language acquisition: lecture 4 grammatical development 1
TRANSCRIPT
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Lecture Four
Grammatical Development 1
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Recap of grammatical terms …
• Syntax
• Subject
• Object
• Complement
• Adverbial
• Possessive
• Inflections
• Auxiliary verbs
• Determiners
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Syntactic development…
• This lecture on grammatical development is primarily concerned with syntax.
• Syntactic development = development of a child’s ability to create grammatical constructions by arranging words in an appropriate order.
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One-word stage …
• 12-18 months: child speaks in single word utterances.
• ‘milk’• ‘mummy’• Groups of words may
be used as a single unit.
• ‘allgone’
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One-word stage …
• In many situations, the words simply serve a naming function.
• Holophrases: single words or phrases that convey more complex messages.
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Holophrases …
• ‘juice’
• ‘I want some juice’
• ‘I’ve spilt some juice’
• Context, gesture and intonation: enable parent/carer to understand what child means.
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Understanding …
• Although the child’s utterances are limited, their understanding of syntax is (predictably) more advanced.
• Evidence: children at the one-word stage can respond to two-word instructions: ‘kiss mummy’.
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Two-word stage …
• 18 months: two-word utterances begin to appear.
• Usually: grammatically correct sequence.
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Two-word stage …
• Common constructions:
• S+V ‘Daddy sleep’
• V+C ‘Draw birdie’• S+O ‘Suzy juice’• S+C ‘Daddy busy’
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Two-word stage …
• When repeating an adult, children at this stage commonly omit elements, but retain the correct order:
• Look, Ben’s playing in the garden.
• Play garden.
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Two-word stage …
• Utterances focus on key words.
• Grammatical function words: commonly omitted (as they carry less information).
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Meanings of two-word utterances …
• Range of complex meanings can be expressed.
• Possession: ‘Mummy car’
• Action: ‘Paul eat’
• Location: ‘Teddy bed’
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Bloom (1973) …
•‘Mummy sock’
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Ambiguity …
• The scope for ambiguity at this stage arises because of the omission of inflectional affixes.
• Commonly possessive and plural ‘s’ and past tense ‘ed’ are absent.
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Telegraphic stage …
• Age 2: three & four-word utterances begin to be produced.
• Some will be grammatically complete…
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Telegraphic stage …
• S+V+O• ‘Lucy likes tea’
• S+V+C• ‘Teddy is tired’• S+V+A
• ‘Mummy sleeps upstairs’
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Telegraphic stage …
• Other utterances will have grammatical elements missing:
• ‘Daddy home now’• ‘Where Josh going?’
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Telegraphic stage …
• Hence the name ‘telegraphic’.
• Like a telegram, they include key words, but omit elements such as:
• Determiners• Auxiliary verbs• Prepositions
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Telegraphic stage …
• Wider range of structures will be used:
• Questions (interrogatives)
• Commands (imperatives)
• Simple statements
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Rapid progress …
• 3 years: items such as determiners begin to be used regularly.
• More than one clause appears
• Coordinating conjunctions
• Inflectional affixes (see next lecture)
• 5 years: many of most basic grammatical rules have been learned, though some (e.g. the passive) have yet to be mastered.
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Vocabulary test …
• HOLOPHRASE
• TELEGRAPHIC
• COORDINATING CONJUNCTIONS
• INFLECTIONAL AFFIXES
• PASSIVE