land-based downwind wind turbine optimization · land-based downwind wind turbine optimization 2015...
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Land-based Downwind Wind Turbine Optimization
2015 Wind Energy Systems Engineering WorkshopJanuary 15, 2015!Andrew NingBrigham Young UniversityMechanical EngineeringFLOW [email protected]
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Downwind wind turbines may be advantageous at large scales because of the relaxed tower-strike constraint
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WISDEM: Wind-Plant Integrated System Design and Engineering Model
Blade StrucRotor Aero
Section Aero Section Struc
Tower Struc
Tower Aero
Tower Hydro Tower Soil
Rotor
Tower / Foundation
Jacket Struc
GearboxLSS/HSS
Bearings Generator
Nacelle
Bedplate Yaw System
AEPO&M
Costs
BOS
TCC
Finance
Rotor Perf Rotor Struc
Hub Struc
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A coupled, multidisciplinary approach
Discipline Theory
Blade aerodynamics Blade element momentum
Blade structures Beam finite element, classical laminate theory
Tower aerodynamics Power-wind profile, cylinder drag
Tower structures Beam finite element, Eurocode and GL
Nacelle Physics-based component models, Univ. of Sunderland
Cost mass-based TCC, new BOS
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35 design variables
Rotor
Nacelle
Tower
chord distribution twist distribution spar-cap thickness distribution aft panel thickness distribution blade precurve distribution tip-speed ratio in Region 2
bedplate I-beam dimensions low speed shaft lengths
tower diameters tower wall thicknesses tower waist location tower height
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100+ constraints
Natural Frequencies (resonance) Deflections (tower strike, ground strike, bedplate) Ultimate Stress/Strain (max wind and max thrust) Buckling (panel, shell, global) Fatigue Damage Max Tip-Speed Transportation Welding and Manufacturing
r n t
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Several specific additions/modifications were made for this downwind study
• Converged aero/structural response
• Reductions in AEP due to blade curvature/deflection
• CurveFEM used to find natural frequencies of curved blades
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OpenMDAO facilitates coupled gradients across 102 components
Optimizerc, ✓, t
sc
, tte
,�2
�max
, HLshaft
, hbeam
d, t, zwaist
Solver Lblade
, precurve
�rotor
, ✏,⌦, ✏⇤rotor
�L
,�precurve Rotor m
blade
, drotor
, Mroot
mblade
, Prated
drotor
, Qrotor
Trotor
,⌦rated
Vrated
, Vextreme
H, tilt,mrotor
, Irotor
Qrotor
, Trotor
Lblade
, precone, tilt AEP Prated
mblade
, Prated
mblade
, Prated
drotor
Hub mhub
, Ihub
mhub
�nacelle
, ✏, ✓lss
Nacelle mnacelle
, Inacelle
Lnac
, Hnac
mnacelle
dtop
, dbase
,�tower
,�⇤tower
Tower zwaist
, dtower
mtower
�max
Tower Strike
Annual Energy Prod. AEPnet
AEP
Op. Expenses $opex
Turb. Capital Cost $tcc
$tcc
Balance of Station $bos
COE Financial
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The dependence graph for the rotor contained the most complexity including nested solvers
brentpowercurve
cdf
aep
curvefem
aero_rated
setuppc gust
loads_strain
struc
blade_defl tipmass
aero_extrm
aero_defl_powercurve
loads_pc_defl
spline
loads_defldamage
analysis
beam
geom
curvature
aero_extrm_forces
root_moment
resize
dt
setup
extreme
spline0
turbineclass
wind
grid
gridsetup
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Analytic gradients allow for quicker and more robust convergence
Finite-difference AnalyticRun time (hours) 5.43 1.11
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Class I, 5-MW—negligible benefit for downwind designs
Blade mass savings was limited because survival wind speed was dominant constraint.
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The cost savings for lighter blades were offset by a heavier tower
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AEP was slighter lower for downwind designs
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Class III, 5-MW—blade mass savings of around 30%
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Class I, 7-MW—results were similar but tower design is limiting factor
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Highly downwind precurved bladed did not appear to be advantageous
Straight blade Curved blademax strain at rated (microstrain) 1,336 841max strain at survival (microstrain) 3,001 2,8721st flap freq (Hz) 0.961 0.8481st edge freq (Hz) 1.15 1.08AEP (MWh) 19,560 18,802
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Conclusions
• Downwind rotors allowed for blade mass reductions of around 10-30%
• Downwind configurations were potentially advantageous for sites with lower wind speeds, and for turbines with higher power ratings
• For very large turbines, efficient tower design is critical
• Optimal precurved blades were curved upwind