languages for the future - british council
TRANSCRIPT
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F@EK^@KN_ CIZ]HN C^]^ZN[haoh f`eku`kns thn ^B ennms gist `em why
www.jratashoiueoaf.irk
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]has rnpirt w`s oiggassaienm jy thn Jratash Oiueoaf `em prnp`rnmjy ]nrns` ]aesfny `em B`thrye Ji`rm ic @fo`et`r` Oiggueao`taies.
]nrns` ]aesfnyas ` faekuast wath ivnr
?4 yn`rs nxpnraneon ae e`taie`f
irk`eas`taies mnvitnm ti f`eku`kns
nmuo`taie. @t OAF], thn E`taie`f Onetrn
cir F`eku`kns, shn fnm thn irk`eas`taies
aecirg`taie, rnsn`roh `em pujfao`taies
`otavatans. _hn nst`jfashnm OAF]s
F`eku`kn ]rnems snrans ic rnpirts
`em primuonm st`tastaos `em pifaoy
mnvnfipgnets pujfashnm `s F`eku`kns
Qn`rjiibs 011>:44;. _hn w`s aevifvnm
ae snvnr f Nuripn`e rnsn`roh prilnots ie
guftafaeku`fasg `em as ` gngjnr ic thn
Nuripn`e Oiggassaies F`eku`kns ae
Nmuo`taie `em ]r`aeaek kriup. _aeon
ciuemaek @fo`et`r` Oiggueao`taies,
shn h`s oiemuotnm pifaoy rnsn`roh ie
f`eku`kns assuns cir ofanets aeofumaek thn
Jratash @o`mngy em OcJ] Nmuo`taie ]rust.
B`thrye Ji`rm w`s Ohanc Nxnoutavn
ic OAF], ]hn E`taie`f Onetrn cir
F`eku`kns crig :448 `em h`s wirbnm
wath spnoa`fasts `em ` wamn r`ekn ic
nmuo`taie`f aestatutaies ti privamn
`mvaon ie nmuo`taie`f pifaoy `s wnff
`s ie aeata`tavns `agnm `t aeorn`saek
f`eku`kn fn`reaek `oriss thn ^B. Jncirn
liaeaek OAF], shn spnet ?4 yn rs wirbaek
cir thn Jratash Oiueoaf ae ` eugjnr ic
aetnre`taie`f `em g`e`kngnet rifns.
Eiw p`rta`ffy rntarnm, shn oietaeuns ti
wirb ie rnsn`roh prilnots whnrn shn
o`e jraek ae hnr nxpnrtasn. B`thrye
spn`bs _p`eash, Knrg`e `em Mutoh `em
as wirbaek h`rm ie agprivaek hnr @r`jao.
@fo`et`r` Oiggueao`taiesprivamns
nxpnrtasn ti e`taie`f `em aetnre`taie`f
irk`eas`taies, prav`tn oigp`eans em tharm
snotir jimans ie f`eku`kn nmuo`taie
pifaoans, guftafaeku`fasg `em f`eku`kns
ae ngpfiygnet `em uemnrt`bns rnsn`roh
`em `e`fysas ae thas ffnfm.
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@JI^] ]HNJZA]A_H OI^EOAF]hn Jratash Oiueoaf as thn ^Bs aetnre`taie`f irk`eas`taie cir nmuo`taie`f ippirtueatans`em ouftur`f rnf`taies. [n orn`tn aetnre`taie`f ippirtueatans cir thn pnipfn ic thn ^B`em ithnr oiuetrans `em juafm trust jntwnne thng wirfmwamn.
[n wirb ae girn th`e 044 oiuetrans em iur ;,444 st`cc aeofumaek :,444 tn`ohnrs wirb wath thius`ems ic pricnssaie`fs em pifaoy g`bnrs em gaffaies ic yiuek pnipfnnvnry yn`r tn`ohaek Nekfash, sh`raek thn rts em ae nmuo`taie em sioanty prikr`ggns.
[n rn B oh`raty kivnrenm jy Ziy`f Oh`rtnr. @ pujfao`ffy-cuemnm kr`et-ae-`am privamnsfnss th`e ` qu`rtnr ic iur tureivnr whaoh f`st yn`r w`s ;80 gaffaie. ]hn rnst wn n`recrig Nekfash tn`ohaek, ^B nx`gs `em snrvaons whaoh oustignrs `riuem thn wirfm p`y cir,thriukh nmuo`taie em mnvnfipgnet oietr`ots em crig p`rtenrshaps wath ithnr aestatutaies,jr`ems `em oigp`eans. @ff iur wirb as ae pursuat ic iur oh`rat`jfn purpisn `em orn`tns
prispnraty `em snouraty cir thn ^B `em thn oiuetrans wn wirb ae `ff `riuem thn wirfm.Cir girn aecirg`taie, pfn`sn vasat< www.jratashoiueoaf.irkQiu o`e fsi bnnpae tiuoh wath thn Jratash Oiueoaf thriukh http
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CIZN[IZM
Ie ` pistnr ie thn w`ff ae ` ueavnrsaty ae Jnalaek, A rnonetfy rn`m thnsnrng`rb`jfn wirms crig Enfsie G`emnf`< Ac yiu t`fb ti ` g`e ae `f`eku`kn hn uemnrst`ems, th`t kins ti has hn`m. Ac yiu t`fb ti hag ae hasiwe f`eku`kn, th`t kins ti has hn`rt. En`rfy 0,444 pnipfn wnrn t`baekthnar Nekfash nx`gs th`t m`y.
A `g prium ti wirb cir `e irk`eas`taie
whaoh iccnrs gaffaies ic fn`renrs
wirfmwamn `oonss ti thn nmuo`taie,
lij ippirtueatans `em sioa f gijafaty
th`t Nekfash jraeks. Jut ae thn ^B wn
gust `oonpt th`t spn`baek Nekfash
`fien as eit neiukh ae ` wirfm whnrn
guftafaeku`fasg as jnoigaek thn eirg.
]hnrn o`e jn ei miujt th`t thn ^B ennms
girn ic ats pnipfn ti spn`b cirnake
f`eku`kns cir ngpfiy`jafaty, cir tr`mn
`em thn noieigy, `em cir iur ouftur f
facn. Jut, fnts jn hienst, thnrn rn
jak j`rranrs ti thas. _i g`ey pnipfn
wirfmwamn mi spn`b Nekfash, em fn`reaek
cirnake f`eku`kns ae thn B h`s ictne
jnne snne s e o`mngao pursuat r`thnr
th`e ` vat f sbaff. Guoh ic thas rnvifvns
`riuem thn maccnrneon jntwnne jnaek
unet ir cueotaie`f ae f`eku`kn.
]hn Jratash Oiueoafs nxpnraneon ic Nekfashf`eku`kn tn`ohaek as th`t wh`t g`ttnrs
gist as jnaek jfn ti uemnrst`em em ti jn
uemnrstiim2 whnthnr thn ennm as cir j`sao
vio`juf`ry ti kavn marnotaies ti t`xa
mravnr ir cir girn nxtnesavn vio`juf`ry
ti jn e aetnre`taie f jusaenss pnrsie.
At as h`rm ti beiw, nspnoa`ffy `t ` yiuek
`kn, whaoh f`eku`kn as fabnfy ti jn ic
gist usn. _i pnrh`ps ` girn cueotaie`f
cious h`vaek neiukh gakht jn thn
bny ti prigitaek f`eku`kn fn`reaek ae
thn ^B. Eit ti agpivnrash ir fnssne thn`o`mngao ir ouftur`f v`fun ic fiek-tnrg
f`eku`kn stumy, jut ti aeorn`sn thn
eugjnr ic pnipfn whi cnnf `jfn eit
ue`jfn ti tr`vnf, nxpfirn, e`vak`tn
`em nek`kn `t sign fnvnf wath pnipfn
ae ithnr f`eku`kns.
]hn `e fysas ic noieigao `em ouftur f
aemao`tirs ae thas rnpirt sukknsts eit th`t
pnipfn ae thn ^B `rn fn`reaek thn wriek
f`eku`kns, jut th`t wn ennm c`r girn
pnipfn fn`reaek ` guoh wamnr r`ekn ic
f`eku`kns ae thn cuturn. Crneoh, _p`eash
`em Knrg`e waff oietaeun ti jn agpirt`et
jut wn waff fsi ennm sakeaffo`etfy
girn @r`jao, G`em`rae Ohaensn `em
Tirtukunsn spn`bnrs `s wnff `s spn`bnrs
ic At fa`e, L`p`ensn, Zussa`e `em ]urbash.
At as wirth rngngjnraek th`t whne wn
thaeb ic f`eku`kns ae thn ^B, wn tnem ti
thaeb ic kiaek `w`y. Hiwnvnr, kavne
th`t L`p`ensn o`r g`euc`oturnrs,
Ohaensn aecr`struoturn mnvnfipnrs `em
Crneoh utafaty oigp`eans ff g`bn hukn
oietrajutaies ae thn ^B, yiu mi eit ennmti oriss thn nqu`tir ir nvne thn Nekfash
Oh`eenf ti ffem satu`taies em lijs whnrn
nvne ` fattfn Ohaensn, L`p`ensn, ir
Crneoh o`e jn rn`f o`rnnr neh`eonr.
Cavn ir tne phr`sns waff ne`jfn gist
pnipfn ti e`vak`tn g`ey oiuetrans `t `
j`sao fnvnf. 0,444 wirms o`e jn neiukh
ti cnnf `utieigius, oieffmnet `em snourn
ae `eithnr oiuetry `em jraeks sign
ouftur f uemnrst`emaek. Cfunet as `e
aehajatir, cueotaie f as ` fajnr`tir. At jnkaes
wath ` cnw wirms `em phr`sns `em th`tsg ff aevnstgnet o`e kriw aeti ` facntagn
ic aetnrnst, ngpfiygnet `em ippirtueaty.
Lihe [iren
Marnotir ic _tr`tnky,
Jratash Oiueoaf
Lihe [iren as rnspiesajfn cir thn
Jratash Oiueoafs kfij`f str`tnky,
kivnre`eon, wnj `em makat`f prnsneon
`em rnput`taie. Hn wratns em spn`bs ie
thn v`fun ic oufturn em thn agpirt`eon
ic f`eku`kns em aetnre`taie f sbaffs cir
thn ^Bs yiuek pnipfn. Hn as ` rnkuf`r
gnma` oiggnet`tir ie sict piwnr em
thn ^Bs st`emaek ae thn wirfm. @ Crneoh
spn`bnr, Lihe h`s favnm `em wirbnm ae
T`ras s wnff s Hiek Biek, Oifigja`,
Zussa`, Aemiensa` em G`f`ysa`. Hn h`s
`fsi hnfm sneair pisataies `t thn O`jaent
Icffon `em thn Mnp`rtgnet ic Hn`fth.
:
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At as ` wamnfy hnfm ac eit uemasputnm
vanw th`t thn ^B as f`obaek ae thn
enonss`ry f`eku`kn sbaffs cir thn cuturn,
p`rtfy jno`usn ic thn st`tus ic Nekfash
`s thn f`eku`kn ic aetnre`taie`f
oiggueao`taies.
]has rnpirt snnbs ti privamn ` str`tnkao
`e`fysas ic thn ^Bs fiek-tnrg f`eku`kn
ennms, fiibaek `t ` v`ranty ic noieigao,
knipifatao`f, ouftur`f `em nmuo`taie`f
aemao`tirs `em soiraek maccnrnet f`eku`kns
`k`aest thnsn. At amnetaffns ` fast ic
tne f`eku`kns whaoh waff jn ic oruoa`f
agpirt`eon cir thn ^Bs prispnraty,
snouraty `em aeuneon ae thn wirfm ae
thn yn`rs `hn`m.
]hn aemao`tirs usnm `rn. mapfig`tao em snouraty prairatans
3. thn pujfaos f`eku`kn aetnrnsts
;. iutw`rm vasatir mnstae`taies
8. ^B kivnregnets Aetnre`taie`f
Nmuo`taie _tr`tnky prairatans
1. fnvnfs ic Nekfash priffoaneoy
ae ithnr oiuetrans
04. thn prnv`fneon ic maccnrnetf`eku`kns ie thn aetnrent.
Crig thn `e`fysas ic f`eku`kns `k`aest
thnsn aemao`tirs `em at as wirth
rngngjnraek th`t thny aeofumn ouftur`f
`em nmuo`taie`f prairatans `s wnff `s
noieigao iens oigns ` fast ic thn
tne gist agpirt`et f`eku`kns cir thn
^Bs cuturn2 ae irmnr Knrg`e
3 Tirtukunsn
; At`fa`e
87 Zussa`e
87 ]urbash
04 L`p`ensn
@ survny oiggassaienm jy thn Jratash
Oiueoaf cir thas rnpirt sukknsts th`t
thrnn qu`rtnrs ic thn ^B pujfao `rn
ue`jfn ti spn`b `ey ic thnsn f`eku`kns
wnff neiukh ti hifm ` oievnrs`taie.
]hnsn ffemaeks sukknst eit th`t pnipfn
ae thn ^B `rn fn`reaek thn wriek
f`eku`kns, jut thn ^B ennms ti mnvnfip
ats oataznes oigpntneon ae wamnr r`ekn
ic f`eku`kns, em ae c`r krn`tnr eugjnrs,
ae irmnr ti rn`p thn noieigao `em
ouftur`f jnenffts `v`af`jfn ti thisn whi
h`vn thnsn sbaffs.
]hn oieofusaie ic thas `e`fysas as th`t
thn ^B gust t`bn ` str`tnkao `ppri`oh
ae pf`eeaek cir nccnotavn mnvnfipgnet icthn f`eku`kn o`p`oaty whaoh thas oiuetry
ennms. ]has h`s agpfao`taies cir]hn :400 ^B Onesus
amnetaffnm Tifash `s thn gist wamnfy
spibne g`ae f`eku`kn `ctnr thn ^Bs
iwe aemakneius f`eku`kns (jut thn
cirguf`taie ic thn onesus qunstaie
gn`et th`t g`ey ithnr f`eku`kns spibne
jy girn nst`jfashnm aggakr`et kriups
wnrn uemnr-rnprnsnetnm). Tupaf onesusns
o`rranm iut jy thn Mnp`rtgnet cir
Nmuo`taie (McN),3thn _oittash Nxnoutavn,;
nmuo`taie `uthiratans ae [`fns8`em
rnsn`roh oiemuotnm jy thn Eirthnre
Arnf`em Mnp`rtgnet ic Nmuo`taie1shiwth`t thn tip tne f`eku`kns spibne jy
sohiifohafmrne ae thn ^B oiesast ic ciur
crig thn Aema`e sujoietaenet (T`el`ja,
^rmu, Kul`r`ta `em Jnek`fa), thrnn crig
Nuripn (Tifash, Crneoh `em Tirtukunsn),
`em @r`jao, ]`gaf `em _ig`fa. ]hn
faekuastao sbaffs ic thnsn ohafmrne shiufm
jn t`bne aeti ooiuet ae ey oiesamnr`taie
ic hiw f`eku`kn sbaffs o`e jn mnvnfipnm
ti neh`eon cuturn ouftur`f em noieigao
oiet`ots jntwnne thn ^B `em oiuetrans
whnrn thnsn f`eku`kns `rn spibne.
Mnspatn thas `pp`rnet raohenss, thn ennm
cir thn ^B ti agprivn ats o`p`jafaty ae
f`eku`kns as aeoietnst`jfn, s shiwe jy
thn ciffiwaek c`otirs yn`r
ifms `jiut ti t`bn thnar KO_N nx`gs
mam eit `ohanvn `ey gn`sur`jfn fnvnf t
ff ae thn f`eku`kn thny wnrn stumyaek.
]hn eugjnr ic stumnets t`baek @-fnvnfs
ae f`eku`kns h`s jnne c`ffaek cir `
eugjnr ic yn`rs ae :40? fien jy
ffvn pnr onet. F`eku`kns eiw g`bn
up iefy ?.8 pnr onet ic `ff sujlnot
netrans, gn`eaek th`t cnwnr th`e ien
ae nvnry :3 stumnets fn`res ` f`eku`kn
jnyiem ` j`sao fnvnf. Crneoh `emKnrg`e netrans cnff jy tne pnr onet
`em 00 pnr onet rnspnotavnfy,
ciffiwaek ie crig ffvn pnr onet `em
snvne pnr onet mnofaens ae :40:.00
Ae _oitf`em thnrn as oieonre `jiut
thn oietaeuaek mnofaen ae Crneoh
`em Knrg`e ae jith _t`em`rm
Kr`mn `em Hakhnr nx`gae`taies.0:
]hnrn as oieonre `jiut thn fiw
eugjnrs ic stumnets t`baek f`eku`kn
mnkrnn oiursns.0?@s ` criet p`kn
`rtaofn ae thn Ijsnrvnrrnonetfy eitnm,
thn =,;44 stumnets whi h`vn jnne
`oonptnm ae :40? ti st`rt f`eku`kn
mnkrnns as mw`rcnm jy fgist tne tagns
th`t eugjnr t`baek jusaenss stumans.0=
Jratash ngpfiynrs rnkuf`rfy nxprnss
mass`tasc`otaie wath sohiif em oiffnkn
fn`vnrs sbaffs ae f`eku`kns. Ae `
:40? survny ic jusaenssns jy thnOiecnmnr`taie ic Jratash Aemustry iefy
?3 pnr onet wnrn s`tasffnm wath thnar
ngpfiynns f`eku`kn sbaffs, oigp`rnm
wath 1? pnr onet whi wnrn s`tasffnm
ir vnry s`tasffnm wath sohiif `em
oiffnkn fn`vnrs sbaffs ae thn usn
ic A].0>_nvne iut ic tne jusaenssns
st`tnm th`t thny v`fun f`eku`kn sbaffs
ae thnar ngpfiynns.
Ae thnar :40: pujfao`taie Nxpirtaek as
kiim cir Jrat`ae, thn Jratash Oh`gjnrs
ic Oiggnron03`rkunm th`t `e ae`jafatyti tr`mn ae f`eku`kns ithnr th`e
Nekfash as m`g`kaek thn ^Bs nxpirt
pnrcirg`eon. ]hnar rnpirt st`tnm
th`t thn nxtnet ic thn f`eku`kn
mnffoat ae thn ^B as trufy snraius< up
ti 13 pnr onet ic rnspiemnets h`m
ei cirnake f`eku`kn `jafaty cir thn
g`rbnts thny snrvnm, `em thn f`rknst
f`eku`kn mnffoats `rn cir thn c`stnst-
mnvnfipaek g`rbnts.0;
]hn Jratash @o`mngy h`s g`mn `
piwnrcuf o`sn cir f`eku`kns eit
]HN ^B_ F@EK^@KN OH@FFNEKN
>. Lihe Nvnrsfny nt `f. (:404) F`eku`kn O`pat`f. G`ppaek thn F`eku`kns ic Fiemies _ohiifohafmrne, OAF]/Aestatutn ic Nmuo`taie.
3. E`taie`f @ssioa`taie cir F`eku`kn Mnvnfipgnet ae thn Ourraoufug (:400) _ohiif Onesus L`eu`ry :400 F`eku`kn M`t`. Eugjnr ic Oigpufsiry _ohiif @kn Tupafs ae Trag`ry,
_noiem`ry em _pnoa`f _ohiifs jy Mnof`rnm Carst F`eku`kn< www.e`fmao.irk.ub/rnsn`roh-`em-aecirg`taie/n`f-st`tastaos/f`ek
;. E`taie`f _t`tas taos (:400) Tupafs ae _oitf`em :400. G`ae Hign F`eku`kn.
8. [nfsh @ssngjfy Kivnregnet (:404) _ohiif Onesus< http< //w`fns.kiv.ub/tipaos/st`tastaos /hn`mfaens/sohiifs:400/004143/9f`ek7ne
1. Mnp`rtgnet ic Nmuo`taie Eirthnre Arnf`em (:40?) Enwoignr Tupafs< www.mnea.kiv.ub/aemnx/suppirt-`em-mnvnfipgnet-:/`mmataie`f-nmuo`taie`f-suppirt/enwoignr-pifaoy.htg
04. Nuripn`e Oiggassaie (:40:) Carst Nuripn`e _urvny ie F`eku`kn Oigpntneons. Cae`f Znpirt< http. Oiecnmnr`taie ic Jratash Aemustry `em Tn`rsie (:40?) Oh`ekaek thn T`on. OJA/Tn`rsie Nmuo`taie em _baffs _ur vny :40?.
03. Jratash Oh`gjnrs ic Oiggnron (:40:) Nxpirtaek As Kiim cir Jrat`ae _baffs pnr onet ic thn `muft ^B pipuf`taie
as ue`jfn ti hifm ` oievnrs`taie ae
`ey ic thn tne f`eku`kns hakhfakhtnm
`s agpirt`et ae thas rnpirt.
G@BAEK _NE_N IC ]HN^B_ F@EK^@KN ENNM_
Jut whaoh f`eku`kns mins thn ^B gist
ennm9 ^efabn thnar pnnrs ae g`ey oiuetrans
ic thn wirfm, pnipfn ae Nekfash-spn`baek
e taies mi eit h`vn ien ijvaius f eku`kn
whaoh nvnryien shiufm fn`re. ]r`mataie ffy
iur sohiifs `em ueavnrsatans h`vn t`ukht
Crneoh `em Knrg`e, jut thnsn `rn thn
f`eku`kns th`t h`vn succnrnm gist crig
rnonet mnofaens. ]hn eugjnr ic pnipfn
stumyaek _p`eash h`s aeorn`snm stn`mafy
ti thn nxtnet th`t at h`s eiw ivnrt`bne
Knrg`e `s thn ^Bs snoiem gist
pipuf`r f`eku`kn ti fn`re. Jut as thas
wh`t thn ^B ennms, kavne thn strnekth
ic thn Knrg`e noieigy, ats st`tus `s
thn ^Bs eugjnr ien tr`maek p`rtenr
`em beiwe ngpfiynr mng`em cir
Knrg`e ae thn ^B9 Aemnnm, shiufm thn^B jn fiibaek `t Nuripn`e f`eku`kns
`t `ff, ir aestn`m jn puttaek ats nenrkans
aeti mnvnfipaek oigpntneon ae g`lir
kfij`f f`eku`kns suoh `s G`em`rae
Ohaensn `em @r`jao9 @em wh`t `jiut
Zussa`e `em L`p`ensn, hnr`fmnm sign
yn`rs `ki `s upoigaek f`eku`kns,
jut stujjirefy rnsast`et ti sakeaffo`et
kriwth wathae iur nmuo`taie systngs9
Ae tnrgs ic eugjnrs ic ffrst f`eku`kn
spn`bnrs, G`em`rae Ohaensn as n`safy
thn gist prnmigae`et f`eku`kn ae thn
wirfm tim`y, `em oiffnotavnfy, `ff Ohaensn
f`eku`kns tit`f 0,01; gaffaie e`tavn
spn`bnrs.01G`ey ic thn f`eku`kns ae
Oh`rt 0 jnfiw `fsi h`vn vnry f`rkn
eugjnrs ic snoiem f`eku`kn spn`bnrs.
At wiufm jn n`sy ti oieofumn th`t wn
shiufm `fake iur f`eku`kn fn`reaek
nccirts `ooirmaekfy, jut mins thas rnnot
thn trun j f`eon ic thn ^Bs cuturn ennms9
Oh`rt 0< ]ip tne gist wamnfy spibne f`eku`kns, jy ffrst f`eku`kn spn`bnrs (gaffaies)
L`v`ensn
8=
L`p`ensn
0::
Zussa`e
03:
Jnek`fa
01?
Tirtukunsn
:4?
@r`jao
(`ff v`rantans)
::?
Haema
:34
Nekfash
??>
_p`eash
=43
G`em`rae Ohaensn
8=8
_iuron< Ntheifikun< www.ntheifikun.oig/st`tastaos/sazn
F@EK^@KN_ CIZ ]HN C^]^ZN ;
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Nekfash as ic oiursn wamnfy usnm `s `
faeku` cr`eo` `s wnff `s ae aetnre`taie`f
irk`eas`taies suoh `s thn Aetnre`taie`f
Gient`ry Cuem (AGC) em thn [irfm J`eb,
whnrn at as thn iefy icffoa`f f`eku`kn. Jut
` eugjnr ic ithnr f`eku`kns fsi ppn`r
crnqunetfy `s oi-icffoa`f f`eku`kns ae
aetnre`taie`f irk`eas`taies. ]hn ^eatnmE`taies (^E), cir nx`gpfn, h`s s ats icffoa f
f`eku`kns @r`jao, Ohaensn, Nekfash,
Crneoh, Zussa`e `em _p`eash whafn thn
Aetnre`taie`f F`jiur Irk`eas`taie (AFI)
usns Nekfash, Crneoh `em _p`eash.
Crneoh as `e icffoa`f f`eku`kn `fieksamn
Nekfash `t thn Irk`eas`taie cir Noieigao
Oi-ipnr`taie `em Mnvnfipgnet (INOM),
thn Aetnre`taie`f Ifygpao Oiggattnn em
thn Oiueoaf ic Nuripn, whafn _p`eash
`em Tirtukunsn `rn oi-icffoa`f ae p`e-
@gnrao`e aestatutaies, `s `rn Tirtukunsn
`em Crneoh ae @crao`e aetnre`taie`f
irk`eas`taies. Ae thn N^, thn e`taie`f
f`eku`kns ic ff gngjnr st`tns rn
icffoa`f, wath Nekfash, Crneoh `em Knrg`e
eigae`tnm `s wirbaek f`eku`kns.
]`jfn 0 shiws ` r`ebaek ic thn tip
0> noieigans j`snm ie KMT ae :404
`em :4:4 jy Nurigieatir. ]hn kriwaek
agpirt`eon ic ngnrkaek noieigans waff
h`vn agpfao`taies cir kfij`f aeuneon,
oiesugptaie, aevnstgnet `em thn
nevariegnet. ]hnar mnvnfipaek oiesugnr
g`rbnts prnsnet neirgius ippirtueatans
cir jusaenssns ( fthiukh at as wirth eitaek
th`t aeoign pnr o`pat` waff rng`ae
hakhnr ae thn nst`jfashnm noieigans).
]`jfn 0< Z`ebaek ic noieigans wath thn f`rknst KMT ae :404
vnrsus :4:4 (TTT A$)
Z@EB :404 :4:4
0 ^eatnm _t`tns Ohae`
: Ohae` ^eatnm _t`tns
? L`p`e Aema`
= Aema` L`p`e
> Knrg`ey Zussa`
3 Zussa` Knrg`ey
; ^eatnm Baekmig Jr`zaf
8 Cr`eon ^eatnm Baekmig
1 Jr`zaf Cr`eon
04 At`fy Gnxaoi
00 Gnxaoi _iuth Birn`0: _iuth Birn` Aemiensa`
0? _p`ae At`fy
0= O`e`m` O`e`m`
0> Aemiensa` _p`ae
_iuron< Nurigieatir Ae tnre`taie`f :404(http
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F@EK^@KN_ CIZ ]HN C^]^ZN 1
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GN]HIMIFIKQ
Aevnstgnet ae f`eku`kn fn`reaek, whnthnr
jy onetr`f kivnregnet, nmuo`taie`f
aestatutaies ir prav`tn snotir irk`eas`taies,
rnquarns ` systng`tao `e`fysas ic whaoh
f`eku`kns o`e jraek gist jnenffts,
whnthnr ti pnipfn, sioanty `t f`rkn ir
iur noieigy. ]has pujfao`taie snnbs ti
t`bn cirw`rm thas `e`fysas jy amnetacyaek
` eugjnr ic oratnra` whaoh o`e jn
usnm ti am thn prairatas`taie ic f`eku`kns
`em h`s t`bne aeti `ooiuet jith g`rbnt
`em eie-g`rbnt c`otirs. Noieigao
aemao`tirs h`vn jnne j`f`eonm wath
ouftur`f aemao`tirs, pujfao aetnrnst ae
fn`reaek maccnrnet f`eku`kns, `em thn
ennm ti mnvnfip striek rnf`taieshaps
cir mapfig`tao, nmuo`taie`f ir str`tnkao
purpisns.
Noieigao `em ouftur`f c`otirs h`vn
jnne wnakhtnm nqu ffy `em thne qu faffnm
wath twi `mmataie`f oietnxtu`f c`otirs Mapfig`tao emsnouraty prairatans
3 ]hn pujfaosf`eku`kn aetnrnsts
; Iutw`rm em aew`rm tiurasg
8 Kivnregnets aetnre`taie`fnmuo`taie str`tnky prairatans
1 Fnvnfs ic Nekfash priffoaneoyae ithnr oiuetrans
04 ]hn prnv`fneon ic maccnrnetf`eku`kns ie thn aetnrent
Noieigao c`otirs
Ouftur`f, nmuo`taie`f `em mapfig`tao c`otirs
J`f`eoaek c`otirs
]hn tne aemao`tirs ohisne t`bn aeti
`ooiuet cuturn rnquarngnets `s wnff
`s ourrnet pr`otaon. Nvamneon h`s
jnne k`thnrnm crig aetnre`taie`f
irk`eas`taies, crig ^B kivnregnet
siurons, crig jusaenss irk`eas`taies
`em crig aemnpnemnet rnsn`roh. ]hn
oratnra` h`vn jnne snfnotnm ti o`pturnjittig up aemao`taies crig jusaenss
irk`eas`taies `em thn knenr`f pujfao,
`s wnff `s thn w`y ae whaoh f`eku`kns
o`e suppirt tip miwe kivnregnet
pifaoy. ]hn rnsn`roh mins eit g`bn
v`fun lumkngnets `jiut thn rnf`tavn
wirth ic maccnrnet oufturns.
]hn gnthimifiky as ipne ti rnffengnet
wath thn `mmataie ic enw aemao`tirs ir
`ftnre`tavn wnakhtaek, shiufm thas jn
thiukht jnenffoa`f. Cir nx`gpfn, thn
nxtnet ti whaoh f`eku`kns ir thnar sorapts`rn rnf`tnm oiufm jn c`otirnm ae thn
`jafaty ti rn`m thn @r`jao `fph`jnt kavns
`oonss eit iefy ti @r`jao, jut ti ^rmu,
C`rsa `em ithnr f`eku`kns2 `em vaon
vnrs`. _agaf`rfy ien gakht wash ti aeofumn
thn nxtnet ti whaoh maccnrnet f`eku`kns
`rn n`sy ti fn`re cir Nekfash spn`bnrs.
Oiesastnet wath thn g`ori cious ic thn
rnsn`roh, thn m`t` usnm rnf`tns, ae knenr f,
ti thn whifn ic thn ^B2 m`t` t`bne crig
siurons ic nvamneon rnf`taek ti thn
aemavamu`f e`taies ic thn ^B gakht kavnsfakhtfy maccnrnet rnsufts cir Nekf`em,
_oitf`em, Eirthnre Arnf`em ir [`fns
rnspnotavnfy. @s h`s jnne eitnm `jivn,
thn `ag as eit ti privamn ` mnffeatavn
`eswnr, jut ti ipne up masoussaie jiut
whaoh f`eku`kns `rn gist agpirt`et.
AMNE]ACQAEK ]HN F@EK^@KN_
]HN ^B ENNM_
04
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NOIEIGAO C@O]IZ_
Ourrnet B nxpirt tr`mn
(Aemao`tir 0)
]hn g`ae siuron cir ourrnet mng`em
as thn Icffon ic E`taie`f _t`tastaos (IE_)
m`t` ie thn ^Bs tip nxpirt g`rbnts
ae :40:. ]hnsn `rn snt iut ae Oh`rt :.@ sagpfn g`tohaek nxnroasn g`bns
at pissajfn ti amnetacy thn f`eku`kns
gist `ssioa`tnm wath thnsn oiuetrans.
Cir thn purpisn ic thas nxnroasn, rnkaie`f
ir fnssnr-usnm f`eku`kns h`vn jnne
igattnm. Girn mnt`afnm p`ttnres ic
f`eku`kn usn ae jusaenss ae maccnrnet
oiuetrans h`vn eit jnne t`bne aeti
`ooiuet, saeon thas wiufm enonssat`tn `
guoh girn oigpfnx panon ic rnsn`roh.
Hiwnvnr, thn fabnfy nxtnet ti whaoh
jusaenss o`e jn mien ae Nekfash h`s jnne
c`otirnm ae snn ]`jfn 8 ie p`kn 0>.
At as rnoikeasnm, hiwnvnr, th`t thnrn as
ei str`akhtcirw`rm rnf`taieshap jntwnne
ien e`taie `em ien f`eku`kn, `em
th`t kfij`f gijafaty `em thn aetnrent
`rn orn`taek nvnr girn oigpfnx
guftafaeku`f sioantans.
]hn tip tne f`eku`kns `ssioa`tnm wath
thn ^Bs ourrnet f`rknst nxpirt g`rbnts
`rn shiwe ae ]`jfn ?.
]`jfn ?< ]ip tne f`eku`kns ic thn
^Bs ourrnet gist agpirt`et
nxpirt g`rbnts (nxofumaek Nekfash)
Z@EB F@EK^@KN
0 Knrg`e
: Mutoh
? Crneoh
= G`em`rae `em ithnrOhaensn f`eku`kns
> _p`eash
3 At`fa`e
; _wnmash
8 Zussa`e
1 @r`jao
04 L`p`ensn
Oh`rt :< ^Bs tip nxpirt g`rbnts ae :40:
4 1,444 08,444 :;,444 ?3,444 =>,444
L`p`e
^eatnm @r`j Ngar`tns
Hiek Biek
Zussa`
_wnmne
_watznrf`em
At`fy
_p`ae
Ohae`
Jnfkaug em Fuxngjiurk
Arnf`em
Cr`eon
]hn Enthnrf`ems
Knrg`ey
^eatnm _t`tns =0,481
S`fun (gaffaies)
?:,331
:>,:4=
:4,:0?
0;,>?:
0=,3;>
04,>?8
8,>=3
8,0:3
3,;;;
>,;;:
>,>8;
>,?31
>,?3=
=,1::
_iuron< Icffon cir E`taie`f _t`tastaos (:40?) Tujfao`taies ]`jfns ^B ]r`mn Cnjru`ry :40?< www.ies.kiv.ub/ies/pujfao`taies/rn-rncnrneon-t`jfns.htgf9nmataie7tog
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]hn f`eku`kn ennms ic B
jusaenss (Aemao`tir :)
]hn snoiem siuron ic nvamneon usnmae rnf`taie ti thn ourrnet f`eku`kn ennms
ic jusaenss as thn Oiecnmnr`taie ic Jratash
Aemustrys :40? Nmuo`taie `em _baffs
_urvny.:4At rnpirts th`t ;4 pnr onet ic
rnspiemaek jusaenssns v`fun f`eku`kn
sbaffs giek thnar ngpfiynns, p`rtaouf`rfy
ae hnfpaek ti juafm rnf`taieshaps wath
ofanets, oustignrs em suppfanrs. Crig
thas rnpirt thn tip tne f`eku`kns gist
ae mng`em `rn shiwe ae Oh`rt ?.
^B kivnregnet cuturn tr`mn
prairatans (Aemao`tir ?)
Ae ats str`tnky cir cuturn aetnre`taie`fjusaenss nek`kngnet, ]r`mn em
Aevnstgnet cir Kriwth,:0thn ^B
kivnregnet strnssns thn oietaeuaek
agpirt`eon ic tr`mn wath nxastaek
p`rtenrs aeofumaek thn N^, gnetaieaek
ae p`rtaouf`r Knrg`ey, Cr`eon `em
Jnenfux, `s wnff `s thn Eirmao `em J`ftao
oiuetrans. Jut at `fsi gnetaies Aema`,
Jr`zaf, _iuth Birn`, Gnxaoi, thn Kufc
_t`tns, _iuth @crao`, ]urbny em Aemiensa .
Ae p`rt thas `mms curthnr wnakht ti Knrg`e,
Crneoh, Mutoh, _wnmash, _p`eash `em
@r`jao whaoh h`vn `frn`my jnne
gnetaienm `jivn, jut at `fsi aetrimuons
sign enw f`eku`kns aeti thn gax
?=
:1
:8
03
03
0?
0?
8
_iuron< Oiecnmnr`taie ic Jratash Aemustry `em Tn`rsie (:40?) Oh`ekaek thn T`on. OJA/Tn`rsie Nmuo`taie em _baffs _urvny :40?.
0:
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:4. Oiecnmnr`taie ic Jratash Aemustry `em Tn`rsie (:40?) Oh`ekaek thn T`on. OJA/Tn`rsie Nmuo`taie em _baffs _ur vny :40?.
:0. Mnp`rtgnet cir Jusaenss, Aeeiv`taie `em _baffs (:400) ]r`mn em Aevnstgnet cir Kriwth.
::. Oiecnmnr`taie ic Jratash Aemustry/Nrest & Qiuek (:400) [aeeaek Ivnrsn`s< Jiistaek Jusaenss Nxpirt Tnrcirg`eon.
Ngnrkaek hakh kriwth g`rbnts
(Aemao`tir =)
Nvamneon w`s usnm crig thn liaet OJA/Nrest & Qiuek pujfao`taie [aeeaek
Ivnrsn`s,::whaoh as nxpfaoat `jiut thn
ennm cir jnttnr f`eku`kn sbaffs ae irmnr
ti agprivn thn Bs nxpirt pitneta`f. At
o`ffs cir ` girn str`tnkao `ppri`oh ae
irmnr ti t`rknt hakh-kriwth g`rbnts ae
fnss mnvnfipnm oiuetrans, oataek eit iefy
thn si-o`ffnm JZAO(_) oiuetrans jut `fsi
thn Enxt 00 amnetaffnm jy Kifmg`e
_`ohs em thn :> hakh kriwth g`rbnts
snt iut jy Nrest & Qiuek. Oigjaeaek thn
Enxt 00 `em :> hakh kriwth g`rbnts
primuons thn fast ic oiuetrans `em
`ssioa`tnm f`eku`kns shiwe ae ]`jfn =.
]has fastaek aetrimuons ` eugjnr ic
f`eku`kns eit ynt gnetaienm, `s wnff `s
kavaek curthnr wnakht ti sign ic thisn
`frn`my amnetaffnm. _p`eash `em @r`jao
soirn p`rtaouf`rfy hakhfy ie thas aemao`tir.
G`baek prnmaotaies cir cuturn noieigao
agpirt`eon o`e jn prno`raius, `em
pifatao`f nvnets g`y aetnrvnen ti oh`ekn
nxpnot`taies, `s o`e jn snne ae Nkypt,
ae thn tagn saeon thas `e`fysas w`suemnrt`bne jy thn OJA `em ats p`rtenrs.
Cir thas rn`sie ` r`ekn ic siurons h`s
jnne usnm cir thas rnsn`roh ti j`f`eon
thn soirn.
@e nxpf`e`taie ic aemavamu`f soirns em
hiw piaets wnrn `w`rmnm as privamnm
ae thn @ppnemax.
]`jfn =< Hakh kriwth g`rbnts `em thnar f`eku`kns
OI^E]ZQ F@EK^@KN
@rknetae` _p`eash
J`ekf`mnsh Jnek`fa
Jr`zaf Tirtukunsn
Ohafn _p`eash
Ohae` G`em`rae em ithnr Ohaensn f`eku`kns
Oifigja` _p`eash
Oznoh Znpujfao Oznoh
Nkypt @r`jao
Kh`e` Nekfash, pfus @b`e em ithnrs
Aema` Nekfash, Haema, Kul`r`ta, T`el`ja, rmu, Jnek`fa em ithnrs
Aemiensa` Aemiensa`e, L`v`ensn em ithnrs
Ar`e C`rsa
B`z`bhst`e B`z`bh
G`f`ysa` G`f`ysa`e
Gnxaoi _p`eash
Eaknra` Nekfash, pfus H`us`, Akji, Qiruj` em ithnrs
T`bast`e ^rmuThafappaens ]`k`fik
Tif`em Tifash
Zussa` Zussa`e
_`uma @r`ja` @r`jao
_iuth @crao` Nekfash, @crab``es, Xhis`, \ufu em ithnrs
_iuth Birn` Birn`e
]`aw`e G`em`rae Ohaensn
]h`af`em ]h`a
]urbny ]urbash
^eatnm @r`j Ngar`tns @r`jao
^br`aen ^br`aea`e
Sante`g Sante`gnsn
F@EK^@KN_ CIZ ]HN C^]^ZN 0?
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Aetnrag e`fysas ic f`eku`kns
ennmnm cir noieigao rn`sies
Oigjaeaek thn nvamneon crig thn ciurnoieigao aemao`tirs usnm, thn f`eku`kns
`frn`my gist wamnfy t`ukht ae thn ^B
nmuo`taie systng (Knrg`e, _p`eash `em
Crneoh) ngnrkn `s thn gist agpirt`et
f`eku`kns cir ^B tr`mn. ]hnsn `rn
ciffiwnm jy @r`jao, G`em`rae Ohaensn,
Mutoh `em Tirtukunsn, thne Zussa`e
`em _wnmash, wath Tifash ae tneth pf`on.
]`jfn >< F`eku`kns ennmnm
cir noieigao purpisns
F@EK^@KN _OIZN
Knrg`e :=
Crneoh :?
_p`eash :?
@r`jao 0>
G`em`rae Ohaensn 0>
Mutoh 0=
Tirtukunsn 04
Zussa`e 1
_wnmash 1
Tifash 8
Mnt`afs ic thn soirns, nvamneon `em
r`taie`fn jnhaem n`oh aemao`tir `rn
privamnm ae thn @ppnemax.
O^F]^Z@F, NM^O@]AIE@F@EM MATFIG@]AO C@O]IZ_
Mapfig`tao em snouraty
prairatans (Aemao`tir >)
Cir thas aemao`tir rnsn`rohnrs mrnw
ie ` rnonet aequary o`rranm iut jy
thn Jratash @o`mngy ti nst`jfash
hiw f`eku`kns `rn usnm jy thn ^B
kivnregnet ae gnntaek pujfao pifaoy
ijlnotavns ae thn `rn`s ic mapfig`oy `em
snouraty.:?]hn aequary tiib nvamneon
crig irk`eas`taies aeofumaek thn Cirnake
`em Oiggiewn`fth Icffon (COI), thn
_nraius `em Irk`easnm Oragn @kneoy
`em thn Kivnregnet Oiggueao`taie
Hn`mqu`rtnrs (KOHP), `giek ithnrs.
]hn rnpirt rnnotnm thn kriwaek
agpirt`eon eiw jnaek kavne ti f eku`kn
oigpntneon wathae thn COIs Mapfig`tao
Nxonffneon aeata`tavn, wath spnoa fast
beiwfnmkn ic cirnake st`tns, f`eku`kns,
`em pnipfns eiw nxpfaoatfy obeiwfnmknm
ti jn e agpirt`et nfngnet ic thn Jratash
mapfig`ts sbaff snt. At fsi g`mn thn o`sn
th`t thn e`taie f snouraty knem` eiw
neoigp`ssns oieaot prnvnetaie em
pn`on-juafmaek, otavatans ae whaoh
f`eku`kn `ssugns `e agpirt`et rifn.@t thn s`gn tagn enw faekuastao sbaffs
`rn rnquarnm ti oiuetnr thn kriwth ic
oyjnroragn, irk`easnm oragn ne`jfnm jy
thn n`sn ic kfij f oiggueao`taies, em
tnrrirasg. @ rnvanw ic thn rnpirts ffemaeks
shiws @r`jao`em G`em`rae Ohaensn
`s thn gist crnqunetfy oatnm. ]hnsn rn
ciffiwnm jy _p`eash, Tirtukunsn em
C`rsa(Tnrsa e) `s wnff `s Birn`e, T`shti
`em ]urbash. @ wamn r`ekn ic ithnr
f`eku`kns, aeofumaek Crneoh, Knrg`e,
Tifash, rmu em Sante`gnsn rn oatnm`s agpirt`et.
]hn pujfaos f`eku`kn aetnrnsts
(Aemao`tir 3)
]has aemao`tir snnbs ti rnprnsnet
kr`ssriits pujfao mng`em cir f`eku`kn
fn`reaek ae thn ^B, wath thn o`vn`t
th`t mng`em as ictne oiemataienm
jy thn `v`af`jafaty ic oiursns, r`thnr
th`e vaon vnrs`.
Fiibaek `t @-fnvnf netrans,:=at as nvamnet
th`t _p`eash, Tifash, Zussa`e, @r`jao,
]urbash, Tirtukunsn `em G`em`rae
Ohaensn `rn `ff aeorn`saek, jut thas g`y
rnnot pipuf`taies ic spn`bnrs ic thnsn
f`eku`kns rnsamnet ae thn ^B, r`thnr
th`e wamnr pujfao mng`em.
@ Nurij`rigntnr survny o`rranm iut
ae :40:,:>whaoh aetnrvanwnm 0,444
`mufts `oriss thn ^B, ciuem th`t Crneoh,
ciffiwnm jy _p`eash, Knrg`e, Ohaensn,
At`fa`e em Zussa`e, wnrn rnk`rmnm s thn
gist usncuf f`eku`kns ti fn`re. Hiwnvnr,
thas survny iefy privamnm rnspiemnets
wath ` ohiaon ic sax f`eku`kns `em as
pnrh`ps girn aemao`tavn ic p`st pr`otaon
th`e cuturn aetnet.
]hn mnoasaie w`s t`bne ti usn thn
`v`af`jafaty ic jnkaeenr oiursns cir `mufts
`s `e aemao tir ic pujfao aetnrnst ae fn`reaek
p`rtaouf`r f`eku`kns, saeon suoh oiursns
o`e jn privamnm ie ` girn nxajfn j`sas
th`e f`eku`kns ae sohiifs ir ueavnrsatans,
`em rnnot kr`ssriits pujfao aetnrnst,
r`thnr th`e p`st pr`otaon. Znsn`roh aeti
p`rt-tagn nvneaek oiursns:3 snfnotaek
thisn whaoh mi eit fn`m ti qu`faffo`taies,
saeon cirg`f qu`faffo`taies `rn eit
`v`af`jfn cir `ff f`eku`kns shiws th`t
_p`eash as thn gist pipuf`r f`eku`kn jy
thas gn`surn `em thn tip tne f`eku`kns
`rn shiwe ae thn t`jfn jnfiw.
]`jfn 3< F`eku`kns iccnrnm
`s nvneaek of`ssns
F@EK^@KN_ GI_]
CZNP^NE]FQ ICCNZNM
@_ T@Z]-]AGN NSNEAEK
OF@__N_ @OZI__
]HN B ([A]HI^]
P^@FACAO@]AIE_)
E^GJNZ
IC
T@KN_
IC [NJ
FA_]AEK_
_p`eash 1
CrneohAt`fa`e
;;
Knrg`eL`p`ensn
=?
G`em`rae Ohaensn
@r`jaoTifashTirtukunsnZussa`e
:
::::
_iuron< www.hitoiursns.oig
:?. Jratash @o`mngy (cirthoigaek) Fist cir wirms. ]hn Ennm cir F`eku`kns ae B Mapfig`oy em _nouraty.
[n `rn kr`tncuf ti thn Jratash @o`mngy cir `ffiwaek us `oonss ti ` prn-pujfao`taie oipy ic thas rnpirt.
:=. Liaet Oiueoaf cir Pu`faffo`taies (:40?)@, @_ `em @N@ Znsufts, _uggnr :40?.
:>. Nuripn`e Oiggassaie (:40:) Nuripn`es em ]hnar F`eku`kns. _pnoa`f Nurij`rigntnr ?83.
:3. www.hitoiursns.oig
:;. Tipufus/Jratash Oiueoaf (:40?) ( v`af`jfn ie rnqunst crig thn Jratash Oiueoaf).
:8. Hiusn ic Oiggies fajr`ry (:40?) ]iurasg. _t`em`rm Eitn _E/NT/34::.
:1. HG Kivnregnet (:40?) Aetnre`taie`f Nmuo`taie< Kfij`f Kriwth em Trispnraty.
0=
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Iutw`rm vasatir mnstae`taies
(Aemao`tir ;)
Ivnrsn`s vasatir ffkurns privamn ` kiimaemao`taie ic aetnroh`ekn jntwnne
maccnrnet oiuetrans `em pnipfns, thn
sirt ic oiet`ot th`t pnipfn ae thn ^B
typao`ffy nxpnraneon wath spn`bnrs
ic ithnr f`eku`kns.
Znsn`roh jy Tipufus oiggassaienm jy
thn Jratash Oiueoaf:;shiwnm th`t :: pnr
onet ic Jratash `mufts s`y thny h`vn p`am
girn cir kiims ir snrvaons `s ` rnsuft
ic eit jnaek `jfn ti spn`b thn fio`f
f`eku`kn whne ivnrsn`s, 08 pnr onet
rnpirt th`t thny h`vn st`ynm prag`rafyae rnsirts `viamaek thn fio`f oufturn
whne ie hifam`y `em nakht pnr onet
`mgat thny h`vn o`usnm iccneon
ie hifam`y `s ` rnsuft ic ` f`ob ic
uemnrst`emaek ic thn fio`f oufturn.
]hn gist vasatnm eie-Nekfash-spn`baek
oiuetrans jy pnipfn crig thn ^B ae :40:
wnrn (ae mnsonemaek irmnr) _p ae, Cr`eon,
Knrg`ey, Tirtuk`f, Krnnon, Tif`em
`em ]urbny.:8Tiaets h`vn thnrncirn
jnne kavne ti _p`eash, Crneoh,
Knrg`e, Tirtukunsn, Krnnb, Tifash`em ]urbashae mnsonemaek irmnr.
F`eku`kns `rn `fsi usncuf cir privamaek
aecirg`taie `em ` w`rgnr wnfoign
ti vasatirs ti thn ^B. @ooirmaek ti Sasat
Jrat ae, thn f`rknst aejiuem tiurast g`rbnts
wnrn Cr`eon, Knrg`ey, ]hn Enthnrf`ems,
_p`ae, At`fy, Tif`em `em Jnfkaug.
@e nxpf`e`taie ic aemavamu f soirns em
hiw piaets wnrn w`rmnm as privamnm ae
thn @ppnemax.
^B kivnregnet aetnre`taie`f
Nmuo`taie _tr`tnky prairatans
(Aemao`tir 8)
Ae Lufy :40? thn B kivnregnet pujfashnm
ats Aetnre`taie`f Nmuo`taie _tr`tnky,:1
snttaek iut thn ippirtueatans at snns
`s ` rnsuft ic mngikr`phao oh`ekns
ae r`pamfy ngnrkaek noieigans. ]has
aevifvns jith `ttr`otaek aetnre`taie`f
stumnets ti thn ^B `em suppirtaek
tr`ese`taie`f nmuo`taie. @fthiukh thn
tn`ohaek `em fn`reaek ic Nekfash as `e
agpirt`et nfngnet ic thas str`tnky,
thn kivnregnet w`ets ti mngiestr`tn
th`t thn ^B snnbs ti juafm rnf`taieshaps
j`snm ie gutu`f rnspnot `em ` twi-w`y
nxoh`ekn ic amn`s `em pnipfn.
]hn Aetnre`taie`f Nmuo`taie _tr`tnky
amnetaffns nakht prairaty oiuetrans em ien
rnkaie s thn prag`ry cious ic aetnre`taie f
nmuo`taie p`rtenrshaps. ]hnsn `rn Ohae`,
Aema`, Jr`zaf, _`uma @r`ja`, Oifigja`,
]urbny, Gnxaoi, Aemiensa` em thn Kufc.
]hn f`eku`kns aevifvnm `rn Ohaensn
f`eku`kns, Aema`e f`eku`kns,
Tirtukunsn, @r`jao, _p`eash, ]urbash
`em Aemiensa`e. ]hn nmuo`taie snotirs
ae thnsn oiuetrans rn girn fabnfy ti w`et
ti nek`kn wath thisn whi o`e gnnt
thng h`fcw`y `em mngiestr`tn gutu`f
rnspnot `em uemnrst`emaek jy wirbaek
ae thn f`eku`kn ic thn hist oiuetry.
Ciur piaets wnrn `ffio`tnm n`oh tagn
` oiuetry w`s gnetaienm ae thn rnpirt
`em thas c`viurnm @r`jao `em _p`eash,
whaoh `rn usnm ae girn th`e ien ic thn
oiuetrans gnetaienm.
Aetnrag e`fysas ic f`eku`kns
ennmnm cir ouftur`f, nmuo`taie`f
`em mapfig`tao rn`sies
Jy oigjaeaek nvamneon crig thn ciur
aemao`tirs usnm ae thas snotaie, thn
ciffiwaek aetnrag r`ebaek ic f`eku`kns
gist ennmnm cir ouftur`f, nmuo`taie`f
`em mapfig`tao rn`sies ngnrkns
@r`jao :4.>
Tirtukunsn :4
Crneoh 08
G`em`rae Ohaensn 03.>
At`fa`e 03.>
Knrg`e 0=.>
]urbash 00
Tifash ;.>
C`rsa ;
Oigp`raek thas r`ebaek wath thn tip
f`eku`kns rnquarnm cir noieigao
purpisns, at as aetnrnstaek ti eitn th`t
At`fa`e, ]urbash `em C`rsa h`vn oign
aeti thn fast `t thn nxpnesn ic Zussa`e,
Mutoh `em _wnmash.
Mnt`afs ic thn soirns, nvamneon `em
r`taie`fn jnhaem n`oh aemao`tir `rn
privamnm ae thn @ppnemax.
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J@F@EOAEK C@O]IZ_
]hn ffemaeks ie noieigao `em ouftur`f/
mapfig`tao ennms h`vn jnne qu`faffnmwath twi curthnr aemao`tirs< thn mnkrnn
ti whaoh pipuf`taies ae maccnrnet oiuetrans
`rn `jfn ti spn`b Nekfash, `em thn
nxtnet ic usn ic maccnrnet f`eku`kns
ie thn aetnrent.
Fnvnfs ic Nekfash priffoaneoy ae
ithnr oiuetrans (Aemao`tir 1)
]hn Nekfash Triffoaneoy Aemnx?4
jneohg`rbs Nekfash priffoaneoy ae
>= oiuetrans usaek ` s`gpfn ic lust
uemnr twi gaffaie pnipfn%
=%
?%
?%
?%
?%
:%
08%
_iuron< ]ip tne aetnrent f`eku`kns< www.aetnrentwirfmst`ts.oig/st`ts;.htg
?4. Nekfash Triffoaneoy Aemnx< www.nc.oi.ub /npa
03
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]HN ]NE GI_] AGTIZ]@E]F@EK^@KN_
]`baek `ff tne aemao`tirs usnm ae thas`e`fysas aeti `ooiuet, thn tne f`eku`kns
whaoh ngnrkn `s thn gist agpirt`et
cir thn ^B `rn `s snt iut ae ]`jfn 1.
Mnt`afs ic thn soirns cir maccnrnet
f`eku`kns `ppn`r ae thn @ppnemax
`fiek wath `e nxpf`e`taie ic thn
nvamneon uemnrfyaek n`oh aemao`tir.
]hn Jratash Oiueoaf oiggassaienm `
survny crig QiuKiv ti ffem iut ti wh`t
nxtnet thn ^B pipuf`taie w`s `jfn ti
oiggueao`tn ae thn f`eku`kns amnetaffnm.
]hn rnsufts o`e jn snne ae Oh`rt >. At as
ofn`r th`t oiesamnr`jfn wirb ennms ti
jn mien ti aeorn`sn thn ^Bs f`eku`kn
o`p`oaty `em thas rnpirt iccnrs ` snt ic
rnoiggnem`taies ti `mmrnss thn mnffoat.
]`jfn 1< ]hn tip tne f`eku`kns
F@EK^@KN _OIZN
_p`eash ;3
@r`jao >=
Crneoh =;
G`em`rae Ohaensn =>.>
Knrg`e =?.>
Tirtukunsn =0
At`fa`e ::.>
Zussa`e 01
]urbash 01
L`p`ensn 0;
Oh`rt >< F`eku`kn sbaffs ae thn Bs muft pipuf`taie
Punstaie< [haoh, ac `ey, ic thn ciffiwaek f`eku`kns o`e yiu spn`b wnff neiukh
ti hifm oievnrs`taie9 (Tfn`sn taob ff th`t ppfy)
Mie
'tbeiw
Tirt
ukunsn
]urbash
Zussa`e
G`em`raeOhaensn
L`
p`ensn
@r`jao
At`fa`e
_p`eash
Knrg`e
Crneoh
Eienicthnsn
4
04
:4
?4
=4
>4
34
;4
84
14
044
_urvny ic f`eku`kn sbaffs ae thn Bs pipuf`taie (pnr onet)
;>
0>
3=
: 0 0 0 0 4.=? 4.=? ?
_iuron< _urvny ic =,0;0 ^B `mufts, QiuKiv. Canfmwirb w`s uemnrt`bne 0= Iotijnr :40?. ]hn survny w`s o`rr anm iutiefaen. ]hn ffkurns h`vn jnne wnakhtnm `em `rn rnprnsnet`tavn ic `ff ^B `mufts (`knm 08+).
F@EK^@KN_ CIZ ]HN C^]^ZN 0;
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I]HNZ F@EK^@KN_
Jnyiem thn tip tne f`eku`kns amnetaffnm,
thnrn wnrn ciur ithnr f`eku`kns, irkriups ic f`eku`kns, whaoh ngnrknm
`s agpirt`et cir thn ^B `ooirmaek
ti thn aemao`tirs usnm ae thas rnpirt,
soiraek `jivn tne piaets n`oh. ]hnsn
wnrn Mutoh, Tifash, Aema`e f`eku`kns
`em Birn`e.
]hn pisataie ic Mutohrnnots thn c`ot
th`t ]hn Enthnrf`ems as thn snoiem gist
agpirt`et eie-Nekfash spn`baek kiims
nxpirt g`rbnt cir thn ^B `ctnr Knrg`ey.?0
Jnfkaug, ae whaoh Mutoh as `e icffoa`f
f`eku`kn, `em Fuxngjiurk `rn ae ciurthpf`on. ]has `ooiuets cir thn hakh mng`em
cir Mutoh ae lij mvnrtasngnets.?:Mutoh
pnipfn `rn thn tharm gist crnqunet
tr`vnffnrs ti thn ^B ic `ey eie-Nekfash
spn`baek oiuetry.
]hn st`tus ic Tifashas j`snm ie Tif`em
jnaek amnetaffnm `s ien ic thn wirfms
r`pamfy kriwaek g`rbnts `em thn c`ot
th`t Tif`em as ien ic thn tip tne
mnstae`taies cir vasatirs crig thn ^B.
]hn :400 B onesus rnvn`fnm th`t Tifash
as eiw thn tharm gist wamnfy spibne
f`eku`kn ae thn ^B `ctnr Nekfash `em
[nfsh. [ath ivnr =;,444 spn`bnrs,
at as thn ciurth gist wamnfy spibne
f`eku`kn jy Nekfash sohiifohafmrne
wath Nekfash `s `e `mmataie`f f`eku`kn.??
@giek _oittash pupafs at as thngist
wamnfy spibne f`eku`kn `ctnr Nekfash
wath girn th`e ;,444 spn`bnrs.?=
Aema`e f`eku`kns rn agpirt`et
jno`usn ic Aema`s pisataie `s thn
snoiem gist pipufius oiuetry ae thn
wirfm `em ` kriwaek noieigao piwnr.?>
Aema` as ourrnetfy thn ^Bs 08th f`rknst
kiims nxpirt g`rbnt wirth =.3 jaffaie
ae :40:. Aema`e f`eku`kns rn wamnfy
spibne ae f`rkn gaeiraty oiggueatans
ae thn ^B. Mnp`rtgnet cir Nmuo`taie
st`tastaos shiw T`el`ja, ^rmu `em
Jnek`fa `s thn tip thrnn f`eku`kns
spibne jy Nekfash sohiifohafmrne wath
Nekfash `s `e `mmataie`f f`eku`kn.?3
]iknthnr thnsn `ooiuet cir girn th`e
` tharm ic ` gaffaie ohafmrne. Ae _oitf`em,
^rmu `em T`el`ja `rn snoiem `em tharm
ae agpirt`eon rnspnotavnfy.?;Hiwnvnr,
Aema`e f`eku`kns `rn ourrnetfy t`ukht
`t thn g`rkaes ic g`aestrn`g nmuo`taie,
suppirtnm jy c`gafans `em fio`f
oiggueatans.?8Netry eugjnrs `t @-fnvnf
`em `t KO_N `rn sg`ff?1`em Aema`e
f`eku`kns `rn eit wamnfy `v`af`jfn `t
mnkrnn fnvnf ae Jratash ueavnrsatans.=4
Birn`eas spibne `s ` ffrst f`eku`kn jy
sign ;8 gaffaie pnipfn em as thn icffoa`f
f`eku`kn ic _iuth Birn`, Eirth Birn`
`em p`rts ic Ohae`. _iuth Birn` as oatnm
jy thn OJA=0`s ien ic thn wirfms c`stnst
kriwaek g`rbnts `em agpirt`et cir thn
^Bs noieigy ivnr thn enxt mno`mn
`em jnyiem. At w`s ` vnry n`rfy `miptnr
ic thn aetnrent em Birn`e us`kn ourrnetfy
`ooiuets cir twi pnr onet ic thn kfij`f
ffkurns cir aetnrent usn.=:Birn`e as eit
`v`af`jfn ae thn ^B nathnr `s ` KO_N ir
@-fnvnf sujlnot.
?0. Icffon cir E`taie`f _t`tastaos (:40?) Tujfao`taies ]`jfns ^B ]r`mn Cnjru`ry :40?< www.ies.kiv.ub/ies/pujfao`taies/rn-rncnrneon-t`jfns.htgf9nmataie7tog. Icffon cir E`taie`f _t`tastaos (:40?) Tujfao`taies ]`jfns ^B ]r`mn Cnjru`ry :40?< www.ies.kiv.ub/ies/pujfao`taies/rn-rncnrneon-t`jfns.htgf9nmataie7tog) Oiggueaty F`eku`kn Fn`reaek ae Nekf`em, [`fns em _oitf`em.
?1. ]nrns` ]aesfny `em B`thrye Ji`rm (:40:) F`eku`kn Fn`reaek ae Trag`ry em _noiem`ry _ohiifs ae Nekf`em F`eku`kns ]rnems _urvny, OcJ] Nmuo`taie ]rust
=4. Jratash @o`mngy/]nrns` ]aesfny (cirthoigaek) ]hn _t`tn ic thn E`taie. Mng`em em _uppfy ic F`eku`kn _baffs ae thn B, Jratash @o`mngy pnr onet ic B `mufts ue`jfn
ti hifm ` oievnrs`taie ae `ey ic
thn tne bny f`eku`kns shiufm g`bn
nccirts ti fn`re thn j`saos ic `t fn`st
ien enw f`eku`kn, `s `mvio`tnm
jy _pn`b ti thn Cuturns 0444
[irmso`gp`ake.=?
=?. www.spn`btithncuturn.irk/0444-wirms-oh`ffnekn
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O`traie` G`oavnr as ` _oittash mnsakenr wirbaek ae_oitf`em `em Aema`. F`eku`kn h`s pf`ynm ` sakeaffo`etrifn ae hnr wirb thriukhiut oiffnkn `em oietaeunsti jn `e `rn` ic aetnrnst.
]has pistnr w`s ` rnspiesn ti ` jranc ie f`eku`kn whafst stumyaek `t Onetr`f _`aet
G`rtaes Oiffnkn ic @rt `em Mnsake (^eavnrsaty ic thn @rts, Fiemie). ^saek ` quitn jy
Fumwak [attknestnae, thn pistnr shiws hiw wirm irmnr oh`ekns crig ien f`eku`kn
ti thn enxt, thus pitneta`ffy oh`ekaek thn gn`eaek. ]hn rn`mnr o`e tr`ob thn wirm
irmnr ae maccnrnet f`eku`kns jy amnetacyaek whaoh wirm n`oh oifiur as `ssakenm ti.
F@EK^@KN_ CIZ ]HN C^]^ZN :0
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@r`jao h`s icffoa`f st`tus, signtagns
`s ien ic twi f`eku`kns, ae g`ey
pf`ons< oiuetrans fabn @fknra`, J`hr`ae,
Oh`m, Oigiris, Mlajiuta, Nkypt, Nratrn`,
Ar`q, Asr`nf, Lirm`e, Buw`at, Fnj`eie,
Fajy`, G`urat`ea`, Girrioi, Ig`e,
_um`e, _yra`, ]ueasa`, eatnm @r`j
Ngar`tns em Qngne, em thn
Iooupanm T`fnstaea`e ]nrratirans.
G`ey ic thnsn h`vn fiw ir vnry fiwpriffoaneoy ae Nekfash.
Jno`usn ic thn oiggie wrattne
st`em`rm cirg ic thn f`eku`kn `em
` sh`rnm ouftur`f/rnfakaius hnrat`kn,
gist spn`bnrs rnk`rm `ff v`rantans
ic @r`jao `s cirgs ic ien f`eku`kn.
Ae gist @r`jao-spn`baek oiuetrans,
hiwnvnr, iefy thisn wath ` cirg`f
nmuo`taie `rn priffoanet ae st`em`rm
@r`jao. Gimnre oiffiqua`f @r`jao maccnrs
sakeaffo`etfy crig ien rnkaie ti eithnr
`em nxasts s ma fnot oietaeuug orissthn @r`jao spn`baek rnkaie. @r`jao
sorapt as `fsi usnm ae f`eku`kns suoh
`s C`rsa, ^rmu `em T`shti.
@r`jao as usnm `s `e icffoa`f f`eku`kn
ic thn ^eatnm E`taies, Aetnre`taie`f
Oragae`f Oiurt, @crao`e ^eaie, @r`j
Fn`kun `giekst ithnrs.
]hrnn pnr onet ic aetnrent us`kn
as oiemuotnm ae @r`jao.=>]hn Gammfn
N`st `em @crao` `rn `giekst thn
c`stnst kriwaek rnkaies ae tnrgs ic
aetnrent usn.=3
J^_AEN__ JNENCA]_
_ax @r`jao spn`baek oiuetrans `ppn`r
`giek thn ^Bs tip >4 nxpirt g`rbntae kiims, wath ` oigjaenm v`fun ti
thn noieigy ic ivnr 0: jaffaie ae
:40: girn th`e thn v`fun ic B
nxpirts ti _p`ae, Ohae` ir At`fy.=;]hn
Kufc noieigans `rn jiigaek `s thny
mavnrsacy `w`y crig iaf `em k`s, ipne
up thnar noieigans `em jraek miwe
j`rranrs ti tr`mn `em aevnstgnet.
_akeaffo`et ippirtueatans nxast cir
Jratash oigp`eans, p`rtaouf`rfy ae
suppirtaek thn v`st aecr`struoturn
wirb pf`eenm ae thn rnkaie.
Nkypt, _`uma @r`ja` `em thn ^eatnm
@r`j Ngar`tns h`vn `ff jnne amnetaffnm
jy thn Oiecnmnr`taie ic Jratash Aemustry
`s prairaty g`rbnts.=8]has as nemirsnm
jy thn Mnp`rtgnet cir Jusaenss,
Aeeiv`taie `em _baffs.
AE]NZE@]AIE@F OIEENO]AIE_
@r`jao h`s ngnrknm `s ien ic thn
prairaty f`eku`kns cir thn Cirnake
`em Oiggiewn`fth Icffon. At as thnar
aetnetaie ti aeorn`sn thn eugjnr
ic mapfig`ts tr`aenm ae @r`jao jy
=4 pnr onet.
Giriooi, Nkypt `em ]ueasa` `rn pipuf`r
hifam`y mnstae`taies cir tiurasts crigthn ^B thiukh @r`jao spn`baek
oiuetrans h`vn eit jnne prairatasnm
cir tiurast faebs. ]hn [irfm Oup waff jn
histnm jy P`t`r ae :4:: `em waff `ttr`ot
f`rkn eugjnrs ic vasatirs.=1
Ae ats aetnre`taie`f nmuo`taie str`tnky,
thn ^B kivnregnet amnetaffns jith
_`uma @r`ja` `em thn Kufc `s prairatans
cir thn mnvnfipgnet ic nmuo`taie`f
p`rtenrshaps ae rnspiesn ti thn rnkaies
noieigao kriwth `em nxp`emaek
pifatao`f aeuneon `s wnff `s atsaeorn`saek aetnrnst `em aevnstgnet
ae nmuo`taie.>4
@ eugjnr ic B ueavnrsatans h`vn
nst`jfashnm ` o`gpus prnsneon ae thn
rnkaie, spnoaffo`ffy ae thn ^eatnm @r`j
Ngar`tns. ]hnsn aeofumn Hnrait-[`tt
`em Nxntnr ueavnrsatans em thn Fiemie
`em G`eohnstnr jusaenss sohiifs.>0
@Z@JAO
@r`jao as ` Onetr`f _ngatao f`eku`kn. [ath ivnr :?4 gaffaie e`tavnspn`bnrs `em ` curthnr 044:44 gaffaie pnipfn `oriss eirthnre@crao` `em wnstnre @sa` cir whig at as thnar snoiem f`eku`kn, @r`jaor`ebs `s thn ciurth gist wamnfy spibne f`eku`kn ae thn wirfm.==
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@Z@JAO AE ]HN B
Ae :404 thnrn wnrn sign :4,444 @r`jao
spn`bnrs `giek Fiemie sohiifohafmrne,
g`baek @r`jao thn saxth gist oiggiefy
spibne hnrat`kn f`eku`kn ae thn o`pat f.
]has eugjnr as aeorn`saek.>:
@pprixag`tnfy ciur pnr onet ic Nekfash
snoiem`ry sohiifs tn`oh @r`jao,
ictne `s `e nxtr`-ourraouf`r sujlnot.At as `fsi wamnfy t`ukht ae thn
0;: sohiifs jnfiekaek ti thn
@ssioa`taie ic Gusfag _ohiifs `em
ae thn suppfngnet`ry snotir.>?
@r`jao w`s ffrst iccnrnm `s ` KO_N sujlnot
ae :44: wath thn eugjnr ic netrans rasaek
jy 8: pnr onet ti ?,:?3 ae :40:, g`baek
@r`jao thn nakhth gist pipuf`r f`eku`kn
`t KO_N.>=
@-fnvnf @r`jao w`s `fsi aetrimuonm
ae :44: `em h`m :11 netrans, rasaek
ti 34= ae :40:, g`baek @r`jao thn
tneth gist pipuf`r f`eku`kn `t @-fnvnf.
_oittash nx`gae`taies t`bne `t sohiif
fnvnf `rn eit `v`af`jfn ae @r`jao.>>
@r`jao as iccnrnm `t mnkrnn fnvnf jy
0> B ueavnrsatans.>3
Iefy ien pnr onet ic thn ^Bs `muft
pipuf`taie rnpirt th`t thny spn`b @r`jao
wnff neiukh ti hifm ` oievnrs`taie.>;
C^Z]HNZ AECIZG@]AIE
@r`j Jratash Onetrn. ]ip tne aetnrent f`eku`kns Aetnrent [irfm _t`ts< www.aetnrentwirfmst`ts.oig/st`ts;.htg
=3. Jratash @o`mngy (cirthoigaek) Fist cir [irms. ]hn Ennm cir F`eku`kns ae B Mapfig`oy em _nouraty.
=;. Icffon ic E`taie`f _t`tastaos (@ukust :40?) ^B ]r`mn, Luen :40? ae _t`tastao`f Juffntae2 `v`af`jfn `t www.ies.kiv.ub/ies/mop0;0;;8Y?08030.pmc
=8. Oiecnmnr`taie ic Jratash Aemustry/Nrest & Qiuek (:400) [aeeaek Ivnrsn`s< Jiistaek Jusaenss Nxpirt Tnrcirg`eon.
=1. Hiusn ic Oiggies fajr`ry (:40?) ]iurasg. _t`em`rm Eitn _E/NT/34::.
>4. HG Kivnregnet (:40?) Aetnre`taie`f Nmuo`taie< Kfij`f Kriwth em Trispnraty.
>0. Jratash @o`mngy/]nrns` ]aesfny (cirthoigaek) ]hn _t`tn ic thn E`taie. Mng`em `em _uppfy ic F`eku`kn _baffs ae thn ^B< www.jrat`o.`o.ub/pifaoy/_t`tnYicYthnYE`taieY:40?.ocg
>:. Lihe Nvnrsfny nt `f. (:404) F`eku`kn O`pat`f. G`ppaek thn F`eku`kns ic Fiemies _ohiifohafmrne, OAF]/Aestatutn ic Nmuo`taie.
>?. ]nrns` ]aesfny (uepujfashnm) ]hn ]n`ohaek ic @r`jao f`eku`kn em oufturn ae B sohiifs , Jratash Oiueoaf.
>=. ]nrns` ]aesfny em B`thrye Ji`rm (:40:) F`eku`kn Fn`reaek ae Trag`ry em _noiem`ry _ohiifs ae Nekf`em F`eku`kns ]rnems _urvny, OcJ] Nmuo`taie ]rust.
>>. ajam.
>3. Jratash @o`mngy/]nrns` ]aesfny (cirthoigaek) ]hn _t`tn ic thn E`taie. Mng`em `em _uppfy ic F`eku`kn _baffs ae thn ^B< www.jrat`o.`o.ub/pifaoy/_t`tnYicYthnYE`taieY:40?.ocg
>;. QiuKiv (Iotijnr :40?) ( v`af`jfn ie rnqunst crig thn Jratash Oiueoaf).
@FNKJZ@
G@K@\AEN
]@ZACC
_IC@
Nekfash wirms mnravnm ir `miptnm
crig @r`jao aeofumn8
J^_AEN__ JNENCA]_
Cr`eon as thn ^Bs tharm gist agpirt`et
eie-Nekfash spn`baek nxpirt g`rbnt.
Oigjaenm, Cr`eon, Jnfkaug `em
Fuxngjiurk `ooiuet cir en`rfy
?> jaffaie ic Jratash kiims nxpirts.>1
Crneoh spn`baek oiuetrans `rn `fsi `
g`lir siuron ic agpirts aeti thn ^B
wath Cr`eon ae ciurth pf`on. @ :400
rnpirt crig thn Mnp`rtgnet cir
Jusaenss, Aeeiv`taie `em _baffs st`tns
th`t< thn N^ as fabnfy ti rng`ae thn g`lir
g`rbnt cir Jratash tr`mn `em aevnstgnet
ivnr thn gnmaug tnrg, wath Knrg`ey,Cr`eon `em Jnenfux oiuetrans fabnfy
ti rng`ae iur gist agpirt`et tr`mn
p`rtenrs.34
Crneoh as thn f`eku`kn gist siukht
`ctnr jy thisn ngpfiynrs fiibaek cir
f`eku`kn sbaffs (=1 pnr onet).30At w`s
`fsi thn snoiem gist crnqunetfy
rnqunstnm f`eku`kn ae ` survny ic lij
`mvnrtasngnets o`rranm iut jy Kr`h`g
ae :40:.3:@ survny o`rranm iut jy
thn Jratash Oh`gjnrs ic Oiggnron
ic ats gngjnrs ae :40: rnvn`fnm th`t8. ]ip tne aetnrent f`eku`kns [irfm Aetnrent _t`ts< www.aetnrentwirfmst`t s.oig/st`ts;.htg
>1. Icffon ic E`taie`f _t`tastaos (@ukust :40?) ^B ]r`mn, Luen :40? ae _t`tastao`f Juffntae2 `v`af`jfn `t www.ies.kiv.ub/ies/mop0;0;;8Y?08030.pmc
34. Mnp`rtgnet cir Jusaenss, Aeeiv`taie `em _baffs (:400) ]r`mn em Aevnstgnet cir Kriwth.
30. Oiecnmnr`taie ic Jratash Aemustry `em Tn`rsie (:40?) Oh`ekaek thn T`on. OJA/Tn`rsie Nmuo`taie em _baffs _urvny :40?.
3:. @een G`ran Kr`h`g (:40?) F`jiur G`rbnt Aetnffakneon Znpirt ` Taoturn ic thn Lijs G`rbnt, _uggnr :40: ae Jratash @o`mngy/]nrns` ]aesfny,
]hn _t`tn ic thn E`taie. Mng`em em _uppfy ic F`eku`kn _baffs ae thn ^B< www.jrat`o.`o.ub/pifaoy/_t`tnYicYthnYE`taieY:40?.ocg
3?. Jratash Oh`gjnrs ic Oiggnron (:40:) Nxpirtaek as Kiim cir Jrat`ae _baffs.
3=. Hiusn ic Oiggies fajr`ry (:40?) ]iurasg. _t`em`rm Eitn _E/NT/34::.
3>. Nekfash Triffoaneoy Aemnx< www.nc.oi.ub /npa
33. E`taie`f @ssioa`taie cir F`eku`kn Mnvnfipgnet ae thn Ourraoufug (:400) _ohiif Onesus L`eu`ry :400 F`eku`kn M`t`. Eugjnr ic Oigpufsiry _ohiif @kn Tupafs ae Trag`ry,
_noiem`ry em _pnoa`f _ohiifs jy Mnof`rnm Carst F`eku`kn< www.e`fmao.irk.ub/rnsn`roh-`em-aecirg`taie/n`f-st`tastaos/f`ek
3;. E`taie`f _t`tas taos (:400) Tupafs ae _oitf`em :400. G`ae Hign F`eku`kns.
38. Lihe Nvnrsfny nt f. (:404) F`eku`kn O`pat`f. G`ppaek thn F`eku`kns ic Fiemies _ohiifohafmrne, OAF]/Aestatutn ic Nmuo`taie.31. ]nrns` ]aesfny em B`thrye Ji`rm (:40:) F`eku`kn Fn`reaek ae Trag`ry em _noiem`ry _ohiifs ae Nekf`em F`eku`kns ]rnems _urvny, OcJ] Nmuo`taie ]rust. _oittash
Pu`faffo`taies @uthir aty (:40?) E`taie`f Oiursn em @w`rms Znsuft _t`tastaos :40?.
;4. ajam.
;0. Jratash @o`mngy/]nrns` ]aesfny (cirthoigaek) ]hn _t`tn ic thn E`taie. Mng`em `em _uppfy ic F`eku`kn _baffs ae thn ^B< www.jrat`o.`o.ub/pifaoy/_t`tnYicYthnYE`taieY:40?.ocg
;:. QiuKiv (Iotijnr :40?) ( v`af`jfn ie rnqunst crig thn Jratash Oiueoaf).
:=
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Crneoh as thn gist oiggiefy spibne
f`eku`kn, jut iefy ciur pnr onet ic
jusaenss iwenrs survnynm of`ag th`t
thny rn jfn ti oievnrsn unetfy
neiukh ti oiemuot jusaenss mn`fs.3?
Crneoh as p`rtaouf`rfy usncuf `s ` faeku`
cr`eo` ae oiuetans suoh `s @fknra` `em
Giriooi ir Sante`g `em O`gjima`,
whaoh h`vn ` fiw priffoaneoy ae Nekfash.
AE]NZE@]AIE@F OIEENO]AIE_
Crneoh h`s fiek jnne ` bny f`eku`kn
cir mapfig`oy `em rng`aes `e
agpirt`et f`eku`kn cir thn Cirnake
`em Oiggiewn`fth Icffon.
Crneoh as nxtrngnfy agpirt`et cir jith
aew`rm `em iutw`rm tiurasg. Cr`eon
as thn snoiem gist pipuf`r mnstae`taie
cir pnipfn crig thn ^B tr`vnffaek
`jri`m `em thn ^Bs jakknst g`rbnt cir
aeoigaek tiurasts (?.8 gaffaie vasats ae
:40: spnemaek 0.> jaffaie) wath Jnfkaug
`fsi ae thn tip tne wath girn th`e ien
gaffaie aeoigaek vasatirs.3=
]hn Nekfash Triffoaneoy Aemnx r`tns
Cr`eon `s ` oiuetry wath gimnr`tn
fnvnfs ic priffoaneoy ae Nekfash.3>
CZNEOH AE ]HN ^B
Crneoh as thn tneth gist wamnfy spibne
oiggueaty f`eku`kn ae Nekf`em33
`emae _oitf`em.3;Ae Fiemie `fien at as
spibne jy ivnr 0?,444 sohiifohafmrne,
ic whig girn th`e twi tharms `rn jf`ob
gaeiraty ntheao.38
Ae spatn ic thn mnofaen ae stumnet
eugjnrs iptaek ti mi f`eku`kns `t
sohiif, Crneoh rng`aes thn f`eku`kn
gist ictne stumanm `t @-fnvnf `em
_oittash Hakhnrs wath =4 pnr onet ic
`ff `mv`eonm fnvnf f`eku`kn netrans.31
At `fsi h`s thn krn`tnst eugjnr ic netrans
cir KO_N `em _oittash nquav`fnet nx`gs.
@t prag`ry fnvnf Crneoh migae`tns wath
;= pnr onet ic sohiifs iccnraek pupafs
tuataie ae Crneoh.;4
At as thn gist crnqunet f`eku`kn iccnrnm
cir stumy `t hakhnr nmuo`taie `oriss
`ff ciur e`taies ic thn ^B, wath ` tit`f ic
;4 ueavnrsatans iccnraek mnkrnn oiursns
ae Crneoh.;0
Cactnne pnr onet ic thn ^Bs `muft
pipuf`taie rnpirt th`t thny spn`b Crneoh
wnff neiukh ti hifm oievnrs`taie.;:
C^Z]HNZ AECIZG@]AIE
Aestatutn Cr`eo`as gaffaie usnrs.;=
J^_AEN__ JNENCA]_
Knrg`ey as thn ^Bs gist agpirt`et
tr`maek p`rtenr, ats snoiem jakknst
nxpirt g`rbnt ae kiims (wirth ?:
jaffaie ae :40:) `em `fsi ats krn`tnst
siuron ic agpirts. ]i thnsn agprnssavn
nxpirt ffkurns o`e jn `mmnm thisn ic
Fuxngjiurk `em _watznrf`em (`fsi ae
thn ^Bs tip tne nxpirt g`rbnts) `em@ustra` whaoh jiists thn ^Bs nxpirts
jy 0.> jaffaie.;>@ooirmaek ti thn
Mnp`rtgnet cir Jusaenss, Aeeiv`taie
`em _baffs (JA_)< ]hn N^ as fabnfy ti
rng`ae thn g`lir g`rbnt cir Jratash
tr`mn `em aevnstgnet ivnr thn gnmaug
tnrg, wath Knrg`ey, Cr`eon em
Jnenfux oiuetrans fabnfy ti rng`ae iur
gist agpirt`et tr`mn p`rtenrs.;3
JA_ eit iefy oiesamnrs Knrg`ey thn
^Bs gist agpirt`et tr`maek p`rtenr
`em oigpntatir jut `fsi `e aetnrnstaekgimnf cir thn mnvnfipgnet ic thn ^Bs
noieigy. Ien nx`gpfn ic thas as thn
aetnre`taie`f cious ic Knrg`eys sg`ff
`em gnmaug netnrprasns `em thnar
oigpntatavnenss ae o`pat f kiims. ]hnrn
as ` oiesamnr`jfn prnsneon ic Knrg`e
oigp`eans ae thn ^B ciffiwaek g`ey
gnrknrs `em `oquasataies jntwnne
^B/Knrg`e oigp`eans, n.k. Sim`ciens
puroh`sn ic G`eensg`ee ae :444.
@ooirmaek ti thn :40? Nmuo`taie em
_baffs survny jy thn Oiecnmnr`taie
ic Jratash Aemustry,;;Knrg`e as thn
snoiem gist siukht `ctnr f`eku`kn
ae aemustry wath => pnr onet ic thisn
jusaenssns rnquaraek f`eku`kns oataek
Knrg`e `s thn f`eku`kn thny gist
ennmnm. ]has as suppirtnm jy g`ey
ithnr siurons ic f`jiur g`rbnt
aetnffakneon whaoh shiw Knrg`e ti
jn thn gist crnqunetfy-rnqunstnm
f`eku`kn ae lij `mvnrtasngnets.;8
Ae spatn ic `ff thn nvamneon cir thn
agpirt`eon ic thn Knrg`e spn`baek
g`rbnts cir tr`mn `em thn ennmnxprnssnm jy ngpfiynrs ae :40:,
thn Jratash Oh`gjnrs ic Oiggnron,
rnpirtaek ae :40:, rnvn`fnm th`t
>; pnr onet ic nxpirtaek jusaenssns
KNZG@E
MN^]_OH
Knrg`e as ` [nst Knrg`eao f`eku`kn. [ath ivnr 004 gaffaiee`tavn spn`bnrs, Knrg`e as thn tneth gist wamnfy spibne f`eku`knae thn wirfm.
;?. Nuripn`e Oiggassaie (:40:) Nuripn`es em ]hnar F`eku`kns. _pnoa`f Nurij`rigntnr ?83.
;=. ]ip tne aetnrent f`eku`kns wirfm Aetnrent st`tastaos< www.aetnrentwirfmst`ts.oig/st`ts;.htg
;>. Icffon ic E`taie`f _t`tastaos (@ukust :40?) ^B ]r`mn, Luen :40? ae _t`tastao`f Juffntae2 `v`af`jfn `t www.ies.kiv.ub/ies/mop0;0;;8Y?08030.pmc
;3. Mnp`rtgnet cir Jusaenss, Aeeiv`taie em _baffs (:400) ]r`mn em Aevnstgnet cir Kriwth.
;;. Oiecnmnr`taie ic Jratash Aemustry `em Tn`rsie (:40?)Oh`ekaek thn T`on. OJA/Tn`rsie Nmuo`taie em _baffs _urvny :40?.
;8. @een G`ran Kr`h`g (:40?) F`jiur G`rbnt Aetnffakneon Znpirt Taoturn ic thn Lijs G`rbnt, _uggnr :40:ae Jratash @o`mngy/]nrns` ]aesfny,
]hn _t`tn ic thn E`taie. Mng`em `em _uppfy ic F`eku`kn _baffs ae thn ^B< www.jrat`o.`o.ub/pifaoy/_t`tnYicYthnYE`taieY:40?.ocg
;1. Jratash Oh`gjnrs ic Oiggnron (:40:) Nxpirtaek as Kiim cir Jrat`ae _baffs.
84. Hiusn ic Oiggies fajr`ry (:40?) ]iurasg. _t`em`rm Eitn _E/NT/34::.
80. ]nrns` ]aesfny em B`tn Ji`rm (:40?) F`eku`kn Fn`reaek ae Trag`ry em _noiem`ry _ohiifs ae Nekf`em. Caemaeks crig thn :40: F`eku`kn ]rnems survny, OcJ] Nmuo`taie`f ]rust.
8:. Liaet Oiueoaf cir Pu`faffo`taies (:40?)@, @_ `em @N@ Znsufts, _uggnr :40?.
8?. Jratash @o`mngy/]nrns` ]aesfny (cirthoigaek) ]hn _t`tn ic thn E`taie. Mng`em `em _uppfy ic F`eku`kn _baffs ae thn ^B< www.jrat`o.`o.ub/pifaoy/_t`tnYicYthnYE`taieY:40?.ocg
8=. QiuKiv (Iotijnr :40?).
:3
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h`m ei ien whi spibn `ey Knrg`e `t
`ff `em iefy twi pnr onet h`m `ey st`cc
wath neiukh Knrg`e ti oiemuot
jusaenss mn`fs.;1
AE]NZE@]AIE@F OIEENO]AIE_
Knrg`ey as thn ^Bs snoiem gist
agpirt`et g`rbnt cir aew`rm tiurasg,
wath thrnn gaffaie Knrg`es vasataek thn^B ae :40:, spnemaek 0.: jaffaie. At as
`fsi thn snvneth gist vasatnm oiuetry
cir pnipfn crig thn ^B tr`vnffaek
`jri`m, `ooiuetaek cir :.? gaffaie vasats
ae :40:. Muraek thn Ifygpao K`gns ae
:40:, Knrg`ey w`s thn tharm jakknst
siuron ic ivnrsn`s vasatirs, `ctnr thn
^_@ `em Cr`eon.84
Knrg`ey as thn wirfms tharm f`rknst
oietrajutir ti rnsn`roh `em mnvnfipgnet,
g`baek Knrg`e p`rtaouf`rfy agpirt`et
cir soanetaffo rnsn`roh `em pf`oaek at aesnoiem pf`on `ctnr Nekfash `s thn gist
agpirt`et soanetaffo f`eku`kn.
KNZG@E AE ]HN ^B
]hn sakeaffo`eon ic Knrg`e ti jusaenss
`em rnsn`roh mins pnrh`ps nxpf`ae thn
oieonres nxprnssnm crig tagn ti tagn
jy pifaoy g`bnrs `em `o`mngaos `jiut
thn mnofaen ic Knrg`e stumy ae thn ^B.
Knrg`e usnm ti jn thn snoiem gist
wamnfy t`ukht f`eku`kn ae thn ^B `em
staff rnt`aes thas st`tus ae sign p`rts icthn ^B. Hiwnvnr, ivnr`ff _p`eash eiw
iooupans snoiem pisataie.
Knrg`e h`s snne mnofaeaek netry ffkurns
`t KO_N/_oittash st`em`rm kr`mn ivnr
thn f`st tne yn`rs.80
At as thn tharm gist wamnfy stumanm
f`eku`kn `t @-fnvnf/_oittash Hakhnr
fnvnf, jut ivnr thn f`st mno`mn at h`s
succnrnm crig snvnrn mnofaens `t thas
fnvnf, tii.8:
@t thn fnvnf ic hakhnr nmuo`taie, tii,Knrg`e rng`aes thn tharm gist wamnfy
iccnrnm f`eku`kn wath girn th`e 34
ueavnrsatans `oriss thn ^B iccnraek
mnkrnn fnvnf oiursns (thiukh thnrn
h`vn jnne sign ofisurns ic Knrg`e
mnp`rtgnets ae rnonet yn`rs).8?
Iefy sax pnr onet ic thn ^Bs
`muft pipuf`taie rnpirt th`t thny
spn`b Knrg`e wnff neiukh ti
hifm ` oievnrs`taie.8=
C^Z]HNZ AECIZG@]AIE
Kinthn Aestatutn gaffaie vasats crig At`fy ti thn
^B `ooiuetnm cir `jiut ffvn pnr
onet ic vasats ti thn ^B.81
]hn Nekfash Triffoaneoy Aemnx r`tns
At`fy `s ` oiuetry wath gimnr`tn
fnvnfs ic priffoaneoy ae Nekfash.14
A]@FA@E AE ]HN ^B
At`fa`e as ` pipuf`r f`eku`kn ae `muft
nmuo`taie `em thnrn `rn sazn`jfn
oiggueatans ic At`fa`e spn`bnrs ae `ff
p`rts ic thn ^B thiukh thnar eugjnrs
g`y jn uemnr-rnpirtnm jno`usn thn
oiggueatans `rn si wnff nst`jfashnm
`em aetnkr`tnm.
At`fa`e as thn snvneth gist pipuf`r
f`eku`kn `t @-fnvnf (oigaek `ctnr
Crneoh, Knrg`e, _p`eash, G`em`rae
Ohaensn, Zussa`e `em Tifash) jut h`s
cnwnr th`e 0,444 netrans. ]has eugjnr
ic netrans h`s rng`aenm stn`my ivnr
thn p`st ffvn yn`rs ae oietr`st ti
netry eugjnrs cir G`em`rae Ohaensn,
Zussa`e `em Tifash, whaoh h`vn
kriwe oiesamnr`jfy.10
A]@FA@E
A]@FA@EI
At`fa`e as ` Zig`eon f`eku`kn. At h`s `pprixag`tnfy;4 gaffaie ffrst f`eku`kn spn`bnrs.
8>. Icffon ic E`taie`f _t`tastaos (@ukust :40?) ^B ]r`mn, Luen :40? ae _t`tastao`f Juffntae2 `v`af`jfn `t www.ies.kiv.ub/ies/mop0;0;;8Y?08030.pmc
83. Oiecnmnr`taie ic Jratash Aemustry `em Tn`rsie (:40?) Oh`ekaek thn T`on. OJA/Tn`rsie Nmuo`taie em _baffs _urvny :40?.
8;. Jratash Oh`gjnrs ic Oiggnron (:40:) Nxpirtaek as Kiim cir Jrat`ae _baffs.
88. ]nrns` ]aesfny (:40?) ]hn _t`tn ic thn E`taie. Mng`em em _uppfy ic F`eku`kn _baffs ae thn B, Jratash @o`mngy< www.jrat`o.`o.ub/pifaoy/_t`tnYicYthnYE`taieY:40?.ocg
81. Hiusn ic Oiggies fajr`ry (:40?) ]iurasg. _t`em`rm Eitn _E/NT/34::.
14. Nekfash Triffoaneoy Aemnx< www.nc.oi.ub /npa
10. Liaet Oiueoaf cir Pu`faffo`taies (:40?)@, @_ `em @N@ Znsufts, _uggnr :40?.
1:. ]nrns` ]aesfny em B`thrye Ji`rm (:40:) F`eku`kn Fn`reaek ae Trag`ry em _noiem`ry _ohiifs ae Nekf`em F`eku`kns ]rnems _urvny, OcJ] Nmuo`taie ]rust.
1?. Jratash @o`mngy/]nrns` ]aesfny (cirthoigaek) ]hn _t`tn ic thn E`taie. Mng`em `em _uppfy ic F`eku`kn _baffs ae thn ^B< www.jrat`o.`o.ub/pifaoy/_t`tnYicYthnYE`taieY:40?.ocg
1=. QiuKiv (Iotijnr :40?) ( v`af`jfn ie rnqunst crig thn Jratash Oiueoaf).
:8
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@t KO_N, At`fa`e as thn ciurth f`eku`kn
`ctnr Crneoh, Knrg`e `em _p`eash
thiukh thn eugjnrs ic netrans `rn vnry
sg`ff (>,444 oigp`rnm ti 0>4,444 cir
Crneoh). Hiwnvnr, whnrn`s Crneoh em
Knrg`e h`vn snne sakeaffo`et mnofaens
ae netrans ic :=:> pnr onet ivnr `
ffvn-yn`r pnraim, netrans cir At`fa`e h`vn
iefy mrippnm jy snvne pnr onet. @t
sohiif fnvnf aetnrnst ae At fa`e as p`rtaouf`rfystriek ae thn aemnpnemnet snotir.1:
At`fa`e as iccnrnm cir mnkrnn fnvnf stumy
ae sign =4 ueavnrsatans ae Nekf`em,
_oitf`em `em [`fns.1?
Iefy twi pnr onet ic thn ^Bs `muft
pipuf`taie rnpirt th`t thny spn`b At`fa`e
wnff neiukh ti hifm ` oievnrs`taie.1=
C^Z]HNZ AECIZG@]AIE
At`fa`e Ouftur`f Aestatutns jaffaie, puttaek L`p`e
ae 0?th pf`on `s privamnr ic kiims
ti thn ^B. Ae thn s`gn pnraim, nxpirts
ae kiims ti L`p`e wnrn =.1 jaffaie,g`baek at thn ^Bs 0>th f`rknst nxpirt
g`rbnt.13@ooirmaek ti thn Jratash
Ngj`ssy ae ]ibyi, thn v`fun ic thn
^Bs nxpirts ti L`p`e ic kiims
`em snrvaons oigjaenm w`s en`rfy
04 jaffaie ae thn s`gn pnraim.
^B nxpirts ti L`p`e aeofumn ohngao`fs,
ph`rg`onutao`fs, `utigitavn
oigpienets `em o`rs, nfnotrao`f
g`ohaenry `em soanetaffo aestrugnets.
]hnrn `rn sign =>4 Jratash oigp`eansipnr taek ae L`p`e aeofumaek Ziffs Ziyon,
K_B, @str`\neno`, J], `em Mysie.
G`ey Jratash rnt`afnrs `em mnsakenrs
suoh `s Jurjnrry, ]ip _hip, Fush
`em T`uf _gath `fsi h`vn ` prnsneon
ae L`p`e cir g`ey at as thnar f`rknst
g`rbnt iutsamn thn ^B. _uoonss
ae L`p`e o`e neh`eon ` oigp`eys
kfij`f oigpntatavn pisataie
`em jraek sakeaffo`et ffe`eoa`f `em
tnoheifikao`f k`aes.
]hn B jnenffts crig L`p`es sujst`eta faevnstgnet wath sign 0,=44 L`p`ensn
oigp`eans fio`tnm ae thn ^B, aeofumaek
044 whi h`vn j`snm thnar Nuripn`e
hn`mqu`rtnrs ae thn ^B. ]hn ^B as jy
c`r thn jakknst mnstae`taie cir L`p`ensn
aevnstgnet ae Nuripn, em ae :40: L`p`e
w`s thn snoiem jakknst aevnstir ae thn
^B `ctnr thn ^_. L`p`ensn iwenm
oigp`eans ourrnetfy ngpfiy girn
th`e 044,444 pnipfn ae thn B. Eass`e,
]iyit` `em Hiem` `ooiuet cir >4 pnr
onet ic vnhaofn g`euc`oturaek ae thn^B. ]hn AO] `em ph`rg`onutao`f/
hn`ftho`rn snotirs `rn `fsi sakeaffo`et
siurons ic aevnstgnet,1;whafn Hat`oha
h`s rnonetfy aevnstnm ae riffaek stiob
g`euc`oturn `em euofn`r piwnr.
L`p`ensn oigp`eans `rn hakhfy
aeeiv`tavn `em L`p`e as thn wirfms
snoiem f`rknst aevnstir ae rnsn`roh
`em mnvnfipgnet. ]hnrn `rn ourrnetfy
`riuem 3,444 L`p`ensn rnsn`roh
soanetasts j`snm ae thn ^B `em `riuem
0,444 ^B rnsn`rohnrs wirbaekae L`p`e.18
L@T@EN_N
L`p`ensn as `e N`st @sa`e f`eku`kn `em thn icffoa`f f`eku`kn icL`p`e. At as r`ebnm eaeth ae thn wirfm wath ivnr 0:4 gaffaie spn`bnrs.
1>. ]ip tne aetnrent f`eku`kns Aetnrent [irfm _t`ts< www.aetnrentwirfmst`t s.oig/st`ts;.htg
13. Icffon ic E`taie`f _t`tastaos (@ukust :40?) ^B ]r`mn, Luen :40? ae _t`tastao`f Juffntae2 v`af`jfn t www.ies.kiv.ub/ies/mop0;0;;8Y?08030.pmc
1;. ajam.
18. ajam.
11. Nekfash Triffoaneoy Aemnx< www.nc.oi.ub /npa
044. www.kiv.ub/kivnregnet/prairaty/aeorn`saek-jusaenss-wath-l`p`e
040. www.kiv.ub/kivnregnet/prairaty/wirb aek-wath-l`p`e -`em-ithnrs-ti -rnmuon-oieaot `em www.kiv.ub/kivnregnet /prairaty/pursuaek-`e -`otavn-cirnake-pi faoy-wath-l`p`e
04:. www.kiv.ub/kivnregnet/prairaty/ub-soaneon-`em-aeeiv`taie-entwirb-wirbaek-wath-l`p`e
04?. Liaet Oiueoaf cir Pu`faffo`taies (:40?) KO_N em Netry Fnvnf Onrtaffo`tn Znsufts, _uggnr :40?.
04=. Liaet Oiueoaf cir Pu`faffo`taies (:40?)@, @_ `em @N@ Znsufts, _uggnr :40?.
04>. J ratash @o`mngy/ ]nrns` ]aesfny (cirthoigaek) ]hn _t`tn ic thn E`taie. Mng`em em _uppfy ic F`eku`kn _baffs ae thn ^B, Jratash @o`mngy
Iefy ien pnr onet ic thn ^Bs
`muft pipuf`taie rnpirt th`t thny
spn`b L`p`ensn wnff neiukh ti
hifm ` oievnrs`taie.043
C^Z]HNZ AECIZG@]AIE
]hn L`p`e Ciuem`taie jaffaie ae :40:,
rnsuftaek ae thn f`rknst tr`mn mnffoat thn
^B h`s wath ey oiuetry ae thn wirfm.048
]harty yn`rs ic ueaetnrruptnm kriwth
`vnr`kaek tne pnr onet pnr `eeug
h`s tr`escirgnm Ohae` aeti thn snoiem
f`rknst noieigy ae thn wirfm. Kavne
ats r`pam kriwth `em st`tus `s `
g`lir ngnrkaek piwnr, thn jusaenss
ippirtueatans `em oh`ffnekns ae Ohae`
`rn krn`t. ]hn ^B as ` tip N^ aevnstir
ae Ohae` `em, ae rnture, rnonavns
v`fu`jfn aew`rm aevnstgnet crig Ohae`.
]hn enxt twi mno`mns `rn fabnfy ti snn
` sakeaffo`et kriwth ae mng`em crig
Ohae`s r`pamfy kriwaek gammfn of`ssns
cir hakhnr v`fun-`mmnm kiims `em
snrvaons `s wnff `s ` sakeaffo`et aeorn`sn
ae aetnre`taie f `otavaty jy Ohae s g lir
oigp`eans. At as agpirt`et th`t thn ^B
oietaeuns ti jnenfft crig thn kriwth
ic Ohae` thriukh aeorn`snm nxpirts
`em hakhnr fnvnfs ic aew`rm aevnstgnet
jy Ohae`.
AE]NZE@]AIE@F OIEENO]AIE_
[ath thn r`pamfy oh`ekaek aetnre`taie`f
paoturn, enw f`eku`kns suoh `s
G`em`rae Ohaensn `rn jnoigaekstr`tnkao`ffy agpirt`et ti thn ^B `em
aetnre`taie ffy. G`em`rae Ohaensn as ien
ic thn prairaty f`eku`kns cir thn Cirnake
`em Oiggiewn`fth Icffon `em
`mmataie`f mapfig`tao pists `rn jnaek
orn`tnm ae Ohae` rnnotaek ats kriwaek
noieigao `em str`tnkao agpirt`eon.
]hn eugjnr ic pists cir G`em`rae
Ohaensn spn`bnrs as nxpnotnm ti rasn
jy =4 pnr onet.041
]iurasg waff jnoign aeorn`saekfy
agpirt`et `s thn tr`vnf p`ttnres ic thn
G@EM@ZAE OHAEN_N
Ohaensn rncnrs ti ` kriup ic _aei-]ajnt`e f`eku`kns wath oiffnotavnfyivnr 0,:44 gaffaie e`tavn spn`bnrs. G`em`rae Ohaensn (Tutiekhu`),thn f`eku`kn wath icffoa`f st`tus ae Ohae`, ]`aw`e, `em _aek`pirn,as thn gist wamnfy spibne ae thn wirfm wath 844 gaffaie spn`bnrs,gistfy ae Ohae`.
04;. ]ip tne aetnrent f`eku`kns Aetnrent [irfm _t`ts< www.aetnrentwirfmst`ts.oig/st`ts;.htg
048. Icffon ic E`taie`f _t`tastaos ( @ukust :40?) ^B ]r`mn, Luen :40? ae _t`tastao`f Juffntae2 `v`af`jfn t www.ies.kiv.ub/ies/mop0;0;;8Y?08030.pmc
041. Jratash @o`mngy (cirthoigaek) Fist cir wirms. ]hn Ennm cir F`eku`kns ae B Mapfig`oy em _nouraty.
004. ^B Oiggassaie cir Ngpfiygnet `em _baffs/G`t thnw [affa`gs (:40:) _notir _baffs Aesakhts< ]iurasg.
000. HG Kivnregnet (:40?) Aetnre`taie`f Nmuo`taie< Kfij`f Kriwth em Trispnraty9
00:. Jratash Oiueoaf Knenr`taie ^B< www.jratashoiueoaf.irk/girn/stumy-wirb-orn`tn/knenr`taie -ub
00?. E`taie`f @ssioa`taie cir F`eku`kn Mnvnfipgnet ae thn Ourraoufug (:400) _ohiif Onesus L`eu`ry :400 F`eku`kn M`t`. Eugjnr ic Oigpufsiry _ohiif @kn Tupafs ae Trag`ry,
_noiem`ry em _pnoa`f _ohiifs jy Mnof`rnm Carst F`eku`kn< www.e`fmao.irk.ub/rnsn`roh-`em-aecirg`taie/n`f-st`tastaos/f`ek
00=. E`taie`f _t`tastaos (:400) Tupafs ae _oitf`em :400. G`ae Hign F`eku`kn.
00>. ]nrns` ]aesfny `em B`thrye Ji`rm (:40:) F`eku`kn Fn`reaek ae Trag`ry em _noiem`ry _ohiifs ae Nekf`em F`eku`kns ]rnems _urvny, OcJ] Nmuo`taie ]rust.
003. ajam.
00;. Liaet Oiueoaf cir Pu`faffo`t aies (:40?)@, @_ `em @N@ Znsufts, _uggnr :40?.
008. _oittash Pu`faffo`taies @uthiraty (:40?) E`taie`f Oiursn `em @w`rms Znsuft _t`tastaos :40?.
001. Jratash @o`mngy/]nrns` ]aesfny (cirthoigaek) ]hn _t`tn ic thn E`taie. Mng`em `em _uppfy ic F`eku`kn _baffs ae thn ^B, Jratash @o`mngy44 Ohaensn
spn`bnrs (` mastaeotaie w`s eit g`mn
jntwnne v`rantans ic Ohaensn) `giekst
Nekfash sohiifohafmrne wath Nekfash `s
`e `mmataie`f f`eku`kn, puttaek Ohaensn
ae twnfcth pf`on.00?Ae _oitf`em, O`etiensn
as thn ffcth gist wamnfy spibne f`eku`kn
jy pupafs wath Nekfash `s ` snoiem
f`eku`kn (0,=>8) em G`em`rae Ohaensn
00th wath >:; pupafs.00=
KO_N netrans cir G`em`rae Ohaensn
mnofaenm jy 0> pnr onet crig `riuem
?,444 ae :448 ti :,>44 ae :40:00>jut
risn `k ae ae :40?.003
Netrans `t @-fnvnf, hiwnvnr, h`vn kriwe
r`pamfy ti ?,=:> ae :40: (`e aeorn`sn
ic :> pnr onet), g`baek G`em`rae Ohaensnthn ciurth gist pipuf`r f`eku`kn `ctnr
Crneoh, Knrg`e `em _p`eash.00;Ae
_oitf`em, netrans cir Ohaensn f`eku`kn
nx`gs h`vn jnne kriwaek crig ` vnry
sg`ff j`sn. ]hnrn wnrn 33 netrans cir
Ohaensn Hakhnr ae :40?.008
G`em`rae Ohaensn as `v`af`jfn `t mnkrnn
fnvnf ae `riuem ?4 ueavnrsatans ae Nekf`em,
_oitf`em `em [`fns.001
Ohae` as bnne ti prigitn G`em`rae
Ohaensn em h`s nst`jfashnm wirfmwamn
entwirb ic Oiecuoaus Aestatutns ti
prigitn ats f`eku`kn `em ouftur f stumans.
]hn ^B h`s 0? Oiecuoaus Aestatutns
`s wnff `s ` entwirb ic sohiif-j`snm
Oiecuoaus Of`ssriigs.0:4
Iefy ien pnr onet ic thn ^Bs `muft
pipuf`taie rnpirt th`t thny spn`b
G`em`rae Ohaensn wnff neiukh ti
hifm ` oievnrs`taie.0:0
C^Z]HNZ AECIZG@]AIE
Oiecuoaus Aestatutns> pnr onet
ic _iuth @gnrao`s KMT `em wath
sakeaffo`et rnkaie`f agpirt`eon ae
tr`mn enkita`taies. @s ien ic thn wirfms
ngnrkaek piwnrs, Jr`zaf as nxpnraneoaek
r`pam kriwth wath ats noieigy cirno`st
ti kriw jy ciur ti ffvn pnr onet pnr yn`r
ivnr thn gnmaug tnrg. @fthiukh ats
kriwaek gammfn of`ssns `rn jnoigaek
aeorn`saekfy agpirt`et oiesugnrs
ic hakhnr v`fun kiims `em snrvaons,
Jr`zaf ourrnetfy r`ebs :;th ae tnrgs ic
thn ^Bs nxpirt g`rbnt ae kiims, wathTirtuk`f ?3th. Agpirts ti thn ^B cir
thn s`gn pnraim h`m ` v`fun ic :.>
jaffaie crig Jr`zaf `em 0.; jaffaie crig
Tirtuk`f, rnsuftaek ae ` sfakht tr`mn
surpfus cir thn ^B.0:?
@ooirmaek ti thn Mnp`rtgnet cir
Jusaenss, Aeeiv`taie `em _baffs< Jr`zaf
iccnrs jak ippirtueatans eit`jfy ae
nenrky, snrvaons em soaneon. Jut ivnr ff
thn jaf`tnr`f tr`mn em aevnstgnet
rnf`taieshap as uemnrmnvnfipnm.0:=
Ippirtueatans cir ^B oigp`eans `rn
aggnesn jut ^B jusaenssns ffem
thn Jr`zafa`e jusaenss nevariegnet
` oh`ffnekn ae tnrgs ic oist `em
oigpfnxaty. Jratash aevnstgnets aeofumn
iaf em k`s, gaeaek em ffe`eoa f snrvaons
`em thnrn `rn ippirtueatans ti juafm
ie thn striek rnf`taieshap jntwnne thn
Fiemie :40: Ifygpao em T`r`fygpao
K`gns `em Zai :403 K`gns. [ath
Jr`zaf thn gist oatnm soaneon j`sn
iutsamn thn K8, thnrn rn ippirtueatans
ti o`pat`fasn ie jurknieaek ^BJr`zaf
soanetaffo oi-ipnr`taie `em
oiff`jir`taie, aeofumaek ae thn `rn`s
ic ph`rg`onutao`fs `em nenrky.
Jr`zaf h`s jnne amnetaffnm jy thn ^B
kivnregnet `s ` prairaty oiuetry cir
aetnre`taie`f nmuo`taie.0:>Jr`zaf as
bnne ti juafm curthnr ie thnar suoonsscuf
prikr`ggn ic kivnregnet-cuemnm
sohif`rshaps netatfnm _oaneon
wathiut Jirmnrs whaoh pf`ons 04,444
uemnrkr`mu`tn `em pistkr`mu`tn
stumnets ae thn ^B ti stumy sujlnots ic
g`lir agpirt`eon ti thn mnvnfipgnetic Jr`zaf. ]has sohngn waff knenr`tn
ivnr :44 gaffaie cir thn ^B noieigy.
]hn ^B Nmuo`taie ^eat, `fiek wath `
eugjnr ic B irk`eas`taies, as nxpfiraek
enw w`ys ti rnspiem ti thn kriwaek
mng`em cir Nekfash f`eku`kn tr`aeaek
ae Jr`zaf.0:3
AE]NZE@]AIE@F OIEENO]AIE_
]hn Cirnake em Oiggiewn`fth Icffon
h`s st`tnm ats aetnetaie ti aeorn`sn thn
eugjnrs ic mapfig`ts tr`aenm ae F`tae
@gnrao`e _p`eash `em Tirtukunsn
jy :4 pnr onet.0:;
Tirtuk`f w`s thn saxth gist pipuf`r
hifam`y mnstae`taie cir iutkiaek
tiurasts crig thn B ae :400 wath
0.1 gaffaie vasats.0:8
]hn Nekfash Triffoaneoy Aemnx r`tns
Jr`zaf `s ` oiuetry wath vnry fiw
priffoaneoy ae Nekfash, `em Tirtuk`f
`s h`vaek gimnr`tn priffoaneoy.0:1
TIZ]^K^N_N
TIZ]^K^_
Tirtukunsn as ` Zig`eon f`eku`kn `em h`s sign 084 gaffaie ffrstf`eku`kn spn`bnrs, gistfy ae Jr`zaf (ivnr 14 pnr onet) `em Tirtuk`f,g`baek at thn snvneth gist wamnfy spibne f`eku`kn ae thn wirfm.
?=
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TIZ]^K^N_N AE ]HN ^B
Tirtukunsn as thn nakhth gist oiggiefy
spibne f`eku`kn giek pupafs ae Nekf`em
h`vaek Nekfash s e mmataie`f f`eku`kn.
Cakurns crig :400 shiw th`t ::,334
sohiifohafmrne wnrn spn`bnrs ic
Tirtukunsn.0?4Tirtukunsn as fnss
oiggie `giekst pupafs ae _oitf`em.0?0
@fthiukh thn eugjnr ic yiuek pnipfnstumyaek Tirtukunsn ti @-fnvnf as vnry
sg ff (lust ?0: ae :40:), thas rnprnsnets
`e 84 pnr onet aeorn`sn ae ffvn yn`rs.0?:
]hn eugjnr ic pupafs stumyaek
Tirtukunsn `t KO_N as `fsi sg`ff
(0,;:0 ae :40:) `em h`s aeorn`snm iefy
vnry sfakhtfy ae thn p`st ffvn yn`rs.0??
]hnrn `rn ei nquav`fnet nx`gae`taies
cir Tirtukunsn ae thn _oittash
nmuo`taie systng.
Tirtukunsn as eit wamnfy t`ukht `t mnkrnn
fnvnf wath iefy `jiut :4 ueavnrsatans
`oriss thn ^B iccnraek mnkrnn oiursns.0?=
Fnss th`e ien pnr onet ic thn ^Bs
`muft pipuf`taie rnpirt th`t thny
spn`b Tirtukunsn wnff neiukh tihifm ` oievnrs`taie.0?>
C^Z]HNZ AECIZG@]AIE
Aestatuti O`gins `t v`raius
ueavnrsatans ae thn ^B4gaffaie e`tavn spn`bnrs, `em as `fsi spibne `s ` snoiem f`eku`knjy ivnr 0:4 gaffaie pnipfn ae Zussa` `em thn enakhjiuraek oiuetransic Onetr`f @sa`.
Zussa`e h`s icffoa`f st`tus ae Zussa`
`s wnff `s ae Jnf`rus, B`z`bhst`e `em
Byrkyzst`e. At as wrattne ae thn Oyraffao
`fph`jnt. Ithnr f`eku`kns usaek
gimaffnm cirgs ic thn Oyraffao sorapt
`rn Jufk`ra`e, G`onmiea`e, _nrja`e,
^br`aea`e `em Jnfirussa`e.
Zussa`e as `e icffoa`f f`eku`kn ic thn
^eatnm E`taies, Aetnre`taie`f Oragae`f
Oiurt, Irk`eas`taie cir _nouraty
`em Oiipnr`taie ae Nuripn `em thn
_h`ekh`a Oiipnr`taie Irk`eas`taie.
Ae tnrgs ic aetnrent us`kn, Zussa`e
as thn nakhth gist oiggiefy
usnm f`eku`kn.0?3
J^_AEN__ JNENCA]_
Zussa` as thn ^Bs 0:th f`rknst kiims
nxpirt g`rbnt wirth >.3 jaffaie ae
:40:. At as fsi thn ^Bs 0=th gist
agpirt`et siuron ic agpirts, wath
agpirtnm kiims crig Zussa` v`funm
`t 8.=> jaffaie ae :40:, rnsuftaek ae
` sujst`eta`f tr`mn mnffoat.0?;
@s ien ic thn JZAO oiuetrans, Zussa`
h`s jnne amnetaffnm `s ien ic thn
ciur g`lir wirfm piwnrs whisn
aeuneon as kriwaek c`st. At as `frn`my
thn wirfms saxth f`rknst noieigy
`em as prilnotnm ti ivnrt`bn Knrg`ey
jy :4?4.0?8]hn Mnp`rtgnet cir
Jusaenss, Aeeiv`taie `em _baffs h`s
oiggnetnm, hiwnvnr, th`t thn jusaenss
ofag`tn g`bns thn oiuetry ` macffouftg`rbnt cir nxpirtnrs.0?1Ae spatn ic
thn macffouftans, Jratash ffrgs h`vn
aevnstnm hn`vafy ae Zussa` `em `jiut
344 ^B oigp`eans wnrn ipnr`taek ae
Zussa` ae :441. ]hn c`ot th`t Zussa`
jno`gn ` gngjnr ic thn [irfm ]r`mn
Irk`eas`taie ae :40: waff g`bn cuturn
tr`mn `em aevnstgnet ae Zussa` n`sanr,
`s waff thnar gngjnrshap ic thn
Irk`eas`taie cir Noieigao Oi-
ipnr`taie `em Mnvnfipgnet.
AE]NZE@]AIE@F OIEENO]AIE_
]hn aeorn`sn ae ntheao `em rnkaie`f
oieaots ae thn pist-_ivant nr ,
tiknthnr wath Zussa`s rifn `s ` kfij`f
noieigao piwnr, h`s gn`et th`t
Zussa`e oietaeuns ti jn `e agpirt`et
f`eku`kn cir mapfig`oy em snouraty.0=4
]hn ^Bs aetnre`taie`f nmuo`taie
str`tnky amnetaffns Zussa` `s ` bny t`rkntg`rbnt cir rnoruataek aetnre`taie`f
stumnets. Cirg`f masoussaies rn uemnr
w`y ivnr thn gutu`f rnoikeataie ic
qu faffo`taies jut at as eit nxpnotnm th`t
thas waff jn `ohanvnm cir sign tagn.0=0
]hn Nekfash Triffoaneoy Aemnx
r`tns Zussa` `s ` oiuetry wath
fiw priffoaneoy ae Nekfash.0=:
0?3. ]ip tne aetnrent f`eku`kns Aetnrent [irfm _t`ts< www.aetnrentwir fmst`ts.oig/st`t s;.htg
0?;. Icffon ic E`taie`f _t`tastaos ( @ukust :40?) ^B ]r`mn, Luen :40? ae _t`tastao`f Juffntae2 `v`af`jfn t www.ies.kiv.ub/ies/mop0;0;;8Y?08030.pmc
0?8. Traon [`tnrhiusn Oiipnr (:40?) ]hn [irfm ae :4>4. ]hn JZAOs em Jnyiem.
0?1. Mnp`rtgnet ci r Jusaenss, Aeeiv`taie em _baffs (:400) ]r`mn em Aevnstgnet cir Kriwth.
0=4. Jratash @o`mngy (cirthoigaek) Fist cir wirms. ]hn Ennm cir F`eku`kns ae B Mapfig`oy em _nouraty.
0=0. HG Kivnregnet (:40?) Aetnre`taie`f Nmuo`taie< Kfij`f Kriwth em Trispnraty.
0=:. Nekfash Triffoaneoy Aemnx< www.nc.oi.ub/npa
0=?. E`t aie`f _t`tast aos (:400) Tupafs ae _oitf`em :400, G`ae Hign F`eku`kn9
0==. Lihe Nvnrsfny nt `f. (:404) F`eku`kn O`pat`f. G`ppaek thn F`eku`kns ic Fiemies _ohiifohafmrne, OAF]/Aestatutn ic Nmuo`taie.
0=>. ]nrns` ]aesfny em B`thrye Ji`rm (:40:) F`eku`kn Fn`reaek ae Trag`ry em _noiem`ry _ohiifs ae Nekf`em F`eku`kns ]rnems _urvny, OcJ] Nmuo`taie ]rust.
0=3. _oittash Pu`faffo`taies @uthiraty (:40?) E`taie`f Oiursn `em @w`rms Znsuft _t`tastaos :40?.
0=;. ajam.
0=8. Jratash @o`mngy/]nrns` ]aesfny (cirthoigaek) ]hn _t`tn ic thn E`taie. Mng`em `em _uppfy ic F`eku`kn _baffs ae thn ^B< www.jrat`o.`o.ub/pifaoy/_t`tnYicYthnYE`taieY:40?.ocg
0=1. QiuKiv (Iotijnr :40?) (`v`af`jfn ie rnqunst crig thn Jra tash Oiueoaf).
Z^__A@E
?3
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SIMB@]_@Z
]^EMZ@
@TT@Z@]OHABKF@_EI_]
Nekfash wirms mnravnm ir `miptnm
crig Zussa`e aeofumn
Netryffkurns cir Zussa`e ae thn _oittash
nx`gae`taie systng `rn vnry sg`ff, wath
?3 stumnets sattaek thn Hakhnr ae :40?.0=3
]hnrn wnrn en`rfy :,444 netrans cir
Zussa`e KO_N ae :40:. ]has fsi shiws
stn`my aeorn`sn ivnr tne yn`rs, `k`ae
prij`jfy mun ti thn prnsneon ic pupafs
whi `frn`my beiw sign Zussa`e.
Hiwnvnr, thnsn ffkurns g`bn Zussa`e
thn eaeth gist pipuf`r cirnake f`eku`kn
`t KO_N.0=;
Zussa`e o`e jn stumanm ti mnkrnn
fnvnf ae `riuem :4 ueavnrsatans ae
Nekf`em `em _oitf`em.0=8
Iefy ien pnr onet ic thn ^Bs `muftpipuf`taie rnpirt th`t thny spn`b Zussa`e
wnff neiukh ti hifm ` oievnrs`taie.0=1
C^Z]HNZ AECIZG@]AIE
Zussbay Gar Ciuem`taie4@fiek wath @crao` `em thn
Gammfn N`st, F`tae @gnrao` as ien ic
thn c`stnst kriwaek rnkaies ae tnrgs
ic aetnrent usn.0>0
J^_AEN__ JNENCA]_
_p`ae as thn ^Bs nakhth f`rknst kiims
nxpirt g`rbnt, v`funm `t 8.> jaffaie
ae :40:. At as thn Bs tneth f`rknst
siuron ic kiims agpirts v`funm `t00.> jaffaie cir thn s`gn pnraim.0>:
[ath ` oigjaenm pipuf`taie ic
ivnr ::0 gaffaie pnipfn, @rknetae`,
Ohafn, Oifigja` `em Gnxaoi h`vn `ff
jnne amnetaffnm jy thn Oiecnmnr`taie
ic Jratash Aemustry `s upoigaek
noieigans.0>?G`e`kngnet
oiesuft`eoy Traonw`tnrhiusnOiipnr
prilnots th`t thn Gnxao`e noieigy
waff ivnrt`bn th`t ic thn ^B jy :4?4.0>=
]hn kivnregnet rnoikeasns th`t tr`mn
rnf`taies wath thn noieigans ic F`tae`em Onetr`f @gnrao` `rn ourrnetfy
uemnr-mnvnfipnm.0>>
Gnxaoi as ien ic thn gist ipne
tr`maek e`taies ae thn wirfm, wath `e
nxtnesavn entwirb ic jaf`tnr`f tr`mn
`krnngnets. ]hn OJA h`s piaetnm ti
Gnxaois maspripirtaie`tnfy fiw
sh`rn ic thn ^B nxpirt g`rbnt `em
hakhfakhtnm thn ippirtueatans thnrn
cir Jratash ffrgs, p`rtaouf`rfy ac thny
o`e ipnr`tn ae _p`eash3
AE]NZE@]AIE@F OIEENO]AIE_
]hn Jratash @o`mngy pujfao`taie, Fist
cir [irms, rnpirts th`t thn Cirnake
`em Oiggiewn`fth Icffon (COI) as
orn`taek mmataie`f pists cir spn`bnrs
ic p`rtaouf`r f`eku`kns ae eugjnr ic
rnkaies aeofumaek F`tae @gnrao` ti
rnnot thn rasn ic ngnrkaek piwnrs
`em thnar noieigans. ]hn COI pf`es ti
aeorn`sn thn eugjnr ic Jratash mapfig`ts
spn`baek _p`eash (F`tae @gnrao`e) em
Tirtukunsn jy :4 pnr onet.
Ae :40: _p ae w`s thn gist pipuf`r
mnstae`taie cir pnipfn crig thn B wath
girn th`e 00 gaffaie vasatirs. ]iurasts
crig _p`ae ti thn B rn thn ciurth
f`rknst eie-Nekfash spn`baek kriup
`ctnr vasatirs crig Cr`eon, Knrg`ey
`em thn Enthnrf`ems.0>;
Gnxaoi h`s jnne amnetaffnm `s ` bny
t`rknt g`rbnt cir aeoigaek aetnre`taie f
stumnets em s prairaty oiuetry
cir aetnre`taie`f nmuo`taie.0>8]hnkivnregnet as ourrnetfy wirbaek
wath thn nmuo`taie snotir ti mnvnfip
pripis`fs cir ` onetrn ic nxonffneon
?8
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privamaek aeata`f tn`ohnr tr`aeaek `em
ae-snrvaon pricnssaie`f mnvnfipgnet
ti jn j`snm wathae ` fn`maek ueavnrsaty
ae thn rnkaie.
_T@EA_H AE ]HN ^B
@ooirmaek ti :400 ffkurns crig thn
Mnp`rtgnet cir Nmuo`taie, thnrn wnrn
girn th`e 0?,444 spn`bnrs ic _p`eashae Nekfash sohiifs, g`baek _p`eash thn
0=th gist oiggiefy spibne f`eku`kn
jy sohiifohafmrne wath Nekfash `s `e
`mmataie`f f`eku`kn.0>1Ae _oitf`em,
_p`eash r`ebs `s tneth ae agpirt`eon.034
]hnrn `rn, hiwnvnr, aemao`taies th`t
thnsn eugjnrs `rn kriwaek. @ooirmaek
ti Nvnrsfny nt `f., thn eugjnr ic
_p`eash-spn`baek sohiifohafmrne ae
Fiemie krnw jy >; pnr onet ae thn
pnraim 0118 ti :448.030
_p`eash as thn snoiem gist pipuf`r
f`eku`kn `t KO_N wath girn th`e
33,444 netrans ae :40:. Ae _oitf`em
thn eugjnr ic netrans cir _p`eash
ae `ff sohiif fnvnf nx`gae`taies h`s
oietaeunm ti kriw.03:
_p`eash as `fsi eiw thn snoiem gist
pipuf`r f`eku`kn `t @-fnvnf `ctnr Crneoh,
h`vaek ivnrt`bne Knrg`e ae :44>.
[ath girn th`e ;,344 netrans ae :40?,
at as thn iefy g`lir f`eku`kn ti juob thn
trnem ic yn`r ie yn`r mnofaen.03?
_p`eash as iccnrnm t mnkrnn fnvnf jy girn
th`e ;4 ueavnrsatans oriss thn whifn ic
thn B em h`s snne cnwnr mnp`rtgnet`f
ofisurns th`e ithnr f`eku`kns.03=
Iefy ciur pnr onet ic thn ^Bs
`muft pipuf`taie rnpirt th`t thny
spn`b _p`eash wnff neiukh ti
hifm ` oievnrs`taie.03>
C^Z]HNZ AECIZG@]AIE:. Icffon ic E`taie`f _t`tastaos ( @ukust :40?) ^B ]r`mn, Luen :40? ae _t`tastao`f Juffntae2 `v`af`jfn t www.ies.kiv.ub/ies/mop0;0;;8Y?08030.pmc
0>?. Oiecnmnr`taie ic Jr atash Aemustry/Nrest em Qiuek (:400) [aeeaek Ivnrsn`s< Jiistaek Jusaenss Nxpirt Tnrcirg`eon.
0>= Traon [`tnrhiusn Oiipnr (:40?) ]hn [irfm ae :4>4. ]hn JZAOs em Jnyiem.
0>>. Mnp`rtgnet ci r Jusaenss, Aeeiv`taie em _baffs (:400) ]r`mn em Aevnstgnet cir Kriwth.