language and dialect [email protected]
TRANSCRIPT
What is language?
The method of human communication, either spoken or written, consisting of the use of words in a structured and conventional way.
Any nonverbal method of expression or communication: "a language of gesture and facial expression".
Languages are always systematic, and variation among their speakers is absolutely normal.
Language is arbritary.
Why Language Vary:
Thank you Terimakasih
Dankje Merci Syukron
Arigato Bedank Salamat
Gracias
Dialect
Variation of lexicon
(vocabulary)
Variation of pronunciati
on (phonemes)
Variation of grammar (syntax)
What is dialect ?
This is to say that ...
Dialect is
• a form of a language spoken in a particular
geographical area or by members of a particular
social class or occupational group, distinguished by its vocabulary, grammar, and
pronunciation
Differences are in vocabulary forms
Commonly distinguished by the
geographical areas or regions where the speaker lives on
Dialect: lexical variation (LV)
For example: dialects in USA
“a carbonated soft drink”
‘POP’ in the north & west
‘TONIC’ in eastern New
England
‘SODA’ in the northeast
Cold drink, drink, dope in various parts
“Tired” or “Exhausted” in US
“All in” (anyone from the North or West)
“wore out” or “give out” (anyone from the South)
LV in US
• Lexical variation in US is mostly affected by the African American community.
• Popular in Black and some other teenagers.
LV in Indonesia
• Lexical variation in ID is mostly affected by the Jakartan dialect.
• Popular in urban areas of this archipelago.
LV phenomena
Phonological variation refers to differences in
pronunciation
The pronunciation of ‘s’ by people from New York and New England; and ‘z’ from
Virginia
The working class & the upper middle class people
in US pronounce ‘d’ of ‘they’
Dialect: phonological variation
For instance: The dialect of Bostonian; Pahk yo' car in Hahvahd yahd “Park your car in Harvard yard“
Dia
lect the r-
lessness of Pahk, yo', Hahvahd and yahd Exc
ep
tio nthe r in car is
retained because the following word begins with a vowel
Dialect: grammatical variation
Grammatical variation involves two sub-types: ’morphology’ and ’syntax’.
Morphology refers to the structure or forms of words, including the morphemes
Syntax refers to the structure of larger units like phrases and sentences, including rules for combining and relating words in sentences
Morp
hem
e- 1morphemes
{un}"not" and {happy} "happy" in unhappy
Synta
x-1 one can use anymore with the meaning of "nowadays" in positive sentences like "He smokes a lot anymore (Labov)
For instance:M
orp
hem
e -2form of the past tense of catch, climb and draw was sometimes catched, clum and drawed respectively in parts of the East US. (Atwood)
Syn
tax-2 the use of So
don't I in Boston and other parts of New England where other dialects would use "So do I“ (Labov)
Why dialect differences arise and persist
One factor is the influence of geographical barriers. A river, a mountain range, or an expanse of barren land, can serve to keep two populations apart, creating or maintaining differences in usage between dialects on either side.
Other factors why dialect arises
political boundaries
settlement patterns
migration and
immigration routes
territorial conquest
language contact
For instance:
Contact with Louisiana French in the East has led to loans like; jambalaya "rice stew" and bayou
"inlet,“While contact with Mexican Spanish along the South Western border has yielded loans like; mesa "dry plateau," and lariat "rope
with a noose"
Concluding Remarks
No two speakers of a language speak exactly the same way.
Dialect: A variety of a language spoken by a group of people that is characterized by systematic features (e.g., phonological, lexical, grammatical) that distinguish it from other varieties of that same language.
Idiolect: the speech variety of an individual speaker
Thank You