languages in contact contact languages languages that develop as a result of contact between other...

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Languages in Contact Languages in Contact contact languages contact languages Languages that develop as a result Languages that develop as a result of contact between other languages of contact between other languages lingua franca, jargon, koine, lingua franca, jargon, koine, pidgin, creole,constructed pidgin, creole,constructed languages languages South East Asia – several examples South East Asia – several examples

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Page 1: Languages in Contact contact languages Languages that develop as a result of contact between other languages Languages that develop as a result of contact

Languages in ContactLanguages in Contact

contact languagescontact languages Languages that develop as a result of Languages that develop as a result of

contact between other languagescontact between other languages lingua franca, jargon, koine, pidgin, lingua franca, jargon, koine, pidgin,

creole,constructed languagescreole,constructed languages South East Asia – several examplesSouth East Asia – several examples

Page 2: Languages in Contact contact languages Languages that develop as a result of contact between other languages Languages that develop as a result of contact

PIDGINPIDGIN

Used for communication by non-native Used for communication by non-native speakersspeakers

Always a second language (restricted Always a second language (restricted input)input)

Develop rapidly (and may die rapidly )Develop rapidly (and may die rapidly ) Hundreds known – others not recordedHundreds known – others not recorded

Page 3: Languages in Contact contact languages Languages that develop as a result of contact between other languages Languages that develop as a result of contact

FeaturesFeatures

Simplified lexis, phonology, syntax, Simplified lexis, phonology, syntax, morphologymorphology

Example – Solomon Islands PidginExample – Solomon Islands PidginMifela I-go go long solwater, lukoutim fish, Mifela I-go go long solwater, lukoutim fish,

now win I-kum. Now mifela I-go alabout now win I-kum. Now mifela I-go alabout long kinu now bigfela win I-kum now, long kinu now bigfela win I-kum now, mifela I-fafasi allabout rong tumus.mifela I-fafasi allabout rong tumus.

Page 4: Languages in Contact contact languages Languages that develop as a result of contact between other languages Languages that develop as a result of contact

Example (?) – Korean Example (?) – Korean Bamboo EnglishBamboo English

Taksan years ago, skoshi Cinderella-san Taksan years ago, skoshi Cinderella-san lived in hootchie with sisters. Poor little lived in hootchie with sisters. Poor little Cinderella-san ketchee no fun, have no Cinderella-san ketchee no fun, have no social life. Aways washee-washee, social life. Aways washee-washee, scrubee- scrubee, make chop-chop. One scrubee- scrubee, make chop-chop. One day Cinderella-san ketchee post cardo day Cinderella-san ketchee post cardo from Seoul. from Seoul.

Page 5: Languages in Contact contact languages Languages that develop as a result of contact between other languages Languages that develop as a result of contact

Superstrate and Superstrate and substratesubstrate

SuperstrateSuperstrate language provides language provides vocabulary – socially dominantvocabulary – socially dominant

may be may be relexifiedrelexified SubstrateSubstrate languages may provide languages may provide

structurestructure (structure may also reflect universal (structure may also reflect universal

features)features)

Page 6: Languages in Contact contact languages Languages that develop as a result of contact between other languages Languages that develop as a result of contact

ContinuedContinued

Principal superstrate languages are Principal superstrate languages are English, Portuguese, Spanish, French, English, Portuguese, Spanish, French, also Juba Arabicalso Juba Arabic

Occasional equal languages -- Occasional equal languages -- RussonorskRussonorsk

Page 7: Languages in Contact contact languages Languages that develop as a result of contact between other languages Languages that develop as a result of contact

BackgroundBackground

Most Pidgins are in Caribbean and Most Pidgins are in Caribbean and PacificPacific

Also found in North America, Arctic, West Also found in North America, Arctic, West AfricaAfrica

associated with any contact situation --associated with any contact situation --trade, slavery, plantationstrade, slavery, plantations

Page 8: Languages in Contact contact languages Languages that develop as a result of contact between other languages Languages that develop as a result of contact

CreolesCreoles

A pidgin taught to childrenA pidgin taught to children Learnt as first language (with restricted Learnt as first language (with restricted

input) input) Rapid developmentRapid development Distinction between pidgins and creoles Distinction between pidgins and creoles

not always clearnot always clear Pidgin and creole variants of same Pidgin and creole variants of same

language may coexistlanguage may coexist

Page 9: Languages in Contact contact languages Languages that develop as a result of contact between other languages Languages that develop as a result of contact

Example – Tok PisinExample – Tok Pisin

Dispela man i- stap naboutlong ples Dispela man i- stap naboutlong ples matmat na i kam. Em I save slip long matmat na i kam. Em I save slip long ples matmat. Na I no gat wanpela ples matmat. Na I no gat wanpela man inap long pasim em. Sen ti I no man inap long pasim em. Sen ti I no inap. Plenti taim ol i bin pasim em inap. Plenti taim ol i bin pasim em long hankap na sen.long hankap na sen.

Page 10: Languages in Contact contact languages Languages that develop as a result of contact between other languages Languages that develop as a result of contact

ContinuedContinued

More complex than pidgins but less so than More complex than pidgins but less so than superstrate and substrate languagessuperstrate and substrate languages

Distinct languages, although speakers may not Distinct languages, although speakers may not be aware of thisbe aware of this

Attitudes to Creoles vary – existence may be Attitudes to Creoles vary – existence may be denieddenied

Page 11: Languages in Contact contact languages Languages that develop as a result of contact between other languages Languages that develop as a result of contact

ContinuedContinued

Often despised, sometimes source of Often despised, sometimes source of identity, occasionally national statusidentity, occasionally national status

post-creole continuum -creole is post-creole continuum -creole is absorbed by superstrate languageabsorbed by superstrate language

In Caribbean may be several ways of In Caribbean may be several ways of saying one sentencesaying one sentence

Page 12: Languages in Contact contact languages Languages that develop as a result of contact between other languages Languages that develop as a result of contact

CreolisationCreolisation

Some languages may be simplified when Some languages may be simplified when learnt as a second languageslearnt as a second languages

Varieties of Malay – bazaar/market Varieties of Malay – bazaar/market Malay, Jakarta Malay Malay, Jakarta Malay

Afrikaans -- simplified version of Dutch in Afrikaans -- simplified version of Dutch in South AfricaSouth Africa

Varieties of French in Indian OceanVarieties of French in Indian Ocean

Page 13: Languages in Contact contact languages Languages that develop as a result of contact between other languages Languages that develop as a result of contact

continuedcontinued

Also called semi-creoles or creoloidsAlso called semi-creoles or creoloids Suggested not preceded by creolesSuggested not preceded by creoles

But maybe there was a brief period when But maybe there was a brief period when a creole and before that a pidgin existeda creole and before that a pidgin existed

Page 14: Languages in Contact contact languages Languages that develop as a result of contact between other languages Languages that develop as a result of contact

continuedcontinued

Compare English with German and Compare English with German and DutchDutch

Syntax and morphology much less Syntax and morphology much less complexcomplex

At some point was English At some point was English creolised? –I.e. learnt as a second creolised? –I.e. learnt as a second language language

Page 15: Languages in Contact contact languages Languages that develop as a result of contact between other languages Languages that develop as a result of contact

continuedcontinued

Alternative explanation – Middle English Alternative explanation – Middle English (1150-1450) is a post-creole developed (1150-1450) is a post-creole developed from a creole which in turn developed from a creole which in turn developed from a pidginfrom a pidgin

Very speculativeVery speculative

Page 16: Languages in Contact contact languages Languages that develop as a result of contact between other languages Languages that develop as a result of contact

continuedcontinued

Is it possible that languages may become Is it possible that languages may become creoles without going through a pidgin creoles without going through a pidgin stage?stage?

Page 17: Languages in Contact contact languages Languages that develop as a result of contact between other languages Languages that develop as a result of contact

Features of pidgins and Features of pidgins and creolescreoles

Pidgins & creoles have common featuresPidgins & creoles have common features limited morphologylimited morphology loss of case loss of case Loss of gender Loss of gender Lexicalisation of gender Lexicalisation of gender Questions marked by intonation or lexisQuestions marked by intonation or lexis

Page 18: Languages in Contact contact languages Languages that develop as a result of contact between other languages Languages that develop as a result of contact

continuedcontinued

Absence of copula “to be”Absence of copula “to be” Preverbal negationPreverbal negation No tonesNo tones But creoles are closer to other languagesBut creoles are closer to other languages More complex syntax and morphologyMore complex syntax and morphology Expanded lexiconExpanded lexicon

Page 19: Languages in Contact contact languages Languages that develop as a result of contact between other languages Languages that develop as a result of contact

DecreolisationDecreolisation

Education in standard languages affects Education in standard languages affects creolescreoles

Assimilated by standard languages – Assimilated by standard languages – become dialectsbecome dialects

Post-creole continuum in transitional Post-creole continuum in transitional societiessocieties

Jamaica and Papua New Guinea – listen Jamaica and Papua New Guinea – listen to Bob Marley and Panim Wok Bandto Bob Marley and Panim Wok Band

Page 20: Languages in Contact contact languages Languages that develop as a result of contact between other languages Languages that develop as a result of contact

exampleexample

Church Creole in Suriname – variety Church Creole in Suriname – variety developed about 1780 for religious developed about 1780 for religious purposes – widely imitated purposes – widely imitated

Belly – Sranan – bere -- CC – beleBelly – Sranan – bere -- CC – bele Time -- te -- temTime -- te -- tem Help helpi -- yepi Help helpi -- yepi

Page 21: Languages in Contact contact languages Languages that develop as a result of contact between other languages Languages that develop as a result of contact

RecreolisationRecreolisation

Afro-Caribbeans in England – adopt Afro-Caribbeans in England – adopt features of patois – but is it really features of patois – but is it really recreolisation?recreolisation?

Page 22: Languages in Contact contact languages Languages that develop as a result of contact between other languages Languages that develop as a result of contact

OriginsOrigins

Monogenesis ?Monogenesis ? family tree model family tree model Sabir -- Italian based trade language Sabir -- Italian based trade language Portuguese relexification Portuguese relexification spread by traders and sailorsspread by traders and sailors Further relexificationFurther relexification

Page 23: Languages in Contact contact languages Languages that develop as a result of contact between other languages Languages that develop as a result of contact

continuedcontinued

Pidgins in West Africa (and then Pidgins in West Africa (and then Caribbean) East Africa, India, Ceylon, Caribbean) East Africa, India, Ceylon, S/SE Asia, Pacific, Arctic, N America S/SE Asia, Pacific, Arctic, N America

Evidence -- Widespread lexis – saber – Evidence -- Widespread lexis – saber – sibi in Crioulo, sabe in Krio and Bislama, sibi in Crioulo, sabe in Krio and Bislama, Save in Tok Pisin, sabiam in KamtokSave in Tok Pisin, sabiam in Kamtok

Page 24: Languages in Contact contact languages Languages that develop as a result of contact between other languages Languages that develop as a result of contact

continuedcontinued

BUTBUT Many pidgins and creoles that had Many pidgins and creoles that had

nothing to do with Portuguesenothing to do with Portuguese Turku – Arabic pidgin around Lake ChadTurku – Arabic pidgin around Lake Chad Sudanese Creole (Juba) Arabic – LF Sudanese Creole (Juba) Arabic – LF

Southern SudanSouthern Sudan Nubi Arabic Creole in Kenya and UgandaNubi Arabic Creole in Kenya and Uganda

Page 25: Languages in Contact contact languages Languages that develop as a result of contact between other languages Languages that develop as a result of contact

continuedcontinued

African slaves drafted into Egyptian army African slaves drafted into Egyptian army in Sudan – joined British army in East in Sudan – joined British army in East AfricaAfrica

Numbers in Nubi Arabic CreoleNumbers in Nubi Arabic Creole

Wai, tinin, talata, arba, khamsa, sitaWai, tinin, talata, arba, khamsa, sita

Page 26: Languages in Contact contact languages Languages that develop as a result of contact between other languages Languages that develop as a result of contact

UniverslismUniverslism

each pidgin and creole develops each pidgin and creole develops

independently independently common features are the result of a common features are the result of a

bioprogram (Bickerton) bioprogram (Bickerton) Human mind is universal – so are pidgins Human mind is universal – so are pidgins

and creolesand creoles Why not both?Why not both?