landscape temperature and frozen/thawed condition over alaska with infrared and passive microwave...
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Landscape Temperature and Frozen/Thawed Condition over Alaska with Infrared and Passive Microwave Remote
SensingDetermination of Thermal Controls on Land-Atmosphere
Carbon Flux in Support of CARVE
N. Steiner1, K. McDonald1,2, R. Schröder1,2, S. Dinardo2 and C. Miller2
1. Earth and Atmospheric Sciences, The City College of New York, CUNY, New York, NY, United States.
2. Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, United States.
CARVE
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Overview
• Carbon in the Arctic Vulnerability Experiment (CARVE)• Remote Sensing Datasets• Freeze/Thaw
• Passive Microwave• Land Surface Temperature
•Overview CARVE Flights• Conclusion/Future Work
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Carbon in the Arctic Vulnerability Experiment (CARVE) - Overview
Key Science Questions:
• What are the sensitivities of the Alaskan Arctic carbon cycle and ecosystems to climate change?
• How does interannual variability in surface controls (e.g., soil moisture) affect landscape-scale atmospheric concentrations and surface-atmosphere fluxes of CO2 and CH4 in the Alaskan Arctic?
• What are the impacts of fire and thawing permafrost on the Alaskan Arctic carbon cycle and ecosystems?
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Remote Sensing Data System
• Determine various surface controls• Freeze/Thaw• Surface Temperature• Soil Moisture / Inundation
• Volume of daily data• 21 Level Grids for Alaska (1 + 3 km gridding)
• Generated in near real-time (when possible)• Support flight planning• Identify of interest
• SciDB – An Array-Based Analytical DBMS• Handles sparse (swath) and dense (grid) arrays • Contains both Query (SQL-like) and Functional
language• Linear algebra on very large arrays• Scalable scidb.org
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SciDB: Swath to Grid Processing
Time Dimension
Dense Grid Data
Lati
tude D
imensi
on
Longitude Dimension
Sparse Swath Data
Column Dimension
Row
Dim
en
sion
Moving Window Aggregation• Swath to grid
processing done in-storage
• Window size set to satellite footprint
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brig
htn
ess te
mpera
ture
, vertica
l pol. [K
]Advanced Microwave Scanning Radiometer 2 (AMSR2)
Gri
dded a
t 3 k
m
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Example: September 25, 2013 (6-day)M
OD
IS LS
T [
oK]
Day
Night
MO
DIS
LST [
oK]
MODIS Land Surface Temperature
• MODIS (MOD11) LST and Emissivity Product• Standard split-window
• CARVE Generated Daily Grids• 1 km grid centers• Combined Aqua and Terra• Separate Day, Night• 6 Day forward-filling to replace
missing observations• Gridded using moving window
aggregation
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AMSR2 Freeze/Thaw Algorithm
Coldfoot AWS
Snow DepthSoil Temp., 2 m depth
Tem
pera
ture
[C
]D
iurn
al Δ
TB
Seaso
nal Δ
TB
Snow
Depth
[in.]
Seasonal Scaling:
Diurnal Difference:
𝑀𝑒𝑙𝑡 (𝑡 )={𝐓𝐫𝐮𝐞 ; Δ𝑇 𝐵 (𝑡)>𝑇 𝑅
𝑭𝒂𝒍𝒔𝒆 }• Thresholds (TR) are determined using
surface temperatures
TR
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MO
DIS
LST [
oK]
MO
DIS
LST [
oK]
• Early Summer – Late stages of the freeze/thaw transition
• Evidence of North Slope Diurnal Melting
• Corresponds to near-freezing temperatures found in the nighttime MODIS LST
Quick-Look Freeze/Thaw Product - Week of June 1, 2013
36 GHz Diurnal Product (AMSR2)
NightDay
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Coldfoot Station Sagwon Station
Passive Microwave and Thermal IR - Freeze/Thaw
Coldfoot StationSoil te
mpera
ture
[C]
Th
Tr
Fr
• Comparison of AMSRE freeze/thaw and MODIS surface temperatures
• Threshold on MODIS LST can be found to separate frozen from thawed state
Sagwon Station Soil te
mpera
ture
[C]
2005 2006
2007 2008
Thawed
Transitional
Frozen
ColdfootSagwon
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Thermal LST / Passive Microwave Freeze Thaw Comparison
AMSR-E F/T and MODIS LST InSitu Soil F/T and MODIS LST
Station Agreement [%] N
MODIS Threshold
[deg.K]
Agreement [%] N
MODIS Threshold
[deg.K]
Toolik 91.31% 2419 265 91.82% 3168 278
Sagwon 92.48% 2275 263 86.47% 2751 275
Coldfoot (958) 92.77% 1952 266 85.47% 1977 270
Bonanza Creek (A01) 96.08% 1481 270 86.52% 1893 276
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Forward Looking Infrared (FLIR) Imager
• Aircraft mounted• Nadir pointing• 40.4x40.5 FOV
• Measures infrared radiance at 3-5 microns
• 200 megapixels per second
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CARVE Flight - 10/24/2013
AMSR2, 36GHz V-polarization
MODIS–LST, Day
(b)(a)
(a)
(b)
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CARVE Flight 10/24/13
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CARVE Flight 10/24/13
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Conclusions• The use of SciDB is found to be well suited for the
processing of satellite data for CARVE• Successful implementation of an operational freeze/thaw
product at near-real-time latency• Thermal infrared and passive microwave instruments can
be used to observe freeze thaw processes• This will enable the use of high resolution monitoring of
freeze/thaw processes using FLIR imager
Future Work• Combine remote sensing products with aircraft and in-situ
carbon measurements and surface process modelling• Use remote sensing measurements for the spatiotemporal
distribution of carbon cycling of CO2 and CH4
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Thank You