language or languages??

8/9/2019 Language or Languages??

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International Seminar 1-3 March. 2008,International Seminar 1-3 March. 2008,Hyderabad.Hyderabad.

LANGUAGE OR LANGUAGE LANGUAGE OR LANGUAGE

SEYED HOSSEIN FAZELI

Department of Linguistics,University ofMysore, Mysore.

Email:[email protected]


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OutlineOutlineIntroductionIntroduction

1. The history of vocabulary Culture1. The history of vocabulary Culture

2. Nature and reality of culture2. Nature and reality of culture

3. The categories of definitions of culture3. The categories of definitions of culture

4. Language, thought and culture4. Language, thought and culture

5. Language, Culture and Society5. Language, Culture and Society

6. Language learning6. Language learning

7. Culture, learning and communication7. Culture, learning and communication

8. The analysis of the social content of language teaching and learning8. The analysis of the social content of language teaching and learning

9.Globalization9.Globalization

10.Today, English as an International language10.Today, English as an International language

11. Official language or languages in one country11. Official language or languages in one country

12-Translation12-Translation

13. Language contact13. Language contact

14. Motivated factors to learn other languages14. Motivated factors to learn other languages

15. Multi complex category of factors15. Multi complex category of factors

16. Results16. Results

English in GlobalizationEnglish in GlobalizationReferencesReferences


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IntroductionIntroduction

Importance of relationship of language and cultureImportance of relationship of language and culture

Culture and language are two unseperatable sides of humanCulture and language are two unseperatable sides of human

communication systemcommunication system

A language of one society reflects the culture of that society

Language and culture are inter-linked to each others in various ways

Language is human societys most precious possession not only

because of its communicative values, but also because language is thevehicle of culture

Culture is the embodiment of all that a society believes produces

Language becomes an integral part of culture

Language and culture go hand in hand interacting with and shapingtogether CONTINUE


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The acquisition of one language is done through or with culture

Society and culture are more than background and even more thancontext

Language and society are so inter-linked and so much apart each

other that are cannot be thought of except in relation to the otherLanguage for the individual is his tool for interaction with communityas well as the communitys tool for interaction with the individual

Language acquiring is just one aspect of acculturation

The two languages are not translation of each others

Globalization in a literal sense is international integrationGlobalization can be described as a process by which the people ofthe world are unified into single society

The effects of globalization which work to linguistic homogenizationand cultural homogenization is done through modernization,

translation, standardization and the othersEndangered languages are not concluded to languages themselves

Endanger with or through languages due to endanger treasure ofculture

Various issues have been affect that the endangered state andcondition occur


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1. The history of word Culture1. The history of word Culture

Origin of concept cultureOrigin of concept culture

It is derived form the classical or may be pre-classical LatinIt is derived form the classical or may be pre-classical Latin

(Cultura)(Cultura)

In 1750, it was used to describe the human society for theIn 1750, it was used to describe the human society for the

first time in Germany languagefirst time in Germany language

In 1871,Tylore defined it as a clear scientific definitionIn 1871,Tylore defined it as a clear scientific definition

In 1926, Culture was added to Webster dictionary (for theIn 1926, Culture was added to Webster dictionary (for the

same meaning)same meaning)


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2. Nature and reality of culture2. Nature and reality of culture

It refers to some property of communityIt refers to some property of community

culture is something that everybody hasculture is something that everybody hasMaterial culture and Non-material cultureMaterial culture and Non-material culture

Culture is knowledge includes know-how and how-thatCulture is knowledge includes know-how and how-that

(1957, Goodenough)(1957, Goodenough)

Cultural knowledge , Shared non-cultural knowledge , Non-Cultural knowledge , Shared non-cultural knowledge , Non-

shared non-cultural knowledge in one societyshared non-cultural knowledge in one society

CultureCulture

is general; however, it is particular.is general; however, it is particular.

is dynamic, however, it is static.is dynamic, however, it is static.

is accepted through force, however, it is free willis accepted through force, however, it is free will

Problems of the study of cultureProblems of the study of culture


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3.The categories of3.The categories ofdefinitionsdefinitions of cultureof cultureThe Descriptive type-The Descriptive type- The factorial elements of cultureThe factorial elements of culture -Tylor 1871-Tylor 1871

The Traditional typeThe Traditional type- The social heritage or tradition- The social heritage or tradition -Sapir 1921-Sapir 1921

The Normative typeThe Normative type--

The rule or wayThe rule or way -Young 1934-Young 1934

The values and ideasThe values and ideas -Sorokin 1947-Sorokin 1947

The Psychological typeThe Psychological type --Culture as adjustmentCulture as adjustment -Small 1905-Small 1905

The learningThe learning -Opler 1947-Opler 1947

The habitsThe habits -Murdock 1941-Murdock 1941

The structural type-The structural type- The model, pattern or organization of cultureThe model, pattern or organization of culture

-Willey 1926-Willey 1926

The Genetical type-The Genetical type-

Culture is as a productionCulture is as a production - Falsom 1928- Falsom 1928

The ideas in cultureThe ideas in culture - Ward 1903- Ward 1903

The symbols of cultureThe symbols of culture - Whyite 1943- Whyite 1943


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4.Language, though and culture

In language acquisition, cognitive development and linguistic

development, go hand in hand, each interacting with and shaping the

other

Verbal labels can shape the way we store events for later recall

culture as socially acquired knowledge

culture is one part of memory

Culture is really an integral part of the interaction between language

and thought

Meanings for every thing, are in the human


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5. Language, Culture and SocietyThe facility of communication and interaction for socialliving, is as a result of social being and living in societies as

characteristic of the human

Language does not develop in a vacuum

Language records the cultural history of a community

A language is part of the culture of a people and the chiefmeans by which the members of a society communicate

Language is component of culture and central networkthrough which the other components are expressed

Differences in cultural meanings across language are aproblem in learning a new language

Contacting with people of another society, identifies somecharacteristics of the behavior ,that show they are as

member of a different society


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6. Language learning and teaching

Learning is as acquiring or getting of knowledge of asubject or skill by study, experience, or instruction

The concept of learning, as it is understood today, has beengenerally influenced by the psychological study of the

learning process

Teaching is as" showing or helping someone to learn how todo something, giving instruction, guiding in the study of

something, providing with knowledge, causing to know orunderstand

Your understanding of how the learner learns, will

determine the philosophy of education


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7. Culture, learning and communicationTo understand some materials and subject in one language, weshould understand the meanings of the culture expressed by the

words of the language

There can be no real learning of a language, withoutunderstanding something of the patterns and values of theculture of which it is a part

To become truly educated in language, it is necessary to absorbthe full cultural meaning of the target language

Breaking free of the elements meaning units of the learnersnative language, let him to achieve right communicationthrough a second language

CONTINUE

f h


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If we suppose that:

*M = Meaning which exists in the mind ofsender of message during the specific

communication, as it is called CommunicationA.

*M = Meaning which consist in the mindof receiver of message during the specificcommunication, as it is called CommunicationA.

**Among the two individuals communication,one of the below states, will occur:CONTINUE


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State one M'/M=1, Two individuals communicate eachothers completely.

State two M'/M=0, Two individuals do not communicate eacheach others.

State three M'/M


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8. The analysis of the social content of

language teaching and learning

The social content of language learning can be regarded as a set offactors that is likely to exercise a powerful influence on languagelearning

Socio-cultural factors that bear upon motivation

Sociolinguistic and socio cultural factors in learning environment

Importance to the influence of interethnic relations upon ethno-

linguistic attitudes and on language learning

the social opportunities for contact with the second language

Educational frame work in which the teaching normally occurs

9 G i i


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9.GlobalizationGlobalization (generally written with a Z) has been defined byGiddens as the intensification of worldwide social relationswhich link distant localities in such a way that local happeningsare shaped by events occurring many miles away and vice versa(Giddens, 1990)

Globalization in a literal sense is international integration

Globalization can be described as a process by which the peopleof the world are unified into single society

Scholars from various disciplines such as sociology, political,science and geography have perceived globalization differentlyand tried to define it from various angles CONTINUE

di f h i h b d i i di d


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Commodity of chains whereby production is coordinated ona global scale

Diffusion of practice, values and technology that have aninfluence on peoples life world wide

Increasing technological scale and information flow

Increasing broader flow of goods, services, money,information and culture

we can find some of common concepts like mutualinterdependence, exchange, and sharing the communityaround the world in all aspects such as social, economic,

cultural and even linguistic aspectsCONTINUE


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Although there seems to be a consensus that we are living inincreasingly globalized world, there is by no means agreement aboutrelated issues Compression of space and time, shrinking of world

Globalization has various aspects which affect the world in severaldifferent ways such as:

1.Industrial, 2) Financial, 3) Economic, 4) Political, 5) Informational,6) Cultural, 7) Social and 8) Ecological

In cultural aspects, there are many international exchanges such as:

1. Spreading of multiculturalism, 2) International travel and tourism,

3) Immigration, 4) formation or development of a set of universalvalues, 5) Development of a global telecommunicationsinfrastructure, 6) Internet, Communication satellites and the otherrelated tools, 7) Increase in the number of standards applied globally

CONTINUE


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Globalization is the emergence that is common cross-culturally and across national boundaries

The global communication leads to some extent functionalhomogenization of culture and language

Homogenization of culture and homogenization oflanguage, are particularly relevant for translatingglobalization as a reality

The active responses of sub-national languages and culturesto the global force are also very important for their ownsurvival and progress

10 T d E li h I t ti l


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10. Today, English as an International

language

Since 1950s, English is applied as a international language for themost of situations

The role of Lingua France of English is very clearly

The most power of such Lingua Franca may lead to situations that

many believe that acquiring of their mother-tongue which do not haveuniversal economic, social scientific and political benefits andadvantages and they waste their time during acquiring and using theirmother tongue for themselves and their children

And also many others who believe that world with one universallanguage is wonderful idea that due to unit peaceful world

Eagerness, zeal and enthusiasm to acquire such international languageonly plus lack of motivation to acquire their mother tongue duringmore than one generation lead to death of one language as results of

lack of speakers


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11. Official language or languages in one

country

Multi ligulas are as a usual phenomenon which includes manymillions of people in different countries

There is not particular and exact number among multi lingual peopleand also the number of languages

In countries which are called as monolingual countries such asEngland, France, German and U.S., there are many percentages ofspeakers of other languages

For example, in U.S., 10% of people speak languages other thanEnglish and in England; more than one hundred languages are spoken

CONTINUE


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There are different percentages of multi lingual in differentcountries and also there are different reasons for such multi lingualsituations

It is difficult to find balance in number of speakers of differentlanguages in one country ,and the condition without socialcontradiction

In such multi lingual situations, in order to balance linguisticcondition of country, internal changes of society and governmentspolicies will be done

The governments policies will be done in different ways such as a

selection of one or more native or non-native language orlanguages for country as official language or languages

CONTINUE

At least two below states may occur:


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At least two below states may occur:

1.The acculturation condition among the speakers ofparticular native languages through mandatory andcompulsory acquiring of the particular languages for long

time (at least more than one generation). In such condition,the speakers do not have motivation to acquire their mothertongue and they eager to acquire official language only

2.Different percentages of influences and linguisticborrowing on and in non-official languages by the officiallanguage or languages during long time (especially morethan one generation). In heavy influences and borrowing,even new language or dialect will be created, or thelanguage or dialect will be forgotten


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12-Translation

Translation is transfer of concepts from one language toanother in both oral and written forms

Nowdays, because of importance of knowledge, sciencesand modern technology, translation plays a main role

The number of languages as source or target, or largelanguages in translation and the topics and subjects fortranslation are increasing during the time

Translation in both types, through human and speciallymachine (because of lack of cultural and social background)due to enter and transfer some strange and unknown valuesto the target language from source language

CONTINUE

I li h l d f b l l b


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In reality, the languages are not used for symbols merely, but

they different ways of view to the world

Different cultures and languages families among source andtarget languages make problems more in translation

Word for word translation and literal translation of text are twomain highways of entrance strange values to target language

Strange values are not set and suitable to the speakers own

culture of target languages which are as new lexical items orsame words to target language words with new values to target

language

13 L


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13. Language contact

Language contact or contact vernaculars are contact of

speakers of different languages which dues to influencesand linguistic borrowing

Such contact is depend on different percentages of contact

of speakers, long time of contact, varieties of socialeconomic and political relationships, similarities oflanguages and the other factors

Close contact and heavy influence and borrowing for longtime will due to death of some organ of language body

The most dramatic examples of new language are arisingout of contact situations are pidgins and after that Creole

CONTINUE


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There are some main characteristics which are belonging topidgin languages contrast to natural languages:

1.The lexical items of pidgin languages are more limited thannatural languages, because pidgin languages have minimumlexical items for communication in particular situations

2.Pidgin languages are found or created during two or threegenerations contrast to natural languages, in this way,natural languages has big treasure of cultural background.

3.Pidgin languages have simple structure contrast to naturallanguage, such simple structure due to many linguisticambiguous cases ,social and cultural ambiguous states

4.Normally, pidgin languages have less social values5.The values of lexical items of pidgin languages can be

different from lexical items of natural languages whichpidgin languages are outcome of their contract

CONTINUE


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To conclude:

*Language contact can due to finding new dialect or languagewhich partly or mostly different from varieties of languageswhich are in contact

*Such new dialect or language will have new treasure ofcultural and social reflection

*For long time, through decreasing the number of speakers of

language which are in contact, the death of partly orcompletely will occur and long traditional and big treasurewill be forgotten through less reflection in limited vehicle(language)


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14. Motivated factors to learn other languages

There are some motivated factors that lead people to acquire other

than mother-tongue directly or indirectly, and partly or completely

14.1. International relationships

*As it was discussed before, for example, English has a main

political, academic and social role among the different countries to

communicate each others. For long and much power of such role of

English or any language, can due to such feeling that the speakers of

different language, believe that their mother-tongue do not have muchuses in the world and they will lose their motivation to use and also

teach their mother-tongue to their children as next generation

CONTINUE


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14.2.The press

*Since four hundreds years ago, English is as a primary mediumof the press

*Today, 1/3 of the worlds press are in countries which Englishhas special importance in them and it is logically that if wethink that most of such press in English

*New York Times, Washington post, Wall Street journal and

Sunday Times have highest printed press in the world

*Since the end of 19th century, advertisements play primary role,today, especially advertisements in English CONTINUE


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14.3.Television, Radio, Cinema and Music

*It is estimated that serial films in U.S and England channels are

watched more than 120 countries*Regarding to BFI, in 1996, 80 percent of produced films in the world

are in English

*However, there are some governments policies against English inFrance and German, but only 25 percent of Cinemas income is fornon-English movies in such countries

*During the recent decades, English has distinctive role in songs

*549 from 557 famous music groups (99percent) act in English

language

*1156 from1219 famous singers (95percent) sing in EnglishCONTINUE


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Nowdays, people believe in what they watched

and listen through television, radio, cinema

and music and they do as they had watched andlisten; in other words, television, radio, cinema

and music are peoples religion. Primary

medium of this religion is English. In such way,English can affect the languages, cultures and

social treasure of different people in different

countries. For long time and much moer, sucheffect can be dangerous because of power of

influence


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14.4. Abroad travel

*The people travel abroad for different reasons such as business and

study

*The main facility in abroad for communication is language which should

be as a international communicative language

*Living, immigration and traveling which are for long time, due to

acquire and use language in order to communicate with the majority in

abroad

*Such acquiring and using language will influence the native language of

the speakers and even their native language will be lost for long time

CONTINUE

14 5 Internet


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14.5. Internet

*80% of registered information in Internet is in English which

includes different information of different companies,

organizations, universities, and so on*However, there is not particular method to determine

particular official language in Internet, but if every body

wants to find answers for his questions in Internet , it is

necessary that he should know English

*It is estimated that in 2020, one milliard users will use

Internet and for such using, mainly, knowing of English is

necessary. The progress of knowing and using Internetaffect the languages of many speakers

*One sociologist stated that now days, finding of translation of

Destoevskys works in English in Internet is easier than

finding such works in Russian language in bookshops

15 Multi complex category of factors


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15. Multi complex category of factors

**There are some factors which are called as a multi-complex

category here, because such factors are not distinctive factors

themselves and separate form the others mentioned categories

15.1 .Political condition

The political aexation, military occupation, groups migration

and the other political factors, due to new linguistic outcomes.For example, as result of political asylum, the people will

learn language of foreign country

15.2. Religional factors

Sometimes shifting and acceptance of new religion or triness

to maintenance of own religion due to learn new language

partly or completely CONTINUE

15 3 Cultural factors


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15.3. Cultural factors

**Interesting in other foreign or other than own cultural andsocial groups can be important motivation to acquire new

language, and for long time, joining to such groups due tocommunicate through such new language only

15.4. Natural catastrophe

Earthquakes, eruption, drough and the other natural

catastrophes can be reason for many groups migration toareas and countries which different languages are spokenthere

15.5 .Educational, cultural, economical and social

factors**Such factors, as mentioned before are as separate orrelated factors to many factors which can act as mainreasons to acquire new language and lose mother tongue for

long time.

16 R lt


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16.ResultsLanguage and culture go hand in hand, each interacting with

and shaping together

Language and culture are inter-linked to each others in

various ways

Language is an integral part of culture and the vehicle of

cultureEffects on every one of them, leads to affect the other as it can

to be called directly or indirectly

Globalization, through linguistic homogenization and cultural

homogenization, affects on language and culture as

modernization, translation, standardization and the others

CONTINUE


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Globalizations effects can be positive and negative effects

The homogenization of culture due to globalization process

results in the marginalization of indigenous cultures

However, globalization through cultural homogenization,

can be helpful in the progress and development of the

cultures; if .The members of one culture community should try to

maintain their positive aspects of culture and replace

negative aspects of their culture through positive aspects of

globalization

The members of one culture community should aware

about outcomes of globalization

CONTINUE

At the language level globalization leads to growth of


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At the language level , globalization leads to growth of

many countries

The technological and advanced communicational facilitiesmake the world to shrink and pave way for homogenization

many who believe their mother tongue does not haveuniversal role , they waste their time to use their mother

tongue or teach it to their children

many others who believe such language (English) is as a

language that can make the world as a peaceful unit world

through understanding same language

CONTINUE


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Some ideas as result of globalization and English or any

language with such effect can be dangerous for national,

local languages, specially endangered language which areunderstood to be moribund languages

The industrialists, traders and their marketing techniques

play a major role in shaping the languages

It should be mentioned that, in fact the control over the

language is not in the hands of scholar or academicinstitutions. It is shaped by the traders and marketing

agencies

English in Globalization


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English in Globalization

English is as a language of communication and official

language in many countriesEnglish is not own language of particular community or

country

Since 1945 (after second world war), English became alingua France

More than 2/3 of scientists in the world, write their books

and articles in English

3/4 of letters in the world are written in English

90 percent of all communications in Internet as international

network, is in EnglishCONTINUE


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The education English programs of English radios are usedby more than 150 millions in the world

More than 500 millions of children in elementary schoolsand more than 800 hundreds in secondary and high school(without china) are familiar with English as a second orforeign language

However, there are some governments policies againstEnglish in countries such as France, German, Spain

There are three circles regarding to English first circle, suchas U.S and England, the second circle such as India, which

English has much dominance and it is applied as a secondlanguage and the third circle ,such as china and Russiawhich English has special importance as a internationallanguage and for such countries is as first foreign language

CONTINUE

In 1994 1/3 of the press in the world are printed in countries


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In 1994 , 1/3 of the press in the world, are printed in countries

which English has special importance

In 1995, 110 from 160 of linguistics journals(70 percent) wereprinted in English

In 1995, there were 5000 radio station that 45 percent of them

were in countries that English has special role

It is estimated that English film serials in U.S. and England are

watched in more than 120 countries

In 1996, 80 percent of produced films were in English

CONTINUE

85 percent of incomes of worlds cinemas are for English


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85 percent of incomes of worlds cinemas are for Englishproduction of Hollywood

In countries such as German and France, although, there

are governments policies against English, but only, 25percent of their cinemas incomes are for non-Englishmovies

In 1990, 549 from 557 of famous music groups act inEnglish

1156 from 1219 of famous singers, sing in Englishlanguage

In 1998, U.S. had the first percentage of income of tourism(50 milliards dollars )

Around 80 percent of register of information in Internet, isin English .The users of Internet in 1990 had been onemillion and in 1993,Tthey became 20 millions and 40millions in 1995. It is estimated that in 2020, Such numberswill be one milliard


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ACKONWLEDGMENTI Acknowledge that Idid main from workof the present workbased on the work ofHossein Yaghobi.

References


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