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Volume 5 Number 6December 2014/January 2015

RENEWED DRIVEEastern Europe focus

TYRED AND TESTEDWheeled armoured vehicles

CREATIVE CONTROLC2 training systems

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32,169global attendees, up 13% on 2011

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8

3 EDITORIAL COMMENT Shifting the excess

4 NEWS • India’s 155mm artillery modernisation progresses • Russian army to purchase new SP anti-tank guns • PT Pindad Badak breaks cover

8 RENEWED DRIVE As Eastern European governments aim to modernise

their vehicle fleets and move away from Cold War-era technology, events in Ukraine are bringing their needs into sharper focus, finds Tim Fish.

13 LEFT BEHIND? Despite the popularity of self-propelled and truck-

mounted weapon systems, towed howitzers are still arguably the most capable light guns. David Saw provides an overview of the latest developments.

16 TYRED AND TESTED The latest wheeled armoured vehicles being

developed are illustrative of the trend towards affordability, protection, sustainability and modularity. Stephen Miller analyses what is on offer.

22 MOVING PERFORMANCE First emerging during the Iraq war, the vehicle-

mounted grenade launcher has proven to be a force multiplier in-theatre, finds Anthony Hall.

25 CREATIVE CONTROL A new breed of C2 simulators are allowing future

leaders to learn how to manage their assets on the battlefield, while providing significant cost savings. Liza Helps examines some of the systems currently being fielded by militaries.

1Volume 5 Number 6 | December 2014/January 2015 | LAND WARFARE INTERNATIONAL

CONTENTS


Front cover: US marines fire a round from an M777A2 lightweight 155mm howitzer at the Combined Arms Training Center at Camp Fuji, Japan. (Photo: USMC)

Editor

Tim Fish.

[email protected]

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North America Editor

Scott R Gourley.

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European Editor

Ian Kemp. [email protected]

Contributors

Claire Apthorp, Gordon Arthur,

Mike Bryant, Anthony Hall, Liza Helps,

Helmoed-Römer Heitman,

Neelam Mathews, Stephen Miller,

David Saw

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29 A LONG SHOT A new generation of rifles is enabling snipers to

dominate the battlefield. Ian Kemp provides an update on the market.

PARTING SHOT

32 UNDER PRESSURE With larger amounts of cheap second-hand

equipment being sold off by militaries, industry has had to adapt in recent years. Tim Fish talks to Ben Barry, senior fellow for land warfare at the International Institute for Strategic Studies, about the challenges.

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3www.landwarfareintl.com Volume 5 Number 6 | December 2014/January 2015 | LAND WARFARE INTERNATIONAL

EDITORIAL COMMENT

While walking the stands at AUSA, I got wind of the deal that Bell Helicopter

was trying to make with the US government to restrict the sale of surplus US Army OH-58 Kiowas and training rotorcraft on the international market.

The concern for the OEM is that with all these relatively good quality and well maintained helicopters available at knock-down prices, it would undercut the company, which would inevitably lose out on sales of both its older and newer aircraft, especially to less wealthy nations that need a new capability fast.

If this is the case in the airborne sector, then the land sector is vulnerable too. Thousands of ageing HMMWVs are being exported from the US under FMS arrangements the world over; second-hand M1A1 MBTs are being sold to Iraq; and old Leopard tanks and APCs are being hawked out to Asia and the Middle East. The market for new-build vehicles in the West has practically reached a standstill (see p32).

What does this mean for vehicle manufacturers? Rich nations will still go for new products, but with defence budgets falling in the West this is now becoming less likely. Therefore, slack has to be taken up by sales in other regions. Many companies are trying to push new ‘affordable’ vehicles to export markets – but they will have to compete with sales by modern militaries that are looking to downsize and divest their expensive inventories.

However, all is not lost, as there are considerable business opportunities in repairing and modernising these vehicles being brought out of storage for export. The problem for the OEMs, however, is that refit

and upgrade work is not automatically given to them and is often competed for.

This was evident at AUSA, with HMMWV manufacturer AM General going up against Textron Systems and Northrop Grumman for refit and upgrade work on the vehicles – the OEM vying for work on its products against companies with their own experience in MRO provision.

But this may not matter. Industry is flexible and ever since the financial crisis it has been positioning itself to compete for refit and upgrade work, marketing affordable vehicles and downsizing its manufacturing workforce and facilities.

DAMAGING ITS OWNDespite these various efforts, it must still grate that the military can undercut suppliers on the international market and damage its own industrial base.

In the case of Bell, it has missed out on the support of Kiowa and the chance to replace it, and now the company has to compete with army surplus helicopters internationally. However, the service also wants the OEM to remain competitive until it awards a new production contract – some time after 2030.

In the land sector, the decision by the Netherlands to divest its armour must have had an impact. It was once the owner of 445 Leopard 2 MBTs, but Austria bought 115 Leopard 2A4s, 20 2A6s were exported to Canada along with 80 A4s, Norway received 52 2A4s and Portugal took delivery of 37 2A6s. Finland is the latest customer, which is expected to acquire around 100 2A6s.

Earlier, the Netherlands sold off its CV90 tracked IFVs, Fennek reconnaissance vehicles,

Cheetah (Gepard) self-propelled anti-aircraft guns and PzH 2000 self-propelled artillery. The Dutch also bought 12 new ARTEC Boxer 8x8 APCs, but has decided to sell these on as well before they have even been delivered.

Germany is another culprit. It has sold its Gepards to Brazil and Romania; 105 Leopard 2A5s to Poland, among other vehicles; and 103 Leopard 2s plus 42 Marder 1A3s to Indonesia. Belgium has also sold off its tracked fleet of Leopard 1 MBTs and CVR(T) reconnaissance vehicles, replacing some with new wheeled vehicles, while the UK is selling 120 CVR(T) platforms to Latvia.

Although excess defence materiel has always been on the market, in times of financial constraint and the near simultaneous downsizing of most Western militaries, it seems there is a glut of second-hand equipment out there that can only put industry under more pressure.

There is the argument that there is still a lot of over-capacity in the land systems sector in Europe, with too many companies vying for too little work, but if the trends continue then some countries will lose their domestic manufacturing capability, and then it is up to individual governments to decide what is worth protecting and how it will perform versus growing industry elsewhere in the world.Tim Fish, Editor

l Light wheeled vehiclesl Air defence – missilesl SMGs and pistolsl Remote weapon stations

SHIFTING THE EXCESS

IN THE NEXT ISSUE

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4 LAND WARFARE INTERNATIONAL | December 2014/January 2015 | Volume 5 Number 6 www.landwarfareintl.com

NEWS

The Indian Army’s long-delayed artillery modernisation programme has finally made progress, with new Defence Minister Manohar Parrikar clearing a $2 billion procurement of 155mm/52cal vehicle-mounted artillery systems on 22 November.

The decision to purchase them follows three decades of procurement problems and takes

place as China and Pakistan both induct 155mm/52cal artillery guns. The Indian Army’s last major acquisition was in 1987 for 410 155mm 39cal FH-77B howitzers from Sweden’s Bofors, followed by a scandal over illegal commission that contributed to the defeat of the government at the following election.

The army’s ageing artillery presently consists of a mix of 105mm field guns and 130/155mm howitzers.

An RfP for the new systems is expected be released in Q1 2015, Land Warfare International understands. A total of 100 guns are to be bought off the shelf, with the rest manufactured in India.

The 2013 Defence Procurement Procedure mandates the RfP to be released to Indian companies, which will act as prime contractors in partnership with foreign OEMs expected to transfer final integration and production of the system to India. It is also believed the request will be released only to private Indian companies.

Contenders could include: Larsen & Toubro with the Nexter Systems Caesar mounted on Ashok Leyland’s 6x6 truck; Tata Power with a Denel G5 derivative on a Tata 8x8 truck; Mahindra Defence with BAE Systems’ Archer; and Punj Lloyd and Yugoimport SDPR, fielding the B52K1.

‘We will respond once we review the RfP,’ a BAE Systems spokesperson told LWI.

Other possibilities include Ashok Leyland Defence Systems with Krauss-Maffei Wegmann; and Bharat Forge of the Kalyani Group that recently signed a joint venture with Elbit Systems for advanced technology manufacturing of modern gun systems and mine-protected vehicles, on a Tatra truck chassis.

The guns will equip 40 medium artillery regiments. Critical systems, including the barrel and recoil mechanism, will likely have to be imported, one OEM told LWI.By Neelam Mathews, New Delhi

INDIA’S 155mm ARTILLERY MODERNISATION PROGRESSES

Photo: via author

The Russian MoD plans to purchase up to 30 upgraded 2S25 Sprut-SD 125mm self-propelled anti-tank guns (SPATGs) by the end of December.

The acquisition forms part of the current strategy to modernise the Russian Ground Forces through to 2030, according to an MoD representative.

The 2S25 Sprut-SD was developed by Volgograd Machine Building (VGTZ) in the 1990s to provide Russian army air assault units with a SPATG capable of defeating MBTs.

Armed with a 125mm 2A75 smoothbore gun, developed by Yekaterinburg Artillery Plant No 9, the 2S25 provides similar firepower to Russian T-72, T-80 and T-90-series MBTs but at only 18t.

The original chassis features automotive components from the BMD-3 airborne assault

vehicle which is also built by VGTZ. The 2S25 entered service in 2005, with 24 systems being bought for air assault units before further orders were cancelled in 2010. According to press reports, in 2010 the army had a requirement for up to 85-110 vehicles.

The 2S25’s autoloader enables the 2A75 gun to fire up to seven rounds a minute. The vehicle carries 22 ready-to-use 125mm rounds in the autoloader and another 18 inside the hull. Ammunition types include high-explosive fragmentation, armour-piercing, fin-stabilised discarding sabot, high-explosive and anti-tank rounds as well as a laser-guided projectile equipped with a tandem warhead. The 2S25 is operated by a crew of three – commander, gunner and driver.

RUSSIAN ARMY TO PURCHASE NEW SP ANTI-TANK GUNSThe new version of the 2S25 uses the diesel

engine, transmission and running gear of the BMD-4M airborne assault vehicle, which recently entered Russian service, providing a maximum speed of 70km/h.

According to Alexander Klyuzhev, VGTZ executive director, one of the major features of the new vehicle is the high manoeuvrability provided by the new hydro-pneumatic suspension, which also enables the driver to adjust the ground clearance from 190-590mm.

The 2S25 is fully amphibious and is propelled in the water at speeds up to 5.4kt by two waterjets on the hull rear. The new 2S25 variant also features an improved fire control system.By Eugene Gerden, St Petersburg

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NEWS


Indonesian armoured vehicle manufacturer PT Pindad displayed a version of its 6x6 Anoa 2 APC integrated with a full CMI Defence 90mm turret for the first time at Indo Defence in November. The vehicle has been named the Badak by the government.

In September, the two companies signed an MoU to collaborate on the development of military vehicle weapon systems.

Belgian company CMI Defence has agreed to transfer technology and expertise to PT Pindad under the terms of the MoU. The latter will then licence manufacture and integrate CMI weapons systems onto its military vehicles.

The vehicle on display was fitted with a Cockerill CSE 90 Low Pressure gun integrated on a two-man turret.

In 2009, the Indonesian Army signed a contract with Doosan for 22 Tarantula armoured combat vehicles, which are CSE 90 turret-equipped 6x6 Black Fox APCs manufactured by Doosan. The company announced completion of the vehicles in May 2013.

However, a government mandate means that the army must purchase a domestic alternative if available, which will give PT Pindad’s Anoa preference. There is believed to an undisclosed

mandated minimum number of vehicles to be ordered, but the expectation is that the army will buy hundreds.

The two companies were expected to sign a full partnership agreement formalising the MoU in November. The agreement covers CMI-designed systems ranging in calibre from 25 to 105mm. As well as the Anoa, PT Pindad will also look at integrating systems on its 4x4 Komodo tactical vehicle.

Patrick Ledig, CMI’s regional manager, told Land Warfare International that he expects PT Pindad to begin manufacture of the turret in June 2015 and that the company expects to transfer some production to Indonesia for other customers as it wins business.

The agreement marks the continuation of the Indonesian defence company’s strategy to develop capabilities through partnerships with international partners, a senior PT Pindad official told LWI.

The Anoa was publicly unveiled in November 2008 and PT Pindad has built an estimated 150 for the Indonesian Army. In addition, Brunei ordered 15 vehicles in 2011 and Timor-Leste has bought four. Several countries in the Middle East and Asia-Pacific have been cited as potential export customers.

PT Pindad displayed the Anoa at the DSA exhibition in Kuala Lumpur in 2012 as a contender for a Malaysian Army UOR.

Indonesian APCs are typically fitted with a protected weapon station that can be armed with a 40mm automatic grenade launcher, a .50cal heavy machine gun or similar weapon. The vehicle has also been displayed fitted with an RCWS.

PT Pindad has proposed a complete family of Anoa variants, including APC, IFV, reconnaissance, fire support, mortar carrier, ambulance, recovery and logistics carrier.By Darren Lake, Jakarta

PT PINDAD BADAK BREAKS COVER

NEWS ON THE WEB

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26 November 2014

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British troops take part in Exercise Black Eagle

24 November 2014

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20 November 2014

UK announces Babcock as DSG preferred bidder

20 November 2014

GDLS Canada to supply LAV-UP surveillance upgrade

14 November 2014

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13 November 2014

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10 November 2014

Warrior CSP gets additional test vehicle but trials pushed back

7 November 2014

All these stories can be found at www.landwarfareintl.com

Photo: CMI Defence



NEWS

China North Industries Corporation (NORINCO) displayed its vehicles at the 10th China International Aviation & Aerospace Exhibition in Zhuhai for the first time this year.

Among its numerous exhibits were a VT4 MBT and VN12 IFV. NORINCO described the former as ‘the latest model of main battle tank developed to suit future information-based warfare’.

The VT4 is the export designation for the MBT-3000. The vehicle employs a 1,200hp engine, digitised gun control system, navigation system, active and passive armour, plus a vehicular information system. The MBT-3000 was first

revealed in June 2012, but this is its first public appearance at a Chinese exhibition.

Further specifications and dimensions were not on display, but the technology employed on the VT4 signals the direction the People’s Liberation Army (PLA) future tank fleet will take.

The vehicle appears to be armed with the same 125mm main gun found on the existing ZTZ99 (Type 99) MBT, and an autoloader reduces the crew complement to three.

Meanwhile, the VN12 tracked IFV is armed with a 30mm cannon, co-axial 7.62mm machine gun and an HJ-73D anti-tank guided

missile on its turret. It appears better armoured than the ZBD-97 (Type 97) IFV currently used by the PLA, and is more in keeping with a Western design than the Russian BMP-based platforms that currently predominate.

There is a strong possibility the VN12 could become the PLA’s next IFV, or at least influence the service’s next design, even though it is now being offered on export markets. NORINCO stated that the VN12 has a high-power engine for ‘superior mobility’, plus the power pack can be easily replaced in the field.By Gordon Arthur, Zhuhai

NORINCO BRINGS HEAVY ARMOUR TO AIRSHOW CHINA

Photo: author

Meggitt Training Systems has been awarded a $30 million contract from the USMC for the upgrade of Indoor Simulated Marksmanship Trainer (ISMT) systems.

Awarded on 5 November, the contract calls for a 3D, simulation-based system ‘capable of instructing in basic and advanced marksmanship, shoot/no-shoot judgment, combat marksmanship, supporting arms and weapons employment tactics’.

According to the USMC, the ISMT-U system will consist of an instructor operator station, audiovisual system, host computer, input/output network system and weapons.

With Meggitt due to showcase its integrated live fire and simulation weapons training systems at I/ITSEC in Orlando, the contract win provides further sales momentum for the company.

In June, it was selected by the US Army for its next-generation virtual small arms Engagement Skills Trainer II (EST II).

Award of the $99 million contract was delayed following a protest by competitor Cubic Simulation Systems, which argued that it should have been allowed to ‘correct an error in its

proposal through clarifications, the evaluation of proposals was unreasonable and that discussions conducted with the protester were inadequate’.

However, the US Government Accountability Office denied the protest and Meggitt’s win was reaffirmed in October.

Meggitt said its solution represents ‘a significant step forward in technology and capability over the incumbent EST 2000 system’ and first deliveries of the more than 1,000 new and upgraded systems are expected from December 2015.

The company will incorporate its FATS M100 open architecture, which allows integration of further Meggitt and third-party training modules and evolutions in fidelity and graphic complexity.

In addition, the system includes an intelligent coaching application on a wireless tablet enabling trainers to change scenarios quickly within a single session.

Larry Raines, Meggitt’s VP of virtual systems, said the goal was to make the small arms training simulators as immersive as possible, to subject the trainee to similar stresses as those they will later experience in live fire training.

MEGGITT WINS US MARINE CORPS TRAINING CONTRACT‘We will show that through our use of the

Crytek graphics in our 3D marksmanship training mode, which allows engagement and shot assessment in a 3D training environment with really immersive and impressive visuals,’ he explained.

‘The intent is to immerse the training as much as possible because whatever [the trainee] does in that virtual training system, we want him to be thinking and feeling as if he is on the live range and from there going into a combat situation.’

He added that the simulation industry would continue to take advantage of projection and visual technology that is increasing significantly, driven by the demands of the commercial market.

‘The gaming industry is driving technology so much that the simulation industry is able to use a lot of those benefits in our commercial marketplace. I think that the gaming elements with the target physics – how somebody walks, how somebody falls or how a vehicle moves across a screen – all of this is just increasing exponentially from what we had a couple of years ago for that increased immersion and realism.’By Tony Skinner, Orlando


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REGIONAL FOCUS

Following the transition to NATO membership around 10-15 years ago, most

eastern European states have been focusing on modernising their forces.

The majority of work to achieve NATO compatibility was completed in the decade prior to membership, so most of the attention has been on ensuring their militaries are as capable as possible in a climate of shrinking defence budgets.

The former Warsaw Pact countries of the Czech Republic, Hungary and Poland joined NATO in 1999 and were followed by Bulgaria, Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania, Romania, Slovakia and Slovenia in 2004. Although it is too early to tell the long-term effects of Russia’s intervention in Ukraine, it has already caused Poland, for example, to highlight near-term threats in its latest National Security Strategy, approved in November.

Flavio Marchesoni, sales and marketing manager at Iveco Defence Vehicles, told Land Warfare International that despite tensions with Russia he doubts countries in the region have the appetite to spend more on defence equipment like vehicles, although some nations still represent ‘key market’ opportunities for Iveco, particularly Poland.

‘The Polish have [announced] a programme for [1,000] trucks, but that might change,’ he said. ‘Then there was a request for vehicles in the light multirole class, but Poland has its own industry with local solutions, which are preferred. There is no tender or RfQ [request for quotation]. I see potential for Iveco, but there is nothing concrete at the moment.’

BIG SPENDERSPoland is the biggest spender of the former Warsaw Pact countries, and under its modernisation plan approved in 2012 it plans to spend about $40 billion over ten years to upgrade its equipment.

In the land domain, its largest flagship procurement programme of recent years was the decision in 2003 to buy the Rosomak wheeled IFV built to the Patria 8x8 Armoured Modular Vehicle (AMV) design and fitted with passive armour from Rafael.

The first order for 690 AMV XC-360P Rosomaks cost €1.18 billion ($1.48 billion). The vehicles are being built in Poland by local manufacturer WZM (Wojskowe Zakłady Mechaniczne), now Rosomak, and most have been delivered. In June, Poland bought a further 34 engineering reconnaissance vehicles for $77

million and with a second large order for another 307 vehicles being signed in July 2013, production is set to continue out to 2022.

The split of the initial vehicles includes: 313 in IFV configuration fitted with the Hitfist 30 turret from OTO Melara; 125 APCs; 38 armoured recovery vehicles; 22 engineering vehicles; five engineering reconnaissance vehicles; 41 medical evacuation vehicles; 17 CBRN variants; 23 fire support variants; and 32 recce and C2 platforms.

The additional vehicles are expected to include about 80 mortar variants employing a locally built mortar from Huta Stalowa Wola (HSW). There are also plans to fit a 30mm remote weapon station (RWS) to vehicles for two battalions after a competition between Rafael and OTO Melara fell through in 2006. The former company confirmed to LWI that it is planning to bid again for the RWS.

FALLING SHORTHowever, it has not been plain sailing. The attempted procurement of an RWS also caused the cancellation of a planned upgrade to up to 469 BWP-1 Pumas in 2009. A contract was initially awarded to Bumar to develop two BMP-1M prototypes, but the performance of

RENEWED DRIVE

Lithuania is looking for an 8x8 wheeled IFV to replace the M113s equipping two battalions of the country’s army. (Photos: Lithuanian MoD)

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REGIONAL FOCUS

RENEWED DRIVE As Eastern European governments aim to modernise their vehicle

fleets and move away from Cold War-era technology, events in

Ukraine are bringing this need into sharper focus, finds Tim Fish.

Elbit’s UT-30 and Rafael’s Samson RWS did not meet requirements.

But now that the wheeled requirement has been met with Rosomak, the focus is on an upgrade of a tracked capability. Plans include the procurement of a family of tracked armoured vehicles known as the Universal Modular Tracked Platform (UMTP) programme.

This includes a 35t Direct Support Vehicle (DSV) to replace the T-72 tank along with a lighter IFV to replace the BMP-1s. Chris Nunn, VP for Central and Eastern Europe at BAE Systems, told LWI that there about 1,200-1,400 of these vehicles that need replacing, although it is unlikely this will be on a one-for-one basis.

Up to 350 vehicles could be procured at a cost of over $2.5 billion, and the intention is to get a prototype ready by 2016 and begin production in 2018-2022.

BAE Systems and Polish companies Bumar and Obrum displayed a demonstrator vehicle to compete for the DSV requirement, called PL-01, at the MSPO exhibition in 2013 based on the hull of BAE’s CV90120 Armadillo light tracked vehicle.

Noting that there were two elements to the approach with PL-01, Nunn said: ‘First, we could see Poland’s desire to develop its industrial

base and we wanted to show that this is something we have done in many other countries, working with local industry and transferring technology as a capability to enhance and partner with a local entity, and for us it achieved that. We produced in pretty quick time a concept vehicle that the Poles could assess and move forward.

‘The second reason is we could see there was potentially a large IFV and DSV vehicle contract, and we wanted to show that BAE Systems has modern, advanced technology that we could offer to Poland as a solution to meet that requirement.’

SUITABLE PROTECTIONNunn does not believe that an amphibious vehicle is suitable, as it would mean a reduced level of protection – the prevalence of IEDs in Iraq and Afghanistan has highlighted its importance. The company has upgraded its CV90 to the latest Armadillo standard to reflect these requirements and has secured a recent sale to Norway.

‘We would be willing to partner with Polish industry – whoever the government instructs us to work with – to transfer the combat-proven capability to Poland and manufacture and

enhance it to meet their requirements,’ he continued. ‘The Polish version would be a CV90-Plus or Armadillo-Plus.’

Other interested companies include KMW, Nexter, PSM, Rheinmetall, Saab and Thales, but the programme is currently on hold while Poland implements new EU regulations on procurement and offsets, stalling the programme.

The MoD is currently looking at the regulations and seeing how it aligns with local industry and the consolidation of the Polish Armaments Group. In the meantime, industry waits to see if Poland will develop its own solution or put it to tender, and what the rules applicable to that will be.

The MoD’s findings are expected in Q1 or Q2 2015, which will translate to an 18-month slippage on the programme overall. This is a concern for the army, which is wanting to receive its equipment as soon as possible.

HEAVY GOINGPoland also released a tender in October 2013 to upgrade 128 Leopard 2A4 tanks to the new PL standard by 2019 in a programme worth up to $480 million. Additionally, it received its first 11 of 105 Leopard 2A5s bought from surplus German stocks in a $250 million deal.




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The country is also upgrading some 20 T-72M1 tanks under a $10 million contract with WZM as well as 40 PT-91M tanks with a 120mm smoothbore gun under a $30 million contract with Bumar. It also wants to replace its 4x4 BRDM-2 amphibious recce vehicles with a new 4x4 or 6x6 vehicle under its LOTR (Light Armoured Reconnaissance Vehicle) programme. AMZ-Kutno has provided a prototype 4x4 called Bobr for LOTR, and the company has also produced an 8x8 amphibious APC called Hipopotam that could replace the 8x8 WZM-5.

HSW is responsible for delivering eight Krab 155mm tracked self-propelled howitzers for $100 million. Up to 48 guns were expected, but it is unclear if further orders have been placed.

There is also a requirement for wheeled self-propelled artillery, and although HSW teamed with Nexter to offer the latter’s Caesar back in 2010, it appears to have sided with Elbit to pitch a 155mm system based on the Israeli company’s Autonomous Truck Mounted Howitzer System (ATMOS) 2000 gun.

The US loaned 20 MaxxPro Dash MRAPs from Navistar Defense to Poland along with Cougar MRAPs for operations in Afghanistan.

Poland is also looking to procure new 81mm mortar systems through the NATO Support Agency system to bring them more in line with the alliance.

DEFENCE DOWNMeanwhile, in the Czech Republic defence spending has been decreasing steadily, although Prague has been upgrading its capabilities after committing to operations in Afghanistan under ISAF. The country initially bought LMVs from Iveco and Dingo 2 vehicles from KMW, but expanded the order for the former in 2009 and 2010, with Iveco completing the delivery of 120 LMVs last year for $260 million.

The Czechs are interested in LMV CBRN variants and Iveco has delivered a first prototype this year. However, Marchesoni said there might

BAE Systems teamed up with Bumar and Obrum to produce the PL-01 demonstrator vehicle as a possible contender for Poland’s Direct Support Vehicle programme. (Photo: BAE Systems)



REGIONAL FOCUS


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be a chance for 10, 15 or 20 further vehicles, but not many more.

Nunn said that the Czech Republic ‘definitely has a requirement to replace its BMP-2 vehicles’ and is expecting to release an RfP in 2017-2018. ‘I would imagine they would be looking for more mobility and protection rather than a swimming capability, as they have seen protection versus a swimming variant, and how often do you use them?’ he added.

In the heavy armour arena, although the Czech Republic has upgraded 30 T-72M1 tanks to the CZ standard with new DICOM communications systems, FCS from Selex ES and

Perkins engine with Allison transmission, it will divest the rest of its tank fleet.

The country has issued a tender for five armour repair and recovery vehicles to support the Czech Land Forces’ 107 General Dynamics Steyr Pandur II 8x8 vehicles and it is looking to get an additional 30 8x8 C2 platforms. Rafael has provided 99 RWS for the Pandur IIs and four Samson RWS along with passive armour.

FUTURE FORCELooking ahead, the Czech Land Forces will need to upgrade its artillery, including the Tatra 813

RM-70 122mm multiple-launch rocket system (MLRS) and convert the Dana 152mm howitzer to NATO-standard 155mm munitions. Air defence equipment also needs attention, including the 2K12 Kub (SA-6) system.

Slovakia is in a similar position to the Czech Republic. Over a decade ago, the Slovakian Ground Forces upgraded the RM-70 MLRS, but it still needs to upgrade the Zuzana 155mm self-propelled howitzers.

With limited funding available, choosing a few choice equipment items to be upgraded or replaced as well as increasing NATO interoperability are the current procurement priorities. Unfortunately, there is a lot of work that needs doing.

A number of GDELS-Steyr Pandur II 8x8 vehicles operated by the Czech Land Forces are fitted with the Rafael Samson RWS. (Photo: Rafael Advanced Defense Systems)



REGIONAL FOCUS

Slovakia bought ten LMVs from Iveco in 2010 as an initial step in replacing its BRDM platform, and further light armour will be needed to carry out this process. There is a contract in place for another 40 LMVs, but these are still to be delivered. The army also needs to replace its BVP-2s with an 8x8 light wheeled armoured vehicle, and its BMP-1 and -2s.

Furthermore, the country is interested in purchasing Czech small arms with a 5.56x45mm calibre, such as the CZ 805 Bren assault rifle as well as other infantry weapons.

Marchesoni said that although many European countries have given up their demands for local manufacturing due to the expense of setting up an industry and maintaining it, companies still

have to compete against gifted or cheap second-hand vehicles from the US, such as MRAPs via FMS. Regarding some of the procurement programmes, he noted: ‘At the last moment, a gift or an FMS could be made that may not meet requirements. But a gift is a gift.’

EARLY CONVERSIONSIn the Baltic states there has been less need to adhere to NATO standards, as the effort to make forces compatible started before they even joined the alliance, and therefore the focus has been on modernisation.

In Estonia, recent local press reports state that the military is looking to procure ex-Dutch CV90NL vehicles, and there were plans in the

aftermath of Russia’s attack on Georgia to buy protected vehicles and even AMX-30 tanks from France. None of these have materialised however, although Russian intervention in Ukraine may spur them on yet.

Latvia bought 120 Combat Vehicle Reconnaissance (Tracked) surplus platforms from the UK for $96.2 million that will be delivered through to 2016. As it is a government-to-government agreement, BAE Systems said it is unclear what state the vehicles will be delivered in and if any additional modernisation work will be required from them as the OEM. Rafael is bidding to provide its 30mm RWS for vehicles in both Latvia and Lithuania.

Meanwhile, Lithuania is looking to get a new 8x8 vehicle. Marchesoni said that Iveco has put in a bid and that it is ‘the biggest programme announced in Europe’. An RfI has been put out and is now awaiting downselection to two to three preferred bidders.

AIMING POINT‘It is certainly one of the programmes we are aiming for, particularly with the latest developments we have in our products in our Centauro family together with OTO Melara and the newly developed 8x8 amphibious vehicle, the SuperAV,’ he added. ‘We are marketing these products in these countries, but we have to wait longer because there are no live programmes apart from Lithuania.’

At the systems level, Rafael has exported the Spike ATGM system to Latvia, the Czech Republic, Poland and Romania. A spokesperson from the company told LWI that 180 OWS-25 RCWS have been sold to Romania, with half upgraded to carry Spike.

‘Some of these countries have expressed interest in our Trophy HV/LV, and there are a number of countries in the region that have expressed an interest in our Spyder air defence system,’ he said, adding that there was a technology transfer taking place for the local manufacture of Spike in Poland through Mesko. LWI

Col Darius Užkuraitis, director-general of capability in the Lithuanian MoD, said that the current top priorities for its military forces are firepower, manoeuvrability and survivability.

The main acquisition programme involves the procurement of new 8x8 IFVs. ‘This procurement will be lasting a bit longer, so we are still not sure whether we will succeed in signing a contract next year, but we are looking for at least IFVs to replace M113 APCs for two battalions,’ he said.

‘First of all, we are looking at a wheeled APC – we are giving up tracks for wheels, which should provide a minimum third level of protection and at least 30mm machine gun/cannon. Currently, we have issued RfIs to ten companies and eight have already replied – some are able to provide APCs and some are offering turrets for installation.

UNDER EXAMINATIONUžkuraitis continued: ‘We are [currently] examining the market and should come up with our final configuration at the end of the year, and next year start a negotiation period to select a producer. We are looking at 100 pieces to fully satisfy the needs for two battalions.’

To increase its firepower, Lithuania wants to increase the range of its artillery systems from 20 to 40km, as well as acquire medium-range anti-tank guided missiles and MANPADS. Užkuraitis said that the country is not looking at specific systems, but wants to replace its missile systems, with a self-propelled gun system being just one option.

‘According to our time frame, the programme should start in 2017-18, but

LITHUANIAN PRIORITIESwe are still in the consideration period and looking at different possibilities to be selected later on,’ he said.

For its air defence capability, Lithuania has already signed a contract for €34 million to procure 120 Grom MANPADS. First deliveries have started and are set to be complete by 2021. The country has used the Javelin MANPADS since 2001, and in 2014 renewed the contract for the same number of systems, with deliveries due to be completed later next year.

At the infantry level, Užkuraitis said that Vilnius is looking for rifles, pistols, machine guns, grenade launchers, modernising 120mm mortars and procuring new 81mm mortars. For survivability, this means the acquisition of protection equipment such as helmets and body armour.

Up to 300 SCAR-H rifles from FN Herstal have been contracted, with deliveries expected this year, and the MoD is looking at additional numbers as well as heavy-calibre sniper rifles.

Israel’s Elbit Systems is also modernising 30 of Lithuania’s 120mm mortars mounted on M113 APCs. However, for 81mm mortars Užkuraitis said that the MoD intends to start a new programme in 2015.

The ministry also plans to increase its spending. In 2015, the portion of GDP spent on defence is planned to rise to 1.11%; 1.29% in 2016; 1.47% in 2017; 1.64% in 2018; 1.82% in 2019; and 2% in 2020.

‘If we look at our investment portion, next year we will have $50 million more than last year, and this year will be growing,’ Užkuraitis concluded.


13Volume 5 Number 6 | December 2014/January 2015 | LAND WARFARE INTERNATIONALwww.landwarfareintl.com

ARTILLERY

Towed artillery has taken a back seat in recent times, as militaries and industry focus

on improving the lethality, range, accuracy, rates of fire, mobility and set-up speeds of their self-propelled systems.

The former once was the dominant artillery system, but that is no longer the case. For example, the German Army meets its artillery needs with some 81 Panzerhaubitze 2000 155mm self-propelled guns and 38 M270 Multiple Launch Rocket System fire units.

Yet, towed artillery endures and continues to evolve as other operators still look to keep a balanced artillery force, combining both towed and self-propelled elements.

The towed artillery sector can be categorised in terms of calibre and comes down to the standard NATO 105mm at the lower end and

155mm at the high end. There are also the standard Soviet calibres of 122mm and 152mm that are still in use, as well as the 130mm calibre of the still extremely useful M46 field gun.

China’s artillery still adheres to these old Soviet calibres, but increasingly has embraced NATO standards. The PLA has adopted the 155mm calibre for self-propelled applications, while Norinco has offered a number of export 155mm systems in self-propelled, truck-mounted and towed configurations. The company has also developed, produced and exported a new generation of 105mm systems.

LIGHTER OPTIONSThe importance of the 105mm is that it is light and can be easily transportable – underslung on a helicopter, for example, where it can be

airlifted to mountainous or other inaccessible regions to provide fire support where there is a lack of roads.

However, many of the existing towed systems are upgrades of those first developed in the 1980s. In the 105mm range, the US Army has the M119 howitzer, which was introduced in 1989 to replace the M102. It is the US version of the British L119 light gun that was developed in the late 1980s to use US 105mm ammunition. Both US Army and USMC M119 systems are now being upgraded to the new A3 configuration.

Elsewhere, French 105mm systems also have their roots in the 1980s when GIAT Industries (now Nexter Systems) saw a requirement for a new lightweight system to equip rapid deployment forces, resulting in development of the LG1.

LEFT BEHIND?Despite the popularity of self-propelled and truck-mounted weapon systems, towed howitzers are still arguably the most capable light guns. David Saw provides an overview of the latest developments.

Gunners from 1 Regiment Royal Australian Artillery take part in direct fire mission training with an M777 system. (Photo: Commonwealth of Australia)

LWI_Dec14_Jan15_p13-15_Towed_artillery.indd 13 28/11/2014 11:03:02


ARTILLERY

The LG1 was selected by Singapore in 1990, with 37 being acquired. These were replaced from 2005 by the Singapore Technologies (ST) Kinetics 155mm, 39cal Singapore Light Weight Howitzer (SLWH) Pegasus.

The system was subsequently adopted by Belgium, Canada, Indonesia and Thailand, and Colombia has recently acquired the latest LG1 Mk III variant. Thailand purchased 24 Mk II guns, and awarded a contract to upgrade a substantial number of existing M101 howitzers (according to some sources up to 285 systems) with LG1 ordnance, allowing the use of standard US ammunition as well as extended-range (ER) French natures.

SOUTHERN SPENDINGIn the mid-1980s, South Korea replaced its M102s with a new 105mm howitzer in the form of the KIA Machine Tool (now Hyundai WIA) KH178.

The KH178 has a range of 14,700m with its HE nature, or 18,000m with a rocket-assisted projectile. Thailand reportedly acquired the howitzer in the 1980s, while more recently Indonesia purchases some 54 systems.

Hyundai also manufactures the KH179 155mm system, which entered service in 1983, and is now offering it as the basis for M114 155mm upgrade programmes.

South Africa has also had a major impact on tube artillery developments since the 1980s, principally via 155mm systems. However, in the mid-1990s Denel Land Systems embarked on the Lightweight Experimental Ordnance (LEO) programme to develop a 105mm system that had many of the capabilities of a 155mm weapon in a lighter package.

The LEO system, often called the G-7, has a 52cal barrel (57cal when the advanced muzzle brake is attached) and can reach ranges over 30km.

Large numbers of towed 105mm howitzers remain in service around the world, with many operators seemingly content to stick with what they already have. Although the British Light Gun and the French LG1 achieved significant sales,

they did not manage to persuade the world to ditch their more elderly 105mm systems.

Denel’s LEO system offers possibilities, but as yet has not found success in either towed or self-propelled formats. As to the 122mm calibre, Norinco has recently introduced the new truck-mounted CS/SH-1 122mm system, with the gun being of a similar format to that of the SH-5 105mm system.

One issue with towed 105mm systems is that many users believe they no longer have a real role to play. Modern 120mm mortar systems offer performance that covers a lot of the 105mm’s territory, while lightweight 155mm artillery offer much more firepower and lethality for not much of a weight penalty.

As such, although the 105mm towed system will not disappear, it is difficult to see there being new interest in the calibre any time soon.

MOVING UPIn terms of the 155mm marketplace, there are two segments to consider: conventional towed systems; and the more recent lightweight guns that first entered service in 2005.

The 155mm calibre has consistently proven to be the right choice in terms of range and lethality. US operational research on combat effectiveness from Vietnam in the 1960s showed that 155mm guns required 13.6 rounds per kill; 105mm required 31.6; and 203mm required 16.6. In comparison with 1960s ammunition, currently available 155mm munitions offer unprecedented levels of range, accuracy and lethality.

By the end of the 1990s, the US Army and USMC wanted to replace their M198 howitzers with a new 155mm system that was lighter, quicker into and out of action and more deployable. The Ultra-lightweight Field Howitzer (UFH) developed by VSEL of the UK (later

acquired by BAE Systems) was evolved into the M777 for the US. The first guns were delivered to the USMC in May 2005 and the US Army in October 2006.

The M777 was deployed to Afghanistan in 2007 and Iraq in 2008. The system weighs 4,100kg, has a 39cal barrel and reaches a range of 24km. In June 2012, a USMC M777 in Afghanistan achieved a range of 38km with the Raytheon M982 Excalibur precision-guided munition.

The first export customer for the M777 was Canada, which subsequently deployed the system to Afghanistan. Australia requested the M777A2 in 2008, with 57 guns being required – these are replacing the M198 and the L119 Hamel currently in service.

In January 2010, India formally requested 145 M777 systems, but the resulting procurement programme was both time-consuming and disappointing, with the acquisition being deferred in July of this year.

The M777 is also the obvious source of emulation for the new Norinco AH4 Lightweight 155mm 39cal system. At 3,800kg, it is lighter than the M777, although the range of the gun is likely to be similar. Pakistan is believed to be a likely launch customer.

A DIFFERENT ANIMALThe US was not alone in bringing a lightweight 155mm system into service in 2005, as the ST Kinetics SLWH Pegasus entered Singapore Armed Forces (SAF) service.

Capable of 19km range with a standard HE round or 30km with ER natures and weighing 5,400kg, a unique feature of Pegasus is the presence of a 28hp Lombardini 9 LD 625-2 air-cooled diesel engine on the mount acting as an APU. This allows the gun to get into and out of action rapidly and supports moves between positions. Although heavier than the M777,

An Afghan National Army soldier fires one of the new D-30 heavy artillery guns during the School of Artillery’s first indirect live fire in Kabul, Afghanistan. (Photo: Commonwealth of Australia)



ARTILLERY


the Pegasus is still an underslung load for a CH-47D Chinook.

Pegasus is proof that Singapore has been a pioneer in terms of modern artillery, something rather striking as the SAF did not receive 155mm guns until 1973 when the first artillery battery equipped with the Israeli Soltam Systems (now Elbit) M68 came into service.

In the early 1980s, Singapore decided to develop its own 155mm, 39cal system in the form of the FH-88. Some 50 of these were built for the SAF and a limited number exported to Indonesia. The range of the system is 19,000m with an M107 HE nature, or up to 30km with ER rounds. There is also an APU on the gun to aid mobility.

Later in the 1990s, the SAF sought to build on the FH-88 and charged ST Kinetics with developing a 155mm, 52cal system. This resulted in the FH-2000, which has a range of 40km with ER ammunition, making Singapore the first country in the world to develop and field a 155mm, 52cal artillery system. The service is reported to have 50 in its inventory, while a number of other systems were exported to Indonesia.

The FH-2000 was also the inspiration for the Turkish MKEK Panter howitzer developed for Turkish Land Forces Command in the 1990s, with first deliveries in 2002. The system was also

exported to Pakistan, with 12 guns supplied directly and 60 more assembled locally. All were in service by 2013.

APPROPRIATE RESPONSEMeanwhile, South Africa has had a major impact on the 155mm sector through its G5 towed and G6 self-propelled guns. The G5, first fielded in 1982, came about after the country’s artillery was outmatched during its incursion into Angola in 1975.

The gun was accompanied by a new range of extended-range full-bore (ERFB) and base bleed (ERFB-BB) ammunition that offered greatly increased standard ranges out to 30km and 39km respectively. The latest incarnation of the G5 features a 52cal barrel, and with the new VLAP ammunition achieves a 50km range.

Today, the largest 155mm towed artillery sales opportunity is India, but the ongoing and delayed Indian Army Towed Gun System (TGS) programme has been in competition for a decade. Back in 1986, the country acquired 410 Bofors FH-77B 155mm howitzers, and in addition the Indian Ordnance Factory Board (OFB) was given a full technical data pack (TDP) to allow for licence production of the FH-77B.

OFB never produced the FH-77B, indeed it forgot about having the TDP until rediscovering it in 2011, and then announced it could produce

the gun. The go-ahead was given for two prototypes in a 155mm, 45cal configuration known as the Dhanush, but one of these burst its barrel in testing.

Nevertheless, OFB was given a conditional order for 144 guns, with there being a possibility for 400 additional systems should everything go according to plan. Dhanush is not seen as a long-term solution, but a gap filler until India resolves its artillery difficulties.

Nexter’s Trajan (the 52 calibre ordnance of the Caesar truck-mounted system on a towed carriage) and Soltam’s ATMOS 2052 are currently in competition for the TGS programme.

There is still said to be a requirement for 400 guns in a direct sale and then subsequent local production of 1,180 guns. Both Denel and BAE Bofors, with the FH-77B05, have competed for the TGS requirement and retired battered and bruised.

ADVANCED ARTILLERYMeanwhile, India’s Defence Research and Development Organisation is working on a programme known as the Advanced Towed Artillery Gun System (ATAGS), which is due to have a 155mm 52cal gun capable of achieving a 50km range available by 2016.

As if that were not enough, enterprises such Tata, Bharat Forge and Larsen & Toubro are all working on their own 155mm projects. There is plenty of towed 155mm activity in India, but no endgame in prospect at this point.

The towed artillery sector is going through a difficult period, with orders proving elusive, yet the continuing operational utility of such systems is obvious. In November, an artillery battalion equipped with 2A65 MSTA-B 152mm howitzers was filmed entering Ukraine to support pro-Russian separatists.

Shortly afterwards, a Ukrainian Army artillery battalion, also equipped with this system, was filmed heading to confront this new separatist artillery. Whether it is in Ukraine, the Middle East or elsewhere, towed artillery systems are still the prime medium of putting rounds on the ground. LWI

‘The towed artillery sector is going through a difficult

period, with orders proving elusive.’

A US Army gun crew uses an M777A2 howitzer to fire illumination rounds from FOB Hadrian in the Deh Rawud district of Afghanistan. (Photo: US Army)



WHEELED VEHICLES

T he wheeled armoured vehicle has been transformed from its limited role as a

reconnaissance or support asset to a primary direct combat system. This evolution, in part, reflects advances in automotive technologies, particularly regarding the improved suspension systems that have extended mobility beyond the roads. However, there is also increased recognition of the inherent benefits that wheeled platforms can provide.

Only 20 years ago tracked platforms dominated, but the wheeled combat vehicle is now seen in nearly every modern army across the globe, and could become the preferred option for future combat systems.

FOURS, SIXES AND EIGHTSThe 4x4 wheeled vehicle, even with high-performance suspension, is limited in its off-road capability and accommodation of the loads requisite in a true combat vehicle. The shorter wheelbase and only two axles mean it cannot negotiate obstacles, particularly ditches, gaps and steps.

Vehicles with three or four axles (six or eight wheels) do not have this limitation and are able to carry greater weights without adversely affecting overall ground pressure, increasing soft soil mobility. As a result, these have generally become the preferred solution for wheeled combat missions.

Some of the most prominent wheeled armoured vehicle developments have originated in Europe. Acquired by General

Dynamics European Land Systems in 2004, the Mowag Piranha family, for example, continues to have a major presence in fleets around the world, with over 8,000 currently in use, including a production presence in North America. A new version, Piranha V, was introduced at Eurosatory in 2010, and significant upgrades are being introduced to the III and IV variants. These include the US Army Stryker, the Canadian LAV III (which is based on the Piranha IIIH 8x8), and the USMC’s LAV.

Improvements include increased power and payload, modular ballistic protection, greater survivability and mine protection and enhanced mobility despite higher gross vehicle weights (GVWs).

INDUSTRY INSIGHTSThe improvement programme that General Dynamics Land Systems (GDLS) has planned for the US Stryker fleet offers insights into the kind of upgrades that are likely on wheeled vehicle fleets.

Tim Reese, GDLS business development manager for US operations, told Land Warfare International that a series of upgrades will be introduced to Stryker from 2017. The objective is to recover performance, improve survivability and enhance the compatibility of the system with new digital technologies.

The mine and IED protection of the double-V hull has already been introduced and proven in Afghanistan, and will be introduced to an additional 900 vehicles. The suspension will also

be upgraded to 27t, and the 350hp engine and 570A alternators will be replaced by a 450hp Caterpillar C9 engine and a 900A alternator – essential to meet the growing power demands of both on and off-board electronics.

Furthermore, incorporating digital systems will not only allow crew stations to seamlessly share data and video using common displays (provided by Kongsberg Integrated Tactical Systems), but also network with outside vehicle systems.

These upgrades are also necessary to a potential up-gunning of Stryker. The demonstrator mounts a Kongsberg Protech 30mm medium-calibre RWS, and although it offers more firepower than the current .50cal machine gun, the drawback is that it decreases the dismounted infantry carried from a squad of nine to just four or five – a common dilemma when up-gunning vehicles.

SURVIVABILITY SYSTEMSSimilar upgrade programmes are being executed by the Canadian Army and USMC on their LAV fleets.

LAV Survivability II installs a self-sealing fuel cell, ballistic crew seats and lighter belly armour. LAV Survivability III adds an advanced suspension system, central tyre inflation (CTIS) anti-lock braking and ride height and load-levelling systems, with power pack enhancements, a new electrical system (solid-state), new turret slip ring and digital controls to include common crew displays. These elements

TYRED AND TESTED

The latest wheeled vehicles being developed are illustrative of the trend towards affordability, protection, sustainability and modularity. Stephen Miller analyses what is on offer.

The RG41’s design took survivability, mobility, weapon station compatibility and soldier and section mission needs into consideration. (Photo: BAE Systems)

LWI_Dec14_Jan15_p16-20_Future_wheeled_fleets.indd 16 28/11/2014 15:48:53


WHEELED VEHICLES

TYRED AND TESTED

have been designed to keep the LAV in service through to 2035.

The Piranha V is considered a fifth-generation system. It is in the 30t range (13t payload), but with growth to 33t. It has an advanced semi-active hydro-pneumatic suspension, larger 430kW MTU 6V199 engine, STANAG 4 protection and the ability to mount larger calibre weapon stations.

Length has been increased to 8m to create greater internal capacity – as the width of armoured vehicles is generally limited by road and rail transport considerations – resulting in the ability to accommodate eight dismounts plus a crew of three. This large internal capacity will ease the burden on stowing equipment as well as the increasing amount of supporting weaponry, sensors and other materials required by a squad. It also aids the undertaking of longer independent operations, which are being seen as increasingly important in expeditionary manoeuvre combat.

Interestingly, the vehicle is offered with an amphibious capability option, and it is likely this is GDLS’s candidate for the USMC’s Amphibious Combat Vehicle (ACV). It provides seawater engine cooling, engine grill louvres, trim vane and propellers and steering rudders.

EARLY FIELDINGThe Iveco Freccia and Centauro vehicles are some of the earliest fieldings of a true wheeled combat vehicle family that includes a major calibre gun system (initially the 105mm NATO tank gun and now the 120mm) and an IFV.

They are in the 30t range and the OTO Melara turrets include the 105/120mm and a manned 25mm station.

It is, however, the SuperAV, a largely company-funded development, that might be considered its next generation. Nazario Bianchini, a project executive at Iveco, told LWI that the design ‘considered soldier survivability from... inception. The crew and troops are contained in an armoured “capsule” – in effect an inner “hull” with a modified V-bottom.’

The suspension and wheel drive are derived from the Centauro but are largely external. This coupled with the stand-off provided by the external side stowage, which will also accommodate add-on modular armour, offers greater crew protection while maintaining a weight of around 26t.

This is important because STANAG 4 and even 5 levels of protection are the expectation for future combat vehicles. SuperAV was designed with an amphibious capability in mind from its inception, and the compartments between the capsule and outer skin also provide buoyancy.

Its two counter-rotating propellers provide a water speed of 5.4kt, while the 7.93m length increases surf stability as well as interior space. Its amphibious capability made it a candidate for the USMC’s Marine Personnel Carrier, now restarted as the ACV, where Iveco is teamed with BAE Systems. The VBTP-MR Guarani 6x6 APC going into production with Iveco Latin America for the Brazilian Army is also based on the SuperAV.

ORDER BOOKFinnish firm Patria has had a string of successes with its Armoured Modular Vehicle (AMV). Orders have come from Croatia, Finland, Poland (KTO Rosomak), South Africa (called Badger in a cooperation agreement with Denel), Slovenia (the Svarun), Sweden and the UAE. It is also a contender for the USMC ACV under the name Havoc in a joint effort with Lockheed Martin.

AMV utilises a modular design with various turrets, weapons, sensors, mission packages or communications systems incorporated on a common base chassis. Here again protection has been highlighted, with 30mm armour-piercing ballistic protection in the frontal arc and mine protection up to a 10kg blast (the South African version will have even greater protection). Its hydraulic suspension adjusts at each wheel station individually, and the ride performance has reportedly impressed users so far.

Patria’s follow-on, the AMV XP (Extra Payload, Extra Performance and Extra Protection) was introduced at DSEi in London in 2013. It has an upgraded power line with a 603hp engine coupled with what the company calls an integrated terrain control system. Assisted steering is provided on the first two axles with optional steering on the rear. The vehicle’s all-wheel drive and fully independent double wishbone suspension with hydro-pneumatic shocks on every wheel assure a smooth ride, even over rough terrain at speed. Electrical power is increased to 530A to meet the power needs of future soldier and C4I systems. A



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health and usage monitoring system and a digital backbone are also provided.

The XP is 8.4m in length, making it one of the longer fighting vehicles, but Patria feels this is an acceptable trade-off to provide both the internal space for troops and squad equipment and the roof area to accommodate larger weapon stations without infringing on the rear compartment. AMV XP will be able to mount an array of weapons and has already been demonstrated with the Nemo 120mm turreted mortar.

NEXT GENERATIONThe Nexter VBCI (Véhicule Blindé de Combat d’Infanterie) is the French Army’s new-generation

IFV that is replacing the tracked AMX10. Initial versions were delivered with a combat weight of 28t, but an improved version with 32t maximum GVW was unveiled at Eurosatory 2014. It now has four-axle steering and a combination mechanical/pneumatic suspension.

Upgrades are already under way including different weapon options (the OTO Melara 30mm Overhead Weapon Station was also displayed), a more powerful power pack, and survivability enhancements including slat armour and increased protection against mines.

The British Army has VBCIs on loan for evaluation, and it appears that the improvements made reflected accommodation in areas which it had viewed as shortcomings.

Elsewhere, the People’s Republic of China, Japan, Singapore, South Korea, Taiwan and Turkey have all embarked on development and fielding programmes for indigenously built wheeled vehicles.

The Terrex 8x8, for example, started as a commercial venture for export by ST Kinetics in Singapore and Timoney Technology from Ireland. Oh Beng Soon, VP of wheeled vehicle development at the former company, told LWI that the primary objective was to provide a vehicle with ‘exceptional’ ground mobility.

It uses a patented front double wishbone and rear Macpherson suspension with hydro struts and large 295/85 R20 tyres with CTIS. This offers a ground pressure of



WHEELED VEHICLES


only 361kpa even fully loaded, allowing soft soil ‘trafficability’.

Of the 24t GVW, a total of 9.5t can be carried as payload. Terrex is amphibious with a water speed of 5.4kt using two shielded propellers. Under a teaming agreement with Leidos, the vehicle is also a candidate for the USMC’s ACV 1.1, where it has already demonstrated its water performance and surf zone transit abilities.

The platform has a digital architecture to allow technology insertion such as the navigation system, BMS and power control management. Terrex is modular as it can be configured for various roles, and is able to mount weapons up to 30mm. Mine protection is offered by a twin V-hull.

ROK DUOMeanwhile, Hyundai Rotem received a contract from the Republic of Korea Army in November 2012 to develop a 6x6 and 8x8 vehicle in order to provide greater mobility, looking to be initially fielded in 2016.

The 6x6 KW1 Scorpion is configured as an infantry carrier APC in various support roles, while the 8x8 KW2 Jupiter mounts a 120mm tank gun. Although capable of mounting larger weapons, current protection levels counter traditional small arms and artillery fragments. The KWs will replace tracked vehicles in the internal security and rapid deployment roles.

Turkey has now established itself in the sector, with both FNSS and Otokar introducing

6x6 and 8x8 wheeled armoured vehicle designs comparable to those of established AFV houses.

The FNSS Pars (Anatolian leopard) was developed to fill the Turkish Army’s Special Purpose Tactical Wheeled Armoured Vehicle requirement. However, this programme is on hold, and as a result FNSS has been pursuing export possibilities.

Pars is offered in a 6x6 (25t GVW) configuration with hydrojet propulsion for an amphibious capability as well as an 8x8 (30t), both with double wishbone, independent, hydro-pneumatic suspension with height adjustment. All axles steer on the Pars, providing a tight 7m turning radius.

The RG35 is intended to provide a multi-mission vehicle capability while offering full protection to the crew. (Photo: BAE Systems)



WHEELED VEHICLES

One feature is having the driver forward in the vehicle with the commander beside him, providing better visibility. The power pack is situated behind him between the first and second axles, and an aisle on the right side allows access to the rear troop compartment.

FNSS recently concluded an agreement with Deftech for the development and production of 257 Malaysian AV8 (8x8) armoured wheeled vehicles based on the Pars 8x8 in 12 variants, including mounting weapons up to 30mm as an IFV and 90, 105 or 120mm cannon in a direct fire support role.

SIMPLER SUPPORTThe Otokar ARMA 6x6 and 8x8 have commonality in components, allowing simplified support while optimising the configuration for various missions, payloads and weapon suites.

Both are designed to be modular, and use an armoured monocoque V-shaped steel hull, providing a low silhouette and large internal volume. The 6x6 has an 18.5t GVW and transports eight dismounts, plus driver and commander.

It can also be configured with 6x4 or 6x6 mode drives based on the terrain, while the 8x8 allows the integration of weapon systems ranging from 7.62mm to 105mm cannon, as well as mounting mortars up to 120mm.

South Africa’s Project Hoefyster replaces the Ratel AFV with the Badger AMV from Patria, which is modified by Denel to add greater ballistic and mine protection. It will be fielded in four variants, including one with a 30mm turret. First vehicles are scheduled to arrive in the field in 2015, with a current requirement for 238 IFVs.

The acquisition of BAE Land Systems South Africa OMC by Denel will provide the latter company with two new designs, the 8x8 RG41 and the 6x6 RG35. The former type was designed as a wheeled combat vehicle, with South African protection and survivability requirements as primary considerations. It provides high ballistic protection and mine and IED survivability.

The lower hull comprises five modular units joined together and bolted under the top structure. This not only enhances blast protection, but allows rapid repair of battle damage, enabling the vehicle to quickly return to service. The drive line and structure are covered with a modular mine protection package. Armour is field-upgradeable with the capacity to accommodate protection to STANAG 5 without compromising performance.

The driver is far forward to maximise his visibility. When equipped with an RWS (.50cal, 25 and 30mm have been demonstrated), the vehicle can carry ten plus the driver, or nine with a manned turret (driver, commander, gunner plus seven dismounts).

The platform has a payload capacity of 11t with 14.9m² of usable interior volume. Mobility is improved with power-assisted twin steering, a double wishbone, hydro-pneumatic struts and hydraulic shock absorbers, CTIS and 16.00R20 Michelin XZL tyres on 10.00R20 aluminium rims.

LOWER PROFILEThe RG35 is different and is described as a crossover vehicle designed as a multi-mission/multirole platform employed for tasks ranging from peacekeeping to domestic response (including disasters) to full combat.

It was conceived for forces that want to undertake low-end missions, but also need to be effective in combat, and is offered in 4x4 and 6x6 versions, with an 8x8 possible. The layout has the driver and commander side by side and forward with a large armoured and angled windshield.

Behind them on the left is the side-mounted power pack, and to the rear a spacious troop compartment. In the 6x6, there is 17m³ of usable open volume and the payload is capability is 14.8t for the 6x6.

RG35’s protection can equal that of an IFV, although it is more typical to offer a base level of STANAG 2 or 3, with the capability of add-on armour to level 4. Mine and IED protection is inherent in the design with a shallow V-hull and suspension design.

ARMOURED CAPSULEThe crew/passenger compartment is a monocoque armoured capsule isolated from the power pack, fuel and suspension. The latest version, the Motorised Infantry Vehicle, includes a medium-calibre weapon station and the provision of troop compartment armoured windows to enhance situation awareness and orientation for the mounted soldiers.

RG35 has a 20hp+/tonne power-to-weight ratio, Axletech axles, fully independent double wishbones with hydro-pneumatic struts, four selectable ride height settings with a digital body-control system and 16.00R20XZL tyres with CTIS.

It is evident that the wheeled combat vehicle has not only gained acceptance, but is becoming the preferred choice for militaries. Future vehicles will likely incorporate digital open architecture electronics/backbones; high performance and hydro-pneumatic suspensions; the ability to accept increased ballistic protection and mandatory mine/IED survivability; modular designs that accommodate fitting of various weapon and mission suites; and larger and more capable guns and weapon stations. LWI

The AMV XP is the ‘next-generation’ wheeled combat vehicle from Patria. (Photo: Patria)

The Pars is offered in both 6x6 and 8x8 versions. It can fill a variety of roles including 120mm direct fire support vehicle. (Photo: FNSS)


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GRENADE LAUNCHERS


T oday, armoured vehicles carry grenade launchers as a matter of course. They can

be employed defensively by laying down a smoke screen to protect platforms from visual observation and, in systems like Rheinmetall’s Rapid Obscuring System L, prevent detection and illumination in the IR spectrum from laser targeting devices.

They are also employed offensively, with typical weapons being 40mm belt-fed launchers such as the Heckler & Koch Grenade Machine Gun (GMG) or the US MK19.

When the US Army first began fixing the MK19 onto the roofs of M1025 HMMWVs in Iraq

in 2004, the object was straightforward – use a proven infantry support weapon to boost force protection. It did this by exploiting the launcher’s long range (up to 1,500m) and high rates of fire (over 300 rounds per minute). The systems can put out a layer of fragmentation and establish what Heckler & Koch has referred to as ‘a large indirect area of effect’.

ADDRESSING VULNERABILITIESHowever, at the time area suppression over open sights was deemed sufficient, as was a complete lack of armoured protection for the gunner.

While the British Army endorsed this initiative when it armed its Weapons Mount Installation Kit-converted Land Rover Defenders with the H&K GMG in 2006, the vulnerability of the gunner remained a serious issue.

Despite the hasty introduction by the US Army and USMC of gunner shields, and later of turret kits onto HMMWVs, a more permanent solution was the development of remote weapon stations (RWS).

These took the man out of the hole in the roof and placed him inside the comparative safety of the vehicle from where the weapon could be fired using a video monitor and control grip.

Since the introduction of the first US version, the XM153 Common Remotely Operated Weapons Station (CROWS), the 40mm launcher and RWS have developed together.MOVING

PERFORMANCE

First emerging during the Iraq war, the vehicle-mounted grenade launcher has proven to be a force multiplier in-theatre. Anthony Hall explores the offensive and defensive benefits of the systems.

US marines operate an MK19 grenade launcher during training. The weapon has been used in the vehicle-mounted role since 2004. (Photo: USMC)

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GRENADE LAUNCHERS


Most leading RWS today, including Elbit Systems’ Overhead Remote Controlled Weapon Station, Kongsberg’s Protector range, General Dynamics’ Samson series and Raytheon’s Battleguard, can be all configured to accept a 40mm launcher.

Most vehicle development programmes also make use of the RWS/40mm grenade combination, including the reconnaissance support variant of the British Army’s new tracked Scout SV, now being built by General Dynamics, which will be fitted with Kongsberg’s Protector.

TAKING CONTROLIntegrating the launcher’s firing systems into the vehicle has enabled the incorporation of advanced targeting and fire control systems (FCS) that can also be network-enabled into sensor and communications systems.

A current example is the Vingmate FCS, developed by Vinghøg of Norway, now a Rheinmetall subsidiary. The system contains day and thermal cameras, laser rangefinder and GPS, as well as interfacing with battle management systems. It was a major element of a bid to win the contract for Australia’s Light Weight Automatic Grenade Launcher (LWAGL) – part of the Land 40 Phase 2 programme for direct support weapons – although negotiations were wound up in 2011.

Vingmate was being offered with the H&K GMG, firing Rheinmetall’s programmable air-burst grenade rounds, enabled by an IR fuse programming unit.

These enhanced targeting and air-burst capabilities also fulfil the requirements for mounting the LWAGL on Australia’s future Land Combat Vehicle System (LCVS), which demands delivery of precision lethality.

Although the LCVS is barely out of the concept phase – operational capability is not envisaged until at least 2022 – this is indicative of the need to try and limit casualties and collateral damage from any modern weapon system.

Manufacturers of grenades, launchers and FCS are offering the benefits of a first hit ‘one burst, one kill’ capability, rather than area

suppressive fire, such as in Rheinmetall’s 2011 Automatic Grenade Launcher upgrade package.

The need for this has not disappeared entirely, however. General Dynamics now offers the M101 canister cartridge for the MK19 with a payload of 113 2in flechettes that can disperse to a 1.2m pattern at 50m.

Whatever the payload, launcher rounds are characterised by their high velocity. A spokesman from munitions manufacturer Nammo told Land Warfare International that the rounds have a muzzle velocity of around 240m/s and the most commonly used ones are HE and high-explosive dual-purpose (HEDP), some with airburst capabilities that enable the gunner to take out targets in defilade. Maximum range is around 2,000m.

Nammo also provides US Special Operations Command (USSOCOM) with the MK285 airburst round. It is configured for the US DoD’s next-generation grenade launcher, the General Dynamics-produced Striker 40 (MK47), which was introduced with Vinghøg’s Improved Crew Served Weapons Mount, specifically to reduce recoil and improve accuracy while firing from a moving vehicle.

DUAL PURPOSEThe availability of HEDP grenades is now widespread and provides light vehicles with both an anti-personnel and anti-armour capability. Nammo offers three different types of HEDP grenade, including the MK314 that completed qualification with the US Navy in 2012.

Diehl and Rheinmetall also offer their own versions. These HEDP rounds are characterised by a penetration of between 65 and 80mm of rolled armour and dispersal of up to 1,200

fragments out to 10m. Both companies also offer dedicated 40mm shaped charges for use against light armour, increasing the likelihood of direct vehicle RWS versus RWS combat, as well as the possibility of future combat operations for unmanned ground vehicles.

This increasing technical sophistication has moved the 40mm launcher away from its traditional role in infantry support. Because the weapon is targeted by line of sight, laser ranged or not, once personnel are dismounted, particularly in operations in built-up areas, they are likely to lose the security of its covering fire.

Providing some rebalance to the trend, manufacturers including South Africa’s Milkor and Rippel Effect now produce vehicle mounts for their handheld 40mm multi-barrel launchers. These installations, such as the latter company’s double mount for its XRGL40 six-shot launcher, uses a recoil buffered, clip-on/clip-out system that requires no modification to the weapon. Rippel also produces a gimbal mount that allows the launcher to be fitted through a vehicle hull.

VERSATILE APPROACHCEO Fritz Visser told LWI: ‘[The mount] does not try to compete with fixed overhead or RWS. The XRGL40 is a handheld infantry weapon and the soft mount makes it even more versatile. The weapon can be used on foot and when the operator has to get on a moving platform he/she can simply clip the weapon into the mount for extra firepower when on the move.’

It then becomes a handheld weapon that can be mounted, rather than the other way round, he explained. ‘It does not score against the automatic grenade launcher – the two can be compared only in as far as one would for

The six-shot 40mm XRGL40 is a handheld weapon that can also be clipped onto a vehicle mount with no modification required. (Photo: Rippel Effect)



GRENADE LAUNCHERS

instance compare a 60mm patrol mortar with a 81mm vehicle-mounted mortar. The XRGL40 is a handheld infantry weapon and the AGL is not. The doctrines of allocation and application for the two weapons are entirely different.’

The XRGL40 is certified to fire both armour-piercing and dual-purpose rounds at the low and medium velocities common to all handheld and underbarrel launchers. This means muzzle velocities of 75-120m/s out to 800m, enabled by its programmable multi-velocity sight, the GR40.

The sight also gives the XRGL40 the ability to fire a full range of less-lethal ammunition, including tear gas, baton, soft-nosed, flash-bang and smoke grenades – a riot control capability that has won it sales from customers in the Asia-Pacific region, the Middle East and South America.

NEW DEVELOPMENTSThis trend for the delivery of non-lethal grenade munitions is creating a new area of development for vehicle tube launchers. Among its leading adherents is the US DoD, with a new initiative under the Non-Lethal Weapons Directorate that the USMC is taking the operational lead on.

Directorate spokesperson Kelley Hughes defined the capability as the means to ‘safely determine intent, incapacitate suspect individuals, disable and stop vehicles and vessels and deny areas’. She told LWI that the object is to provide US forces with an ‘escalation of force options’, but stressed that DoD non-lethal weapons ‘are not intended to replace lethal force – they will always be complemented by lethal force’.

The programme has funding of $70 million for FY2015, which is not large in the grand scheme of things, but major projects are consequently taking advantage of some of the many commercially available vehicle-mounted launchers.

These include Combined Systems’ Venom, which was delivered to US Marine Corps Systems Command (MARCORSYSCOM) in 2011 under a $13.8 million contract. Now designated the Non-Lethal/Tube Launched Munition

System (NL/TLMS) it underwent its first live-firing at Camp Pendleton, California, in September 2014, and according to MARCORSYSCOM will be fielded through the early months of 2015.

NL/TLMS is designed to be fitted to armoured gun shields on HMMWVs and MRAPs, and consists of three banks of ten 40mm launch tubes. With digital fire control and the ability to deliver variable numbers of stun or distraction munitions at ranges up to 100m, it represents major improvements over current delivery systems, including the M327 66mm Light Vehicle Obscuration Smoke System used by US Army Military Police for crowd control, which can discharge flash-bang and rubber ball (blunt trauma) grenades as well as smoke, but from only six tubes.

MISSION MODULEIn 2013, MARCORSYSCOM increased its inventory by awarding a $26 million contract to General Dynamics to develop the Mission Payload Module – Non-Lethal Weapon System (MPM-NLWS), based on the company’s Medusa multiple-launch platform.

Joseph Buzzett, General Dynamics Ordnance and Tactical Systems’ director of technology programmes, told LWI that the company has now entered into a two-year development programme to fully qualify the weapons system, which consists of a 66mm grenade launcher and fire control, as well as flash-bang grenades.

He said the grenade ‘provides extreme light and sound to suppress’, while the choice of a 66mm round over 40mm was taken because ‘the

66mm is a common size for vehicle-mounted systems for grenades, and there are other grenades out there – illumination grenades, smoke grenades, and that was another factor in our decision’. It also offers a larger payload.

The MPM, like the NL/TMS, is expected to be fitted to armoured gun shields of light vehicles including HMMWVs, although precise details remain to be decided.

‘MPM-NLWS is currently in the engineering and manufacturing development phase, with a Milestone C decision anticipated in FY2017,’ explained Ray Grundy, escalation of force head at USMC Combat Development Command at Quantico, who added that testing is likely to take place throughout FY2016.

General Dynamics has a presence in both the grenade launcher and light vehicle markets and in October 2014 was awarded initial production work on the Ground Mobility Vehicle 1.1 for USSOCOM.

Buzzett noted that light tactical vehicles (LTVs) and non-lethal capability can be developed in tandem. ‘We think [launchers] are very complementary to LTVs,’ he said. ‘Most LTVs have a requirement for a non-lethal capability, and the DoD has a directive that they put out in 2012 saying that they would like to have this capability for vehicles.’

Force mobility is only as efficient as the vehicles allow, and only effective when it can call on sufficient fire support. Grenade launchers have shown that with precision, reliability and payload options, vehicles now have the ability to go anywhere, and do anything. LWI

Most remote weapon stations can accommodate a 40mm grenade launcher. (Photo: GD OTS)



TRAINING


W ith the global simulation market expected to grow nearly 2% per year for

the next four years and worth a conservative estimate of $12.6 billion by 2024, it is one of the few sectors where military spending is on the increase.

While both simulation software and hardware can involve an expensive capital outlay initially, it is the operational cost savings that make them so attractive.

The USAF believes it can save upwards of $1.7 billion over five years by reducing flying hours by 5% and increasing simulation use in training, while the US Army noted in 2010 that it saved $25 million by training 2,200 soldiers using simulation.

Juan-Pablo Torres, CEO of Masa Group, which develops artificial intelligence (AI)-based modelling and simulation software, told Land Warfare International: ‘All defence budgets are shrinking, but at the same time the part of the budget dedicated to simulation tools is increasing. The need to do more with less is a matter of fact, and simulation and AI-based tools enable that by the operational costs savings they bring.’

COST SAVINGSMasa’s flagship Sword constructive simulation software helped the New Zealand Defence Force achieve considerable savings at the latest annual Exercise Suman Warrior held in October 2014.

Maj Michael Chivers, chief instructor at the New Zealand Army’s Mission Command Training School, said: ‘Using the Sword simulation system,

we have made part-time personnel savings of about 50% and significant savings in the amount of computer hardware needed to support this activity.’

As New Zealand has a military force of just over 8,000 for a population of some 4.5 million, Chivers said that operations are going to be mainly expeditionary and the smaller size makes it harder to change equipment every few years.

‘It’s very difficult at times to make sure the various people in an HQ are doing their jobs properly because you need a lot of people to train what sometimes can be quite a small group in the middle,’ he continued.

With Sword, things have changed. Chivers emphasised the system’s ease of use, which has dramatically cut down the time needed to stage an exercise. Instead of one per month, an exercise can be held every seven days.

‘Each week they are doing a different phase of war, so one week it might be attack and one week it might be withdrawal,’ he said, noting

that the plans the students develop can then be practised the day after submission. ‘So every week for five weeks we will do a simulation – we could not have done that with our traditional tools because it would take two or three weeks to set up each one.’

SLOWING DOWNThe system also has the ability to fast forward or slow down parts of the simulation, rather than just taking screenshots, to view the proceedings in more detail, providing a more effective analysis.

Chivers said the system has been particularly effective during Suman Warrior, a land-based tactical-level command post exercise carried out between the Commonwealth’s Five Power Defence Arrangement (FPDA) countries, comprising Australia, Malaysia, New Zealand, Singapore and the UK.

The exercise focused on planning, with military officers from each FPDA nation forming a battle group HQ to respond to a fictitious

CREATIVE CONTROL

A new breed of C2 simulators are allowing future leaders to learn how to manage their assets on the battlefield, while providing significant cost savings. Liza Helps examines some of the systems currently being fielded by militaries.

Masa’s Sword simulation software helped the NZDF achieve considerable cost savings at Exercise Suman Warrior in October. (Photo: MASA)

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TRAINING

security situation. An estimated 180 military personnel took part, using a combination of Sword and Systematic’s SitaWare C2 technology. The exercise included 100 virtual units as well as insurgents embedded within a 200km² field, demonstrating the AI capabilities offered by Sword.

Chivers said that the real benefit for the school was the ability to take Sword and integrate it into the developmental C2 suite currently being used by the army.

Enrico Raue, who is responsible for new markets development at Masa, said: ‘It has taken only one month after the initial five-day training programme on Sword for the New Zealand Army to utilise the system for a brigade-level command post exercise.’

Sword is available with different configurations and licences tailored to units of varying sizes and the level required, with costs ranging from €100,000 up to €1.5 million.

Masa Sword has also been supplied to the Brazilian Army for around €7 million, which includes licences, training, deployment and customisation services, as well as technology transfer to the system integrator. This also included a full translation into Portuguese.

LIVE CHANGESIn the UK, the 2010 Strategic Defence and Security Review (SDSR) made a commitment to

replace live training with simulation at a rate of 25% by 2015 and a further 25% by 2020 as part of the Future Army 2020 programme.

However, while there is a lot of focus on individual soldier training, there is growing demand for operational C2 trainers that allow HQ staff to be trained efficiently and effectively without the need and expense of live military exercises.

Thales has been operating its new-generation OPOSIA combat staff training system at the French Army’s CENTAC combat training centre in Mailly-le-Camp for just a year.

The system is used to train commanders of company-level combined arms task forces, as well as section and platoon leaders. It can be used to simultaneously instruct three digitised task force commanders, their subordinates (section and platoon leaders) and leaders of support units (engineering, artillery, logistics), with up to 45 people able to take part in one or more exercises in a virtual theatre of operations.

Based on tactical simulation software developed by Thales, the new system immerses personnel in a realistic virtual 3D universe – terrain features, weather conditions, weapon systems, allied and opposing force deployment doctrines. For added realism, personnel use their own battle management systems (BMS) for the exercises, something that is a major consideration for militaries worldwide.

GETTING REALFrank Bertling, product manager at CAE GESI, told LWI: ‘When it comes to staff training, ideally the commanders should not be able to tell the difference between training under a constructive simulation like GESI or a real-world exercise.

‘For example, if the real equipment [such as tanks] has the technical ability to send out blue force tracking every five minutes, which is picked up by the C2 system, the simulation should

CAE provides the German Army with GESI simulation software at the company’s army combat simulation centre in Wildflecken, Germany. (Photo: CAE)

Rheinmetall was recently awarded a contract extension to support the full spectrum of operations at the German Army’s GÜZ training facility. (Photo: Rheinmetall)

mission ready

CAE’s GESI is a constructive simulation system designed to run complex andcomprehensive exercises to train military and civil commanders and staffs in commandand control and disaster management. Seven countries throughout Europe use theCAE GESI system to conduct command and staff training exercises that enhance thedecision-making ability for commanders in a range of operational scenarios. Now, CAE has teamed with Rolands & Associates to combine R&A’s Joint Theatre-LevelSimulation (JTLS) with CAE’s GESI constructive simulation system as a federation calledGlobalSim. Combining JTLS and GESI brings together operational and tactical levelconstructive simulations to prepare commanders and staff to make timely, informedand intelligent decisions across the full spectrum of operations, including conventionalcombat, disaster relief, and operations other than war. As defence forces around the world look to expand their use of simulation-based trainingto reduce costs and enhance readiness, trust a company with the focus, experience and technology leadership in simulation and training to be your partner of choice.

CAE is a world-class training systems integrator that offers training centres, services, and products designed to prepare defence and security forces for mission success.

[email protected]

@CAE_Defence

Land Warfare International_Mission Ready_Dec 2014_AM203.indd 1 2014-11-17 11:41 AMLWI_Dec14_Jan15_p25-28_Training.indd 26 28/11/2014 11:24:40

mission ready

CAE’s GESI is a constructive simulation system designed to run complex andcomprehensive exercises to train military and civil commanders and staffs in commandand control and disaster management. Seven countries throughout Europe use theCAE GESI system to conduct command and staff training exercises that enhance thedecision-making ability for commanders in a range of operational scenarios. Now, CAE has teamed with Rolands & Associates to combine R&A’s Joint Theatre-LevelSimulation (JTLS) with CAE’s GESI constructive simulation system as a federation calledGlobalSim. Combining JTLS and GESI brings together operational and tactical levelconstructive simulations to prepare commanders and staff to make timely, informedand intelligent decisions across the full spectrum of operations, including conventionalcombat, disaster relief, and operations other than war. As defence forces around the world look to expand their use of simulation-based trainingto reduce costs and enhance readiness, trust a company with the focus, experience and technology leadership in simulation and training to be your partner of choice.

CAE is a world-class training systems integrator that offers training centres, services, and products designed to prepare defence and security forces for mission success.

[email protected]

@CAE_Defence

Land Warfare International_Mission Ready_Dec 2014_AM203.indd 1 2014-11-17 11:41 AMLWI_Dec14_Jan15_p25-28_Training.indd 27 28/11/2014 11:24:40


TRAINING

stimulate the C2 system accordingly in a training scenario to the way that the real equipment would do.’

He continued: ‘Using their original command post equipment, the command staff should be able to communicate their orders directly as they would in real life to the simulation, and information should pass back from the simulation straight to the BMS in a similar way.

‘Based on that information, the commander then goes back into the next decision- making process or corrects his previous order or whatever.’

It is this interoperability requirement that led to the IDF to renew its contract with Elbit Systems for operation and management of a number of land force training systems throughout Israel to 2019, with the contract estimated to be worth nearly $23 million.

Elbit’s training systems, such as its Tactical Battle Group Trainer (TBT), can be combined with the firm’s C2 and C4I equipment, which are used by the IDF as part of its Tzayad Digital Army Program.

‘Integration at this level provides invaluable train-as-you-fight opportunities,’ explained Ofer Segal, senior director for land forces training systems at Elbit Systems Training & Simulation. ‘It

means forces drill on the same C2 network that supports real combat operations.’

Segal said that Elbit is working on extending this training interoperability so that command staff can train on simulations that replicate the IDF’s C4I systems. This would allow all three service branches to link to each other in training, enabling visual intelligence-sharing and integration of their C2 systems. Orders can also be communicated with one another, as well as visual data – what is seen by one can be seen by all in real time.

It is not just interoperability between BMS and simulation that is important, but also between simulation systems, especially within joint exercises. Ander Fogh Rasmussen, the outgoing Secretary General of NATO, has already indicated that in order to fulfil ongoing commitments to measures such as the organisation’s Rapid Response Force, ‘there will have to be many more short-notice multinational exercises’.

INTEGRATED APPROACHWith continued pressure on budgets, many of these will rely a lot more on simulation, especially at command level, and industry has pre-empted this need. CAE and Rolland &

Associates (R&A), for example, have created GlobalSim, a system that integrates theatre-level and tactical-level simulation training. The product offers a ‘seamless interaction’ between the former company’s GESI tactical simulation system and the latter’s Joint Theatre Level Simulation (JTLS) system.

GESI is a high-resolution synthetic environment entity-level simulation to model a variety of missions, while JTLS models the full spectrum of warfare – land, air, naval, intelligence, logistics and special forces. Together, they provide a constructive simulation environment from the theatre level down to the tactical simulation level.

According to CAE, GlobalSim can be used for command post exercise support, contingency/management plan testing, coalition training among both military and civil agencies, budget-based wargaming decision support, decision analyses, experimentation and emergency preparedness training.

EMERGENCY MANAGEMENTAs well as joint military exercises, there is growing demand for C2 training in parapublic operations. ‘In emergency management exercises, there are many elements that are similar to those in the military,’ added Bertling. ‘We are definitely seeing more civilian/military requirements, with big exercises very often based on real-world events, such as the flooding of the River Oder in the early 2000s.’

Torres agreed, noting that in these types of exercises AI simulation really comes into its own. He said: ‘The realism afforded by the simulation in something like Masa Sword enables both military and civilian protection forces such as the police to train in scenarios that were not possible before, such as a terrorist attack in downtown Paris which would have be very difficult to organise on a large scale and incorporate different forces.’

Additional interoperability is seen in the use of the systems across live, virtual and constructive scenarios affording command staff invaluable analysis in a real-world situation they would not otherwise be able to secure. LWI

CAE provided the German Army with it latest GESI simulation software in 2013 at the company’s army combat simulation centre in Wildflecken.

The service uses GESI as a tool for young officers in the classroom with CAE’s GESI-SiTA suite and when carrying out command and staff training through computer-aided exercises.

Lt Col Dieter Vogt of the German Army said that one of the advantages is the ability to replay the scenarios and reposition forces along with the statistics, allowing better analysis. Consequently, results become ‘retraceable and credible, with tactical outcomes more comprehensible’.

The latest upgrade includes after-action review (ARR) software for evaluating the effectiveness of the training exercise and providing comprehensive feedback to the trainees, with replays of situations from the point of view of any party or an overall (god’s eye) view over all parties involved in the exercise.

While the exercise is running, bookmarks are created either automatically or manually

GESI ROAD TESTthat assist in an easy retrieval of situations of interest.

Radio communications on all frequencies are also digitally recorded so they can be replayed during the after-action review. The GESI system also supports creation of tactical situation graphics as well as a wide range of statistical overviews.

The time needed for preparing a complete multimedia debriefing with these tools is approximately one to two hours for an exercise that may have lasted several days.

CAE’s Bertling told LWI: ‘You are able to have a look at the situation not just as recorded, but also where that part of the action would be predefined. You can really dig down and find out the root cause of an outcome – it is all about giving the commander and his staff a debrief of what they did and how they can improve.’

Depending on the complexity of an exercise, the number of people required to input the ‘lower command’ data could be as little as five to as many as 80 or 90 if it is a large brigade-level activity.

LWI_Dec14_Jan15_p25-28_Training.indd 28 28/11/2014 11:24:40

SNIPER RIFLES


In November 2014, USMC Systems Command (MARCORSYSCOM) awarded Remington

Defense a contract to provide up to 2,000 modular stocks, spares and magazines for the M40 Sniper Rifle Modular Stock programme. Deliveries will begin within three months and enable the service to upgrade its heavily used 7.62mm M40A5 rifles to M40A6 configuration.

Based on the bolt-action Remington 700, the M40 was introduced into marine service in 1966 and has been successively upgraded by USMC armourers to the A1 configuration in the 1970s, the A3 model in the 2000s and the current M40A5 model since 2009 using components from various suppliers.

NEW FEATURESMARCORSYSCOM released a solicitation for the M40 Modular Stock on 25 July 2013 specifying new features, including a foldable stock and MIL-STD-1913 rails in four positions.

The solicitation also stipulated that potential .338 Lapua Magnum barrelled actions can be integrated with the modular stock to

facilitate future M40 upgrades. The current five-round Badger Ordnance magazines will be supplemented by new ten-round magazines.

‘The marine corps tested each bidder’s product to high standards, and we are proud to have exceeded their performance criteria,’ said Greg Baradat, director of US military sales at Remington Defense.

In April 2014, Remington delivered the 2,558th and final M2010 Enhanced Sniper Rifle, previously known as the M24 Reconfigured Sniper Weapon System, to the US Army, replacing the service’s M24 Sniper Weapon System, a long-action bolt variant of the Remington 700, introduced into service in 1988.

The M2010, an extensive refurbishment of the M24, was developed in response to operational

need statements arising in Afghanistan, to equip snipers with a weapon able to engage targets at extended ranges, enabling them to win the ‘ridgeline-to-ridgeline’ fight with Taliban fighters using the Soviet-era 7.62x54mmR Dragunov marksman rifle and its various clones.

CONVERSION CHANGEThe most significant change is the conversion from 7.62mm to the more powerful .300 Win Mag ammunition, which extends the effective range to 1,200m. According to army officials, the M2010 provides a 50% increase in effective range and a more precise firing capability than the M24.

‘The M2010 changed the whole way we operated,’ explained SFC Aaron Welch, among the first snipers to be equipped with the weapon

A LONG SHOT

A new generation of rifles is enabling snipers to dominate the battlefield. Ian Kemp provides an update on the market.

A US Army soldier fires an M110 Semi Automatic Sniper System at a distant target during sniper familiarisation training. (Photo: US Army)

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SNIPER RIFLES


in Afghanistan, at a ceremony to mark the delivery of the last M2010. ‘We were able to control the battlefield like never before.’

The M2010’s stock is the Remington Arms Chassis System (RACS), which provides a full range of user adjustments in addition to modularity and ancillary mounting options.

It features a right-side folding mechanism that captures the bolt handle when folded, as well as a cable routing channel on the left side of the stock to allow remote activation of lasers and/or lights. The M2010 is equipped with a full-length MIL-STD-1913 rail on top and optional rails at the three, six and nine o’clock positions.

The M2010 is issued with the Leupold Extended Range/Tactical 6.5-20x50mm M5 Locking Adjustment riflescope and the AN/PVS-29 Clip-on Sniper Night Sight. The TiTan suppressor from Advanced Armament can be fitted to reduce audible and visible signature. Remington can also upgrade M24s to M2010 standard or supply new-build weapons.

ORDER BOOKRemington has built more than 15,000 M24s and the rifle remains in production for export. In January 2011, the company received an $8.9 million contract from the US Army to produce 1,212 of the weapons to equip Afghan National Army and Afghan National Police snipers, with deliveries completed in September 2014.

The M24A2 model features a detachable ten-round magazine, top-mounted and adjustable side-mounted modular accessory rail system, barrel modifications to accommodate a sound suppressor, and an improved H-S Precision PST025 stock with adjustable cheek height and length of pull. The M24A3 variant is chambered for the .338 Lapua Magnum round and is fed from a five-round detachable box magazine.

The army is planning to upgrade or replace the Knight’s Armament Co (KAC) 7.62mm M110 Semi-Automatic Sniper System (SASS), which is employed to support its bolt-action rifles.

The M110 was selected by the service after a competitive evaluation in September 2005 and has been used in combat in Afghanistan since

April 2008. It is the first US Army weapon system equipped with a quick-attach/-detach suppressor.

The M110 is issued with the Leupold Mark 4 3.5-10x40mm telescopic scope. More recently, the M110 has been acquired by the USMC to replace the Mk11 Mod 1 Sniper Rifle, originally fielded in 2005 for urgent operational use, and the corps plans to equip its M110s with a new buttstock.

SIZE MATTERSProject Manager Soldier Weapons (PM SW) has issued for a draft RfP to manufacture a complete system or reconfigure some or all of the army’s inventory of M110s to the Compact SASS (CSASS).

Officials have said this plan is not inspired by any shortcomings with the M110, with snipers continuing to express approval for the weapon, but note the CSASS will ‘more effectively execute a broad spectrum of missions than the M110’.

The CSASS will provide: improved reliability, accuracy and ergonomics; reduced weight and length; advanced coatings; improved optics; reduced recoil; enhanced suppressor; enhanced modular rail capabilities; and an improved bipod, trigger, pistol grip and buttstock.

PM SW intends to award a single indefinite-delivery/indefinite-quantity (IDIQ) contract for 30 weapons with two options – the first for five years not to exceed 3,643 weapons, and the second for the purchase of a technical data package. The initial 30 rifles will be used for developmental and operational testing which is expected to last two years.

The army is seeking to reduce the rifle’s length to 914mm with the collapsible buttstock closed and no suppressor in place, and achieve a weight of 4.08kg without attachments. KAC has already demonstrated an M110K1 carbine with a 16in barrel in place of the M110’s 20in barrel, which it is proposing for the CSASS project.

The company stated: ‘M110K1 was developed from an SOF [special operations forces]-specific system with many upgrades on the tried and true M110 platform, and deployment mission feedback from the end-user community.’

PRECISION ENGINEERINGIn March 2013, USSOCOM awarded Remington a ten-year, IDIQ, firm-fixed-price contract, potentially worth $79 million for up to 5,150 Precision Sniper Rifle (PSR) systems, along with 4.7 million rounds from Barnes Bullets.

The PSR is based on Remington’s Modular Sniper Rifle (MSR), which can be configured by the operator for 7.62mm, .300 Win Mag or .338 Lapua Magnum ammunition.

The MSR features a titanium receiver for long life and weight reduction. Each calibre is supported by a five- or ten-round magazine. The MSR uses a variation of the RACS to provide user-adjustability and configuration. Barrels are designed to use the TiTan QD sound suppressor which are included in the PSR contract.

In November 2014, under the PSR contract, Remington received a production order for 443 PSRs and 446 PSR calibre conversion kits in both .300 Win Mag and .308 Win. Under a previous competition, Schmidt & Bender was contracted to provide a modified version of its 5-25x56 PMII day scope for use with the PSR.

The new PSR will be used with the recently developed .300 WinMag Match Product Improvement round, type classified as the Mk248 Mod 1. Based on the 220gr Sierra Matchking .300 WinMag, the Mk 248 Mod 1 meets requirements to extend effective range from 1,200 to 1,500m, decrease the effect of wind drift on the projectile, reduce flash, and be stable across temperatures from -31.5°C to 74°C.

NEW LAUNCHIsrael Weapon Industries (IWI) launched the Dan .338, the first of a new family of bolt-action sniper rifles, at Eurosatory 2014 in June. It was developed in cooperation with IDF special forces to optimise ergonomics for sniper use and is the first bolt-action weapon produced by IWI reflecting demand from the IDF and other potential customers. Chambered for .338 Lapua Mag, according to IWI it delivers accuracy up to 1,200m. With a 31in barrel (with muzzle brake), the rifle measures 1.28m with stock extended

Israel Weapon Industries’ new DAN .338 is the first of a new family of bolt-action sniper rifles. (Photo: IWI)



SNIPER RIFLES

and 1.03m with stock folded, and weighs 6.9kg without its ten-round magazine or sight.

The rifle features an adjustable, foldable handle; an adjustable cheek rest and trigger; and ambidextrous magazine release and safety. It incorporates upgraded MIL-STD-1913 rails at the three, six, nine and twelve o’clock positions. At Eurosatory, the Dan .338 was displayed with a Meprolight Meslas sniper scope/automatic ballistic computer. A clip-on sight and a silencer are available as options.

Elsewhere, British company Accuracy International, which has been developing and building sniper rifles since 1978, introduced a new generation of four new weapons in early 2014.

The AT308 builds on the company’s L96A1 and AW308 sniper rifles. The standard model has a fixed stock with 24in, quick-change, plain barrel. There are options for colour, folding stock, barrels/suppressors and many accessories.

RECORD BREAKERIn November 2009, a British Army sniper, armed with a .338 Lapua Magnum L115A3 rifle, a variant of Accuracy’s AW338, was credited with the longest-range rifle kills in history when he shot two insurgents in Afghanistan at 2.47km, and fired a third shot which disabled the machine gun they had been carrying.

The multi-calibre AXMC, which replaces the AW338, is a .338 Lapua Magnum rifle

that can be reconfigured to .300 Win Mag or .308 Win (AX308) by changing the barrel, bolt and magazine/insert. It is available in black or green stock sides with black metalwork or pale brown stock sides and metalwork.

The fourth new weapon is the .50cal AX50 long-range anti-materiel rifle introduced to replace the company’s .50cal AW50. It features a new external stock design with the aim of facilitating a secure, comfortable shooting position and improving the user’s ability to carry and move with the rifle. The short-throw (60°) handle lies close to the stock side, just above the trigger, to minimise movement of the user’s hand. LWI

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32 www.landwarfareintl.com

PARTING SHOT

LAND WARFARE INTERNATIONAL | December 2014/January 2015 | Volume 5 Number 6

With 25 years passing since the fall of the Berlin Wall, armies have still not fully

adapted to the change in strategic circumstances brought about by the end of the Cold War. It is only now that large stocks of vehicles are being divested and flooding the defence market.

‘The trouble is there is a lot of second-hand stuff around,’ Barry said. ‘If you take tanks, there is still a massive overhang from the Cold War. In NATO, that affects Leopard tanks and M1 Abrams, and there are a lot of T-72s as well.’

UPGRADE PATHSThe MBT industry appears to be the most affected, and there is likely to be greater focus on upgrades and modernisation, rather than new builds.

‘I don’t see any evidence of KMW building new tanks. Nexter has sold the Leclerc and the French have announced an intention to upgrade, but the only other country that has bought is the UAE.

‘However, there is a big community of countries that have bought Leopard 2. An example of this was the rapid acquisition of unwanted Leopard 2s by Canada as they suddenly realised that they needed tanks in Afghanistan, and there was no difficulty finding the tanks.’

This has been followed more recently by sales of excess Leopards to Indonesia and Qatar.

‘For Western countries, bearing in mind the budgetary hiatus, it is difficult to see any interest in buying new tanks – instead there will opportunities for upgrading existing ones and that will be influenced by the number of unwanted tanks there are,’ added Barry.

‘KMW run a tank recycling business. Essentially, they will sell used Leopard 1 and 2s, reconditioned and modernised as necessary. Where economic growth is rising with the BRIC countries, some of

them are investing their growth in defence and have purchased Leopards, such as Chile, Brazil, Singapore and Indonesia.

‘There are still people buying new armoured vehicles. The UK Scout is one example, [as is] the French requirement for the VBMR [Véhicule Blindé Multirole] – there are still modernisation programmes. But in some cases the domestic armoured vehicle industry is on the front line.’

He continued: ‘With regard to Western Europe, there is still quite considerable over-capacity in their defence industry as a whole, and armoured vehicles are not exempt from this. The complicating factor is the announced merger between KMW and Nexter – both have an established pedigree in armoured vehicles, and there will be some difficult decisions made.’

LAST ONE STANDINGIf the focus is on refurbishing older platforms, Turkey could potentially be the only country in Europe left building tanks. The conflict in eastern Ukraine does not seem to have had an immediate impact on armoured vehicle procurement decisions either, and Barry believes it is too early to tell.

‘In Africa, most are content with the tanks they have got,’ he said. ‘T-55s and Centurions, for example, can meet army requirements because they are not too heavy for their roads, bridges and other infrastructure, as their emphasis is on medium and light armour.

‘There are also lots of tanks in India and Pakistan, where the armies are orientated to fight against each other on terrain where tanks and armoured vehicles are going to be very useful. Then you have China, and South Korea, which have indigenous armoured vehicle industries.’

One development on the horizon derives from Russia. The country’s army has 40 brigades and

represents a large market – or at least did before sanctions started to bite.

‘Russia has been investing in new armoured vehicles: a tracked general-purpose vehicle; a wheeled general-purpose one; and something that would replace their tanks. All three are to be families: Kurganets, Boomerang and Armata.’

Although the use of a tank by a ‘credible’ army – such as British, French, German, Russian or US forces – can help with sales, Barry said that many countries that want to buy or modernise armour are insisting on technology transfer.

Furthermore, militaries with excess stocks of these vehicles will not want them sitting around in warehouses when they can be sold to allies for cash. Therefore, for industry there are potential upgrade, maintenance support and training contracts.

‘The degree to which a country wants to embrace that is variable, but there is a lot of money to be made on upgrades and through-life maintenance. There are lots of upgrades out there, at least on protection, with add-on armour to active protection systems; there is digitising the vehicle; and inserting modern communications and battle management systems.’

There are even industrial opportunities on the same vehicle within a country. In Brazil, for example, the army and marine corps both have M113s, and there are two separate contracts for the upgrades. The former is upgrading through BAE Systems, with the latter selecting IMI. LWI

UNDER PRESSURE

With a larger amount of cheap second-hand military equipment being sold off by militaries, industry has had to adapt in recent years. Tim Fish talks to Ben Barry, senior fellow for land warfare at the International Institute for Strategic Studies, about these challenges.

LWI_Dec14_Jan15_p32_Interview.indd 32 28/11/2014 11:28:37

LWI_Dec14_Jan15_IBC.indd 3 28/11/2014 11:47:53

The FN MINIMI® is the world reference in Light Machine

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The new FN MINIMI® Mk3 version is now available, and

earlier models can be upgraded to the Mk3 configuration.

ANN LAND WARF INTERN Mk3 EN 12 2014_15.indd 1 26/11/14 15:34LWI_Dec14_Jan15_OBC.indd 4 28/11/2014 13:29:24

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