languages in contact contact languages languages that develop as a result of contact between other...
TRANSCRIPT
Languages in ContactLanguages in Contact
contact languagescontact languages Languages that develop as a result of Languages that develop as a result of
contact between other languagescontact between other languages lingua franca, jargon, koine, pidgin, lingua franca, jargon, koine, pidgin,
creole,constructed languagescreole,constructed languages South East Asia – several examplesSouth East Asia – several examples
PIDGINPIDGIN
Used for communication by non-native Used for communication by non-native speakersspeakers
Always a second language (restricted Always a second language (restricted input)input)
Develop rapidly (and may die rapidly )Develop rapidly (and may die rapidly ) Hundreds known – others not recordedHundreds known – others not recorded
FeaturesFeatures
Simplified lexis, phonology, syntax, Simplified lexis, phonology, syntax, morphologymorphology
Example – Solomon Islands PidginExample – Solomon Islands PidginMifela I-go go long solwater, lukoutim fish, Mifela I-go go long solwater, lukoutim fish,
now win I-kum. Now mifela I-go alabout now win I-kum. Now mifela I-go alabout long kinu now bigfela win I-kum now, long kinu now bigfela win I-kum now, mifela I-fafasi allabout rong tumus.mifela I-fafasi allabout rong tumus.
Example (?) – Korean Example (?) – Korean Bamboo EnglishBamboo English
Taksan years ago, skoshi Cinderella-san Taksan years ago, skoshi Cinderella-san lived in hootchie with sisters. Poor little lived in hootchie with sisters. Poor little Cinderella-san ketchee no fun, have no Cinderella-san ketchee no fun, have no social life. Aways washee-washee, social life. Aways washee-washee, scrubee- scrubee, make chop-chop. One scrubee- scrubee, make chop-chop. One day Cinderella-san ketchee post cardo day Cinderella-san ketchee post cardo from Seoul. from Seoul.
Superstrate and Superstrate and substratesubstrate
SuperstrateSuperstrate language provides language provides vocabulary – socially dominantvocabulary – socially dominant
may be may be relexifiedrelexified SubstrateSubstrate languages may provide languages may provide
structurestructure (structure may also reflect universal (structure may also reflect universal
features)features)
ContinuedContinued
Principal superstrate languages are Principal superstrate languages are English, Portuguese, Spanish, French, English, Portuguese, Spanish, French, also Juba Arabicalso Juba Arabic
Occasional equal languages -- Occasional equal languages -- RussonorskRussonorsk
BackgroundBackground
Most Pidgins are in Caribbean and Most Pidgins are in Caribbean and PacificPacific
Also found in North America, Arctic, West Also found in North America, Arctic, West AfricaAfrica
associated with any contact situation --associated with any contact situation --trade, slavery, plantationstrade, slavery, plantations
CreolesCreoles
A pidgin taught to childrenA pidgin taught to children Learnt as first language (with restricted Learnt as first language (with restricted
input) input) Rapid developmentRapid development Distinction between pidgins and creoles Distinction between pidgins and creoles
not always clearnot always clear Pidgin and creole variants of same Pidgin and creole variants of same
language may coexistlanguage may coexist
Example – Tok PisinExample – Tok Pisin
Dispela man i- stap naboutlong ples Dispela man i- stap naboutlong ples matmat na i kam. Em I save slip long matmat na i kam. Em I save slip long ples matmat. Na I no gat wanpela ples matmat. Na I no gat wanpela man inap long pasim em. Sen ti I no man inap long pasim em. Sen ti I no inap. Plenti taim ol i bin pasim em inap. Plenti taim ol i bin pasim em long hankap na sen.long hankap na sen.
ContinuedContinued
More complex than pidgins but less so than More complex than pidgins but less so than superstrate and substrate languagessuperstrate and substrate languages
Distinct languages, although speakers may not Distinct languages, although speakers may not be aware of thisbe aware of this
Attitudes to Creoles vary – existence may be Attitudes to Creoles vary – existence may be denieddenied
ContinuedContinued
Often despised, sometimes source of Often despised, sometimes source of identity, occasionally national statusidentity, occasionally national status
post-creole continuum -creole is post-creole continuum -creole is absorbed by superstrate languageabsorbed by superstrate language
In Caribbean may be several ways of In Caribbean may be several ways of saying one sentencesaying one sentence
CreolisationCreolisation
Some languages may be simplified when Some languages may be simplified when learnt as a second languageslearnt as a second languages
Varieties of Malay – bazaar/market Varieties of Malay – bazaar/market Malay, Jakarta Malay Malay, Jakarta Malay
Afrikaans -- simplified version of Dutch in Afrikaans -- simplified version of Dutch in South AfricaSouth Africa
Varieties of French in Indian OceanVarieties of French in Indian Ocean
continuedcontinued
Also called semi-creoles or creoloidsAlso called semi-creoles or creoloids Suggested not preceded by creolesSuggested not preceded by creoles
But maybe there was a brief period when But maybe there was a brief period when a creole and before that a pidgin existeda creole and before that a pidgin existed
continuedcontinued
Compare English with German and Compare English with German and DutchDutch
Syntax and morphology much less Syntax and morphology much less complexcomplex
At some point was English At some point was English creolised? –I.e. learnt as a second creolised? –I.e. learnt as a second language language
continuedcontinued
Alternative explanation – Middle English Alternative explanation – Middle English (1150-1450) is a post-creole developed (1150-1450) is a post-creole developed from a creole which in turn developed from a creole which in turn developed from a pidginfrom a pidgin
Very speculativeVery speculative
continuedcontinued
Is it possible that languages may become Is it possible that languages may become creoles without going through a pidgin creoles without going through a pidgin stage?stage?
Features of pidgins and Features of pidgins and creolescreoles
Pidgins & creoles have common featuresPidgins & creoles have common features limited morphologylimited morphology loss of case loss of case Loss of gender Loss of gender Lexicalisation of gender Lexicalisation of gender Questions marked by intonation or lexisQuestions marked by intonation or lexis
continuedcontinued
Absence of copula “to be”Absence of copula “to be” Preverbal negationPreverbal negation No tonesNo tones But creoles are closer to other languagesBut creoles are closer to other languages More complex syntax and morphologyMore complex syntax and morphology Expanded lexiconExpanded lexicon
DecreolisationDecreolisation
Education in standard languages affects Education in standard languages affects creolescreoles
Assimilated by standard languages – Assimilated by standard languages – become dialectsbecome dialects
Post-creole continuum in transitional Post-creole continuum in transitional societiessocieties
Jamaica and Papua New Guinea – listen Jamaica and Papua New Guinea – listen to Bob Marley and Panim Wok Bandto Bob Marley and Panim Wok Band
exampleexample
Church Creole in Suriname – variety Church Creole in Suriname – variety developed about 1780 for religious developed about 1780 for religious purposes – widely imitated purposes – widely imitated
Belly – Sranan – bere -- CC – beleBelly – Sranan – bere -- CC – bele Time -- te -- temTime -- te -- tem Help helpi -- yepi Help helpi -- yepi
RecreolisationRecreolisation
Afro-Caribbeans in England – adopt Afro-Caribbeans in England – adopt features of patois – but is it really features of patois – but is it really recreolisation?recreolisation?
OriginsOrigins
Monogenesis ?Monogenesis ? family tree model family tree model Sabir -- Italian based trade language Sabir -- Italian based trade language Portuguese relexification Portuguese relexification spread by traders and sailorsspread by traders and sailors Further relexificationFurther relexification
continuedcontinued
Pidgins in West Africa (and then Pidgins in West Africa (and then Caribbean) East Africa, India, Ceylon, Caribbean) East Africa, India, Ceylon, S/SE Asia, Pacific, Arctic, N America S/SE Asia, Pacific, Arctic, N America
Evidence -- Widespread lexis – saber – Evidence -- Widespread lexis – saber – sibi in Crioulo, sabe in Krio and Bislama, sibi in Crioulo, sabe in Krio and Bislama, Save in Tok Pisin, sabiam in KamtokSave in Tok Pisin, sabiam in Kamtok
continuedcontinued
BUTBUT Many pidgins and creoles that had Many pidgins and creoles that had
nothing to do with Portuguesenothing to do with Portuguese Turku – Arabic pidgin around Lake ChadTurku – Arabic pidgin around Lake Chad Sudanese Creole (Juba) Arabic – LF Sudanese Creole (Juba) Arabic – LF
Southern SudanSouthern Sudan Nubi Arabic Creole in Kenya and UgandaNubi Arabic Creole in Kenya and Uganda
continuedcontinued
African slaves drafted into Egyptian army African slaves drafted into Egyptian army in Sudan – joined British army in East in Sudan – joined British army in East AfricaAfrica
Numbers in Nubi Arabic CreoleNumbers in Nubi Arabic Creole
Wai, tinin, talata, arba, khamsa, sitaWai, tinin, talata, arba, khamsa, sita
UniverslismUniverslism
each pidgin and creole develops each pidgin and creole develops
independently independently common features are the result of a common features are the result of a
bioprogram (Bickerton) bioprogram (Bickerton) Human mind is universal – so are pidgins Human mind is universal – so are pidgins
and creolesand creoles Why not both?Why not both?