land law and islam (arabic language version)

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    . . . . - . -

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    IV

    Land Law and Islam: Property and Human Rights in the Muslim World

    was rst published in 2006by Zed Books Ltd 7 Cynthia Street London N1 9JF UK andRoom 400 175 Fifth Avenue New York NY 10010 USA.

    www.zedbooks.co.uk

    Copyright Siraj Sait and Hilary Lim 2006

    The right of Siraj Sait and Hilary Lim to be identied as the authorsof this work has been asserted by them in accordance with

    the Copyright Designs and Patents Act 1988

    The moral rights of the authors have been assertedCover designed by Andrew Corbett

    Set in 10/12.6 pt Bembo by Long House Cumbria UKPrinted and bound in Malta

    by Gutenberg Press Ltd

    Distributed in the USA exclusively by Palgrave Macmillan a division ofSt. Martins Press LLC 175 Fifth Avenue New York NY 10010.

    All rights reserved

    No part of this publication may be reproduced stored in a retrieval system or transmitted

    in any form or by any means electronic or otherwise without the prior permission of the publisher.

    A catalogue record for this bookis available from the British Library

    US Cataloging-in-Publication Datais available from the Library of Congress

    Paperback ISBN-10: 1 84277 813 7

    Paperback ISBN-13: 978 1 84277 813 5

    Hardback ISBN-10: 1 84277 810 2

    Hardback ISBN-13: 978 1 84277 810 4

    Disclaimer The designations employed and the presentation of the material in this publication do notimply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of the secretariat of the united

    nations concerning the legal status of any country, territory, city or area, or of its authorities, or

    concerning delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries, or regarding its economic system or degreeof development. The analysis, conclusions and recommendations of this publication do not

    necessarily reect the views of the united nations human settlements programme, the governingcouncil of the united nations human settlements programme, or its member states.

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    V

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    VI

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