LAND USE CONFLICTSJOANNA GOCAŁEK

Photo: Eimear Tynan

N O R T H E R N F I N D I N G S #4N O R T H E R N F I N D I N G S #4N O R T H E R N F I N D I N G S #4

P A S S W O R DThe major threats for reindeer husbandry in Finnmark are mining activities, urban development and infrastructure. This is causing increased competition for land. For reindeer their grazing areas are gradually being lost. The investigation is to present interactions between different land uses and activities threatening reindeer grazing areas.

SAAMI REINDEERS IN NORWAY

SAAMI REINDEERS IN SWEEDEN

WILD REINDEERS IN NORWAY

SOURCES: 1/Johnny-Leo L.Jernsletten and Konstantin Klokov: Sustainable Reindeer Husbandry (2000 - 2002 A.C.)2/Staaland and Eikelmann (1993)3/Gaare (1997)

WILD REINDEERS GRAZING AREA

SAAMI REINDEER GRAZING AREA

INVESTIGATING GRAZING AREA

REINDEER MIGRATION IN N O R W A Y AND SWEDEN

Reindeer herding depends on the availability to grazing areas. In Norway, reindeer grazing area, it means area over 140 000 km2. Activities related to

reindeer herding is regulated since 2005 by “Norwegian Reindeer Herding Act” and managed by organizations with many administrative levels.

Herders themselves have traditionally organized the reindeer husbandry through “Siida-system” that can be understand as “working partnership” where individual rights for resources goes together with mutual help of the members in

Main challenge for national authorities, reindeer industry and all other users of the land is to find a solution to co-exist and to develop with possible lowest harm for the nature.

SAAMI REINDEERS IN NORWAY

SAAMI REINDEERS IN SWEEDEN

WILD REINDEERS IN NORWAY

SOURCES: 1/Johnny-Leo L.Jernsletten and Konstantin Klokov: Sustainable Reindeer Husbandry (2000 - 2002 A.C.)2/Staaland and Eikelmann (1993)3/Gaare (1997)

WILD REINDEERS GRAZING AREA

SAAMI REINDEER GRAZING AREA

INVESTIGATING GRAZING AREA

REINDEER MIGRATION IN N O R W A Y AND SWEDEN

Reindeer herding depends on the availability to grazing areas. In Norway, reindeer grazing area, it means area over 140 000 km2. Activities related to

reindeer herding is regulated since 2005 by “Norwegian Reindeer Herding Act” and managed by organizations with many administrative levels.

Herders themselves have traditionally organized the reindeer husbandry through “Siida-system” that can be understand as “working partnership” where individual rights for resources goes together with mutual help of the members in

Main challenge for national authorities, reindeer industry and all other users of the land is to find a solution to co-exist and to develop with possible lowest harm for the nature.

Reindeer migration as a phenomenon is survival strategy and a way of use of nature's resources. The most important reason is that access to food varies with the seasons, and external conditions can also cause problems, such as cold, dryness, heat or insects. According to that, reindeer need large and undisturbed area during the whole year. Movement patterns and routes have changed considerably because of urban, infrastructure and industrial development on the grazing land. Following the publication from 2004 “Inngrep in reinbeiteland” hudge area of Norway’s grazing pastures in Finnmark are lost due to exploitation, development and is disturbed by different activities on the grazing land such as tourism, vehicles, hydro-powers, wind powers, power lines and relevant.

MIGRATION ROUTE

SOURCE: www.reindrift.no

MIGRATION FROM WINTER TO SPRING & SUMMER PASTURES

REINDEER MIGRATION IN FINNMARK

MIGRATION ROUTE

SOURCE: www.reindrift.no

MIGRATION FROM SPRING & SUMMER PASTURES TO WINTER

L O S S O F P A S T U R E SINFRASTRUCTURE AND URBAN DEVELOPMENT Problem that is commonly called as “loss of pastures” occurs in two different ways: physical destruction and reduction of use of the pasture. Pastures are lost or dramatically disturbed through: construction of buildings and fabrics that contains all kinds of additional infrastructure; hydro - electric power facilities, pipelines, mining, roads, power lines, wind powers, snowmobile tracks, tourist mountain cabins. While I look at the reindeer grazing area through reindeer eyes I would like to add to list of reasons of disturbance also fences that are used by herders to separate grazing areas and put them together with infrastructure that interrupt natural migration of animals and their needs.

Kautokeino

Alta Lakselv

Hammerfest

0 25 50 km

Vadso

Vardo

Kirkenes

INFRASTRUCTURE 1TRANSPORT, MAIN MOUNTAIN LODGES AND SETTLEMENT IN

FINNMARK

REINDEER MIGRATION DIRECTION

MOUNTAIN LODGE, CAMPING

AIRPORTS

MAIN SNOWMOBILE TRACKS

SETTLEMENT

ROADS

SOURCE: www.environment.no www.reindrift.no Northern Norway - Travel Guide 2013 NorgeApp - Snowmobiletruck

50 km

0 25

50 km

INFRASTRUCTURE 2POWER LINES, WIND POWER AND HYDRO POWER AS A REASON OF DISTURBANCE ON REINDEER

GRAZING AREAS

WINDPOWER

HYDROPOWER

TRANSFORMER STATION

POWER STATION

132 kV LINE

LESS THEN 132 kV LINE

POSSIBLE NEW 420 kV LINE

MAIN FENCES

RIVERS AND LAKES

REINDEER MIGRATION DIRECTION

SOURCE: www.reindrift.no www.environment.no

GLASS/ CERAMICS/ PAINTSSIBELCO NORDIC

OIL & GASHammerfest LNG Snøhvit Perpetuum Waste Management, Polarbase

REINDEER PRODUCTSReinprodukter A.S

RECYCLINGFinnmark Gjenvinning

ENERGYFinnmark Miljøvarme Karasjok

ENERGYFINNMARK MILJØVARME LAKSELV

ENERGYMILJØVARME ALTA DAIRY PRODUCTSTINE MEIERIET ALTASAND DISTRIBUTION Finnmark Sand AS

0 25 50 km

GLASS/ CERAMICS/ PAINTSSIBELCO NORDIC

OIL & GASHammerfest LNG Snøhvit Perpetuum Waste Management, Polarbase

REINDEER PRODUCTSReinprodukter A.S

RECYCLINGFinnmark Gjenvinning

ENERGYFinnmark Miljøvarme Karasjok

ENERGYFINNMARK MILJØVARME LAKSELV

ENERGYMILJØVARME ALTA DAIRY PRODUCTSTINE MEIERIET ALTASAND DISTRIBUTION Finnmark Sand AS

0 25 50 km

LAND BASED I N D U S T R Y

Reindeer pastoralism have been co-exixting with multiple industries forcenturies, this map shows some of the companies that are currentlyoperating in Finnmark. The impacts from these enterprises range fromharmless to destructive. Too keep good relations to other actors in theterritory is crucial for reindeer herders. The question is: when industrial activities in the north escalate bit by bit, how are reindeer herding as livelihood to survive?

LAND BASED INDUSTRY

WINTER PASTURE

REINDEER MIGRATION ROUTE

SOURCE: www.environment.no www.reindrift.no

DAIRY PRODUCTSTine Meieri avd. Tana

ROAD SURFACEVeidekke Industri AS, Sør-Varanger

SYDVARANGERiiron mine

FISHING INDUSTRYVaranger Laks & Vilt AS

FISHING INDUSTRYVadsø sildoljefabrikk

FISHING INDUSTRYSeafood Vardø A.S

ELKEM TANA

TRANSPORTATIONJan Nylund & Sønner AS

REPPARFJORD STONE

LOPPASLATE

STJERNOYNEPHELINE SYIENITE

FRIARFIORD SKIFER

ALTASLATE

PORSVANN COPPER

ULVERYGGEN NUSSIR COPPER

BIDJOVAGGE GOLD/ COPPER

0 25 50 km

REPPARFJORD STONE

LOPPASLATE

STJERNOYNEPHELINE SYIENITE

FRIARFIORD SKIFER

ALTASLATE

PORSVANN COPPER

ULVERYGGEN NUSSIR COPPER

BIDJOVAGGE GOLD/ COPPER

0 25 50 km

POSSIBLE FUTURE OPERATION

REINDEER MIGRATION DIRECTION

OPERATING

REINDEER GRAZING DISTRICTS

EAST FINNMARK 84,000 REINDEERS

WEST FINNMARK103,550 REINDEERS

SOURCE: www.reindrift.no Curry Draft. Thesis prep Document Mineralressurser Norge 2012

BJORNEVATN IRON

SVANVIKQUARTZ

GJEDDEVANNGOLD / ARSEN

GALLUJAV’RI NICKEL

SKALLELVQUARTZITE

FRIARFIORD SLATE

TANA KVARTSITT

RAI’TEVARRI GOLD/ COPPER

KAUTOKEINOKVARTSITT

ULVERYGGEN NUSSIR COOPER

IRON ORE, NATURAL STONE SDEPOSITS AND MAIN MINERAL INDUSTRY ON

R E I N D E E R G R A Z I N G D I S T R I C T S IN F I N N M A R K

BIDJOVAGGEMINE

1

2

3

4

5

WINTER PASTURE

KAUTOKEINO

FAVRAN

SPALCCA

BIDJOVAGGEMINE

1

2

3

4

5

WINTER PASTURE

KAUTOKEINO

FAVRAN

SPALCCA

DESTROYED / NO FOOD

HIGH DISTURBANCE / THREAT SPOTSDISTURBANCES

ACCES

LIMITED ACCESS / OBSTACLES

POSSIBLE REINDEER MIGRATIOROUTE BETWEEN SUMMER AND WINTER

PASTURES

Kjækan

SUMMER PASTURE

MY OWN CLASSIFICATION :ACCES TO GRAZING AREA

0 10 km

PROTECTED AREA

HYDROPOWER WITH WATHER RESERVOIRREINDEER MIGRATION ROUTES

SETTLEMENT

POWER LINE

ROAD

MAIN FENCES

INVESTIGATED POSSIBLE REINDEER TRAIL/ ABORRASSA 34

PLANNEDAREA PLANDE TO BE PROTECTED

ABBORASSA

0 10 km

REJSA NATIONAL PARK

0 10 km

REJSA NATIONAL PARK

REINDEER MIGRATION ROUTES

BIDJOVAGGE MINE

REINDEER COLLECTING & RECOVERY AREA

HERDER CABINS

INVESTIGATED REINDEER MIGRATION ROUTE

FENCES

AUTUMN GRAZIN

SUMMER GRAZING

AUTUMN-WINTER AND SPRING GRAZING

DOAD TO THE MINE

BIDJOVAGGE MINE AND REINDEER GRAZING AREA

S O U R C E S1/ REINDEER HUSBANDRY AND BARENTS 2030 - International Centre for Reindeer Husbandry

2/ REINDEER HUSBANDRY IN NORWAY - Sustainable Reindeer Husbandry. Arctic Council 2000 - 2002. Konstantin Klokov St. Petersburg State University and Johnny-Leo L. Jernsletten University of Tromsø

3/ SAMI REINDEER MANAGEMENT IN NORWAY: MODERNIZATION CHALENGES AND CONFLICTING STRATEGIES Reflections Upon the Co-management Alternative - Jan Age Riseth

4/ EFFECTS OF POWERLINE ON MIGRATION AND RANGE USE OF WILD REINDEER - Biological Conservation (2007) - E. Reimers, B. Dahle, Sindre Eftestol, J.E. Colman, E. Gaare. Department of Biology. University of Oslo.

5/ SOME IMPACTS OF OVERGRAZING BY REINDEER IN FINNMARK, NORWAY 1996- Robert Evans. Division of Geography, Anglia Polytechnic University, Cambridge.

6/ REINDEER MANAGEMENT DURING COLONIZATION OF SAMI LANDS - IA long term perspective of vulnerability and adaptation strategies. Isabelle Brannlun, Per Axelsson. Global Environmental Change 21 (2011).

7/ MINERALRESSURSER I NORGE 2012 - Mineralstatistikk og bergindustriberetning. PUBLIKASJON NR 1-2013

8/ HERDING ON THIN ICE - An exercise in resiliance and adaptive strategyThesis Prep Document. Tracie Curry. Advisor: Kelly Doran

9/ IMPACT OF ARCTIC CLIMATE AND LAND USE CHANGES ON REINDEER PASTORALISM: INDEGENOUS KNOWLEDGE AND REMOTE SENSING - N. G. Maynard, A. Oskal, J.M. Turi, S.D. Mathiensen, I. Eira, B. Yurchak, V. Etylin, J. Gebelein 10/ INTERNET WWW.REINDRIFT.NO; WWW.NENVIRONMENT.NO;http://sciencenordic.com/windpower-oh-my-deerhttp://www.eoearth.org/view/article/151229/http://www.survivalinternational.org/news/8851 (zdjecia z gory migracja)http://www.survivalinternational.org/news/7593 protest against mininghttp://www.oloft.com/casestudy.html herding in sweeden przekrojhttp://www.arcticdiscovery.com/sami-culture/ http://www.eea.europa.eu/publications

JOANNA GOCAŁEKNorthern findings 2013

TROMSO ACADEMY OF LANDSCAPE AND TERRITORIAL STUDIES

AHO/UiT