lakshmi thankappan's blogs
TRANSCRIPT
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Harappan Civilization( also known as Indus Civilization)
2300-1750 BCE (or 2600-1900 BCE)
By, Lakshmi Thankappan
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The Great Bath
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Harappa• Name derived from one of its major city; Mohenjo Daro
“city of the dead,”was another large city. The size of the area is around the size of England, France and Spain combined.
• Economy based on the cultivation of wheat, barley and peas, and on trading with the Mesopotamians and others to the west.
• Contemporary with the Mid and Old Kingdom of Egypt, the Sumarian, Akkadian, and Old Babylonian periods
• No remains of royal tombs, palace, or large public art work.
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Plan of Harappa
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Architectural Remains• The city was built on a grid pattern in rectangular block;
buildings were made of standard size mud or baked bricks; had sewage and drainage systems
• large streets• Residence house constructed around the courtyard; up to
three stories (estimates had c. 35,000 inhabitants; located on the East side of the city
• Granaries and citadel on the West side• Baths: provided water for residences or may have been
used for general bathing and ritual ceremonies (made of brick and sealed with bitumen)
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Great Bath
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Sculptures
• Made of clay (terracotta, stone, and bronze)• Male and Female figures may represent religious
figures which associated with fertility.
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Bust of the “priest-king”
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Nude Male Figure
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Dancing Girl, limestone
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Figurine of “Dancing Girl,” bronze
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Terracotta figurine
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Toy animals made of terracotta
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Seals• Seals carved with a copper burin, coated with alkali, and
baked to glaze the surface; depicted animals (e.g,humped back bull, bull, goat, elephant, crocodile) mythical animals (e.g., unicorn) standing in front of an incense burner or a trough, human figures; more than 4000 have been recovered.
• Note: inscription of seals (with 3-10 characters) which are not decipherable; may be used for business as the seals to signify the ownership of traded merchandise; writing disappeared for 1500 years
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Seals
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Humped bull
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Yogi seal
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Pottery
• Hand thrown vessels decorated with red slip and black painted decoration (animals, geometric, floral and vegetation motifs)
• Pipal (Figus religiosa) or Bodhi leave
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Crafted goods and painted pottery
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Summary
• Harappa was highly structured, organized urban culture with an agricultural economy
• They probably worshipped gods and goddesses of fertility and have practiced yogic meditation and asceticism.
• The destruction of the civilization: flooding and water resources (the shifting of water system)
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