land plant diversity
TRANSCRIPT
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Land Plant Diversity Seed Plants: Gymnosperms and Angiosperms
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Non-vascular Plants – the Bryophytes
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Vascular Seedless Plants – Ferns and Fern Allies
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Vascular tissue (xylem and phloem)
Adaptations for Life on Land
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Carboniferous – Lycophyte Forests
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Seedless vascular plants: Ferns and fern allies
• Giant tree ferns, horsetails and lycopods were the dominant vegetation of the Carboniferous period.
• Their fossilized remains formed extensive coal beds.
• They were ultimately superseded by the seed plants and far fewer survive today.
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Carboniferous Forest – 300 mya
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Coal Fromation
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Smoky St. Louis, Nov. 28, 1939
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Missouri currently gets more than 80 percent of its electricity from coal-fired power plants like Ameren's Labadie power plant, pictured here.
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Spores and seeds
• The spores of ferns are tiny and vast numbers are produced. However, their prospects of survival are low.
• Spores are thinner walled and more vulnerable to pathogens and damage.
• Spores have a short lifetime
• Seeds arose in the Carboniferous Period. Seeds and later fruit proved to be enormously successful and seed plants came to dominate the planet.
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Glossopteris – A Seed Fern Permian
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Fossilized Seed Fern Seeds
Found in the coal measures of England, UK, and date from the Upper Carboniferous (310 to 280 million years ago).
Medullosan seed fern Trigonocarpus
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Seeds!
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Advantages of seeds
• Protection and nourishment: for developing embryo.
• Dispersal: seeds can be dispersed more widely than spores by enclosing them in a bribe (fruit) and having animals move them.
• Dormancy: the developing embryo is protected and can wait a long time to germinate when conditions are good.
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Gymnosperms
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Gymnosperms
• Naked seeds
• Lack the enclosed chambers (ovaries) in which angiosperm ovules and seeds develop – Rather, gymnosperm ovules and seeds develop on the
surfaces of specialized leaves called sporophylls
• Wind pollination – Water not needed for pollination
• All are woody plants (no herbaceous species)
• Date from 350 mybp
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Gymnosperm Life Cycle
• In gymnosperms dominant generation is the tree (sporophyte),
• Pine trees (and other gymnosperms) produce both ovulate and pollen cones.
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Gymnosperm Life Cycle
• Pollen cone contains sporangia that undergo meiosis to produce haploid microspores that develop into male gametophytes (n).
• Pollen is wind dispersed and some lands on ovulate cones.
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Gyymnosperms – “naked seed” plants Have no flowers or fruit, seeds borne naked
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Gymnosperms were the dominant plants during the Age of Dinosaurs (Mesozoic 245-65 mya).
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Modern Gymnosperms
• Gymnosperms have “naked” seeds that are not enclosed in an ovary (as angiosperm seeds are).
• There are four extant groups.
-Cycads
-Ginkgo
-Gnetales
-Conifers
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Cycads • 130 species • New and Old World
tropics • Large palm-like
leaves and large cones.
• Dioecious, separate sexes
• Large seeds • Motile sperm cells
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Cycads – Zamia pumila
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Encephalartos Cones
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Dioon califanoi Dioon purpusii
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Dioon merolae
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Dioon spinulosum
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Microcycas calocoma
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Microcycas calocoma
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The Strange
World of Cycads
Relict Distribution
Fern-like Leaves
Toxins
Coralloid Roots Insect Pollination
Atala Herbivory
Sporophylls
Motile Spermatozoid
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Molecular Data trnL intron, ITS2, atpB–rbcL, trnS-trnG 2405 Characters 520 Informative Sites 1 Tree CI = 0.777 RI = 0.861 Single Most Parsimonious Tree Bogler et al. 2006
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Ginkgo
• 1 species
• Unknown in wild, previously widespread
• Seed coat is fleshy.
• Widely planted street tree
• Fleshy seeds ripen in fall and have foul odor
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Ginkgo biloba, a Native of China
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Ginkgo biloba - MBG
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Ginkgo – Tower Grove Park
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Gnetophytes • 3 genera
• 90 species,
• Double fertilization
• Transition to angiosperms?
Ephedra
Welwitschia
Gnetum
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Ephedra, a Gnetophyte
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Welwitschia
• Found in the Namib Desert
• Two enormous leaves, the longest lived of any plant
• Grow about five inches a year
• Each leaf can reach several hundred square feet in size
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Welwitschia miribilis, a Gnetophyte
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Conifers
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• Produce cones
• Tough, needlelike leaves of pines conserve water with a thick cuticle and recessed stomata.
• Sporophyte is dominant.
• Pollen grains are windblown.
• Seed is the dispersal stage.
• Monoecious – A single plant produces both pollen (male reproductive structure) and seed cones (female reproductive structure).
Conifers
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Conifers
• 600 species in 7 families
• Most important gymnosperms
• Pine, spruce, fir, cedar, etc.
• Complex seed cones
• Needled leaves reduce water loss
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Picea abies
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Pinus densiflorus
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Cedrus libani
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Pine Life Cycle: Female Cone (Megastrobilus)
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Pine Life Cycle: Male Cone (Microstrobilus)
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Pinus Pollen
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Angiosperms - Anthophyta
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• Exceptionally large and successful group of plants, with 250,000 known species.
• Range in size from tiny duckweed to Eucalyptus, over 100 m tall.
• Appeared in the Cretaceous (when dinosaurs still around)
• Dominant plants in modern times
Angiosperms
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Angiosperms
• Reproductive organs within a flower
• Gametophytes greatly reduced
• Ovules embedded within sporophyte tissue (ovary)
• Seeds within a fruit (ovary wall)
• Most pollinated by insects and birds
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Angiosperms: Flowers
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What is a Flower? • Flowers advertise Plant Sex
– Corolla is the “red-light” advertising!
– All the naughty parts on display!
– Even Snacks, Drinks & Comfort provided!
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• Complete flowers have four major parts.
• Sepals – located at base of flower; surround and protect the bud.
– Dicot sepals are usually green and leaf-like.
– Monocot sepals often resemble petals (called tepals).
Flower Structure
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• Petals – located above sepals; usually brightly colored and fragrant (attract pollinators).
• Stamens (male reproductive structures) – attached above petals.
– Each consists of a filament (stalk) and anther (produces pollen).
Flower Structure
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• Carpel (female reproductive structure) – centrally located
– Each consists of a sticky stigma (catches pollen), an elongate style, and a bulbous ovary containing one or more ovules.
• Ovules develop into seeds.
• Ovary develops into a fruit.
Flower Structure
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Stamens and Carpels are the Reproductive Organs
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Each stamen consists of an anther and a filament (stalk).
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Carpel = Pistil = Gynoecium
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Carpel has three major regions
– Ovary – Swollen base enclosing ovules
• Ovules develop into seeds.
• Ovary develops into fruit.
– Style – Elevates stigma
– Stigma – Sticky receptor of pollen grains
Carpels can be single, separate, or united
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Cross Section of Carpel (Pistils) Ovary with Ovules
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Carpel and Stamen Evolution from sporophylls
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Carpels
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Two Big Groups of Angiosperms
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Dicots
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Monocots
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Flowers and Life Cycle
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Angiosperm Life Cycle
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Anther - Structure
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Lilium Anthers - pollen tetrad formation
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Lilium - Binucleate Mature Pollen
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Pollination – transfer of pollen to stigma
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Pollinators – great diversity
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Stigmas
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Pollen tube growth
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Ovary Cross Section
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Lilium – ovary cross section
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Lilium Embryo Sac
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Double Fertilization – egg and polar nuclei
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Double Fertilization
2n
3n
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Embryo development following fertilization
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