Land Restoration /Reclamation Monitoring of Opencast Coal Mines of WCL Based On

Satellite Data for the Year 2009

CMPDI A Miniratna Company

Land Restoration /Reclamation Monitoring of Opencast Coal Mines of WCL Based On Satellite Data for the Year- 2009

March-2010

Remote Sensing Cell Geomatics Division

CMPDI, Ranchi

i

CONTENTS

Executive Summary ii-iv 1.0 Background 1 2.0 Objective 2 3.0 Methodology 2 4.0 Work plan 5 5.0 Land Reclamation in WCL 6

ii

Executive Summary

1.0 Project Land restoration / reclamation monitoring of 10 opencast coal mines of Western Coalfields Ltd. (WCL) producing 5 million cu.m. and more (Coal+OB) per year based on satellite data, regularly on annual basis.

2.0 Objective Objective of the land restoration / reclamation monitoring is to

assess the area of backfilled, plantation, social forestry, active mining area, water bodies, and distribution of wasteland, agricultural land and forest in the leasehold area of the project. This will help in assessing the progressive status of mined land reclamation and to take up remedial measures, if any, required for environmental protection.

3.0 Salient Findings

• Out of the total mine leasehold area of 77.93 Km2 of the 10 projects of WCL, Viz. Sasti, Padmapur, Durgapur, Mugoli, Umrer, Ukni, Niljai, New Majri, Pimpalgaon and Ghugus considered for monitoring during 2009-10; total mined out area is only 49.25 Km2 (54.53%) of which 22.73 Km2 area (46.14%) has been planted, 19.77 Km2 area (40.14%) has been backfilled and 6.76 Km2 area (13.72%) is under active mining. It is evident from the analysis that 86.28% areas of the OC projects has already been reclaimed. Project wise details are given in Table-1 & Fig -1.

• On comparing the status of land reclamation for the year 2009 with

respect to the year 2008 in different OC projects, analysis reveals that area of land reclamation has increased from 32.84 Km2 (Yr. 2008) to 42.50 Km2 (Yr. 2009). Out of 10 projects of WCL, New Majri OC (93.58%) ranks on top for land reclamation followed by Sasti OC(92.89%) and Ghugus OC (91.54%).

• Area of plantation has increased from 17.18Km2 (Yr.2008) to

22.73Km2 (Yr.2009) in WCL. This increase of 5.55 Km2 in area of plantation in one year is the result of the efforts of the WCL taken up towards environmental protection.

iii

Table-1

2008 2009 2008 2009 2008 2009 2008 2009 2008 2009 2008 2009

i i

12.69 12.69 2.61 2.81 1.47 1.63 0.44 0.34 4.52 4.78 4.08 4.44

57.74 58.79 32.52 34.10 9.73 7.11 90.27 92.89

7.34 7.34 0.98 1.10 2.70 1.78 0.41 0.58 4.09 3.45 3.68 2.87

23.99 31.79 65.97 51.49 10.04 16.72 89.96 83.28

8.88 8.88 2.13 2.91 3.56 3.25 0.67 0.60 6.36 6.76 5.69 6.16

33.49 43.05 55.97 48.08 10.53 8.88 89.47 91.12

7.88 7.88 1.10 1.21 1.24 1.60 1.21 1.01 3.55 3.82 2.34 2.81

30.99 31.68 34.93 41.88 34.08 26.44 65.92 73.56

9.44 9.44 4.24 5.27 1.90 1.65 2.24 1.36 8.38 8.28 6.14 6.92

50.59 63.65 22.68 19.93 26.73 16.43 73.27 83.57

6.91 6.91 1.64 1.72 1.10 2.18 1.51 0.94 4.25 4.84 2.74 3.90

38.58 35.54 25.90 45.04 35.52 19.42 64.48 80.58

4.88 4.88 1.37 1.47 1.25 1.31 0.48 0.80 3.10 3.58 2.62 2.78

44.19 41.06 40.32 36.59 15.48 22.35 84.52 77.65

2.86 9.05 0.96 3.57 0.45 2.84 1.05 0.44 2.46 6.85 1.41 6.41

39.02 52.12 18.29 41.46 42.68 6.42 57.32 93.58

4.92 4.92 0.59 1.11 1.18 1.41 0.67 0.35 2.44 2.87 1.77 2.52

24.15 38.64 52.11 49.18 27.43 12.18 72.57 87.82

5.94 5.94 1.56 1.56 0.81 2.12 0.26 0.34 2.63 4.02 2.37 3.68

59.32 38.81 33.06 52.74 9.89 8.46 90.11 91.54

71.74 77.93 17.18 22.73 15.66 19.77 8.94 6.76 41.78 49.25 32.84 42.50

41.12 46.14 37.48 40.14 21.40 13.72 78.60 86.28

Projectwise Land Reclaimation Status in OC projects of Western Coalfileds Ltd

ii iii iv ii+iii+iv ii+iii

Plantation Backfilled Active Mining Area Total Mined out Area Total Reclaimed AreaLeasehold

Area in Sq Km (% Calculated in respect of total mined out area )

ProjectsSl

No.

Sasti

Padmapur

1

2

3 Durgapur

Umrer

Mugoli

9

10 Ghugus

Pimpalgaon

4

5

6

7

8

Based on Satellite data of the Year 2008 and 2009

%Total

%

%

%

%

%

New Majri

Neeljai

Ukni

%

%

%

%

%

iv

Fig. 1 : Land Reclamation Status in OC projects of WCL

12.6

9

7.34

8.88

7.88

9.44

6.91

4.88

9.05

4.92

5.94

4.78

3.45

6.76

3.82

8.28

4.84

3.58

6.85

2.87

4.024.

44

2.87

6.16

2.81

6.92

3.9

2.78

6.41

2.52

3.68

0

2

4

6

8

10

12

14

Sast

i

Padm

apur

Dur

gapu

r

Mug

oli

Um

rer

Ukn

i

Nee

ljai

New

Maj

ri

Pim

palg

aon

Ghu

gus

Are

a (S

q km

)

Figure : 1 Project wise Land Reclamation status in the year 2009

Leasehold Area Mined out Area Reclaimed Area

1

1.0 Background

1.1 All human activities are based on the land which is most scarce natural resource in

our country. Per capita land availability in India is the lowest owing to high population

density and less land mass. Out of total 329 million hectare (mha) land mass of the

country, coal mining is limited to only on 0.10% (0.36mha) area. As per XI Plan, to

meet the energy demand of the country, coal production would be raised to 680

million tonnes by the end of the year 2011-12 for which about 40,000 hectare of land

would have to be acquired for coal mining projects. It has been envisaged that 85%

coal production would be from opencast mines, which causes land degradation

due to ground breaking. There is an urgent need to reclaim and restore the mined out

land for its productive use for sustainable development of the coal mining. This will

not only mitigate environmental degradation, but would also enable coal companies to

offer the restored lands to displaced families which would help in creating a more

congenial environment for land acquisition in future.

1.2 Keeping above in view, Coal India Ltd. requested Central Mine Planning & Design

Institute (CMPDI), Ranchi who has well a equipped remote sensing facilities and

capabilities to develop an effective system of surveillance for land reclamation/

restoration for all the opencast coal mines with production of more than 5 million cu.

m. per annum (coal + OB taken together) based on remote sensing satellite data,

regularly on annual basis for sustainable development of mining operation within

command area of CIL and its subsidiaries. The annual land reclamation/restoration

status report of all such mines to be put on the website of CIL, (www.coalindia.nic.in),

CMPDI (www.cmpdi.co.in) and the concerned coal companies in public domain.

Detail report to be submitted to State Pollution Control Board and MoEF and

concerned CIL’s subsidiaries. Such monitoring would not only facilitate in taking

timely mitigation measures against environmental degradation, but would also enable

coal companies to utilize the reclaimed land for larger socio-economic benefits in a

planned way.

2

1.3 CMPDI undertook the above assignment, and the present report is embodying the

finding of the study carried out during 2009-10 for the WCL projects.

2.0 Objective Objective of the land reclamation/restoration monitoring is to assess the area of

backfilled, plantation, OB dumps, social forestry, active mining area, settlements and

water bodies, distribution of wasteland, agricultural land and forest land in the

leasehold area of the project. This is an important step taken up for assessing the

progressive status of mined land reclamation and for taking up remedial measures, if

any, required for environmental protection.

3.0 Methodology There are number of steps involved between raw satellite data procurement and

preparation of final map. National Remote Sensing Centre (NRSC) Hyderabad, being

the nodal agency for satellite data supply in India, provides only raw digital satellite

data, which needs further digital image processing for extracting the information and

map preparation before uploading the same in the website. Methodology for land

reclamation monitoring is given in given in fig 2. Following steps are involved in land

reclamation /restoration monitoring:

3

Validation through Ground Truthing

Report Preparation

Data Source Secondary DataBasic Data

IRS – P6(LISS - IV)

Topographical Maps

(Scale 1:50,000)

Creation of Vector Database

(Drainage, Road, Railway network, Block boundary,

Forest Boundary etc.)

SignatureGeneration

Pre-FieldClassification

Integration of Raster & Vector database in GIS

Final land Reclamation map

Training Set Refinement

Pass

Fail

Geocoded FCC Generation

Methodology for Land Reclamation Monitoring

Pre-processing, geometric correction, rectification & geo -

refrencing

ImageEnhancement

Training set Identification

Fig.2 Methodology for land reclamation monitoring

3.1 Data Procurement: After browsing the data quality and date of pass on internet,

supply order for data is placed to NRSC. Secondary data like leasehold boundary,

topo sheets are procured for creation of vector database.

3.2 Satellite Data Processing: Satellite data are processed using ERDAS IMAGINE

digital image processing s/w. Methodology involves the following major steps:

• Rectification & Georeferencing: Inaccuracies in digital imagery may occur due to

‘systematic errors’ attributed to earth curvature and rotation as well as ‘non-

systematic errors’ attributed to satellite receiving station itself. Raw digital images

contain geometric distortions, which make them unusable as maps. Therefore,

georeferencing is required for correction of image data using ground control points

(GCP) to make it compatible to SoI toposheet.

4

• Image enhancement:

To improve the interpretability of the raw data, image enhancement is necessary.

local operations modify the value of each pixel based on brightness value of

neighbouring pixels using ERDAS IMAGINE 9.3 s/w. and enhance the image quality

for interpretation.

• Training set selection

Training set requires to be selected, so that software can classify the image data

accurately. The image data are analysed based on the interpretation keys. These

keys are evolved from certain fundamental image-elements such as tone/colour,

size, shape, texture, pattern, location, association and shadow. Based on the

image-elements and other geo-technical elements like land form, drainage pattern

and physiography; training sets were selected/identified for each land use/cover

class. Field survey was carried out by taking selective traverses in order to collect

the ground information (or reference data) so that training sets are selected

accurately in the image. This was intended to serve as an aid for classification.

• Classification and Accuracy assessment

Image classification is carried out using the maximum likelihood algorithm. The

classification proceeds through the following steps: (a) calculation of statistics [i.e.

signature generation] for the identified training areas, and (b) the decision boundary

of maximum probability based on the mean vector, variance, covariance and

correlation matrix of the pixels. After evaluating the statistical parameters of the

training sets, reliability test of training sets is conducted by measuring the statistical

separation between the classes that resulted from computing divergence matrix.

The overall accuracy of the classification was finally assessed with reference to

ground truth data.

• Area calculation

The area of each land use class in the leasehold is determined using ERDAS

IMAGINE v. 9.3 s/w.

5

• Overlay of Vector data base

Vector data base created based on secondary data. Vector layer like drainage,

railway line, leasehold boundary, forest boundary etc. are superimposed on the

image as vector layer in the Arc GIS database.

• Pre-field map preparation

Pre-field map is prepared for validation of the classification result

3.3 Ground Truthing:

Selective ground verification of the land use classes are carried out in the field and

necessary corrections if required, are incorporated before map finalization.

3.4 Land reclamation database on GIS:

Land reclamation database iscreated on GIS platform to identify the temporal

changes identified from satellite data of different cut-of dates.

4.0 Work Plan 4.1 Opencast projects of WCL producing more than 5 million cubic m. (Coal + OB

together) during the year 2009 -10 have been taken up for land restoration /

reclamation monitoring based on the RESOURCESAT-1(LISS-IV) satellite data using

ERDAS Imaging digital image processing s/w on GIS platform. Land reclamation

monitoring will be carried out regularly on annual basis to assess the progressive

status of land restoration / reclamation in the above opencast mines. The report has

been uploaded in the website of CMPDI, CIL & WCL in public domain.

6

5.0 Land Reclamation Status in Western Coalfields Ltd.

5.1 Following 10 OC projects producing more than 5 million cubic m. (Coal + OB

together) of Western Coalfields Ltd. have been taken up for land reclamation

monitoring based on satellite data of the year-2009 :

• Sasti

• Padmapur

• Durgapur

• Mugoli

• Umrer

• Ukani

• Niljai

• New Majri

• Pimpalgaon

• Ghugus

5.2 Area statistics of different land use class present in OC projects in the year 2009 is

given in Table 4.1. Land use maps derived from the satellite data is given in Plate no.

4.1 to 4.10. Changes in land use status are shown in Fig. 4.1 - 4.10. Field photograph

showing plantation on OB dump/backfilled area are also enclosed.

5.3 Study reveals that 86.28% of mining area has already been reclaimed by WCL out of

which 46.14% area has been revegitated and 40.14% area are backfilled.

5.4 After analyzing the satellite data of year 2008 vs. 2009 it is evident that plantation

carried out on backfilled area, OB dumps as well as under social forestry in all the

mines of WCL has increased from 17.18 Sq. Km. to 22.73 Sq. Km. in span of last one

year. Whereas in span of last three year plantation has increased from 12.42 Sq. Km

(Yr.2005) to 22.73 Sq. km. (Yr.2009). This substantial increase in the plantation area

is due to the massive efforts taken up by WCL towards environmental protection.

7

5.5 Study indicates that coal mining in the above projects of WCL is limited to only

54.53% of the total mining leasehold area.

5.6 Study further reveals that about 86% of the total mined out area in the above projects

are reclaimed and balance about 14% area is under active mining.

.

CMPDI

8

Area % Area % Area % Area % Area % Area % Area % Area % Area % Area %Dense Forest 0.00 0.00 0.031 0.43 0.05 0.54 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.000 0.00 0.00 0.00

Open Forest 0.00 0.00 0.003 0.04 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.000 0.00 0.00 0.00

Scrubs 0.55 4.33 1.090 14.86 0.64 7.20 1.47 18.65 0.28 2.96 0.84 12.14 0.20 4.11 0.69 7.64 0.475 9.65 0.00 0.00

Total Forest 0.55 4.33 1.124 15.33 0.69 7.74 1.47 18.65 0.28 2.96 0.84 12.14 0.20 4.11 0.69 7.64 0.475 9.65 0.00 0.00

Social Forestry 0.39 3.07 0.685 9.34 0.70 7.86 0.19 2.41 1.67 17.67 0.10 1.49 0.08 1.67 0.00 0.00 0.460 9.34 0.80 13.47

Plantation on OB/Backfill 2.42 19.07 0.412 5.62 2.21 24.93 1.02 12.94 3.60 38.10 1.62 23.39 1.39 28.54 3.57 39.43 0.646 13.12 0.76 12.79

Total Plantation 2.81 22.14 1.097 14.96 2.91 32.79 1.21 15.35 5.27 55.77 1.72 24.88 1.47 30.21 3.57 39.43 1.106 22.46 1.56 26.26Total Vegetation(A) 3.36 26.48 2.221 30.29 3.60 40.53 2.68 34.00 5.55 58.73 2.56 78.89 1.67 34.32 4.26 47.07 1.581 32.11 1.56 26.26

Coal Quarry 0.25 1.97 0.577 7.87 0.60 6.78 0.72 9.14 1.24 13.12 0.56 8.10 0.35 7.19 0.24 2.68 0.320 6.50 0.06 1.01

Advance quarry site 0.09 0.71 0.000 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.29 3.68 0.00 0.00 0.32 4.62 0.36 7.39 0.17 1.84 0.000 0.00 0.28 4.71

Barren OB Dump 0.07 0.55 1.245 16.97 2.04 22.92 1.05 13.32 0.85 8.99 1.32 19.07 0.48 9.82 1.72 19.01 1.073 21.79 0.53 8.92

Barren backfilled area 1.56 12.29 0.532 7.26 1.21 13.63 0.55 6.98 0.80 8.47 0.86 12.41 0.83 17.04 1.12 12.65 0.340 6.90 1.59 26.77

Coal Dump 0.04 0.32 0.113 1.54 0.06 0.70 0.08 1.02 0.20 2.12 0.05 0.74 0.00 0.00 0.02 0.23 0.054 1.10 0.00 0.00

Waterfilled quarry 0.00 0.00 0.000 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.12 1.27 0.06 0.93 0.09 1.85 0.03 0.35 0.025 0.51 0.00 0.00

Total Mining Area(B) 2.01 15.84 2.467 33.64 3.91 44.03 2.69 34.14 3.21 33.97 3.17 45.87 2.11 43.29 3.30 36.76 1.812 36.80 2.46 41.41

Crop lands 0 0.00 0.000 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.317 6.44 0.00 0.00

Fallow Land 5.62 44.29 1.159 15.80 0.00 0.00 0.62 7.87 0.00 0.00 0.49 7.06 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.380 7.72 0.00 0.00

Total Agricultural( C) 5.62 44.29 1.159 15.80 0.00 0.00 0.62 7.87 0.00 0.00 0.49 7.06 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.697 14.16 0.00 0.00

Wastelands 0.90 7.09 1.216 16.58 0.88 9.80 1.75 22.21 0.29 3.07 0.53 7.68 0.74 15.21 0.90 9.98 0.655 13.30 0.90 15.15

Sand Body 0.00 0.00 0.020 0.27 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.22 2.44 0.000 0.00 0.00 0.00

Total Wastelands(D) 0.90 7.09 1.236 16.85 0.88 9.80 1.75 22.21 0.29 3.07 0.53 7.68 0.74 15.21 1.12 12.42 0.655 13.30 0.90 15.15

Urban Settlement 0.04 0.32 0.043 0.59 0.39 4.40 0.00 0.00 0.16 1.70 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.08 0.85 0.093 1.88 0.56 9.43

Rural Settlement 0.10 0.79 0.089 1.21 0.00 0.00 0.05 0.63 0.00 0.00 0.01 0.14 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.019 0.39 0.22 3.70

Industrial Settlement 0.19 1.50 0.042 0.57 0.07 0.79 0.08 1.02 0.06 0.63 0.15 2.23 0.29 5.95 0.04 0.39 0.054 1.10 0.23 3.87

Total Settelements(E) 0.33 2.60 0.174 2.37 0.46 5.19 0.13 1.65 0.22 2.33 0.16 2.37 0.29 5.95 0.12 1.24 0.166 3.37 1.01 17.00

Waterbodies(F) 0.48 3.78 0.078 1.05 0.03 0.29 0.00 0.00 0.18 1.90 0.00 0.00 0.06 1.23 0.25 2.81 0.013 0.26 0.01 0.17

Total(A+B+C+D+E+F) 12.69 100.00 7.335 100.0 8.88 100.0 7.87 100.0 9.45 100.0 6.91 100.0 4.87 100.0 9.05 100.0 4.924 100.0 5.94 100.00Note : The colour of the classes correspond to the colours on the Land Use Map

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Area

Area in sq.km.TABLE 4.1 : STATUS OF LAND RECLAMATION IN WARDHA VALLEY COALFIELD BASED ON SATELLITE DATA OF THE YEAR 2009

Sasti OCP Padmapur OCP Durgapur OCP Mugoli OCP Umrer OCP Ukni OCP Neeljay OCP New Majri OCP Pimpalgaon OCP Ghugus OCP

CMPDI

9

Plate 4.1

CMPDI

10

Plate 4.2

CMPDI

11

Plate 4.3

CMPDI

12

Plate 4.4

CMPDI

13

Plate 4.5

CMPDI

14

Plate 4.6

CMPDI

15

Plate 4.7

CMPDI

16

Plate 4.8

CMPDI

17

Plate 4.9

CMPDI

18

Plate 4.10

CMPDI

19

Figure 4.1

Figure 4.2

CMPDI

20

Figure 4.3

Figure 4.4

CMPDI

21

Figure 4.5

Figure 4.6

CMPDI

22

Figure 4.7

Figure 4.8

CMPDI

23

Figure 4.9

Figure 4.10

CMPDI

24

Plantation on OB dump in Sasti OCP

Plantation on OB dump in Ghugus OCP

CMPDI

25

Plantation on OB dump in Mugoli OCP

Plantation on OB dump in New-Majri OCP

CMPDI

26

Plantation on Backfill in Niljai OCP

Plantation on Backfill in Pimpalgaon OCP

CMPDI

27

Plantation on Backfill in Ukni OCP

Plantation on Backfill in Umrer OCP

CMPDI

28

Plantation on OB Dump in Durgapur OCP

Plantation on OB Dump in Padmapur OCP

Central Mine Planning & Design Institute Ltd.

(A Subsidiary of Coal India Ltd.) Gondwana Place, Kanke Road, Ranchi 834031, Jharkhand

Phone : (+91) 651 2230001, 2230002, 2230483, FAX (+91) 651 2231447, 2231851 Wesite : www.cmpdi.co.in, Email : cmpdihq@cmpdi.co.in