flash or protrusions. Inter-lead flash and protrusions shall not exceed 0.25mm (0.010 inch) perside.

5. The chamfer on the body is optional. If it is not present, a visual index feature must be located within the crosshatched area.

6. “L” is the length of terminal for soldering to a substrate.

7. “N” is the number of terminal positions.

8. Terminal numbers are shown for reference only.

9. The lead width “B”, as measured 0.36mm (0.014 inch) or greater above the seating plane, shall not exceed a maximum value of0.61mm (0.024 inch).

10. Controlling dimension: MILLIMETER. Converted inch dimensions are not necessarily exact.

M8.15 (JEDEC MS-012-AA ISSUE C)8 LEAD NARROW BODY SMALL OUTLINE PLASTIC PACKAGE

SYMBOL

INCHES MILLIMETERS

NOTESMIN MAX MIN MAX

A 0.0532 0.0688 1.35 1.75 -

A1 0.0040 0.0098 0.10 0.25 -

B 0.013 0.020 0.33 0.51 9

C 0.0075 0.0098 0.19 0.25 -

D 0.1890 0.1968 4.80 5.00 3

E 0.1497 0.1574 3.80 4.00 4

e 0.050 BSC 1.27 BSC -

H 0.2284 0.2440 5.80 6.20 -

h 0.0099 0.0196 0.25 0.50 5

L 0.016 0.050 0.40 1.27 6

N 8 8 7

α 0o 8o 0o 8o -

Rev. 0 12/93

Light dependent resistors

Issued March 1997

NORP12 RS stock number 651-507NSL19-M51 RS stock number 596-141

Two cadmium sulphide (cdS) photoconductive cellswith spectral responses similar to that of the humaneye. The cell resistance falls with increasing light inten-sity. Applications include smoke detection, automaticlighting control, batch counting and burglar alarm sys-tems.

Guide to source illuminationsLight source Illumination (Lux)Moonlight __________________________________ 0.160W bulb at 1m ______________________________ 501W MES bulb at 0.1m ________________________ 100Fluorescent lighting __________________________ 500Bright sunlight ____________________________ 30,000

Light memory characteristicsLight dependent resistors have a particular property inthat they remember the lighting conditions in whichthey have been stored. This memory effect can beminimised by storing the LDRs in light prior to use.Light storage reduces equilibrium time to reachsteady resistance values.

NORP12 (RS stock no. 651-507)

Absolute maximum ratingsVoltage, ac or dc peak ______________________ 320VCurrent __________________________________ 75mAPower dissipation at 30°C _________________ 250mWOperating temperature range _______ -60°C to +75°C

Electrical characteristicsTA = 25°C. 2854°K tungsten light source

1. Dark to 110% RL2. To 10 3 RLRL = photocell resistance under given illumination.

Features Wide spectral response Low cost Wide ambient temperature range.

Circuit symbol

Parameter Conditions Min. Typ. Max. Units

Cell resistance 1000 lux - 400 - Ω10 lux - 9 - kΩ

Dark resistance - 1.0 - - MΩDark capacitance - - 3.5 - pF

Rise time 1 1000 lux - 2.8 - ms10 lux - 18 - ms

Fall time 2 1000 lux - 48 - ms10 lux - 120 - ms

Dimensions

232-3816Data pack F

Data Sheet

232-3816

2

Figure 1 Power dissipation derating Figure 3 Resistance as a function of illumination

Figure 2 Spectral response

*1Ftc=10.764 lumens

232-3816

3

Absolute maximum ratingsVoltage, ac or dc peak ______________________ 100VCurrent ___________________________________ 5mAPower dissipation at 25°C _________________ 50mW*Operating temperature range _________ -25°C +75°C

*Derate linearly from 50mW at 25°C to 0W at 75°C.

Electrical characteristics

Dimensions

Parameter Conditions Min. Typ. Max. Units

Cell resistance 10 lux 20 - 100 kΩ100 lux - 5 - kΩ

Dark resistance 10 lux after10 sec 20 - - MΩ

Spectral response - - 550 - nm

Rise time 10ftc - 45 - ms

Fall time 10ftc - 55 - ms

Figure 4 Resistance as a function illumination

Figure 5 Spectral response

232-3816

Typical application circuits

Figure 8 Automatic light circuit

Figure 7 Light interruption detector

Figure 6 Sensitive light operated relay Figure 9 Logarithmic law photographic light meter

Figure 10 Extremely sensitive light operated relay

Relay energised when light level increases above thelevel set by VR1

Typical value R1 = 100kΩR2 = 200kΩ preset to give two overlapping ranges.(Calibration should be made against an accurate meter.)

As Figure 6 relay energised when light level dropsbelow the level set by VR1 (Relay energised when light exceeds preset level.)

Incorporates a balancing bridge and op-amp. R1 andNORP12 may be interchanged for the reverse function.

Adjust turn-on point with VR1

The information provided in RS technical literature is believed to be accurate and reliable; however, RS Components assumes no responsibility for inaccuraciesor omissions, or for the use of this information, and all use of such information shall be entirely at the user’s own risk.No responsibility is assumed by RS Components for any infringements of patents or other rights of third parties which may result from its use.Specifications shown in RS Components technical literature are subject to change without notice.

RS Components, PO Box 99, Corby, Northants, NN17 9RS Telephone: 01536 201234An Electrocomponents Company © RS Components 1997

©2002 Fairchild Semiconductor Corporation Rev. A4, November 2002

SS9012

PNP Epitaxial Silicon TransistorAbsolute Maximum Ratings Ta=25°C unless otherwise noted

Electrical Characteristics Ta=25°C unless otherwise noted

hFE Classification

Symbol Parameter Ratings UnitsVCBO Collector-Base Voltage -40 VVCEO Collector-Emitter Voltage -20 VVEBO Emitter-Base Voltage -5 VIC Collector Current -500 mAPC Collector Power Dissipation 625 mWTJ Junction Temperature 150 °CTSTG Storage Temperature -55 ~ 150 °C

Symbol Parameter Test Condition Min. Typ. Max. UnitsBVCBO Collector-Base Breakdown Voltage IC = -100µA, IE =0 -40 VBVCEO Collector-Emitter Breakdown Voltage IC = -1mA, IB =0 -20 VBVEBO Emitter-Base Breakdown Voltage IE = -100µA, IC =0 -5 VICBO Collector Cut-off Current VCB = -25V, IE =0 -100 nAIEBO Emitter Cut-off Current VEB = -3V, IC =0 -100 nAhFE1hFE2

DC Current Gain VCE = -1V, IC = -50mAVCE = -1V, IC = -500mA

6440

12090

202

VCE (sat) Collector-Emitter Saturation Voltage IC = -500mA, IB = -50mA -0.18 -0.6 VVBE (sat) Base-Emitter Saturation Voltage IC = -500mA, IB = -50mA -0.95 -1.2 VVBE (on) Base-Emitter On Voltage VCE = -1V, IC = -10mA -0.6 -0.67 -0.7 V

Classification D E F G HhFE1 64 ~ 91 78 ~ 112 96 ~ 135 112 ~ 166 144 ~ 202

1. Emitter 2. Base 3. Collector

SS9012

1W Output Amplifier of Potable Radios in Class B Push-pull Operation.• High total power dissipation. (PT=625mW)• High Collector Current. (IC= -500mA)• Complementary to SS9013• Excellent hFE linearity.

TO-921

©2002 Fairchild Semiconductor Corporation

SS9012

Rev. A4, November 2002

Typical Characteristics

Figure 1. Static Characteristic Figure 2. DC current Gain

Figure 3. Base-Emitter Saturation VoltageCollector-Emitter Saturation Voltage

Figure 4. Current Gain Bandwidth Product

-0 -10 -20 -30 -40 -50-0

-10

-20

-30

-40

-50IB=-300µA

IB=-250µA

IB=-200µA

IB=-150µA

IB=-100µA

IB=-50µA

I C[m

A], C

OLL

ECTO

R C

URR

ENT

VCE[V], COLLECTOR-EMITTER VOLTAGE

-10 -100 -100010

100

1000

VCE = -1V

h FE,

DC

CU

RR

EN

T G

AIN

IC[mA], COLLECTOR CURRENT

-10 -100 -1000-10

-100

-1000

VBE(sat)

VCE(sat)

IC=10IB

V BE(

sat),

VC

E(s

at)[V

], S

ATU

RAT

ION

VO

LTAG

E


-1 -10 -100 -1000 -100001

10

100

1000

VCE=-6V

f T[

MH

z], C

UR

REN

T G

AIN

-BAN

DW

IDTH

PR

OD

UC

T


0.46 ±0.10

1.27TYP

(R2.29)

3.86

MA

X

[1.27 ±0.20]

1.27TYP

[1.27 ±0.20]

3.60 ±0.20

14.4

7 ±0

.40

1.02

±0.

10

(0.2

5)4.

58 ±

0.20

4.58+0.25–0.15

0.38+0.10–0.05

0.38

+0.1

0–0

.05

TO-92

Package DimensionsSS9012

Dimensions in Millimeters

©2002 Fairchild Semiconductor Corporation Rev. A4, November 2002

©2002 Fairchild Semiconductor Corporation Rev. I1

TRADEMARKS

The following are registered and unregistered trademarks Fairchild Semiconductor owns or is authorized to use and is notintended to be an exhaustive list of all such trademarks.

DISCLAIMERFAIRCHILD SEMICONDUCTOR RESERVES THE RIGHT TO MAKE CHANGES WITHOUT FURTHER NOTICE TO ANYPRODUCTS HEREIN TO IMPROVE RELIABILITY, FUNCTION OR DESIGN. FAIRCHILD DOES NOT ASSUME ANYLIABILITY ARISING OUT OF THE APPLICATION OR USE OF ANY PRODUCT OR CIRCUIT DESCRIBED HEREIN;NEITHER DOES IT CONVEY ANY LICENSE UNDER ITS PATENT RIGHTS, NOR THE RIGHTS OF OTHERS.

LIFE SUPPORT POLICY

FAIRCHILD’S PRODUCTS ARE NOT AUTHORIZED FOR USE AS CRITICAL COMPONENTS IN LIFE SUPPORTDEVICES OR SYSTEMS WITHOUT THE EXPRESS WRITTEN APPROVAL OF FAIRCHILD SEMICONDUCTORCORPORATION.As used herein:1. Life support devices or systems are devices or systemswhich, (a) are intended for surgical implant into the body,or (b) support or sustain life, or (c) whose failure to performwhen properly used in accordance with instructions for useprovided in the labeling, can be reasonably expected toresult in significant injury to the user.

2. A critical component is any component of a life supportdevice or system whose failure to perform can bereasonably expected to cause the failure of the life supportdevice or system, or to affect its safety or effectiveness.

PRODUCT STATUS DEFINITIONS

Definition of Terms

Datasheet Identification Product Status Definition

Advance Information Formative or In Design

This datasheet contains the design specifications forproduct development. Specifications may change inany manner without notice.

Preliminary First Production This datasheet contains preliminary data, andsupplementary data will be published at a later date.Fairchild Semiconductor reserves the right to makechanges at any time without notice in order to improvedesign.

No Identification Needed Full Production This datasheet contains final specifications. FairchildSemiconductor reserves the right to make changes atany time without notice in order to improve design.

Obsolete Not In Production This datasheet contains specifications on a productthat has been discontinued by Fairchild semiconductor.The datasheet is printed for reference information only.

FACT™FACT Quiet series™FAST®

FASTr™FRFET™GlobalOptoisolator™GTO™HiSeC™I2C™

ImpliedDisconnect™ISOPLANAR™LittleFET™MicroFET™MicroPak™MICROWIRE™MSX™MSXPro™OCX™OCXPro™OPTOLOGIC®

OPTOPLANAR™

PACMAN™POP™Power247™PowerTrench®

QFET™QS™QT Optoelectronics™Quiet Series™RapidConfigure™RapidConnect™SILENT SWITCHER®

SMART START™

SPM™Stealth™SuperSOT™-3SuperSOT™-6SuperSOT™-8SyncFET™TinyLogic™TruTranslation™UHC™UltraFET®

VCX™

ACEx™ActiveArray™Bottomless™CoolFET™CROSSVOLT™DOME™EcoSPARK™E2CMOS™EnSigna™Across the board. Around the world.™The Power Franchise™Programmable Active Droop™

BD

135 / 137 / 139 — N

PN

Ep

itaxial Silico

n Tran

sistor

© 2007 Fairchild Semiconductor Corporation www.fairchildsemi.com

BD135 / 137 / 139 Rev. 1.2.0 1

August 2013

BD135 / 137 / 139NPN Epitaxial Silicon Transistor

Features

• Complement to BD136, BD138 and BD140 respectively

Applications• Medium Power Linear and Switching

Ordering Information

Part Number Marking Package Packing MethodBD13516S BD135-16

TO-126 3L

Bulk

BD1356STU BD135-6

Rail

BD13510STU BD135-10

BD13516STU BD135-16

BD13716STU BD137-16

BD13710STU BD137-10

BD13716S BD137-16 Bulk

BD13916STU BD139-16 Rail

BD13910S BD139-10Bulk

BD13916S BD139-16

BD1396STU BD139-6Rail

BD13910STU BD139-10

1 TO-126

1. Emitter 2.Collector 3.Base

BD

135 / 137 / 139 — F

eatures


BD135 / 137 / 139 Rev. 1.2.0 2

Absolute Maximum Ratings

Stresses exceeding the absolute maximum ratings may damage the device. The device may not function or be opera-

ble above the recommended operating conditions and stressing the parts to these levels is not recommended. In addi-

tion, extended exposure to stresses above the recommended operating conditions may affect device reliability. The

absolute maximum ratings are stress ratings only. Values are at TC = 25°C unless otherwise noted.

Electrical CharacteristicsValues are at TC = 25°C unless otherwise noted.

hFE Classification

Symbol Parameter Value Units

VCBO Collector-Base Voltage

BD135 45

VBD137 60

BD139 80

VCEO Collector-Emitter Voltage

BD135 45

VBD137 60

BD139 80

VEBO Emitter-Base Voltage 5 V

IC Collector Current (DC) 1.5 A

ICP Collector Current (Pulse) 3.0 A

IB Base Current 0.5 A

PC Device Dissipation TC = 25°C 12.5 W

TA = 25°C 1.25 W

TJ Junction Temperature 150 °C TSTG Storage Temperature - 55 to +150 °C

Symbol Parameter Test Condition Min. Typ. Max. Units

VCEO(sus)Collector-Emitter Sustaining Voltage

BD135

IC = 30 mA, IB = 0

45

VBD137 60

BD139 80

ICBO Collector Cut-off Current VCB = 30 V, IE = 0 0.1 μA

IEBO Emitter Cut-off Current VEB = 5 V, IC = 0 10 μA

hFE1

DC Current Gain

VCE = 2 V, IC = 5 mA 25

hFE2 VCE = 2 V, IC = 0.5 A 25

hFE3 VCE = 2 V, IC = 150 mA 40 250

VCE(sat) Collector-Emitter Saturation Voltage IC = 500 mA, IB = 50 mA 0.5 V

VBE(on) Base-Emitter On Voltage VCE = 2 V, IC = 0.5 A 1 V

Classification 6 10 16hFE3 40 ~ 100 63 ~ 160 100 ~ 250

BD

135 / 137 / 139 — F

eatures


BD135 / 137 / 139 Rev. 1.2.0 3

Typical Performance Characteristics

Figure 1. DC current Gain Figure 2. Collector-Emitter Saturation Voltage

Figure 3. Base-Emitter Voltage Figure 4. Safe Operating Area

Figure 5. Power Derating

10 100 10000

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100VCE = 2V

h FE, D

C C

UR

RE

NT

GA

IN


1E-3 0.01 0.1 1 100

50

100

150

200

250

300

350

400

450

500

I C =

10

I B

I C =

20

I B

VC

E(s

at)[

mV

], S

AT

UR

AT

ION

VO

LTA

GE

IC[A], COLLECTOR CURRENT

1E-3 0.01 0.1 1 100.1

0.2

0.3

0.4

0.5

0.6

0.7

0.8

0.9

1.0

1.1

VBE(on)

VCE = 5V

VBE(sat)

IC = 10 IB

VB

E[V

], B

AS

E-E

MIT

TE

R V

OLT

AG

E

IC[A], COLLECTOR CURRENT

1 10 1000.01

0.1

1

10

BD

139B

D137

BD

135

10us

100us

1ms

DC

IC MAX. (Pulsed)

IC MAX. (Continuous)

I C[A

], C

OLL

EC

TO

R C

UR

RE

NT

VCE[V], COLLECTOR-EMITTER VOLTAGE

0 25 50 75 100 125 150 1750.0

2.5

5.0

7.5

10.0

12.5

15.0

17.5

20.0

PC[W

], P

OW

ER

DIS

SIP

AT

ION

TC[oC], CASE TEMPERATURE

BD

135 / 137 / 139 — F

eatures


BD135 / 137 / 139 Rev. 1.2.0 4

Physical Dimensions

Figure 6. TO-126 (SOT-32) UNIFIED DRAWING (TSTU, TSSTU, STANDARD)

Package drawings are provided as a service to customers considering Fairchild components. Drawings may change in any manner without notice. Please note the revision and/or date on the drawing and contact a Fairchild Semiconductor representative to verify or obtain the most recent revision. Package specifications do not expand the terms of Fairchild’s worldwide terms and conditions, specifically the warranty therein, which covers Fairchild products.

Always visit Fairchild Semiconductor’s online packaging area for the most recent package drawings:http://www.fairchildsemi.com/dwg/TO/TO126AA.pdf.

For current tape and reel specifications, visit Fairchild Semiconductor’s online packaging area:

http://www.fairchildsemi.com/packing_dwg/PKG-TO126AA_BK.pdf.

TO-126 3L

© Fairchild Semiconductor Corporation www.fairchildsemi.com

TRADEMARKS

The following includes registered and unregistered trademarks and service marks, owned by Fairchild Semiconductor and/or its global subsidiaries, and is not intended to be an exhaustive list of all such trademarks.

2Cool AccuPower AX-CAP®* BitSiC Build it Now CorePLUS CorePOWER CROSSVOLT CTL Current Transfer Logic DEUXPEED® Dual Cool™ EcoSPARK® EfficientMax ESBC

Fairchild® Fairchild Semiconductor® FACT Quiet Series FACT® FAST® FastvCore FETBench

FPS F-PFS FRFET®

Global Power ResourceSM GreenBridge Green FPS Green FPS e-Series Gmax GTO IntelliMAX ISOPLANAR Making Small Speakers Sound Louder

and Better™

MegaBuck MICROCOUPLER MicroFET MicroPak MicroPak2 MillerDrive MotionMax mWSaver® OptoHiT OPTOLOGIC® OPTOPLANAR®

®

PowerTrench®

PowerXS™ Programmable Active Droop QFET® QS Quiet Series RapidConfigure

Saving our world, 1mW/W/kW at a time™ SignalWise SmartMax SMART START Solutions for Your Success SPM® STEALTH SuperFET® SuperSOT-3 SuperSOT-6 SuperSOT-8 SupreMOS® SyncFET

Sync-Lock™

®* TinyBoost® TinyBuck® TinyCalc TinyLogic® TINYOPTO TinyPower TinyPWM TinyWire TranSiC TriFault Detect TRUECURRENT®* SerDes

UHC® Ultra FRFET UniFET VCX VisualMax VoltagePlus XS™

* Trademarks of System General Corporation, used under license by Fairchild Semiconductor.

DISCLAIMER FAIRCHILD SEMICONDUCTOR RESERVES THE RIGHT TO MAKE CHANGES WITHOUT FURTHER NOTICE TO ANY PRODUCTS HEREIN TO IMPROVE RELIABILITY, FUNCTION, OR DESIGN. FAIRCHILD DOES NOT ASSUME ANY LIABILITY ARISING OUT OF THE APPLICATION OR USE OF ANY PRODUCT OR CIRCUIT DESCRIBED HEREIN; NEITHER DOES IT CONVEY ANY LICENSE UNDER ITS PATENT RIGHTS, NOR THE RIGHTS OF OTHERS. THESE SPECIFICATIONS DO NOT EXPAND THE TERMS OF FAIRCHILD’S WORLDWIDE TERMS AND CONDITIONS, SPECIFICALLY THE WARRANTY THEREIN, WHICH COVERS THESE PRODUCTS.

LIFE SUPPORT POLICY FAIRCHILD’S PRODUCTS ARE NOT AUTHORIZED FOR USE AS CRITICAL COMPONENTS IN LIFE SUPPORT DEVICES OR SYSTEMS WITHOUT THE EXPRESS WRITTEN APPROVAL OF FAIRCHILD SEMICONDUCTOR CORPORATION. As used herein:

1. Life support devices or systems are devices or systems which, (a) are intended for surgical implant into the body or (b) support or sustain life, and (c) whose failure to perform when properly used in accordance with instructions for use provided in the labeling, can be reasonably expected to result in a significant injury of the user.

2. A critical component in any component of a life support, device, or system whose failure to perform can be reasonably expected to cause the failure of the life support device or system, or to affect its safety or effectiveness.

ANTI-COUNTERFEITING POLICY Fairchild Semiconductor Corporation's Anti-Counterfeiting Policy. Fairchild's Anti-Counterfeiting Policy is also stated on our external website, www.fairchildsemi.com, under Sales Support. Counterfeiting of semiconductor parts is a growing problem in the industry. All manufacturers of semiconductor products are experiencing counterfeiting of their parts. Customers who inadvertently purchase counterfeit parts experience many problems such as loss of brand reputation, substandard performance, failed applications, and increased cost of production and manufacturing delays. Fairchild is taking strong measures to protect ourselves and our customers from the proliferation of counterfeit parts. Fairchild strongly encourages customers to purchase Fairchild parts either directly from Fairchild or from Authorized Fairchild Distributors who are listed by country on our web page cited above. Products customers buy either from Fairchild directly or from Authorized Fairchild Distributors are genuine parts, have full traceability, meet Fairchild's quality standards for handling and storage and provide access to Fairchild's full range of up-to-date technical and product information. Fairchild and our Authorized Distributors will stand behind all warranties and will appropriately address any warranty issues that may arise. Fairchild will not provide any warranty coverage or other assistance for parts bought from Unauthorized Sources. Fairchild is committed to combat this global problem and encourage our customers to do their part in stopping this practice by buying direct or from authorized distributors.

PRODUCT STATUS DEFINITIONS

Definition of Terms Datasheet Identification Product Status Definition

Advance Information Formative / In Design Datasheet contains the design specifications for product development. Specifications may change in any manner without notice.

Preliminary First Production Datasheet contains preliminary data; supplementary data will be published at a later date. Fairchild Semiconductor reserves the right to make changes at any time without notice to improve design.

No Identification Needed Full Production Datasheet contains final specifications. Fairchild Semiconductor reserves the right to make changes at any time without notice to improve the design.

Obsolete Not In Production Datasheet contains specifications on a product that is discontinued by Fairchild Semiconductor. The datasheet is for reference information only.

Rev. I65

®

2011/12/15 1:08:23 f=0.82 D:\My Documents\eagle\Fire\GPRSshield v1.0\GPRSshield.sch (Sheet: 1/1)

GSM SHIELD COMPATIBLE WITH ARDUINO

GSM SHIELD USING SIMCOMM (SIM900A)

2014

GSM Shield Manual

2 ©ATRIM Electronics Pvt Ltd|www.atrim.in

Contents

1 Description ....................................................................................................................... 3

1.1 SIM900 ........................................................................................................................................ 5

1.2 Features ...................................................................................................................................... 6

1.3 Specifications for Fax ................................................................................................................ 6

1.4 Specifications for SMS via GSM/GPRS .................................................................................... 6

1.5 Software features ...................................................................................................................... 6

1.6 Enhanced version has following features .............................................................................. 7

1.7 Specifications for Voice ............................................................................................................ 7

1.8 Compatibility ............................................................................................................................. 7

2 Power Requirements ................................................................................................................ 7

3 Applications ............................................................................................................................... 8

4 On Board Indicators .................................................................................................................. 8

5 Network LED .............................................................................................................................. 8

6 AT Commands for using the shield .......................................................................................... 9

7 How to Interface the GSM shield with ARDUINO UNO ...................................................... 10

GSM Shield Manual


GSM Shield 1 Description:

The GSM shield by Arduino is used to send/ receive messages and make/receive calls just like a mobile phone by using a SIM card by a network provider. We can do this by plugging the GSM shield into the Arduino board and then plugging in a SIM card from an operator that offers GPRS coverage.

The shield employs the use of a radio modem by SIMComm. We can communicate easily with the shield using the AT commands. The GSM library contains many methods of communication with the shield.

This GSM Modem can work with any GSM network operator SIM card just like a mobile phone with its own unique phone number. Advantage of using this modem will be that its RS232 port can be used to communicate and develop embedded applications. Applications like SMS Control, data transfer, remote control and logging can be developed easily using this.

The modem can either be connected to PC serial port directly or to any microcontroller through MAX232. It can be used to send/receive SMS and make/receive voice calls. It can also be used in GPRS mode to connect to internet and run many applications for data logging and control. In GPRS mode you can also connect to any remote FTP server and upload files for data logging

This GSM modem is a highly flexible plug and play quad band SIM900A GSM modem for direct and easy integration to RS232 applications. It Supports features like Voice, SMS, Data/Fax, GPRS and integrated TCP/IP stack.

To be connected to a cellular network, the shield requires a SIM card provided by a network provider.

Most recent revision of the board makes the connection of the shield with the Arduino Uno board by connecting its TX to pin 0 of Arduino and pin 1 of Arduino to RX of shield.

For different components of the GSM shield, consult figure 1 and figure 2:

GSM Shield Manual


FIGURE 1

GSM SIM900

ANTENNA

ARDUINO CONNECTING PORT

DB9

CONNECTOR

DC JACK

ARDUINO CONNECTING PORT WITH RX, TX

BUZZER

GSM Shield Manual


FIGURE 2

1.1 SIM900A: This is an ultra compact and reliable wireless module. The SIM900A is a complete Dual-band GSM/GPRS solution in a SMT module which can be embedded in the customer applications allowing you to benefit from small dimensions and cost-effective solutions. Featuring an industry-standard interface, the SIM900A delivers GSM/GPRS 900/1800MHz performance for voice, SMS, Data, and Fax in a small form factor and with low power consumption. With a tiny configuration of 24mm x

JACK FOR HEADSET

SIM SLOT

SIM JACK

GSM Shield Manual


24mm x 3 mm, SIM900A can fit in almost all the space requirements in your applications, especially for slim and compact demand of design.

1.2 Features: Dual-Band 900/ 1800 MHz GPRS multi-slot class 10/8 GPRS mobile station class B Compliant to GSM phase 2/2+

• Class 4 (2 W @900 MHz) • Class 1 (1 W @ 1800MHz)

Dimensions: 24*24*3 mm Weight: 3.4g Control via AT commands (GSM 07.07, 07.05 and SIMCOM enhanced AT Commands) SIM application toolkit Supply voltage range: 3.1- 4.8V Low power consumption: 1.5mA(sleep mode) Operation temperature: -40° C to +85°C

1.3 Specifications for Fax: Group 3, class 1 Specifications for Data GPRS class 10: Max. 85.6 kbps (downlink) PBCCH support Coding schemes CS 1, 2, 3, 4 CSD up to 14.4 kbps USSD Non transparent mode PPP-stack

1.4 Specifications for SMS via GSM/GPRS: Point to point MO and MT SMS cell broadcast Text and PDU mode

1.5 Software features: 0710 MUX protocol

GSM Shield Manual


Embedded TCP/UDP protocol FTP/HTTP

1.6 Enhanced version has following features: FOTA MMS Embedded AT

1.7 Specifications for Voice: Tricodec Half rate (HR) Full rate (FR) Enhanced Full rate (EFR) Hands-free operation (Echo suppression) AMR Half rate (HR) Full rate (FR)

1.8 Compatibility: AT cellular command interface

It can communicate with controllers via AT commands (GSM 07.07, 07.05 and SIMCOM enhanced AT Commands).

2 POWER REQUIREMENTS: The board should be powered with an external power supply that can provide current between 700mA

and 1000mA. Powering an Arduino and the GSM shield from a USB connection is not recommended,

as USB cannot provide the required current when the modem is in heavy use.

So instead we have to use 12V adapter. The modem can pull up to 2A of current at peak usage, which can occur during data transmission.

GSM Shield Manual


3 APPLICATIONS: SMS based Remote Control and Alerts Security Applications Sensor Monitoring GPRS Mode Remote Data logging

4 ON BOARD INDICATORS: The shield contains a number of status LEDS:

ON: It shows that the shield is getting power and is switched on.

NET: This LED blinks when the modem is communicating with the radio network.

5 NETWORK LED:

The Network LED indicates the various states of the GSM module i.e. POWER ON, NETWORK REGISTERATION and GPRS CONNECTIVITY. When the modem is powered up, this NETWORK LED will blink every second. After the Modem registers in the network (it takes 10-60 seconds), this LED will blink in step of 3 seconds at slow rate. At this stage we can start using the modem for our application. This shows that the modem is registered with the network.

GSM Shield Manual


6 AT Commands for using the shield

CHECKING THE OPERATION AND CONNECTION OF GSM SHIELD: AT Press ENTER This would print OK which signifies of working connection and operation of the GSM shield.

MAKING A VOICE CALL: ATD+(country code)mobile number; Press ENTER.

DISCONNECTING THE ACTIVE CALL: ATH Press ENTER.

RECEIVING THE CALL:

ATA Press ENTER. SENDING A MESSAGE:

For sending SMS in text Mode: AT+CMGF=1 Press ENTER AT+CMGS=”mobile number” Press ENTER Once the AT commands is given’ >’ prompt will be displayed on the screen. Type the message to be sent via SMS. After this, Press CTRL+Z to send the SMS. If the SMS sending is successful, “OK” will be displayed along with the message number.

RECEIVING A MESSAGE: For reading SMS in the text mode: AT+CMGF = 1 Press ENTER AT+CMGR = num. Number (num.) is the message index number stored in the SIM card. For new SMS, URC will be received on the screen as + CMTI: SM ‘num’. After this AT+CMGR=1 Press ENTER This displays the message on the screen along with sender details, number and timing too.

GSM Shield Manual


7 How to Interface the GSM shield with ARDUINO UNO

• First we connect our Arduino Uno to the Computer or Laptop to see which COM port will be used to burn the program from the computer or laptop. This also provides power to the Arduino Uno

• Next we supply power to the GSM shield (supply only 12V to the GSM shield from the power jack using the adapter) which is going to be used for our program

• For GSM programs, only 2 pins, RX and TX are to be used mainly. So we require only these two pins of the Arduino Uno. These pins are pins 0 and 1 of the Arduino Uno

• Next burn the required program in The Arduino Uno using the software

• Then connect the GSM shield to Arduino such that RX, TX of the shield is connected to the TX, RX of the Arduino Uno.

• Your interfacing is completed.

w w w . f u t - e l c t r o n i c s . c o m

Page 1

GSM Shield SIM900

Get Starting

This GPRS Shield is compatible with all boards which have the same form factor (and pinout) as a standard Arduino Board. GPRS module delivers GSM/GPRS 850/900/1800/1900MHz performance for voice, SMS, Data, and Fax in a small form factor. The GPRS Shield is configured and controlled via its UART using simple AT commands. You can use the 2 jumper block to connect the SIM900 URAT post to any pins within D0-D3 (for Hardware/Software serial port). EFCom not only can use the S_PWR button for power on, but also can use the digital pin (D6) of Arduino to power on and reset (D5) the SIM900 module.

http://elecfreaks.com/store/download/datasheet/rf/SIM900/SIM900_AT%20Command%20Manual_V1.03.pdf


Page 2

Feature

Fully compatible with Arduino / Uno and Mega.

Free serial port connecting， you can select Hardware Serial port (D0/D1) control or Software Serial port (D2/D3) control it.

SIM900 all pins breakout. Not just the UART port and debug port be layout, but also all pins on SIM900 be layout to the 2.54 standard pitch.

Super capacitor power supply for the RTC.

EFCom not only can use the button for power on, but also can use the digital pin of Arduino to power on and reset the SIM900 module.

Quad-Band 850/ 900/ 1800/ 1900 MHz

GPRS multi-slot class 10/8

GPRS mobile station class B

Compliant to GSM phase 2/2+

Control via AT commands (GSM 07.07 ,07.05 and EFCOM enhanced AT Commands)

SIM application toolkit

Supply voltage range : 3.1 … 4.8V

Low power consumption: 1.5mA(sleep mode)

Operation temperature: -40°C to +85 °C

Dimension:68.33x53.09mm(Same dimension of Arduino main board)

Cautions

Make sure add using 9V Charger for power supply for your Arduino board and EFCom, The 9V Charger we will provide to you with EFCom Shield. Because of the power supply range of SIM900 is from 3.2V to 4.8V. The transmitting burst will cause voltage drop and the power supply must be able to provide sufficient current up to 2A. The USB port cannot supply such a large current.

Make sure your SIM card is unlocked.

The product is provided as is without an insulating enclosure. Please observe ESD precautions specially in dry (low humidity) weather.

The factory default setting for the GPRS Shield UART is 19200 bps 8-N-1. (Can be changed using AT commands).


Page 3

Hardware

Top-view

Super RTC Cap and Line In

LCD5100 interface and Software SerialPort Jumpe


Page 4

SIM Card Connector

Light Status

LED State Function Status Off Power Off

On Power On

Netlight Off SIM900 is not working

64ms On/800ms Off SIM900 does not find the network

64ms On/3000ms Off SIM900 find the network

64ms On/300ms Off GPRS communication

Getting Started We will use tow methods

1. Using AT commands.

2. Using Arduino code (Uno – Mega) compatible .

Now we will prepare the Arduino board for communicating with the PC by UART protocol. Emulate a second serial port (UART) using software on the digital pins D2 and D3 and patch through all the communication between this second software serial port and the actual hardware serial port. By doing this, all the data coming from the computer (connected to the actual hardware UART) would be relayed as is to the GPRS Shield (connected to software UART).

Run Arduino IDE 1.0 or later

Open new sketch and write a below code. SoftwareSerial mySerial(2, 3);

void setup()

mySerial.begin(19200); // the GPRS baud rate

Serial.begin(19200); // the GPRS baud rate


Page 5

void loop()

if (mySerial.available())

Serial.write(mySerial.read());

if (Serial.available())

mySerial.write(Serial.read());

Upload the sketch to the Arduino board. Now all done to start use Arduino with either method

1. Using AT commands.

Open your favorite serial terminal software, choose the COM port for Arduino, set it to operate at 19200 8-N-1. I used” SSCOM “English edition.

Press and hold the power button a short while (Over 3 seconds) on the GPRS Shield to turn it on. Wait half a minute for the GPRS Shield to connect to the network (Led Net will start blinking every 3 seconds or so). But there will not any information back in the monitor. If you want to see messages from the shield in the serial monitor such as, you need disable auto-bauding mode, using "AT+IPR=19200”. (Factory setting is AT+IPR=0 auto-bauding)

RDY

+CFUN: 1

+CPIN: READY

Call Ready

Now, type and send "AT" (without the quotes) followed by carriage return (enter key) to the Arduino board. The GPRS Shield should respond by sending back an "OK". This would mean that you have been able to successfully setup your GPRS Shield can now play around with various AT Commands. (If you are using the readily available Serial Monitor in the Arduino IDE, you should set the line ending to "Carriage return" along with a baud rate of 19200).

Sending a text message (SMS) –AT COMMAND

Install GSM shield in Arduino board and connect power cord.

Open your serial monitor program (I use SSCOM)

Through your serial terminal software, send AT+CMGF=1 and press the Enter key. The GPRS Shield can send SMSes in two modes: Text mode and PDU (or binary) mode. Since we want to send out a human readable message, we will select the text mode. The GPRS Shield will respond with an OK.

Send AT+CMGS="+XXXX6043032" and press the Enter key (include the quotes). This will instruct the GPRS Shield to start accepting text for a new message meant for the phone number specified (replace the number with the phone number of the target phone). The GPRS Shield will send a > signaling you to start typing the message.


Page 6

Make a Call –AT COMMAND

Input ATD158********;

Respond OK, you will receive a call.

Input ATH to end a call

2. Using Arduino code (Uno – Mega) compatible

Sending a text message (SMS) –Arduino code

With the GPRS Shield removed, download this sketch into your Arduino. The GPRS Shield must be removed so that it doesn't interfere with the programming of Arduino which takes place over the Hardware UART (using FT232RL).

Disconnect the Arduino from USB port to remove power to it.

Set the Serial Port jumpers on the GPRS Shield in Xduino position (i.e. Arduino's RX connected to GPRS_TX and TX of Arduino connected to GPRS_RX)

Connect the antenna to the GPRS Shield and insert the SIM Card.

Mount the GPRS Shield on Arduino.

Apply power to the Arduino using USB port or via external power supply.

Switch on the GPRS Shield by using the power switch. Wait till the Network LED (D1) starts blinking.


Page 7

Using a pen or a plastic tweezer access the reset switch on the Arduino Board and reset the microcontroller to run the sketch from the start. Do not try resetting the Arduino by removing and applying power to it as this will turn off the GPRS Shield.

If nothing goes wrong, the SMS will be received on receiver's handset. void setup()

Serial.begin(19200); //Default serial port setting for the GPRS modem is 19200bps 8-N-1

Serial.print("\r");

delay(1000); //Wait for a second while the modem sends an "OK"

Serial.print("AT+CMGF=1\r"); //Because we want to send the SMS in text mode

delay(1000);

//Serial.print("AT+CSCA=\"XXXX32055002 \"\r"); //Setting for the SMS Message center number,

//delay(1000); //uncomment only if required and replace with

//the message center number obtained from

//your GSM service provider.

//Note that when specifying a tring of characters

// " is entered as \"

Serial.print("AT+CMGS=\"XXXX6043032\"\r"); //Start accepting the text for the message

//to be sent to the number specified. //Replace this number with the target mobile number.

delay(1000);

Serial.print("SIM900 and Arduino say Hi!\r"); //The text for the message

delay(1000);

Serial.print(26,BYTE); //Equivalent to sending Ctrl+Z

void loop()

//We just want to send the SMS only once, so there is nothing in this loop.

//If we put the code for SMS here, it will be sent again and again and cost

us a lot.

Make a Call –Arduino code

#include <SoftwareSerial.h>

SoftwareSerial mySerial(2, 3);

void setup()

mySerial.begin(19200); // the GPRS baud rate

Serial.begin(19200); // the GPRS baud rate

delay(2000);

void loop()


Page 8

int count=0;

mySerial.println("ATD xxxxxxxxx;"); // xxxxxxxxx is the number you want to dial, Noice the ";" in the end

delay(2000);

while(1)

mySerial.println("AT+SPWM=2,63,100");// set PWM 2 PIN

delay(100);

mySerial.println("AT+SPWM=1,63,100");

delay(100);

mySerial.println("AT+SGPIO=0,1,1,1");// set GPIO 1 PIN to 1

delay(100);

mySerial.println("AT+SGPIO=0,2,1,1");

delay(100);


delay(100);


delay(100);


delay(100);


delay(100);


delay(100);


delay(100);


delay(100);


delay(100);


Page 9


delay(100);


delay(500);


delay(100);


delay(100);

mySerial.println("AT+SGPIO=0,1,1,0"); // set GPIO 1 PIN to 0

delay(100);


delay(100);


delay(100);


delay(100);


delay(100);


delay(100);


delay(100);


delay(100);


delay(100);


delay(100);


delay(100);


Page 10


delay(500);

count++;

if(count==5)

mySerial.println("ATH"); //end the call.

if(mySerial.available())

Serial.print((unsigned char)mySerial.read());