Lakota Audio Series 2

DiscS 7–12

A Practical ConversationCourse

Lakȟól’iya Wókičhiyakapi: Lakȟól’iya Wókičhiyakapi: Anáǧoptaŋ Waúŋspeič’ičhiyapiAnáǧoptaŋ Waúŋspeič’ičhiyapi

Lakota Audio Series 2

A Practical ConversationCourse

Lakȟól’iya Wókičhiyakapi: Anáǧoptaŋ Waúŋspeič’ičhiyapi

Volume

Booklet 2 Units 69-137 To use with Discs 7-12

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CopyrightLakota Language Consortium & Rosebud Sioux Tribe © 2021

Written by: Ben Black Bear, Jr., and Jan UllrichBooklet Layout by: Bruce Morgan

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Disc 7Track # Unit # Lesson Title .......................................................................................................................Page #

1. Who is this material for? ..........................................................62. 69 Tákuandtakúŋl ........................................................................93. 70 Moreusesoftakúŋl ................................................................104. 71 Tákuwaŋží(somethinghypothetical) ....................................115. 72 Tákuwaŋží(somethinghypothetical)andtákuwaŋ ..............126. 73 Takúŋlȟčiŋandtákuni ...........................................................137. 74 Táku(summaryandreview) ...................................................138. 75 Moreontheverbé. .................................................................169. 76 Theverbéwithspecificthings ...............................................1810. 77 Whoisthis?(tuwéansweredwiththeverbé) ........................1911. 78 Morecomplexsentenceswithtuwéandé. ..............................2112. 79 Tuwéwithhéčiandkiŋ ...........................................................2313. 80 Tuwá someone as a subject. ....................................................2414. 81 Tuwá someone as object ..........................................................2515. 82 Tuwá in questions ....................................................................26

Disc 8Track # Unit # Lesson Title .......................................................................................................................Page #

1. 83 Tuwá someone or who .............................................................282. 84 Someone:tuwéortuwá ...........................................................293. 85 Didsomeonecome?(tuwéwaŋžíandtuwéȟčiŋ) ...................304. 86 Tuwéwaŋžíandtuwéwaŋ ......................................................315. 87 Taŋyáŋ .....................................................................................326. 88 Adverbsoftime .......................................................................357. 89 Alreadyandnotyet .................................................................368. 90 eyášandeháš...........................................................................379. 91 Waštékéčhaŋmi–Ithinkitisgood. ......................................3910. 92 Tákuilúkčaŋhe?–Whatareyouthinkingabout? .................41

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11. 93 Tókhelilúkčaŋhe?–Whatdoyouthinkofit? .......................4412. 94 Tákuawílukčaŋhe?–Whatareyouthinkingabout?.............45

Disc 9Track # Unit # Lesson Title .......................................................................................................................Page #

1. 95 TheverbkiksúyAandkičhó ...................................................472. 96 Otherverbswithwéandyéinconjugation .............................483. 97 mi-andni-withverbslikekiksúyA .......................................514. 98 Big, bigger and the biggest (Comparativeandsuperlative) ................................................535. 99 Cardinal Numbers 10 to 100 ...................................................546. 100 CardinalnumbersII:tensandones; Howoldisyourmother? .........................................................567. 101 How much is it?.......................................................................588. 102 KinshipVII:review(+wičhawaye) ........................................599. 103 k’éyaš .......................................................................................6010. 104 čha ...........................................................................................6211. 105 čhaŋkhé ...................................................................................6412. 106 Connectingverbswithna .......................................................65

Disc 10Track # Unit # Lesson Title .......................................................................................................................Page #

1. 107 nawithíŋš(connectingverbswithnaII) ...............................662. 108 Moreaboutnawithíŋš ...........................................................683. 109 na:connectingnounsthathavearticles .................................694. 110 na:connectingnounsthathavenoarticles .............................715. 111 Whydidn’tyoudance?–BecauseIhave nooutfit(tákuwe–čhahéuŋ,ičhíŋ) .......................................736. 112 Iwanttocome./Iwouldliketocome. ...................................747. 113 Iwantyoutocome. .................................................................758. 114 Wouldyouliketodancewithme? (anotheruseof1stdual) ..........................................................78

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9. 115 Some enclitics used after kte ..................................................7910. 116 Coming/GoingIX:Theverbgličú ..........................................8111. 117 Coming/GoingX:TheverbkhiglÁ ........................................84

Disc 11Track # Unit # Lesson Title .......................................................................................................................Page #

1. 118 kičhíandób(I) .......................................................................862. 119 kičhí(II) ..................................................................................883. 120 kičhí(III) ................................................................................894. 121 kȟóforwith .............................................................................905. 122 yuháforwith ...........................................................................916. 123 uŋforwith ...............................................................................937. 124 wičhúŋ-(we–them)................................................................948. 125 wičhúŋ-withverbswhichprefixuŋk- ....................................969. 126 Yeló .........................................................................................9810. 127 šniyeló ..................................................................................10011. 128 KinshipVIII–summaryandreview .................................... 101

Disc 12Track # Unit # Lesson Title .......................................................................................................................Page #

1. 129 Lakota tribes and their territories .........................................1042. 130 Helpus. .................................................................................1063. 131 Hehelpedus. .........................................................................1074. 132 Hehelpedus./Wehelpedhim. ............................................1085. 133 Isawthatthedogwasblack. (Šúŋkakiŋsápačhawaŋbláke.) ............................................1096. 134 Postpositions ......................................................................... 1107. 135 Uŋspé .................................................................................... 1138. 136 Okíhi ..................................................................................... 1159. 137 uŋspéandokíhi ..................................................................... 118

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Who is this material for?

ThisisthesecondvolumeoftheLakotaAudioSeries.Itisdesignedprimarilyforbeginnerlearners,butitwillbeusefultoallstudentsofLakotawhohaven’tpreviouslylearnedfromanaudio-basedmaterialorwhohaven’thadachancetolearnfromastructuredandsequencedlearning material.

How many units and when?

Werecommendthatyoulistentooneortwonewunitseveryday.

Ifmostofthematerialisnewtoyou,wedon’trecommendlisteningtomorethantwounitsaday.Asyougainmoreconfidence,youcanlistentomorenewunitsaday.Still,itisalwaysadvisabletousemanageablelearningportions.

Beforestartinganewunit,alwaysreviewtheunitsyoulearnedduring thepreviouslearningsession.

Ifyoulistentonewunitsinthemorning,youcanreviewthemintheeveningorthenextday.

Ifyoulistentonewunitsintheafternoonorevening,reviewthemthefollowingday.

Doyourbesttohavealearningsessioneverydayoratleastfivetimesaweek.Ifyouhavealearningsessiononlyonceortwiceaweek,youwillnotachievemuch,evenifyouspendhalfadaylearning.Bylisteningtotwonewactivitiesandreviewingtwopreviousactivities,youwillspend anaverageof20-30minutesoflearningeveryday.

Itisusefultoreviewthepreviousmaterialonceinaweekortwo.Whenreviewing,youcanlistentoasmanyunitsasyoufindcomfortable.

How to listen?

ListentotheEnglishsentenceanditsLakotatranslation.RepeattheLakota translation aloud. Repeating aloud is one of the most important aspects of this learning method. If the Lakota sentence is repeated, then you, too, should say it twice.

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Ifyoulistentoanactivityforthefirsttime,don’ttrytoguessoranticipatetheLakotasentencesbeforeyouhearthem.

Ifyouarereviewingorlisteningtoareviewactivity,alwaystrytosaytheLakotasentencesbeforehearingthemfromthenativespeaker.Ifyoudidn’tsayasentencecorrectly,repeatitaloudafterthenativespeaker.

What is the content of activities?

Everyactivityintroducesoneortwopatterns(sentencepatterns,conjugationpatterns,wordusages,orothertypesofpatterns).

Eachpatternisrepeatednumeroustimeswithinanactivity.ThisrepetitiveNatureenablesyoutointernalizethepattern.Repeatingthesentencesallowsyoutodrilltheintroducedpattern.

Eachpatternisintroducedinoneunitandrecycledorreviewedinoneormoresubsequentialunits.Thisreinforcesyourknowledgeofthepatterns.

ThepausebeforeeachLakotasentenceallowsyoutosaytheLakotasentencebeforehearingitfromtheLakotaspeaker(incaseswhenyou arereviewingorwhenyoucananticipatetherecurringpattern).

Vocabularyissometimesintroducedinwordlists,anditisalsograduallyaddedintherepetitivepatternactivities.

Theremarksaboutgrammarthataresometimesprovidedatthebeginningorendofactivitiesaredesignedtohelpyouunderstandthepatterns.Still,theyarenotmeanttobememorized.Itisalwaysusefultostudytheexamplesratherthanunderstandthepatternsonlyonthegrammardescription.

PleasenotethattheEnglishversionsoftheexamplesentencesmaynotalwayssoundentirelynaturalbecausetheyareprimarilydesignedtobring the learner closer to the Lakota sentence structure and show the grammaticalandsemanticfeaturesexpressedinLakotabutnotalwaysshown in English.

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How to use the booklet?

AnintegralpartoftheLakotaAudioSeriesisthebookletwiththeprintedversionofthedialoguesandsentences.

Youshouldfollowtheprintedtextwhilelisteningtonewactivitiesandduringeachofthefirstreviewsessions.Followingtheprintedversionofthedialoguesenablesyoutoemployyourauditorymemoryandvisualmemory.Thebookletwillalsohelpyouperceivesomeofthepatternsstructurally.Also,becausetheLakotaorthographyisphonemicandconsistent,spellingandpronunciationalwayssupporteachother.Thismeansthatbyfollowingtheprintedtextduringyourlisteningsessions, yousignificantlymultiplyyourabilitytopronounce,spell,comprehend andreadLakotacorrectly.

Onceyoubecomefairlyfamiliarwithanactivity,tryandreviewitwithoutfollowingtheprintedtext.Thisisanimportantsteptowarddevelopinglisteningcomprehensionandspeakingfluency.

Also, notice that words in this booklet are meant to be read across rows.

Finaly,detailedentriesofthewordscanbefoundintheNewLakotaDictionarywhichprovides,amonganumberofotherthings,theconjugationpatternforeachverb.

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69. Táku and takúŋl

YouhavealreadylearnedhowtheT-wordtáku is used in sentences, asinWhatdidyousee?Táku waŋláka he?InthisunityouwilllearntheT-wordtakúŋl. Takúŋl and táku sound verysimilar,butifyoulistencarefullyyouwillhearthattheyaredifferent. Takúŋl means somethingandyouwilllearnitbycomparingsentences with táku and sentences with takúŋl.

Whatdidyousee? Tákuwaŋlákahe?Didyouseesomething? Takúŋlwaŋlákahe?Whatdidyoubring? Tákuayáhihe?Didyoubringsomething? Takúŋlayáhihe?Whatdidyoumake? Tákuyakáǧahe?Didyoumakesomething? Takúŋlyakáǧahe?Whatdidyoubuy? Tákuopȟéyatȟuŋhe?Didyoubuysomething? Takúŋlopȟéyatȟuŋhe?Whatdidyounotice? Tákuayáblezahe?Didyounoticesomething? Takúŋlayáblezahe?Whatdidtheybring? Tákuahípihe?Didtheybringsomething? Takúŋlahípihe?Whatdidtheybuy? Tákuopȟétȟuŋpihe?Didtheybuysomething? Takúŋlopȟétȟuŋpihe?Whatdidtheysay? Tákueyápihe?Didtheysaysomething? Takúŋleyápihe?Whatdidtheysee? Tákuwaŋyáŋkapihe?Didtheyseesomething? Takúŋlwaŋyáŋkapihe?Whatdidtheytake? Tákuičúpihe?Didtheytakesomething? Takúŋličúpihe?Whathappenedtothem? Tákuakhípȟapihe?Didsomethinghappentothem? Takúŋlakhípȟapihe?Whatdidtheyfind? Tákuiyéyapihe?

Disc 7

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Didtheyfindsomething? Takúŋliyéyapihe?Whatdidtheygiveyou? Tákunič’úpihe?Didtheygiveyousomething? Takúŋlnič’úpihe?Whatdidtheysteal? Tákumanúŋpihe?Didtheystealsomething? Takúŋlmanúŋpihe?What did she cook? Tákuiȟ’áŋhe?Did she cook something? Takúŋliȟ’áŋhe?

70. More uses of takúŋl

Inthepreviousunityoulearnedhowweusethewordtakúŋl in questions.Inthisunityouwilllearnthatitcanbeusedinstatementsaswell.Listenandrepeat.

MaybeIwillseesomething. Uŋgnáštakúŋlwaŋblákiŋkte.MaybeIwillbringsomething. Uŋgnáštakúŋlawáukte.MaybeIwillmakesomething. Uŋgnáštakúŋlwakáǧiŋkte.MaybeIwillbuysomething. Uŋgnáštakúŋlopȟéwatȟuŋkte.MaybeIwillnoticesomething. Uŋgnáštakúŋlawábleziŋkte.Maybeshewillcooksomething. Uŋgnáštakúŋliȟ’áŋkte.Maybetheystolesomething. Uŋgnáštakúŋlmanúŋpi.Maybetheyfoundsomething. Uŋgnáštakúŋliyéyapi.Maybesomethinghappenedtothem.

Uŋgnáštakúŋlakhípȟapi.

Maybetheysaidsomething. Uŋgnáštakúŋleyápi.Maybetheybroughtsomething. Uŋgnáštakúŋlahípi.Maybetheyknowsomething. Uŋgnáštakúŋlslolyápi.

Wheneveryouseesomethingreportit.

Takúŋlwaŋlákačháŋna,oyákayo.

Wheneveryoubringsomethingtellabout it.

Takúŋlayáhičháŋna,oyákayo.

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Wheneveryoumakesomethingtellabout it.

Takúŋlyakáǧačháŋna,oyákayo.

Wheneveryoubuysomethingtellabout it.

Takúŋlopȟéyatȟuŋčháŋna,oyákayo.

Wheneveryounoticesomethingtell about.

Takúŋlayáblezačháŋna,oyákayo.

71. Táku waŋží (something hypothetical)

The word takúŋlwhichyoulearnedinpreviousunitscansometimesbereplacedwithtáku waŋží.

Didyouseesomething? Tákuwaŋžíwaŋlákahe?Didyoubringsomething? Tákuwaŋžíayáhihe?Didyoumakesomething? Tákuwaŋžíyakáǧahe?Didyoubuysomething? Tákuwaŋžíopȟéyatȟuŋhe?Didyounoticesomething? Tákuwaŋžíayáblezahe?

MaybeIwillseesomething. Uŋgnáštákuwaŋžíwaŋblákiŋkte.MaybeIwillbringsomething. Uŋgnáštákuwaŋžíawáukte.MaybeIwillmakesomething. Uŋgnáštákuwaŋžíwakáǧiŋkte.MaybeIwillbuysomething. Uŋgnáštákuwaŋžíopȟéwatȟuŋ

kte.MaybeIwillnoticesomething. Uŋgnáštákuwaŋžíawábleziŋkte.

Wheneveryouseesomething,reportit.

Tákuwaŋžíwaŋlákačháŋna,oyákayo.

Wheneveryoubringsomething,tell about it.

Tákuwaŋžíayáhičháŋna,oyákayo.

Wheneveryoumakesomething,tell about it.

Tákuwaŋžíyakáǧačháŋna,oyákayo.

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Wheneveryoubuysomething,tellabout it.

Tákuwaŋžíopȟéyatȟuŋčháŋna,oyákayo.

Wheneveryounoticesomething,tell about.

Tákuwaŋžíayáblezačháŋna,oyákayo.

72. Táku waŋží (something hypothetical) and táku waŋ

Inthisunityouwilllearnthattáku and táku waŋhaveverysimilarmeanings.

Didyouseesomething? Tákuwaŋžíwaŋlákahe?Yes,Isawsomething. Háŋ,tákuwaŋbláke.Yes,Isawacertainthing. Háŋ,tákuwaŋwaŋbláke.Didyoubringsomething? Tákuwaŋžíayáhihe?Yes,Ibroughtsomething. Háŋ,tákuawáhi.Yes,Ibroughtacertainthing. Háŋ,tákuwaŋawáhi.Didyoumakesomething? Tákuwaŋžíyakáǧahe?Yes,Imadesomething. Háŋ,tákuwakáǧe.Yes,Imadeacertainthing. Háŋ,tákuwaŋwakáǧe.Didyoubuysomething? Tákuwaŋžíopȟéyatȟuŋhe?Yes,Iboughtsomething. Háŋ,tákuopȟéwatȟuŋ.Yes,Iboughtacertainthing. Háŋ,tákuwaŋopȟéwatȟuŋ.Didyounoticesomething? Tákuwaŋžíayáblezahe?Yes,Inoticedsomething. Háŋ,tákuawábleze.Yes,Inoticedacertainthing. Háŋ,tákuwaŋawábleze.Didyouhearsomething? Tákuwaŋžínayáȟ’uŋhe?Yes,Iheardsomething. Háŋ,tákunawáȟ’uŋ.Yes,Iheardacertainthing. Háŋ,tákuwaŋnawáȟ’uŋ.Didyougivehimsomething? Tákuwaŋžíyak’úhe?Yes,Igavehimsomething. Háŋ,tákuwak’ú.Yes,Igavehimacertainthing. Háŋ,tákuwaŋwak’ú.

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73. Takúŋl ȟčiŋ and tákuni

Inthisunityouwilllearnhowtousetakúŋl ȟčiŋ and tákuni.

Didyouseeanythingatall? Takúŋlȟčiŋwaŋlákahe?No,Ididn’tseeanything. Hiyá,tákuniwaŋblákešni.Didyoubringanythingatall? Takúŋlȟčiŋayáhihe?No,Ididn’tbringanything. Hiyá,tákuniawáhišni.Didyoumakeanythingatall? Takúŋlȟčiŋyakáǧahe?No,Ididn’tmakeanything. Hiyá,tákuniwakáǧešni.Didyoubuyanythingatall? Takúŋlȟčiŋopȟéyatȟuŋhe?No,Ididn’tbuyanything. Hiyá,tákuniopȟéwatȟuŋšni.Didyounoticeanythingatall? Takúŋlȟčiŋayáblezahe?No,Ididn’tnoticeanything. Hiyá,tákuniawáblezešni.Didyouhearanythingatall? Takúŋlȟčiŋnayáȟ’uŋhe?No,Ididn’thearanything. Hiyá,tákuninawáȟ’uŋšni.Didtheystealanythingatall? Takúŋlȟčiŋmanúŋpihe?No,theydidn’tstealanything. Hiyá,tákunimanúŋpišni.Didyoufindanything? Takúŋlȟčiŋiyéyayahe?Yes,Ifoundsomething. Háŋ,tákuiyéwaye.

74. Táku (summary and review)

Inthisunityouwillreviewandsummarizethevariousformsandusesof the T-word táku.Sincethisisareview,mostofthevocabularyhasalreadybeencovered,trytosayeachsentencebeforeyouhearit.

Whatdidyousee? Tákuwaŋlákahe?Whatisitthatyousaw? Tákučhawaŋlákahe?Didyouseesomething?(longeroption)

Tákuwaŋžíwaŋlákahe?

Didyouseesomething?(shorteroption)

Takúŋlwaŋlákahe?

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Didyouseeanythingatall? Takúŋlȟčiŋwaŋlákahe?Didyouseethething? Tákukiŋwaŋlákahe?Isawsomething. Tákuwaŋbláke.Isawacertainthing. Tákuwaŋwaŋbláke.Isawthething. Tákukiŋwaŋbláke.

Whatdidyouhear? Tákunayáȟ’uŋhe?Whatisitthatyouheard? Tákučhanayáȟ’uŋhe?Didyouhearsomething?(longeroption)

Tákuwaŋžínayáȟ’uŋhe?

Didyouhearsomething?(shorteroption)

Takúŋlnayáȟ’uŋhe?

Didyouhearanythingatall? Takúŋlȟčiŋnayáȟ’uŋhe?Didyouhearthething? Tákukiŋnayáȟ’uŋhe?Iheardsomething. Tákunawáȟ’uŋ.Iheardacertainthing. Tákuwaŋnawáȟ’uŋ.Iheardthething. Tákukiŋnawáȟ’uŋ.

Whatdidyoumake? Tákuyakáǧahe?Whatisitthatyoumade? Tákučhayakáǧahe?Didyoumakesomething?(longeroption)

Tákuwaŋžíyakáǧahe?

Didyoumakesomething?(shorteroption)

Takúŋlyakáǧahe?

Didyoumakeanythingatall? Takúŋlȟčiŋyakáǧahe?Didyoumakethething? Tákukiŋyakáǧahe?Imadeacertainthing. Tákuwaŋwakáǧe.Imadethething. Tákukiŋwakáǧe.

Whatdidyoubuy? Tákuopȟéyatȟuŋhe?Whatisitthatyoubought? Tákučhaopȟéyatȟuŋhe?

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Didyoubuysomething?(longeroption)

Tákuwaŋžíopȟéyatȟuŋhe?

Didyoubuysomething?(shorteroption)

Takúŋlopȟéyatȟuŋhe?

Didyoubuyanythingatall? Takúŋlȟčiŋopȟéyatȟuŋhe?Didyoubuythething? Tákukiŋopȟéyatȟuŋhe?Iboughtacertainthing. Tákuwaŋopȟéwatȟuŋ.Iboughtthething. Tákukiŋopȟéwatȟuŋ.

Whatdidyounotice? Tákuayáblezahe?Whatisitthatyounoticed? Tákučhaayáblezahe?Didyounoticesomething?(longeroption)

Tákuwaŋžíayáblezahe?

Didyounoticesomething?(shorteroption)

Takúŋlayáblezahe?

Didyounoticeanythingatall? Takúŋlȟčiŋayáblezahe?Didyounoticethething? Tákukiŋayáblezahe?Inoticedsomething. Tákuawábleze.Inoticedacertainthing. Tákuwaŋawábleze.Inoticedthething. Tákukiŋawábleze.

Whatdidyoutake? Tákuiyáčuhe?Whatisitthatyoutook? Tákučhaiyáčuhe?Didyoutakesomething?(longeroption)

Tákuwaŋžíiyáčuhe?

Didyoutakesomething?(shorteroption)

Takúŋliyáčuhe?

Didyoutakeanythingatall? Takúŋlȟčiŋiyáčuhe?Didyoutakethething? Tákukiŋiyáčuhe?Itookacertainthing. Tákuwaŋiwáču.Itookthething. Tákukiŋiwáču.

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Whatdidyoubring? Tákuayáhihe?Whatisitthatyoubrought? Tákučhaayáhihe?Didyoubringsomething?(longeroption)

Tákuwaŋžíayáhihe?

Didyoubringsomething?(shorteroption)

Takúŋlayáhihe?

Didyoubringanythingatall? Takúŋlȟčiŋayáhihe?Didyoubringthething? Tákukiŋayáhihe?Ibroughtacertainthing. Tákuwaŋawáhi.Ibroughtthething. Tákukiŋawáhi.

75. More on the verb é.

Tolearnmoreabouttheverbé, listen to the following dialogues:

Whatareyoulookingfor? Tákuoyálehe?Iamlookingforacertainbook. Wówapiwaŋowále.Isthisit? Lééhe?Yes, that is it. Háŋ,héé.

Iamlookingforcertainpictures. Wičhítowapieyáowále.Arethesethepictures? Wičhítowapikiŋlenáéhe?Yes,theyaretheones. Háŋ,henáé.

Iamlookingforcertainboys. Hokšílaeyáowíčhawale.Arethesetheboys? Hokšílakiŋlenáépihe?No,theyarenottheones. Hiyá,henáépišni.

Asshowninthepreviousdialogues,theverbéisusedforidentifyingaspecificobject(whichcanbeathing,animalorperson).

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Tolearntheverbé,giveanaffirmativeanswertoeachofthequestions:

Isthisthebook? Wówapikiŋlééhe?Yes, this is it. Háŋ,léé.Isthisthecar? Iyéčhiŋkyaŋkekiŋlééhe?Yes, this is the car. Háŋ,iyéčhiŋkyaŋkekiŋléé.Are these the drum sticks. Ičábukiŋlenáéhe?Yes, these are them. Háŋ,lenáé.Arethesetheboys? Hokšílakiŋlenáépihe?Yes,theyaretheones. Háŋ,lenáépi.Are these the horses? Šúŋkawakȟáŋkiŋlenáépihe?Yes,theyaretheones. Háŋ,lenáépi.Are these the rattles? Ȟláȟlakiŋlenáépihe?Yes,theyaretheones. Háŋ,lenáépi.

Nowgiveanegativeanswertoeachofthequestions:

Are these the men? Wičhášakiŋlenáépihe?No, these are not the ones. Hiyá,lenáépišni.Isthatovertherethegirl? Káwičhíŋčalakiŋéhe?No, that is not her. Hiyá,hééšni.Arethoseovertherethecows? Kanáptegléškakiŋépihe?No,theyarenottheones. Hiyá,henáépišni.Are these the clothes? Hayápikiŋlenáéhe?No, these are not the ones. Hiyá,lenáéšni.Are these the beads? Pšitȟókiŋlenáéhe?No, these are not the ones. Hiyá,lenáéšni.

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76. The verb é with specific things

YouhavelearnedanumberofLakotaverbsthattranslateintoEnglishwiththeverbto be.Inthisunitwewillcompareandreviewtheverbshéčha and é. Recall that we use héčhatosaythatacertainperson,animalorthingbelongstoaclassofpeople,animalsorthingsofthesametype.ForinstanceThis is a pen is Lé wíčazo héčha.

We use éwhenweidentifyaspecificperson,animalorthing.Forinstance: This is the pen is Wíčazo kiŋ lé é.

Note that the sentences with héčhaalwaystranslateintoEnglishwiththeindefinitearticlea, and sentences with éalwaystranslatewiththedefinitearticlethe.

This is a book. Léwówapihéčha.This is the book. Wówapikiŋléé.This is a car. Léiyéčhiŋkyaŋkehéčha.This is the car. Iyéčhiŋkyaŋkekiŋléé.Thisisaboy. Léhokšílahéčha.Thisistheboy. Hokšílakiŋléé.Thatoverthereisawoman. Káwíŋyaŋhéčha.Thatoverthereisthewoman. Káwíŋyaŋkiŋé.Thosetwothingsovertherearebeavers.

Kanáuŋsčhápahéčhapi.

Thosetwoovertherearethebeavers(mentionedearlier).

Kanáuŋsčhápakiŋépi.

Thosethingsovertherearebuffalo. Kanátȟatȟáŋkahéčhapi.Thoseovertherearethebuffalo. Kanátȟatȟáŋkakiŋépi.Thatoverthereisanoldwoman. Káwinúȟčalahéčha.Thatoverthereistheoldwoman. Káwinúȟčalakiŋé.This is a good song. Léolówaŋwaštéhéčha.This is the good song. Olówaŋwaštékiŋléé.ThoseoverthereareOglalas. KanáOglálahéčhapi.

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ThoseovertherearetheOglalas. KanáOglálakiŋépi.This is a nice house. Léthípiwaštéhéčha.This is the nice house. Thípiwaštékiŋléé.He is a kind man. Héwičhášawaštéčakahéčha.He is the kind man. Héwičhášawaštéčakekiŋé.This is a good car. Léiyéčhiŋkyaŋkawaštéhéčha.This is the good car. Iyéčhiŋkyaŋkawaštékiŋhéléé.Thisisanoldstory. Léeháŋniwičhóoyakehéčha.Thisistheoldstory. Eháŋniwičhóoyakekiŋléé.This is a red shirt. Léóglešáhéčha.ThisistheredshirtthatIbought. Óglešáwaŋopȟéwatȟuŋkiŋléé.Thosetwooverthereareelk. Kanáuŋsheȟákahéčhapi.Thosetwoovertherearethoseelks.

Kanáuŋsheȟákakiŋhenáépi.

These two things are drum sticks. Lenáuŋsičábuhéčha.These two are the drum sticks that Ibrought.

Ičábueyáawáhikiŋlenáuŋsé.

77. Who is this? (tuwé answered with the verb é)

Inthisunityouwilllearnhowtoconjugatetheverbtuwé to be who and theverbé to be the one mentioned.

Who is that? Hétuwéhe?ThatisDavid. HéDavidé.Who is that man? Wičhášakiŋhétuwéhe?Thatmanismyfather. Wičhášakiŋhéatéé.Who is that woman? Wíŋyaŋkiŋhétuwéhe?Thatwomanismygrandmother. Wíŋyaŋkiŋhéuŋčíé.Whoisthatboy? Hokšílakiŋhétuwéhe?Thatboyismyson. Hokšílakiŋmičhíŋkšié.

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Who is that girl? Wičhíŋčalakiŋtuwéhe?Thatgirlismylittlesister. Wičhíŋčalakiŋhémitȟáŋkalaé.Whoisthatyoungwoman? Wikȟóškalakakiŋhétuwéhe?Thatyoungwomanismyoldersister.

Wikȟóškalakakiŋhéčhuwéé.

Whoisthatyoungman? Kȟoškálakakiŋhétuwéhe?Thatyoungmanismyyoungerbrother.

Kȟoškálakakiŋhémisúŋkalaé.

Who is that old man? Wičháȟčalakiŋhétuwéhe?Thatoldmanismygrandfather. Wičháȟčalakiŋhékakáé.Whoisthatboyoverthere? Káhokšílakiŋtuwéhe?That is Bob. HéBobé.

Who are those men? Wičhášakiŋhenátuwépihe?ThosemenareDavidandPaul. WičhášakiŋhenáDavidénaPaul

épi.Who are those women? Wíŋyaŋkiŋhenátuwépihe?ThosewomenareMaryandSandra.

WíŋyaŋkiŋhenáMaryénaSandraépi.

Whoarethoseboys? Hokšílakiŋhenátuwépihe?ThoseboysareSteveandJack. HokšílakiŋhenáSteveénaJack

épi.

Whoareyou? Nitúwe he?IamPaulRedElk. LéPaulHeȟákaLútamiyé.Andwhoareyou? Naníšnitúwehe?IamRobertBlueCloud. LéRobertMaȟpíyaTȟómiyé.Saywhoyouare. Nitúwekiŋoglákayo.IamSteveHasManyHorses. LéSteveTȟašúŋkeÓtamiyé.

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Theydon’tknowwhoweare. Uŋtúwepikiŋslolyápišni.We will tell about who we are. Uŋtúwepikiŋuŋkóglakapikte.

Asyounoticedtheverbtuwé has the following forms:

Who is he or she? Tuwéhe?Whoarethey? Tuwépihe?Whoareyou(sg.)? Nitúwe he?Whoareyou(pl.)? Nitúwepihe?Who are we? Uŋtúwepihe?WhoamI? Matúwe he?Theverbé has the following forms:

Isthathim/her? Hééhe?Are those them? Henáépihe?Isityou(sg.)? Niyéhe?Isityou(pl.) Niyépihe?Isitus? Uŋkíyepihe?Isitme? Miyéhe?

78. More complex sentences with tuwé and é.

Whoisthepersonthatcame? Híkiŋhétuwéhe?Whoisthepersondancing? Wačhíkiŋhétuwéhe?Whoisthepersoncooking? Lol’íȟ’aŋkiŋhétuwéhe?Whoisthepersonsinging? Lowáŋkiŋhétuwéhe?Whoisthepersonspeaking? Wóglakekiŋhétuwéhe?Whoisthepersonrunning? Íŋyaŋkekiŋhétuwéhe?Whoisthepersonthatleft? Iyáyekiŋhétuwéhe?

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Whoarethepeoplethatcame? Hípikiŋhenátuwépihe?ThepeoplethatcamearePaulandSandra.

HípikiŋhenáPaulénaSandraépi.

Whoarethepeoplethataredancing?

Wačhípikiŋhenátuwépihe?

ThepeoplethataredancingareOglalas.

WačhípikiŋhenáOglálapi.

Whoarethepeoplethatarecooking?

Lol’íȟ’aŋpikiŋhenátuwépihe?

Thepeoplethatarecookingaremygrandmaandmyaunt.

Lol’íȟ’aŋpikiŋhenáuŋčíénatȟuŋwíŋépi.

Whoarethepeoplethataresinging?

Lowáŋpikiŋhenátuwépihe?

Thepeoplesingingaremyuncleandmyfather.

Lowáŋpikiŋhenálekšíénaatéépi.

Whoarethepeoplethatarespeaking?

Wóglakapikiŋhenátuwépihe?

ThepeoplespeakingareStanleyand Cecilia.

WóglakapikiŋhenáStanleyénaCeciliaépi.

Whoarethepeoplethatarerunning?

Íŋyaŋkapikiŋhenátuwépihe?

ThepeoplerunningareJohnandDavid.

ÍŋyaŋkapikiŋhenáJohnénaDavidépi.

Whoarethepeoplethatleft? Iyáyapikiŋhenátuwépihe?ThepeoplethatleftareStephanieand Brian.

IyáyapikiŋhenáStephanieénaBrianépi.

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79. Tuwé with héči and kiŋ

Inthisunityouwilllearnhowtousethearticlehéči in conjunction with tuwé. We use tuwé héčitosaythatwedon’tknowwhosomeoneis.Listenandrepeat.

Doyouknowwhoheis? Hétuwéhéčislolyáyahe?Idon’tknowwhoheis. Hetuwéhéčislolwáyešni.Doyouknowwhotheyare? Henátuwépihéčislolyáyahe?Idon’tknowwhotheyare. Henátuwépihéčislolwáyešni.DoyouknowwhoIam? Matúwehéčislolyáyahe?Idon’tknowwhoyouare. Nitúwehéčislolwáyešni.Doyouknowwhoweare? Uŋtúwepihéčislolyáyahe?Idon’tknowwhoyouguysare. Nitúwepihéčislolwáyešni.

Does he know who she is? Hétuwéhéčislolyáhe?He doesn’t know who she is. Hétuwéhéčislolyéšni.Doesheknowwhotheyare? Henátuwépihéčislolyáhe?Hedoesn’tknowwhotheyare. Henátuwépihéčislolyéšni.DoesheknowwhoIam? Matúwehéčislolyáhe?Hedoesn’tknowwhoyouare. Nitúwehéčislolyéšni.Does he know who we are? Uŋtúwepihéčislolyáhe?Theyaskeduswhowewere. Uŋtúwepikiŋuŋkíyuŋǧapi.Hedoesn’tknowwhoyouguysare. Nitúwepihéčislolyéšni.

Asyounoticed,weusetuwé héčiwhentheidentityofapersonisunknowntous.Inthefollowingsentences,noticethatwhenweknowtheperson’sidentity,weusetuwé kiŋ.

Iknowwhoheis. Tuwékiŋslolwáye.Iknowwhotheyare. Tuwépikiŋslolwíčhawaye.Iknowwhoyouare. Nitúwekiŋslolwáye.Iknowwhoyouguysare. Nitúwepikiŋslolwáye.

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IknowwhoIam. Matúwekiŋslolwákiye.We know who we are. Uŋtúwepikiŋslol’úŋkiyapi.

He knows who she is. Hétuwékiŋslolyé.Heknowswhotheyare. Henátuwépikiŋslolyé.Heknowswhoyouare. Nitúwekiŋslolyé.Heknowswhoyouguysare. Nitúwepikiŋslolyé.HeknowswhoIam. Matúwekiŋslolyé.He knows who we are. Uŋtúwepikiŋslolyé.

Itispossibletousetuwé kiŋ when we don’t know someone, but the meaningisdifferent.Listentothefollowingexamples:

Idon’twhoheis. Hétuwéhéčislolwáyešni.Idon’tknowthatperson. Hétuwékiŋslolwáyešni.

Idon’twhotheyare. Henátuwépihéčislolwáyešni.Idon’twhothoseindividuals/peopleare.

Henátuwépikiŋslolwáyešni.

80. Tuwá someone as a subject.

Inthepreviousunitsyoulearnedhowtousetuwéwhichisaverbmeaning to be someone or who.Inthisunityouwilllearnhowtousetheword tuwá(notethedifferencefromtuwé). The word tuwáisapronounanditisalwaysusedwithanotherverb.Topractice,listenandrepeatsentences with tuwá.

Someone came. Tuwáhí.Someone is coming. Tuwá ú.Someone is going to come. Tuwá ú kte.Someone came inside. Tuwáthimáhiyú.Someonehelpedme. Tuwáómakiye.

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Someone stole it. Tuwámanúŋ.Someonewasspeaking. Tuwá wóglake.Someone knocked on the door. Tuwáthiyópakiŋkatóto.Someoneopenedthedoor. Tuwáthiyópakiŋyuǧáŋ.Someone closed the door. Tuwáthiyópakiŋečhéliyéye.Someone was singing. Tuwálowáŋ.Someone is sitting there. Káltuwáyaŋké.Someone died. Tuwát’é.Wheneversomeonedieshisfamilymourns.

Tuwát’áčháŋna,thiwáhekiŋwašíglapi.

Someone took it. Tuwáičú.Someonehelpedthem. Tuwáówičhakiye.Someone saw them. Tuwáwaŋwíčhayaŋke.Someone told them about it. Tuwáowíčhakiyake.

81. Tuwá someone as object

Inthepreviousunityouwereintroducedtothewordtuwá and learned howtouseditwhenitisthesubjectofasentence(thatissomeonedoinganactivity).Inthisunit,youwilllearnhowtousetuwá when it is an object(thatissomeonetowhomanactivityisdone).

Listenandrepeatsentencesinwhichtuwá is used as the object.

Isawsomeone. Tuwáwaŋbláke.We saw someone. Tuwáwaŋúŋyaŋkapi.Theysawsomeone. Tuwáwaŋyáŋkapi.Iheardsomeone. Tuwánawáȟ’uŋ.Theyheardsomeone. Tuwánaȟ’úŋpi.We heard someone. Tuwánaúŋȟ’uŋpi.Someonegaveittome. Tuwá mak’ú.Igaveittosomeone. Tuwá wak’ú.

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EarliertodayIhelpedsomeone. Aŋpéhaŋtuwáówakiye.YesterdayImetsomeone. Ȟtálehaŋtuwáatáwaye.Theykilledsomeone. Tuwáktépi.Theyarrestedsomeone. Tuwáoyúspapi.Theybroughtsomeone. Tuwáahípi.He fought someone. Tuwákhíze.She fears someone. Tuwákȟokípȟe.Ihaveacrushonsomeone. Tuwáawásču.Theyhurtsomeone. Tuwáúŋtȟuŋyaŋpi.Theyfoundsomeone. Tuwáiyéyapi.Iamwaitingforsomeone. Tuwáawápȟe.Theyinvitedsomeone. Tuwákičhópi.

82. Tuwá in questions

When tuwá is used in a question, it means who rather than someone. Listenandrepeattopracticeusingtuwá in questions:

Who came? Tuwáhíhe?Who did this? Tuwáléčhuŋhe?Who made it? Tuwákáǧahe?Who is cooking? Tuwálol’íȟ’aŋhe?Who is tired? Tuwáwatúkȟahe?Who is sick? Tuwáwayázaŋhe?

Who made the drum? Čháŋčheǧakiŋtuwákáǧahe?Who made the song? Olówaŋkiŋtuwákáǧahe?Who made the star quilt? Wičháȟpiowíŋžakiŋtuwákáǧa

he?Who took the star quilt? Wičháȟpiowíŋžakiŋtuwáičúhe?

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Who bought the star quilt? Wičháȟpiowíŋžakiŋtuwáopȟétȟuŋhe?

Who sang the song? Olówaŋkiŋtuwáahíyayahe?Who made the song? Olówaŋkiŋtuwákáǧahe?Who brought food? Tuwáwóyuteahíhe?Who brought dishes? Tuwáwakšíčaahíhe?Who brought chairs? Tuwáoákaŋkeahíhe?

Whodidyousee? Tuwáwaŋlákahe?Whosawyou? Tuwáwaŋníyaŋkahe?Who saw them? Tuwáwaŋwíčhayaŋkahe?Who did he see? Tuwáwaŋyáŋkahe?Who is he looking at? Tuwáayútahe?Whoaretheylookingat? Tuwáayútapihe?Whoareyoulookingat? Tuwá alúta he?

Whohelpedyou? Tuwáóničiyahe?Whobroughtyou? Tuwáaníhihe?Who hurt him? Tuwáúŋtȟuŋyaŋhe?Who hurt them? Tuwáúŋtȟuŋwičhayahe?Whohurtyou? Tuwáúŋtȟuŋniyaŋhe?Whogaveittoyou? Tuwánič’úhe?Whoinvitedyou? Tuwáníčhohe?Who is looking for them? Tuwáowíčhalehe?

Nowyouknowhowtousetuwá in questions. Note that it can be either the subject or the object of a sentence.

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83. Tuwá someone or who

Inthepreviousunitsyoulearnedthatinquestionstuwá means who and in statements it means someone.Let’spracticethisandaddonenewword:

Who did he see? Tuwáwaŋyáŋkahe?He saw someone. Tuwáwaŋyáŋke.Hedidn’tseeanyone. Tuwéniwaŋyáŋkešni.

Who did he hear? Tuwánaȟ’úŋhe?He heard someone. Tuwánaȟ’úŋ.Hedidn’thearanyone. Tuwéninaȟ’úŋšni.

Whodidheinvite? Tuwákičhóhe?Heinvitedsomeone. Tuwákičhó.Hedidn’tinviteanyone. Tuwénikičhóšni.

Who did he bring? Tuwáahíhe?He brought someone. Tuwáahí.Hedidn’tbringanyone. Tuwéniahíšni.

Whodidyousee? Tuwáwaŋlákahe?Isawsomeone. Tuwáwaŋbláke.Ididn’tseeanyone. Tuwéniwaŋblákešni.

Whodidyoubring? Tuwáayáhihe?Ibroughtsomeone. Tuwá awáhi.Ididn’tbringanyone. Tuwéniawáhišni.

Disc 8

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84. Someone: tuwé or tuwá

Recall that tuwéisaverbwhichmeanswho or to be someone.Asaverbit can form a sentence of its own. The word tuwá, on the other hand, is usuallyfollowedbyaverb.Inthisunitpracticechoosingbetweentuwé and tuwá.

Who is that? Hétuwéhe?Who came? Tuwáhíhe?Who is that man? Wičhášakiŋhétuwéhe?Who saw that man? Wičhášakiŋtuwáwaŋyáŋkahe?Who is that woman? Wíŋyaŋkiŋhétuwéhe?Who knows that woman? Wíŋyaŋkiŋtuwáslolyáhe?Whoisthatboy? Hokšílakiŋhétuwéhe?Whohelpedthatboy? Hokšílakiŋtuwáókiyahe?Who is that girl? Wičhíŋčalakiŋhétuwéhe?Who knows that girl? Wičhíŋčalakiŋhétuwáslolyáhe?Who are those men? Wičhášakiŋhenátuwépihe?Who knows those men? Wičhášakiŋhenátuwáslolwíčhaya

he?Whoareyou? Nitúwe he?

Whodidyousee? Tuwáwaŋlákahe?Whoisthepersonthatyousaw? Waŋlákekiŋhétuwéhe?Whodidyoubring? Tuwáayáhihe?Whoisthepersonthatyoubrought?

Ayáhikiŋhétuwéhe?

Whodidyouinvite? Tuwáyéčhohe?Whoisthepersonyouinvited? Yéčhokiŋhétuwéhe?Whodidyouspeakto? Tuwáwóyakiyakahe?Whoisthepersonyouspoketo? Wóyakiyakekiŋhétuwéhe?Whodidyouspeakabout? Tuwáiwóyaglakahe?

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Whoisthepersonyouspokeabout?

Iwóyaglakekiŋhétuwéhe?

Whodidyoudancewith? Tuwákičhíwayáčhihe?Whoisthepersonyoudancedwith?

Kičhíwayáčhikiŋhétuwéhe?

Whodidyougotherewith? Tuwákičhíláhe?Whoisthepersonyouwenttherewith?

Kičhílékiŋhétuwéhe?

Whodidyoumeet? Tuwáátayayahe?Whoisthepersonyoumet? Átayayekiŋhétuwéhe?Whodidyousellitto? Tuwáwíyopȟeyayahe?Whoisthepersonyousolditto? Wíyopȟeyayekiŋhétuwéhe?Whodidyoubuyitfrom? Tuwáaópȟeyatȟuŋhe?Whoisthepersonyouboughtitfrom?

Aópȟeyatȟuŋkiŋhétuwéhe?

85. Did someone come? (tuwé waŋží and tuwé ȟčiŋ)

Asyourecall,thewordtuwá means who when used in a question, while in a statement it means someone.Sohowdoesonesaysomeone in a question?Toexpressthisweusetuwé waŋží someone or tuwé ȟčiŋ anyone at all.Topracticethesewordslistenandrepeat:

Whodidyousee? Tuwáwaŋlákahe?Didyouseesomeone? Tuwéwaŋžíwaŋlákahe?Didyouseeanyoneatall? Tuwéȟčiŋwaŋlákahe?Whodidyoubring? Tuwáayáhihe?Didyoubringsomeone? Tuwéwaŋžíayáhihe?Didyoubringanyoneatall? Tuwéȟčiŋayáhihe?Whodidyoumeetthere? Héčhiyatuwáátayayahe?Didyoumeetsomeonethere? Héčhiyatuwéwaŋžíátayayahe?Didyoumeetanyoneatallthere? Héčhiyatuwéȟčiŋátayayahe?

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Whomdidyouinvite? Tuwáyéčhohe?Didyouinvitesomeone? Tuwéwaŋžíyéčhohe?Didyouinviteanyoneatall? Tuwéȟčiŋyéčhohe?WhospeaksLakota? TuwáLakȟól’iyahe?DidsomeonespeakLakota? TuwéwaŋžíLakȟól’iyahe?DidanyoneatallspeakLakota? TuwéȟčiŋLakȟól’iyahe?Who sang? Tuwálowáŋhe?Did someone sing? Tuwéwaŋžílowáŋhe?Didanyoneatallsing? Tuwéȟčiŋlowáŋhe?Who danced? Tuwáwačhíhe?Did someone dance? Tuwéwaŋžíwačhíhe?Didanyoneatalldance? Tuwéȟčiŋwačhíhe?Who knows the song? Tuwáolówaŋkiŋslolyáhe?Does someone know the song? Tuwéwaŋžíolówaŋkiŋslolyáhe?Doesanyoneatallknowthesong? Tuwéȟčiŋolówaŋkiŋslolyáhe?Whohelpedyou? Tuwáóničiyahe?Didsomeonehelpyou? Tuwéwaŋžíóničiyahe?Didanyoneatallhelpyou? Tuwéȟčiŋóničiyahe?

86. Tuwé waŋží and tuwé waŋ

Inthisunitwewillcomparetuwé waŋ with tuwé waŋží.

Acertainpersoncame. Tuwéwaŋhí.Maybesomeonewillcome. Uŋgnáštuwéwaŋžíúkte.Acertainpersonwassinging. Tuwéwaŋlowáŋ.Maybesomeonewillsing. Uŋgnáštuwéwaŋžílowáŋkte.Wesawacertainperson. Tuwéwaŋwaŋúŋyaŋkapi.Maybewewillseesomeone. Uŋgnáštuwéwaŋžíwaŋúŋyaŋkapi

kte.

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Acertainpersonhelpedthem. Tuwéwaŋówičhakiye.Maybesomeonehelpedthem. Uŋgnáštuwéwaŋžíówičhakiye.Acertainpersonlivesthere. Tuwéwaŋhélthí.Maybesomeonelivesthere. Uŋgnáštuwéwaŋžíhélthí.Isawacertainperson. Tuwéwaŋwaŋbláke.MaybeIwillseesomeone. Uŋgnáštuwéwaŋžíwaŋblákiŋkte.Acertainpersonhelpedme. Tuwéwaŋómakiye.Someonewillhelpme. Tuwéwaŋžíómakiyiŋkte.Acertainpersonhelpedyou. Tuwéwaŋóničiye.Someonewillhelpyou. Tuwéwaŋžíóničiyiŋkte.

87. Taŋyáŋ

Whenanactivityisdonewellthenitisdescribedwiththeadverbtaŋyáŋ, as in the following sentences:

He sings well. Taŋyáŋlowáŋ.She dances well. Taŋyáŋwačhí.Hespokewell. Taŋyáŋwóglake.She rides horseback well. Taŋyáŋšuŋk’ákaŋyaŋke.He runs well. Taŋyáŋíŋyaŋke.You did it well. Taŋyáŋečhánuŋ.Irememberitwell. Taŋyáŋwéksuye.Theytreatedmewell. Taŋyáŋmakhúwapi.Iamdoingwell./Ilivewell. Taŋyáŋwaúŋ.HespeaksLakotawell. TaŋyáŋLakȟól’iye.Idon’tknowitwell. Taŋyáŋslolwáyešni.She conducts herself well. Taŋyáŋophíič’iye.Ididn’tseeitwell. Taŋyáŋwaŋblákešni.Ididn’tnoticeitwell. Taŋyáŋawáblezešni.

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Ididn’thearitwell. Taŋyáŋnawáȟ’uŋšni.

Theadverbtaŋyáŋcanbeintensifiedwiththeadverblíla, as in the following sentences:

Hesingsverywell. Lílataŋyáŋlowáŋ.Shedancesverywell. Lílataŋyáŋwačhí.Hespeaksverywell. Lílataŋyáŋwóglake.Shecooksverywell. Lílataŋyáŋlol’íȟ’aŋ.Hedoesbeadworkverywell. Lílataŋyáŋwakšú.Sherideshorsesverywell. Lílataŋyáŋšuŋk’ákaŋyaŋke.Theyliveverywell. Lílataŋyáŋúŋpi.Theyconductthemselvesverywell. Lílataŋyáŋophíič’iyapi.Yourememberitverywell. Lílataŋyáŋyéksuye.Theywasheditverywell. Lílataŋyáŋyužážapi.Heunderstandsitverywell. Lílataŋyáŋokáȟniǧe.Shedoesn’tunderstanditverywell. Lílataŋyáŋokáȟniǧešni.Idon’trememberitverywell. Lílataŋyáŋwéksuyešni.Idon’tridehorsesverywell. Lílataŋyáŋšuŋk’ákaŋmaŋkešni.Idon’tcookverywell. Lílataŋyáŋlol’íwaȟ’aŋšni.

Whenwewanttointensifytheadverbtaŋyáŋevenmorestrongly,thenwe can add ȟčiŋ to it, as in the following sentences:

Hesingsreallywell. Taŋyéȟčiŋlowáŋ.Shedancesreallywell. Taŋyéȟčiŋwačhí.Hespeaksreallywell. Taŋyéȟčiŋwóglake.Shecooksreallywell. Taŋyéȟčiŋlol’íȟ’aŋ.Hedoesbeadworkreallywell. Taŋyéȟčiŋwakšú.Sherideshorsesreallywell. Taŋyéȟčiŋšuŋk’ákaŋyaŋke.Theylivereallywell. Taŋyéȟčiŋúŋpi.Theyconductthemselvesreallywell.

Taŋyéȟčiŋophíič’iyapi.

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Yourememberitreallywell. Taŋyéȟčiŋyéksuye.Theywasheditreallywell. Taŋyéȟčiŋyužážapi.Heunderstandsitreallywell. Taŋyéȟčiŋokáȟniǧe.Shedoesn’treallyunderstanditwell.

Taŋyéȟčiŋokáȟniǧešni.

Idon’treallyrememberitwell. Taŋyéȟčiŋwéksuyešni.Idon’treallyridehorseswell. Taŋyéȟčiŋšuŋk’ákaŋmaŋkešni.Idon’treallycookwell. Taŋyéȟčiŋlol’íwaȟ’aŋšni.

Theintensityoftaŋyáŋcanalsobedecreased,whichisdonebyadding–kel to it:

He sings kind of well. Taŋyáŋkellowáŋ.Shedancesfairlywell. Taŋyáŋkelwačhí.Hespokekindofwell. Taŋyáŋkelwóglake.Sherideshorsebackfairlywell. Taŋyáŋkelšuŋk’ákaŋyaŋke.He runs sort of well. Taŋyáŋkelíŋyaŋke.You did it sort of well. Taŋyáŋkelečhánuŋ.Irememberitkindofwell. Taŋyáŋkelwéksuye.Theytreatedmesortofwell. Taŋyáŋkelmakhúwapi.Iamdoingsortofwell./Ilivesortof well.

Taŋyáŋkelwaúŋ.

HespeaksLakotasomewhatwell. TaŋyáŋkelLakȟól’iye.Idon’tknowitquitewell. Taŋyáŋkelslolwáyešni.She conducts herself quite well. Taŋyáŋkelophíič’iye.Ididn’tseeitquitewell. Taŋyáŋkelwaŋblákešni.Ididn’tnoticeitquitewell. Taŋyáŋkelawáblezešni.Ididn’thearitquitewell. Taŋyáŋkelnawáȟ’uŋšni.

Thisconcludestheunitontheadverbtaŋyáŋ.

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88. Adverbs of time

Youlearnedsomeadverbsoftimeearlyon.Recallȟtálehaŋ yesterday, haŋhépi last night, aŋpéhaŋ earlier today, híŋhaŋni this morning. Now youaregoingtolearnsomemoreadverbsoftime:

recently lečhálasoon ečháŋniearly ečháŋninow wanáfinally ehákeȟčiŋat last nakéšnowadays leháŋl

Hecamebackrecently. Lečhálaglí.Icamebackrecently. Lečhálawaglí.IlearnedLakotarecently. LečhálaLakȟól’iyapiuŋmáspe.Iwillleavesoon. Ečháŋniiblámniŋkte.Wewillleavesoon. Ečháŋniuŋkíyayapikte.Theywillleavesoon. Ečháŋniiyáyapikte.Itwillbewintersoon. Ečháŋniwaníyetukte.Theyleftearly. Ečháŋniiyáyapi.Igotupearly. Ečháŋniwékta.Wegotupearly. Ečháŋniuŋkíktapi.Itwaswinterearly. Ečháŋniwaníyetu.Itiswinternow. Waŋnáwaníyetu.Iamtwelvenow. Wanáwaníyetuakémanuŋpa.Iamanoldwomannow. Waŋnáwimánuȟčalakštó.Hefinallycameback. Ehákeȟčiŋglí.Shefinallydidit. Ehákeȟčiŋečhúŋ.Theyfinallyunderstand. Ehákeȟčiŋokáȟniǧapi.

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Iambackatlast. Nakéšwaglí.Theyunderstandmeatlast. Nakéšomákaȟniǧapi.Theyunderstandyouatlast. Nakéšoníčaȟniǧapi.NowadaysIlivehere. Leháŋllélwathí.NowadaysIstayawayfromit. Leháŋliȟéyabečhámuŋ.Nowadaystherearemany. Leháŋlóta.Nowadaysthosethingsarenomore.

Leháŋlhenáwaníče.

89. Already and not yet

Thisunitwillteachyouthefollowingadverbs:

already tȟaŋníšnotyet naháŋȟčiŋstill héčhenasince then heháŋtaŋ

Hecamealready. Tȟaŋníšhí.Ialreadyate. Tȟaŋníšwawáte.Theyalreadylivethere. Tȟaŋníšhélthípi.Ialreadyhaveit. Tȟaŋníšbluhá.Ialreadymadeone. Tȟaŋníšwaŋžíwakáǧe.

Hehasn’tcomeyet. Naháŋȟčiŋhíšni.Ihaven’teatenyet. Naháŋȟčiŋwawátešni.Theydon’tlivethereyet. Naháŋȟčiŋhélthípišni.Istillhaveit. Naháŋȟčiŋbluhá.Ihaven’tmadeoneyet. Naháŋȟčiŋwakáǧešni.

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He still hasn’t come. Héčhenahíšni.Iamstilleating. Héčhenawawáte.Theycontinuetolivethere. Héčhenahélthípi.Icontinuetohaveit. Héčhenabluhá.Icontinuetobemakingone. Héčhenawaŋžíwakáǧe.

Ha hasn’t come since then. Heháŋtaŋhíšni.Ihaven’teatensincethen. Heháŋtaŋwawátešni.Theyhavelivedtheresincethen. Heháŋtaŋhélthípi.Ihavehaditsincethen. Heháŋtaŋbluhá.Ihavebeenmakingonesincethen. Heháŋtaŋwaŋžíwakáǧe.

Itisalreadysnowing. Tȟaŋníšwáhiŋhé.Itstillhasn’tsnowed. Naháŋȟčiŋwáhiŋhéšni.Itcontinuestosnow. Héčhenawáhiŋhé.Ithasbeensnowingsincethen. Heháŋtaŋwáhiŋhé.

90. eyáš and eháš

The word eyáš means enough and eháš means too or too much. Let’s learn how to use them.

Itistoolong. Ehášháŋske.Itislongenough. Eyášháŋske.Itistoobig. Eháštȟáŋka.Itisbigenough. Eyáštȟáŋka.Itistoosmall. Eháščík’ala.Itissmallenough. Eyáščík’ala.These things are too long. Ehášháŋskaska.These things are long enough. Eyášháŋskaska.

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Thesethingsaretooheavy. Eháštketké.Thesethingsarenotheavyenough. Eyáštketkéšni.Therearetoomanyofthem. Ehášótapi.There are just about enough of them.

Eyášhenákečapi.

Thisropeistoolong. Ikȟáŋkiŋléehášháŋske.Thisropeislongenough. Ikȟáŋkiŋléeyášháŋske.There is too much. Ehášóta.There is just about enough. Eyášhenákeča.Thereweretoomanypeople. Ehášwičhóta.Therewereenoughpeople. Eyášwičhóta.Iatetoomuch. Ehášwawáte.Iateenough. Eyášwawáte.He is too old. Eháškáŋ.He is old enough. Eyáškáŋ.

Don’t run too much. Ehášíŋyaŋkešniyo.Don’t eat too much. Ehášwótešniyo.Don’tspeaktoomuch. Ehášwóglakešniyo.

Itisjustaboutright. Eyášhéčhetu.Itisjustaboutrightthatwegoback.

Eyášuŋglápikte.

She is too mean. Ehášoȟ’áŋšiče.Iamtootired. Ehášwamátukȟa.Heisreallytoohungry. Ehášlílaločhíŋ.

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91. Wašté kéčhaŋmi – I think it is good.

ThisunitwillintroduceyoutooneoftheLakotaverbsthatcorrespondtotheEnglishverbto think. We use the word kéčhiŋ when we talk aboutanopinionthathasbeenmade.KéčhiŋisaClassIIIverbanditsconjugation is somewhat irregular.

Doyouthinkitisgood? Waštékéčhaŋnihe?Yes,Ithinkitisgood. Háŋ,waštékéčhaŋmi.Doyouthinkitistoolong? Ehášháŋskakéčhaŋnihe?Yes,Ithinkitistoolong. Háŋ,ehášháŋskakéčhaŋmi.Doyouthinkitislargeenough? Eyáštȟáŋkakéčhaŋnihe?Yes,Ithinkitislargeenough. Háŋ,eyáštȟáŋkakéčhaŋmi.Doyouthinktheboyissick? Hokšílakiŋwayázaŋkéčhaŋnihe?No,Idon’tthinktheboyissick. Hiyá,hokšílakiŋwayázaŋ

kéčhaŋmišni.Doyouthinkyourmotherwillcome?

Ináyayekiŋúktakéčhaŋnihe?

Yes,Ithinkmymotherwillcome. Háŋ,ináwayekiŋúktakéčhaŋmi.Doyouthinkitisgoingtorain? Maǧážuktakéčhaŋnihe?Yes,Ithinkitisgoingtorain. Háŋ,maǧážuktakéčhaŋmi.Doyouthinkhelikespotatoes? Blówaštélakakéčhaŋnihe?Yes,Ithinkhelikespotatoes. Háŋ,blówaštélakakéčhaŋmi.Doyouthinkthatitisverybad? Lílašíčakéčhaŋnihe?No,Ithinkitisnotverybad. Hiyá,lílašíčešnikéčhaŋmi.Doyouthinkyouwillgo? Níŋktakéčhaŋnihe?No,IthinkIwon’tgo. Hiyá,mníŋktešnikéčhaŋmi.Doyouthinkitisright? Héčhetukéčhaŋnihe?Yes,Ithinkitisright. Háŋ,héčhetukéčhaŋmi.

Doyouguysthinkthatitisgood? Waštékéčhaŋnipihe?Yes,wethinkthatitisverygood. Háŋ,lílawaštékeúŋkečhiŋpi.

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Doyouguysthinkthathewillcome back?

Kúktakéčhaŋnipihe?

Yes, we think that he will come back.

Háŋ,kúktakeúŋkečhiŋpi.

Doyouguysthinkthatsheleft? Iyáyakéčhaŋnipihe?Yes, we think that she left. Háŋ,iyáyakeúŋkečhiŋpi.Doyouguysthinkthattheydidit? Ečhúŋpikéčhaŋnipihe?No,wedon’tthinktheydidit. Hiyá,ečhúŋpikeúŋkečhiŋpišni.Doyouguysthinktheystoleit? Manúŋpikéčhaŋnipihe?Yes,wethinktheystoleit. Háŋ,manúŋpikeúŋkečhiŋpi.Doyouguysthinktheyaregoingtohelpus?

Óuŋkiyapiktakéčhaŋnipihe?

Yes,wethinktheyaregoingtohelpus.

Háŋ,óuŋkiyapiktakeúŋkečhiŋpi.

Doesshethinktheywillcome? Úpiktakéčhiŋhe?Yes,shethinkstheywillcome. Háŋ,úpiktakéčhiŋ.Doeshethinktheywillcomeback?

Kúpiktakéčhiŋhe?

Yes,hethinkstheywillcomeback. Háŋ,kúpiktakéčhiŋ.Does she think he took it? Ičúkéčhiŋhe?No, she doesn’t think he took it. Hiyá,ičúkéčhiŋšni.Does she think he stole it? Manúŋkéčhiŋhe?No, she thinks he didn’t steal it. Hiyá,manúŋšnikéčhiŋ.

Dotheythinkwetookit? Uŋkíčupikéčhiŋpihe?No,theydon’tthinkwetookit. Hiyá,uŋkíčupikéčhiŋpišni.Dotheythinkwedidthat? Héčhuŋk’uŋpikéčhiŋpihe?No,theythinkwedidn’tdothat. Hiyá,héčhuŋk’uŋpišnikéčhiŋpi.Dotheythinkweknewthat? Slol’úŋyaŋpikéčhiŋpihe?

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No,theythinkwedidn’tknowthat. Hiyá,slol’úŋyaŋpišnikéčhiŋpi.Dotheythinkwearegoingtoleave?

Uŋkíyayapiktakéčhiŋpihe?

No,theydon’tthinkwearegoingtoleave.

Hiyá,uŋkíyayapiktakéčhiŋpišni.

Don’tthinkshewillhelpyou. Óničiyiŋktakéčhiŋšniyo.Don’tthinktheywillhelpyou. Óničiyapiktakéčhiŋšniyo.Don’t think she will come back. Kúktakéčhiŋšniyo.Don’tthinkIwillleave. Iblámniŋktakéčhiŋšniyo.

Ithoughtshewassleeping. Ištíŋmakéčhaŋmi.Whatdoyouthinkitis? Tákukéčhaŋnihe?Ithoughtitwasabug. Wablúškakéčhaŋmi.Ithoughtitwasadeer. Tȟáȟčakéčhaŋmi.Ithoughtitwasaporcupine. Pȟahíŋkéčhaŋmi.Ithoughtitwasabeaver. Čhápakéčhaŋmi.

92. Táku ilúkčaŋ he? – What are you thinking about?

Anotherverbforthinkingisiyúkčaŋ.Thisverbisusedwhentheopinionisbeingformedorwhensomeoneisintheprocessofthinkingabout something or making a decision about doing something.

Whatareyouthinkingabout? Tákuilúkčaŋhe?Iamthinkingaboutgoingwithyou.

Uŋyíŋktaiblúkčaŋ.

Iamthinkingaboutgoingthere. Mníŋktaiblúkčaŋ.Iamthinkingaboutnotgoingthere.

Mníŋktešniiblúkčaŋ.

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Iamthinkingaboutbuyingacar. Iyéčhiŋkyaŋkawaŋžíopȟéwatȟuŋktaiblúkčaŋ.

Iamthinkingaboutmakingatipi. Thiíkčeyawaŋžíwakáǧiŋktaiblúkčaŋ.

Iamthinkingaboutstayinghere. Lélwaúŋktaiblúkčaŋ.Iamthinkingaboutmanythings. Tákuótaiblúkčaŋ.Willyouthinkaboutit? Ilúkčaŋktahe?Yes,Iwillthinkaboutit. Háŋ,iblúkčaŋkte.Wewillthinkaboutitcarefully. Taŋyáŋuŋkíyukčaŋpikte.We will think about these things. Lenáuŋkíyukčaŋpikte.We will think about these things carefully.

Lenátaŋyáŋuŋkíyukčaŋpikte.

He thought hard about it. Lílaiyúkčaŋ.Ithoughthardaboutit. Lílaiblúkčaŋ.Theythoughthardaboutit. Lílaiyúkčaŋpi.We thought hard about it. Lílauŋkíyukčaŋpi.Think about it. Iyúkčaŋyo.Think about these things. Lenáiyúkčaŋyo.Thinkaboutitcarefully. Taŋyáŋiyúkčaŋyo.Iwouldlikeyoutothinkaboutit. Ilúkčaŋktawačhíŋ.Did he think about it? Iyúkčaŋhe?He didn’t think about it. Iyúkčaŋšni.Think about it and come back. Iyúkčaŋnakúwo.Think about it again. Akhéiyúkčaŋyo.The man thought about it and then left.

Wičhášakiŋiyúkčaŋnaheháŋliyáye.

Hethoughtabouthowmanywouldcome.

Tónaúpiktekiŋiyúkčaŋ.

YouandIwillthinkaboutit. Uŋkíyukčaŋkte.Isatthinkingaboutit. Iyúkčaŋmaŋké.

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We sat thinking about it. Iyúkčaŋuŋyáŋkapi.Theysatthinkingaboutit. Iyúkčaŋyaŋkápi.Ididitwithoutthinkingaboutit. Iyúkčaŋšniečhámuŋ.We did it without thinking about it. Iyúkčaŋšniečhúŋk’uŋpi.Iwenttherewithoutthinkingaboutit.

Iyúkčaŋšniblé.

Iboughtitwithoutthinkingitthrough.

Taŋyáŋiyúkčaŋšniopȟéwatȟuŋ.

Iactedwithoutthinkingaboutit. Iyúkčaŋšniowáȟ’aŋ.

Iamthinkingabouthowtodoit. Tókhelečhámuŋktahéčiiblúkčaŋ.Iamthinkingabouthowtomakeit.

Tókhelwakáǧiŋktahéčiiblúkčaŋ.

Iamthinkingabouthowtohelphim.

Tókhelówakiyiŋktahéčiiblúkčaŋ.

Iamthinkingabouthowtogetthere.

Tókhelmníŋktahéčiiblúkčaŋ.

We are thinking about how to get there.

Tókheluŋyáŋpiktahéčiuŋkíyukčaŋpi.

Wearethinkingabouthowtohelphim.

Tókhelóuŋkiyapiktahéčiuŋkíyukčaŋpi.

He is thinking about how to fool him.

Tókhelgnáyiŋktahéčiiyúkčaŋ.

Heisthinkingabouthowtohelphim.

Tókhelókiyiŋktahéčiiyúkčaŋ.

Theywerethinkingabouthowtohelphim.

Tókhelókiyapiktahéčiiyúkčaŋpi.

He was thinking about where to get some rest.

Tuktélasníkiyiŋktahéčiiyúkčaŋ.

He was thinking about where to sleep.

Tuktéliyúŋkiŋktahéčiiyúkčaŋ.

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She was thinking about where to look for it.

Tuktéloléktahéčiiyúkčaŋ.

Iwasthinkingabouthowtogoback.

Tókhelwagníŋktahéčiiblúkčaŋ.

Nowyouknowhowtousetheverbiyúkčaŋ. Bear in mind that iyúkčaŋ isusedabouttheprocessofforminganopinionorplan,andnotabouttheresultingopinion.Recallthatopinionisexpressedwithkéčhiŋ.

93. Tókhel ilúkčaŋ he? – What do you think of it?

Comparethemeaningofquestionswiththeverbiyúkčaŋ when it is used with táku and tókhel:

Whatareyouthinkingabout? Tákuilúkčaŋhe?Whatdoyouthinkofit? Tókhelilúkčaŋhe?Whatareyouguysthinkingabout? Tákuilúkčaŋpihe?Whatdoyouguysthinkofit? Tókhelilúkčaŋpihe?What is he thinking about? Tákuiyúkčaŋhe?What does he think of it? Tókheliyúkčaŋhe?Whataretheythinkingabout? Tákuiyúkčaŋpihe?Whatdotheythinkaboutit? Tókheliyúkčaŋpihe?

Recallthatweusetheverbkéčhiŋtoexpressanopinionthathasbeenformed, but we use iyúkčaŋ when asking What is your opinion about it? Forthisreason,thequestionTókhel ilúkčaŋ he? What do you think of it? or What is your opinion about it?isusuallyansweredwiththeverbkéčhiŋ.

Whatdoyouthinkofit? Tókhelilúkčaŋhe?Ithinkitisgood. Waštékéčhaŋmi.Andwhatdoyouthinkofthat? Honahétókhelilúkčaŋhe?Ithinkitisnotgood. Waštéšnikéčhaŋmi.Andwhatdotheythinkaboutit? Honatókheliyúkčaŋpihe?

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Theythinkitisgood. Waštékéčhiŋpi.And what does she think about it? Honatókheliyúkčaŋhe?She thinks she will go. Yíŋktakéčhiŋ.Andwhatdoyouofthinkofit? Natókhelilúkčaŋpihe?We think we won’t go. Uŋyáŋpiktešnikéuŋkečhiŋpi.

Doyouthinkitisso? Héčhelilúkčaŋhe?Yes,Ithinkitisso. Háŋ,héčheliblúkčaŋ.Does he think it is so? Héčheliyúkčaŋhe?Yes, he thinks it is so. Háŋ,héčheliyúkčaŋ.Dotheythinkitisso? Héčheliyúkčaŋpihe?No,theydon’tthinkitisso. Hiyá,héčheliyúkčaŋpišni.Doyouguysthinkitisso? Héčhelilúkčaŋpihe?No, we don’t think it is so. Hiyá,héčheluŋkíyukčaŋpišni.

94. Táku awílukčaŋ he? – What are you thinking about?

Inthepreviousunitsyouwereintroducedtotheverbiyúkčaŋ which we usewhenwetalkaboutforminganopinionormakingadecision.

Theverbiyúkčaŋ cannot be used when talking about animate beings, suchaspeopleandanimals.Forthisweusetheverbawíyukčaŋ.

Areyouthinkingaboutthathorse? Šúŋkawakȟáŋkiŋhéawílukčaŋhe?

Yes,Iamthinkingaboutthathorse. Háŋ,šúŋkawakȟáŋkiŋhéawíblukčaŋ.

Areyouthinkingaboutthosehorses?

Šúŋkawakȟáŋkiŋhenáawíwičhalukčaŋhe?

Yes,Iamthinkingaboutthosehorses.

Háŋ,šúŋkawakȟáŋkiŋhenáawíwičhablukčaŋ.

Areyouthinkingaboutthatman? Wičhášakiŋhéawílukčaŋhe?

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No,Iamnotthinkingaboutthatman.

Hiyá,wičhášakiŋhéawíblukčaŋšni.

Wereyouthinkingaboutme? Awímayalukčaŋhe?Iwasthinkingaboutyou. Awíčhiyukčaŋ.Iwasthinkingaboutyouearliertoday.

Aŋpéhaŋawíčhiyukčaŋ.

We were thinking about him. Uŋkáwiyukčaŋpi.We were thinking about him earliertoday.

Aŋpéhaŋuŋkáwiyukčaŋpi.

We were thinking about them. Uŋkáwiwičhayukčaŋpi.We were thinking about them earliertoday.

Aŋpéhaŋuŋkáwiwičhayukčaŋpi.

Wewerethinkingaboutyou. Uŋkáwiniyukčaŋpi.Wewerethinkingaboutyouyesterday.

Ȟtálehaŋuŋkáwiniyukčaŋpi.

Theywerethinkingabouthim. Awíyukčaŋpi.Theywerethinkingabouthimyesterday.

Ȟtálehaŋawíyukčaŋpi.

Theywerethinkingaboutthem. Awíwičhayukčaŋpi.Theywerethinkingabouttheminthe morning.

Híŋhaŋniawíwičhayukčaŋpi.

Theywerethinkingaboutme. Awímayukčaŋpi.Theywerethinkingaboutmeinthe morning.

Híŋhaŋniawímayukčaŋpi.

Theywerethinkingaboutyou. Awíniyukčaŋpi.Theywerethinkingaboutyouearliertoday.

Aŋpéhaŋawíniyukčaŋpi.

InthisandthepreviousunitsyoulearnedthreeoftheLakotaverbsthatcorrespondtotheEnglishverbto think.Theyarekéčhiŋ, iyúkčaŋ, and awíyukčaŋ.Youlearnedwhattheymeanandhowtheyareused.YounowknowthateachexpressesadifferentsenseoftheEnglishwordthink. Later youwilllearnLakotaverbsthatexpressyetothersensesofthink.

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95. The verb kiksúyA and kičhó

Whentheaffixwa-meetsthesyllableki- the two are sometimes merged into we.Similarly,theaffixya merges with ki- into yé.WewillpracticethisconjugationpatternontheverbkiksúyA to remember something or someone.

Does she remember the song? Olówaŋkiŋkiksúyahe?No, she does not remember it. Hiyá,kiksúyešni.Does he remember the man? Wičhášakiŋkiksúyahe?He does not remember the man. Wičhášakiŋkiksúyešni.Doestheboyrememberthesong? Hokšílakiŋolówaŋkiŋkiksúya

he?Theboyremembersthesong. Hokšílakiŋolówaŋkiŋkiksúye.

Dotheyrememberhim? Kiksúyapihe?No,theydon’trememberhim. Hiyá,kiksúyapišni.Dotheyrememberthesong? Olówaŋkiŋkiksúyapihe?Yes,theyrememberit. Háŋ,kiksúyapi.

Doyourememberthesong? Olówaŋkiŋyéksuyahe?Yes,Irememberthesong. Háŋ,olówaŋkiŋwéksuye.Doyourememberthestory? Wičhóoyakekiŋyéksuyahe?Yes,Irememberthestory. Háŋ,wičhóoyakekiŋwéksuye.Doyourememberitwell? Taŋyáŋyéksuyahe?Yes,Irememberitwell. Háŋ,taŋyáŋwéksuye.Doyourememberyourgrandmother?

Nikȟúŋšiyéksuyahe?

Yes,Iremembermygrandmotherwell.

Háŋ,uŋčítaŋyáŋwéksuye.

Doyouremembertheoldman? Wičháȟčalakiŋyéksuyahe?Yes,Irememberhimwell. Háŋ,taŋyáŋwéksuye.

Disc 9

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Doyouguysrememberthesong? Olówaŋkiŋyéksuyapihe?Yes, we remember the song. Háŋ,olówaŋkiŋuŋkíksuyapi.Doyouguysrememberthestory? Wičhóoyakekiŋyéksuyapihe?No,wedon’trememberthestory. Hiyá,wičhóoyakekiŋuŋkíksuyapi

šni.Doyouguysremembertheoldcampsite?

Othíwotakiŋyéksuyapihe?

Yes,weremembertheoldcampsitewell.

Háŋ,othíwotakiŋtaŋyáŋuŋkíksuyapi.

HereisanoverviewofhowkiksúyA is conjugated:

Irememberit. Wéksuye.You remember it. Yéksuye.He remembers it. Kiksúye.YouandIrememberit. Uŋkíksuye.We all remember it. Uŋkíksuyapi.You all remember it. Yéksuyapi.Theyrememberit. Kiksúyapi.

96. Other verbs with wé and yé in conjugation

ManyotherverbsconjugatethesamewayastheverbkiksúyA which youlearnedinthepreviousunit.Let’spracticeconjugatingsomeoftheseverbs.

he remembers it kiksúyeIrememberit wéksuyeyourememberit yéksuyehegotup kiktáIgotup wéktayougotup yékta

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he got dressed hakíč’uŋIgotdressed hawéč’uŋyougotdressed hayéč’uŋhe looked back hakíktaIlookedback hawéktayoulookedback hayéktahe made it for her kíčaǧeImadeitforher wéčaǧeyoumadeitforher yéčaǧesheinvitedhim kičhóIinvitedhim wéčhoyouinvitedhim yéčhoshegaveitbacktohim kičhúIgaveitbacktohim wéčhuyougaveitbacktohim yéčhuhe bought it for him opȟékičatȟuŋIboughtitforhim opȟéwečatȟuŋyouboughtitforhim opȟéyečatȟuŋ

Giveanaffirmativeanswertothefollowingquestions:

Doyourememberhim? Yéksuyahe?Yes,Irememberhim. Háŋ,wéksuye.Areyouup? Yéktahe?Yes,Iamup. Háŋ,wékta.Didyougetdressed? Hayéč’uŋhe?Yes,Igotdressed. Háŋ,hawéč’uŋ.Didyoulookback? Hayéktahe?Yes,Ilookedback. Háŋ,hawékta.Didyoumakemoccasinsforhim? Haŋpíkčekayéčaǧahe?Yes,Imademoccasinsforhim. Háŋ,haŋpíkčekawéčaǧe.

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Didyouinviteher? Yéčhohe?Yes,Iinvitedher. Háŋ,wéčho.Didyougiveitbacktohim? Yéčhuhe?Yes,Igaveitbacktohim. Háŋ,wéčhu.Didyoubuyitforhim? Opȟéyečatȟuŋhe?Yes,Iboughtitforhim. Háŋ,opȟéwečatȟuŋ.

SaytheI-formofthefollowingverbs:

kiksúye wéksuyekiktá wéktahakíč’uŋ hawéč’uŋhakíkta hawéktakíčaǧe wéčaǧekičhó wéčhokičhú wéčhuopȟékičatȟuŋ opȟéwečatȟuŋ

Saytheyou-formofthefollowingverbs:

kiksúye yéksuyekiktá yéktahakíč’uŋ hayéč’uŋhakíkta hayéktakíčaǧe yéčaǧekičhó yéčhokičhú yéčhuopȟékičatȟuŋ opȟéyečatȟuŋ

Nowyouknowhowtoconjugateverbswhichmergewa- and ki- into wé,liketheverbkiksúyA.

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Anote:Asimpleruleofthumbisthatwhenki-isfollowedbyk-, č- or g- it will merge with wa- into we-.Wheneveryouareuncertainaboutwhichverbsmergewa- with ki- and which don’t, check the 1st singular forminthedictionary.

97. mi- and ni- with verbs like kiksúyA

Verbsinwhichwé- merges with ki- into wé-(likekiksúya)havetwoother similar merges. We will learn about them in this unit.

Theaffixma- merges with ki- into mi-.Theaffixni- merges with ki- into ni-.Tolearnthis,listenandrepeat.

Does he remember him? Kiksúyahe?Does he remember me? Míksuyahe?Dotheyrememberme? Míksuyapihe?Doesherememberyou? Níksuyahe?Dotheyrememberyou? Níksuyapihe?Didheinviteher? Kičhóhe?Didheinviteme? Míčhohe?Didtheyinviteme? Míčhopihe?Didheinviteyou? Níčhohe?Didtheyinviteyou? Níčhopihe?Didhemakeitforyou? Níčaǧahe?Did he make it for me? Míčaǧahe?Didtheymakeitforme? Míčaǧapihe?Didhemakeitforyou? Níčaǧahe?Didtheymakeitforyou? Níčaǧapihe?Willhegiveitbacktoher? Kičhúktahe?Willhegiveitbacktome? Míčhuktahe?Willtheygiveitbacktome? Míčhupiktahe?

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Willhegiveitbacktoyou? Níčhuktahe?Willtheygiveitbacktoyou? Níčhupiktahe?Didhebuyitforher? Opȟékičatȟuŋhe?Didhebuyitforme? Opȟémičatȟuŋhe?Didtheybuyitforme? Opȟémičatȟuŋpihe?Didhebuyitforyou? Opȟéničatȟuŋhe?Didtheybuyitforyou? Opȟéničatȟuŋpihe?

Theaffixčhi- merges with ki- into čhí-,asinthefollowingexamples:

He remembers it. Kiksúye.Irememberyou. Čhíksuye.Heinvitedhim. Kičhó.Iinvitedyou. Čhíčho.He made it for her. Kíčaǧe.Imadeitforyou. Čhíčaǧe.Shegaveitbacktohim. Kičhú.Igaveitbacktoyou. Čhíčhu.She will comfort him. Kigná kte.Iwillcomfortyou. Čhígnakte.Shewillbuyitforhim. Opȟékičatȟuŋkte.Iwillbuyitforyou. Opȟéčhičatȟuŋkte.

Let’sseewhathappenswhenmi- is combined with yé-:

Doyourememberme? Miyéksuyahe?Yes,Irememberyou. Háŋ,čhíksuye.Willyouinviteme? Miyéčhoktahe?Yes,Iwillinviteyou. Háŋ,čhíčhokte.Didyoumakeitforme? Miyéčaǧahe?Yes,Imadeitforyou. Háŋ,čhíčaǧe.Willyougiveitbacktome? Miyéčhuktahe?

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Yes,Iwillgiveitbacktoyou. Háŋ,čhíčhukte.Willyoubuyitforme? Opȟémiyečatȟuŋktahe?Yes,Iwillbuyitforyou. Háŋ,opȟéčhičatȟuŋkte.

98. Big, bigger and the biggest (Comparative and superlative)

Tocreatethecomparativeandsuperlative,weusethewordsáŋm more and iháŋkeya most.

Thispuppyisbig. Šuŋȟpálakiŋlétȟáŋka.Thispuppyisbiggerthanit. Šuŋȟpálakiŋléisáŋmtȟáŋka.Thispuppyisthebiggest. Šuŋȟpálakiŋléiháŋkeyatȟáŋka.

This book is good. Wówapikiŋléwašté.This book is better than it. Wówapikiŋléisáŋmwašté.This book is the best. Wówapikiŋléiháŋkeyawašté.

That girl is small. Wičhíŋčalakiŋhéčík’ala.That girl is smaller than her. Wičhíŋčalakiŋhéisáŋmčík’ala.That girl is the smallest. Wičhíŋčalakiŋhéiháŋkeya

čík’ala.

This rock is hot. Íŋyaŋkiŋlékȟáte.This rock is hotter than it. Íŋyaŋkiŋléisáŋmkȟáte.This rock is the hottest. Íŋyaŋkiŋléiháŋkeyakȟáte.

Ilikethisdress. Čhuwígnakakiŋléwaštéwalake.Ilikethisdressmorethanit. Čhuwígnakakiŋléisáŋm

waštéwalake.

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Ilikethisdressthemost. Čhuwígnakakiŋléiháŋkeyawaštéwalake.

He ran fast. Oȟ’áŋkȟoyaíŋyaŋke.He ran faster. Sáŋmoȟ’áŋkȟoyaíŋyaŋke.He ran the fastest. Iháŋkeyaoȟ’áŋkȟoyaíŋyaŋke.

ItwascoldonFriday. AŋpétuZáptaŋk’uŋhéhaŋ,osní.ItwascolderonSaturday. Owáŋgyužažapik’uŋhéhaŋ,sáŋm

osní.ItwasthecoldestonSunday. Aŋpétuwakȟáŋk’uŋhéhaŋ,iyótaŋ

osní.

99. Cardinal Numbers 10 to 100

Cardinalnumbersfrom11to19areformedwiththeprefixaké. Now listenandrepeat.

eleven akéwaŋžitwelve akénuŋpathirteen akéyamnifourteen akétopafifteen akézaptaŋsixteen akéšakpeseventeen akéšakowiŋeighteen akéšagloǧaŋnineteen akénapčiyuŋkatwenty wikčémnanúŋpa

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Nowlistenandrepeatthetens:

ten wikčémnatwenty wikčémnanúŋpathirty wikčémnayámniforty wikčémnatópafifty wikčémnazáptaŋsixty wikčémnašákpeseventy wikčémnašakówiŋeighty wikčémnašaglóǧaŋninety wikčémnanapčíyuŋka

Nowlistenandrepeatthehundreds:

one hundred opáwiŋǧetwo hundred opáwiŋǧenúŋpathree hundred opáwiŋǧeyámnifour hundred opáwiŋǧetópafivehundred opáwiŋǧezáptaŋsix hundred opáwiŋǧešákpesevenhundred opáwiŋǧešakówiŋeight hundred opáwiŋǧešaglóǧaŋnine hundred opáwiŋǧenapčíyuŋka

Let’sreviewthenumbers:

five záptaŋfifteen akézaptaŋfifty wikčémnazáptaŋfivehundred opáwiŋǧezáptaŋ

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seven šakówiŋseventeen akéšakowiŋseventy wikčémnašakówiŋsevenhundred opáwiŋǧešakówiŋ

four tópafourteen akétopaforty wikčémnatópafour hundred opáwiŋǧetópa

eight šaglóǧaŋeighteen akéšagloǧaŋeighty wikčémnašaglóǧaŋeight hundred opáwiŋǧešaglóǧaŋ

six šákpesixteen akéšakpesixty wikčémnašákpesix hundred opáwiŋǧešákpe

100. Cardinal numbers II: tens and ones; How old is your mother?

Tosaynumberslike35,weaddthewordsáŋm between the ten and the one.Listenandrepeat:

35 wikčémnayámnisáŋmzáptaŋ23 wikčémnanúŋmsáŋmyámni41 wikčémnatóbsáŋmwaŋží52 wikčémnazáptaŋsáŋmnúŋpa

26 wikčémnanúŋpsáŋmšákpe58 wikčémnazáptaŋsáŋmšaglóǧaŋ39 wikčémnayámnisáŋmnapčíyuŋka77 wikčémnašakówiŋsáŋmšakówiŋ

A man answering:

Howoldisyourfather? Niyátewaníyetutónahe?Myfatheris54. Atéwaníyetuwikčémnazáptaŋ

sáŋmtópa.Howoldisyourmother? Nihúŋwaníyetutónahe?Mymotheris49. Ináwaníyetuwikčémnatóbsáŋm

napčíyuŋka.Howoldisyourgrandfather? Nitȟúŋkašilawaníyetutónahe?Mygrandfatheris82. Laláwaníyetuwikčémnašaglóǧaŋ

sáŋmnúŋpa.Howoldisyourgrandmother? Nikȟúŋšiwaníyetutónahe?Mygrandmotheris78. Uŋčíwaníyetuwikčémnašakówiŋ

sáŋmšaglóǧaŋ.Howoldisyourwife? Nitȟáwičukiŋwaníyetutónahe?Mywifeis36. Mitȟáwičukiŋwaníyetuwikčémna

yámnisáŋmšákpe.Howoldisyourson? Ničhíŋkšiwaníyetutónahe?Mysonis11. Mičhíŋkšiwaníyetuakéwaŋži.Howoldisyourdaughter? Ničhúŋwiŋtkukiŋwaníyetutóna

he?Mydaughteris13. Mičhúŋwiŋtkukiŋwaníyetu

akéyamni.Howoldisyouryoungerbrother? Nisúŋkawaníyetutónahe?Myyoungerbrotheris28. Misúŋkawaníyetuwikčémna

núŋmsáŋmšaglóǧaŋ.Howoldisyourolderbrother?(askingaman)

Ničhíyewaníyetutónahe?

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Myolderbrotheris37. (manspeaking)

Čhiyéwaníyetuwikčémnayámnisáŋmšakówiŋ.

Howoldisyouryoungersister?(askingaman)

Nitȟáŋkšiwaníyetutónahe?

Howoldareyou? Waníyetunitónahe?Iam37. Waníyetuwikčémnayámnisáŋm

mašákowiŋ.)

101. How much is it?

How much is that shirt? (awayfromus)

Káóglekiŋmázaskatónakčahe?

That shirt is 17 dollars. Káóglekiŋmázaskaakéšakowiŋ.Howmucharethesepants? Uŋzóǧekiŋlémázaskatónakčahe?Thesepantsare32dollars. Uŋzóǧekiŋlémázaskawikčémna

yámnisáŋmnúŋpa.How much is this blanket? Šinákiŋlémázaskatónakčahe?This blanket is 47 dollars. Šinákiŋlémázaskawikčémnatób

sáŋmšakówiŋ.Howmuchisthathat(nearyou)? Wapȟóštaŋkiŋhémázaska

tónakčahe?This hat is 53 dollars. Wapȟóštaŋkiŋlémázaska

wikčémnazáptaŋsáŋmyámni.How much are these two chairs? Oákaŋkekiŋlenáuŋsmázaska

tónakčahe?These two chairs are 64 dollars. Oákaŋkekiŋlenáuŋsmázaska

wikčémnašákpesáŋmtópa.

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102. Kinship VII: review (+ wičhawaye)

Sofaryouhavelearnedthekinshiptermsfortherelativesofimmediatefamily,forcousintermsandforthetermsforauntanduncle.Itistimetoreviewthesekinshipwords.

Mymother’snameisLucy. InáwayekiŋLucyečíyapi.MyfatherwasborninPineRidge. AtéwayekiŋWazíAháŋhaŋektá

tȟúŋpi.Mygrandfatherisveryold. Kakáwayekiŋlílakáŋ.Mygrandmotherisverywise. Uŋčíwayekiŋlílaksápe.Myunclesingsbeautifully. Lekšíwayekiŋyuphíyalowáŋ.Myauntdancesbeautifully. Tȟuŋwíŋwayekiŋyuphíyawačhí.Mydaughterisskilledatbeadwork.

Čhuŋkšíwayekiŋyuphíyawakšú.

Mysonisskilledinbasketball. Čhiŋkšíwayekiŋyuphíyatȟabškáte.

Malespeaker:

Myolderbrotherfixescars. Čhiyéwayekiŋiyéčhiŋkyaŋkaaphíye.

Myyoungerbrotherrideshorseswell.

Suŋkáwayekiŋtaŋyáŋšuŋk’ákaŋyaŋke.

Myoldersistermakesstarquiltsbeautifully.

Tȟaŋkéwayekiŋyuphíyawičháȟpiowíŋžakáǧe.

Myyoungersisteriswelleducated. Tȟaŋkšíwayekiŋtaŋyáŋwaúŋspe.Oneofmymalecousinsdied. Tȟaŋháŋšiwayawaŋt’é.Oneofmyfemalecousinssingsbeautifully.

Haŋkášiwayawaŋyuphíyalowáŋ.

Oneofmynephewsplaysbasketballskillfully.

Tȟuŋškáwayawaŋyuphíyatȟabškáte.

Oneofmyniecesisskilledatbeadwork.

Tȟuŋžáŋwayawaŋyuphíyawakšú.

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Femalespeaker:

Myolderbrotherisverygoodlooking.

Thiblówayekiŋlílaoówaŋyaŋgwašté.

Myyoungerbrotherisverywise. Suŋkáwayekiŋlílaksápe.Myoldersisteralwayshelpsme. Čhuwéwayekiŋómakiyes’a.Myyoungersisterisverygoodlooking.

Tȟaŋkáwayekiŋlílaoówaŋyaŋgwašté.

Oneofmymalecousinsdied. Šič’éšiwayawaŋt’é.Oneofmyfemalecousinsdancesbeautifully.

Čépȟaŋšiwayawaŋyuphíyawačhí.

Oneofmynephewsplaysbasketballskillfully.

Tȟoškáwayawaŋyuphíyatȟabškáte.

Oneofmyniecesisskilledatbeadwork.

Tȟožáŋwayawaŋyuphíyawakšú.

103. k’éyaš

Thisunitwillintroduceyoutotheconjunctionk’éyaš which means but. Ineverydayspeechk’éyašisusuallypronouncedéyaš. But when using thisshorterformbecarefulasitisverysimilartoeyáš. The two words differonlyinstress.Thewordéyaš means but and the word eyáš means enough.Notethatablautwordshavee before k’éyaš. To learn how to use k’éyaš,listenandrepeat.

Itissummer,butitiscold. Blokétuk’éyašosní.Iwenttobed,butIdidn’tsleep. Imúŋkek’éyašmištíŋmešni.Shewassad,butshedidn’tcry. Iyókšiček’éyaščhéyešni.Iwasgoingtoseeyou,butIwassick.

Waŋčhíyaŋkiŋktek’éyašwamáyazaŋ.

Itwasveryhard,butItookcourage.

Lílatheȟík’éyašblihímič’iye.

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Icamehome,butmymotherwasn’tthere.

Thiyátawaglík’éyašináélyaŋkéšni.

Imadethisdrum,butIdidn’tmakethis drumstick.

Čháŋčheǧakiŋléwakáǧek’éyašičábukiŋléwakáǧešni.

Ihollered,buttheydidn’thearme. Wapáŋk’éyašnamáȟ’uŋpišni.Iwentthere,buttheydidn’tseeme. Waík’éyašwaŋmáyaŋkapišni.Ishookhishand,buthedidn’tlookat me.

Napébluzek’éyašamáyutašni.

Hewasgoingtogiveittome,buthe didn’t do that.

Mak’úktek’éyašhéčhuŋšni.

Iaskedhimaboutit,buthedidn’tsayanything.

Imúŋǧek’éyaštákunieyéšni.

Ireallywantedtogothere,butIcouldn’t.

Mníŋkteȟčiŋk’éyašowákihišni.

Italkedtothem,buttheydidn’tlisten to me.

Wówičhawakiyakek’éyašanámaǧoptaŋpišni.

Itisspringnow,butitisstillsnowing.

Waŋnáwétuk’éyašhéčhenawáhiŋhé.

He shot at the deer, but he didn’t hit it.

Tȟáȟčakiŋkhuték’éyašóšni.

Theymadeitquickly,buttheydidn’t make it well.

Oȟ’áŋkȟoyakáǧapik’éyaštaŋyáŋkáǧapišni.

Iknowhim,butIdon’tknowhimwell.

Slolwáyek’éyaštaŋyáŋslolwáyešni.

Irememberthesong,butIdon’tremember it well.

Olówaŋkiŋwéksuyek’éyaštaŋyáŋwéksuyešni.

Heissmall,butheisverystrong. Čík’alak’éyašlílawaš’áke.Theydidn’tcometoday,buttheywill come tomorrow.

Léaŋpétukiŋhípišniéyašhíŋhaŋnikiŋháŋ,úpikte.

Isawthem,buttheydidn’tseeme. Waŋwíčhablakek’éyašwaŋmáyaŋkapišni.

Ilookedather,butshedidn’tlookat me.

Ablútak’éyašamáyutašni.

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Inoticedit,butIdidn’ttakeit. Awáblezek’éyašiwáčušni.Weweregoingtosing,buttheydidn’t bring a drum.

Uŋlówaŋpiktek’éyaščháŋčheǧawaŋžíniahípišni.

Theybroughtmehere,buttheyleftwithout me.

Amáhipik’éyašiȟpéyaimáyayapi.

Ilovebananas,butIdon’tlikeapples.

Zíškopelawaštéwalakek’éyaštȟaspáŋwaȟtéwalašni.

Iwentthere,butyoudidn’tarrive. Waík’éyašyaíšni.Iamgoingtoleavenow,butIwillbe back tomorrow.

Wanáiblámniŋktek’éyašhíŋhaŋnikiŋháŋ,waglíkte.

Iwasgoingtobuyit,butitwastooexpensive.

Opȟéwatȟuŋktek’éyašehášothéȟike.

Idon’trememberitverywell,butIwillsayit.

Lílataŋyáŋwéksuyešnik’éyašoblákiŋkte.

Hedidn’tgivemeanything,butIdon’t mind.

Tákunimak’úšniéyašímatokȟašni.

We were going back, but we didn’t get there.

Uŋglápik’éyašuŋkhípišni.

Theyleft,buttheycameback. Iyáyapik’éyašglípi.He set off to come back, but he nevercame.

Gličúk’éyaštóhaŋniglíšni.

These rocks are hot, but those are hotter.

Íŋyaŋkiŋlenákȟalkȟátek’éyaškanáisáŋmkȟalkȟáte.

104. čha

Inthisunityouwilllearnhowtousetheconjunctiončha so, and so, therefore, for that reason.Ablautwordshavea before čha.

IwassicksoIdidn’tgothere. Wamáyazaŋčhabléšni.IamtiredsoIwon’tgothere. Wamátukȟačhamníŋktešni.Itislateatnightnowsogotobed. Waŋnáhaŋtȟéhaŋčhaiyúŋkayo.

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Itismorningsogetup. Híŋhaŋničhakiktáyo.NowitwasmorningsoIwokemyhusbandup.

Wanáhíŋhaŋničhamihíŋgnakiŋwaglúȟiče.

IamverysleepysoIamgoingtogo to bed.

Lílamaȟwáčhaimúŋkiŋkte.

ItwasmorningsoIgotup. Híŋhaŋničhawékta.MyfatherleftforsomewheresoIwas home alone.

Atétókhiyaiyáyačhamišnálathiyátamaŋké.

MylegswerewearysoIsatdown. Húmastákačhaíblotake.ThebearwaslookingatmesoIwas scared of it.

Matȟókiŋamáyutačhakȟowákipȟe.

ThehorsewastamesoIwasnotscared of it.

Šúŋkawakȟáŋkiŋwawát’ečalačhakȟowákipȟešni.

Ihadn’teatenforlongsoIwasveryhungry.

Tȟéhaŋwawátešničhalílalowáčhiŋ.

Ihadn’tdrunkforlongsoIwasverythirsty.

Tȟéhaŋwablátkešničhalílaímapuze.

IlikeditsoIboughtit. Waštéwalakačhaopȟéwatȟuŋ.Ididn’tlikeitsoIdidn’tbuyit. Waȟtéwalašničhaopȟéwatȟuŋšni.Itwasveryexpensivesowedidn’tbuyit.

Lílaothéȟikačhaopȟéuŋtȟuŋpišni.

ShefedmesoIsaidthankyoutoher.

Wómak’učhaphilámayayeewákiye.

Ifedhimsohesaidthankyoutome.

Wówak’učhaphilámayayeemákiye.

YoufedmesoIsaythankyoutoyou.

Wómayak’učhaphilámayayeečhíčiye.

Youfedussowesaythankyoutoyou.

Wóuŋyak’upičhaphiláuŋyayapiuŋkéničiyapi.

Itisverysunnysowearyourheats. Lílamaštéčhawapȟóštaŋkiŋkič’úŋpo.

Itisverycoldsowearheavyclothes.

Lílaosníčhaočhósyaiglúzapo.

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105. čhaŋkhé

The conjunction čhaŋkhé has the same meaning as čha so it translates with and so, therefore, for that reason.Ablautwordshavea before čhaŋkhé.

IwassicksoIdidn’tgothere. Wamáyazaŋčhabléšni.IamtiredsoIwon’tgothere. Wamátukȟačhamníŋktešni.MyfoothurtssoIcan’twalk. Símayázaŋčhaŋkhémawáni

owákihišni.Itislateatnightnowsogotobed. Waŋnáhaŋtȟéhaŋčhaiyúŋkayo.Itismorningsogetup. Híŋhaŋničhakiktáyo.NowitwasmorningsoIwokemyhusbandup.

Wanáhíŋhaŋničhamihíŋgnakiŋwaglúȟiče.

IamverysleepysoIamgoingtogo to bed.

Lílamaȟwáčhaimúŋkiŋkte.

ItwasmorningsoIgotup. Híŋhaŋničhawékta.MyfatherleftforsomewheresoIwas at home alone.

Atétókhiyaiyáyačhamišnálathiyátamaŋké.

MylegswerewearysoIsatdown. Húmastákačhaíblotake.Therewerelotsofpeopletheresowe didn’t see him.

Lílawičhótačhaŋkhéwaŋúŋyaŋkapišni.

ThebearwaslookingatmesoIwas scared of it.

Matȟókiŋamáyutačhakȟowákipȟe.

ThehorsewastamesoIwasnotscared of it.

Šúŋkawakȟáŋkiŋwawát’ečalačhakȟowákipȟešni.

Theydidn’tknowthemsotheywere scared of them.

Slolwíčhayapišničhaŋkhékȟowíčhakipȟapi.

Ihadn’teatenforlongsoIwasveryhungry.

Tȟéhaŋwawátešničhalílalowáčhiŋ.

Ihadn’tdrunkforlongsoIwasverythirsty.

Tȟéhaŋwablátkešničhalílaímapuze.

HeaskedmeaboutitsoItoldhim. Imáyuŋǧačhaŋkhéowákiyake.

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TheyaskedmeaboutitsoItoldthem.

Imáyuŋǧapičhaŋkhéowíčhawakiyake.

HeismycousinsoIalwaysteasehim.

Tȟaŋháŋšiwayačhaŋkhéóweháŋhaŋwakhúwas’a.

IlikeditsoIboughtit. Waštéwalakačhaopȟéwatȟuŋ.Ididn’tlikeitsoIdidn’tbuyit. Waȟtéwalašničhaopȟéwatȟuŋšni.Itwasveryexpensivesowedidn’tbuyit.

Lílaothéȟikačhaopȟéuŋtȟuŋpišni.

ShefedmesoIsaidthankyoutoher.

Wómak’učhaphilámayayeewákiye.

Ifedhimsohesaidthankyoutome.

Wówak’učhaphilámayayeemákiye.

YoufedmesoIsaythankyoutoyou.

Wómayak’učhaphilámayayeečhíčiye.

Youfedussowesaythankyoutoyou.

Wóuŋyak’upičhaphiláuŋyayapiuŋkéničiyapi.

Iwasgrowinguppitifullysomymotherlovedmealot.

Lílaúŋšiyaimáčhaǧačhaŋkhéinálílathemákiȟila.

Itisverysunnysowearyourhats. Lílamaštéčhawapȟóštaŋkiŋkič’úŋpo.

NotethatsouthernLakotaspeakerssayčhaŋkhé while northern speakerssayčhaŋké.

106. Connecting verbs with na

Toconnecttwoactivitiesdonebythesamepersonweusetheconjunction na and.Ablautverbshaveiŋ before na.Forexampleíyotaka becomes íyotakiŋ na.

Theysatdownandate. Íyotakapinawótapi.He sat down and ate. Íyotakiŋnawóte.Theywenttobedandslept. Iyúŋkapinaištíŋmapi.

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Hewenttobedandslept. Iyúŋkiŋnaištíŋme.She washed and went to bed. Iglúžažanaiyúŋke.He took the gun and left. Mázawakȟáŋkiŋičúnaiyáye.He brought a deer and butchered it. Tȟáȟčawaŋahínapȟáte.He brought a buffalo and butchered it.

Tȟatȟáŋkawaŋahínapȟáte.

Shebutcheredthefishandateit. Hoǧáŋkiŋpȟátiŋnayúte.She bought a banana and ate it. Zíškopelawaŋopȟétȟuŋnayúte.Shetookthewateranddrankitup. Mníkiŋičúnayaȟépe.Shedrankitupandwenttobed. Yaȟépiŋnaiyúŋke.Hewastiredandlonely. Watúkȟanaiyókišiče.Shewashungryandthirsty. Ločhíŋnaípuze.Theywereoldandwise. Káŋpinaksápapi.Theywereyoungandfoolish. Tȟéčapinawitkótkokapi.Theywerestrongandhealthy. Waš’ákapinazanípi.Hetookthepipeandprayed. Čhaŋnúŋpakiŋičúnawačhékiye.

107. na with íŋš (connecting verbs with na II)

Inthepreviousunityoulearnedhowtousetheconjunctionna to connecttwoactivitiesdonebythesameperson.Nowyouwilllearnhowitcanbeusedtoconnecttwoclauseswithadifferentsubjectineach.Insuchcasesthepronouníŋš is used after the subject of the second clause. Onepossibletranslationofíŋš is as for him/her/it. To learn how to use íŋš,listenandrepeat.

The man sang and the woman danced.

Wičhášakiŋlowáŋnawíŋyaŋkiŋíŋšwačhí.

This one is too small and that one is too large.

Léeháščík’alanakáíŋšeháštȟáŋka.

Thesearetoosmallandthoseoverthere are too large.

Lenáeháščikčík’alanakanáíŋšeháštȟaŋktȟáŋka.

Disc 10

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LoragavemeablanketandSandragavemeahat.

Loraowíŋžawaŋmak’únaSandraíŋšwapȟóštaŋwaŋmak’ú.

This one is mine and that one is yours.

Lémitȟáwanakáíŋšnitȟáwa.

This one is his and that one is mine.

Létȟáwanakáíŋšmitȟáwa.

These are mine and those are theirs.

Lenámitȟáwanakanáíŋštȟáwapi.

Mymother’snameisMaryandmyfather’s name is Tom.

InáwayekiŋMaryečíyapinaatéwayekiŋíŋšTomečíyapi.

Therearetwoboysandthreegirls. Hokšílakiŋnúŋpapinawičhíŋčalakiŋíŋšyámnipi.

One was tall and the other was short.

Uŋmáháŋskiŋnauŋmáíŋšptéčela.

Onewasyoungandtheotherwasold.

Uŋmátȟéčanauŋmáíŋškáŋ.

The women were cooking and the childrenwereplaying.

Wíŋyaŋkiŋlol’íȟ’aŋpinawakȟáŋyežakiŋíŋšškátapi.

Irodeablackhorseandmyfatherrodeaspottedhorse.

Šuŋgsápawaŋakáŋmaŋkiŋnaatéíŋššuŋgléškawaŋakáŋyaŋke.

ThefirstwasJohnandthesecondwas Simon.

TȟokáheyakiŋJohnénaičínuŋpakiŋíŋšSimoné.

Ilikecoffeeandmywifelikestea. Wakȟályapiwaštéwalakiŋnamitȟáwičukiŋíŋšwaȟpéwaštélake.

TheOglalasliveinPineRidgeandtheHunkpapasliveinStandingRock.

OglálakiŋWazíAháŋhaŋélthípinaHúŋkpapȟakiŋíŋšÍŋyaŋWoslálHáŋélthípi.

MyyoungerbrotherwenttoDenverandmyolderbrotherwenttoRapidCity.

SuŋkáwayekiŋDenver-taiyáyiŋnačhiyéwayekiŋíŋšMnilúzahaŋOtȟúŋwahe-taiyáye.

MyyoungersisterliveshereandmyoldersisterlivesinRosebud.

TȟaŋkšíwayekiŋlélthínatȟaŋkéwayekiŋíŋšSičháŋǧuOyáŋkeektáthí.

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108. More about na with íŋš

Inthepreviousunityoulearnedhowtousethepronouníŋš.Inthisunityouwilllearnhowthepronouníŋšchangesfordifferentpersons.First,listen to the following forms of íŋš:

asforhim/her íŋš/héíŋšas for them íŋš/henáíŋšas for me míšasforyou níšas for us uŋkíš

Now listen to how these forms are used in sentences.

Iwilltakethisoneandyouwilltake that one.

Míšléiwáčunaníškáiyáčukte.

Iwillgoandyouwillstayhere. Míšmníŋnaníšlénanaŋkíŋkte.Idothisandyouwilldothat. Míšléčhamuŋnaníšhéčhanuŋkte.Iwillsithereandyouwillsitthere. Míšlélmaŋkíŋnaníškálnaŋkíŋ

kte.Wewillcookandyouwillwashdishes.

Uŋkíšlol’úŋkiȟ’aŋpinaníšwakšílužažapikte.

Wewillsingandyouwilldance. Uŋkíšuŋlówaŋpinaníšwayáčhipikte.

Wewillgothereandyouwillstayhere.

Uŋkíšuŋyáŋpinaníšlénanaŋkápikte.

Youwillgothereandtheywillstayhere.

Níšlápinahenáíŋšlénayaŋkápikte.

Youareaboyandsheisagirl. Níšhoníkšilanahéíŋšwičhíŋčala.Youareboysandtheyaregirls. Níšhoníkšilapinahenáíŋš

wičhíŋčalapi.You will sing and he will dance. Níšyalówaŋnahéíŋšwačhíkte.Theywillsingandwewilldance. Henáíŋšlowáŋpinauŋkíš

waúŋčhipikte.

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WeareLakotasandtheyareCheyenne.

UŋkíšuŋLákȟotapinahenáíŋšŠahíyelapi.

Wearesittinghereandtheyaresitting there.

Uŋkíšléluŋyáŋkapinahenáíŋškályaŋkápi.

YouwillstayhomeandIwillgothere.

Níšthiyátaninaŋkíŋnamíšmníŋkte.

Shewillstayhomeandyouwillgothere.

Héíŋšthiyátaniyaŋkíŋnaníšníŋkte.

Theywillstayhomeandwewillgo there.

Henáíŋšthiyátaniyaŋkápinauŋkíšuŋyáŋpikte.

Iwillholdithereandyouwillholdit there.

Míšléloblúspiŋnaníšhélolúspiŋkte.

Iwillcarrythisandyou(will)carrythat.

Míšléwak’íŋnaníšhéyak’íŋkte.

Iwillgivehimsageandyouwillgivehimsweatgrass.

Míšphežíȟotawak’únaníšwačháŋǧayak’úkte.

Iwillwashdishesandyou(will)clean the house.

Míšwakšíblužažananíšthiáphiyayiŋkte.

Theywillstandhereandwewillstand there.

Henáíŋšlélnážiŋpinauŋkíškálnaúŋžiŋpikte.

Wecamebackandtheystayedthere.

Uŋkíšuŋglípinahenáíŋšénaúŋpi.

109. na: connecting nouns that have articles

The conjunction naisusuallynotplaceddirectlyfollowingarticles,suchas waŋ, waŋží, eyá, etáŋ and kiŋ. When we connect nouns with articles, weplacethewordé between the article and na. To learn this, listen and repeat.

Iboughtashirtandabelt. Óglewaŋénaiphíyakawaŋopȟéwatȟuŋ.

Iboughtahatandaknife. Wapȟóštaŋwaŋénamílawaŋopȟéwatȟuŋ.

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Isoldawristbandandanecklace. Napókaškewaŋénawanáp’iŋwaŋwíyopȟewaye.

Isoldabeadedbeltandawristband.

Iphíyakakšúpiwaŋénanapókaškewaŋwíyopȟewaye.

Ibroughtanappleandabanana. Tȟaspáŋwaŋénazíškopelawaŋawáhi.

Ibroughtawatermelonandasquash.

Wagmúšpaŋšniwaŋénawagmúwaŋawáhi.

Ibroughtachairandatable. Oákaŋkewaŋénawáglotapiwaŋawáhi.

Itookabookandapen. Wówapiwaŋénawíčazowaŋiwáču.

Ibroughtadeerandabeaver. Tȟáȟčawaŋénačhápawaŋawáhi.Isawaboyandagirl. Hokšílawaŋénawičhíŋčalawaŋ

waŋbláke.Isawabuffaloandaneagle. Tȟatȟáŋkawaŋénawaŋblíwaŋ

waŋbláke.Isawsomebuffaloandsomeeagles.

Tȟatȟáŋkaeyáépinawaŋblíeyáwaŋwíčhablake.

Isawsomedeerandsomeelk. Tȟáȟčaeyáépinaheȟákaeyáwaŋwíčhablake.

Ibroughtsomechairsandsomeplates.

Oákaŋkeeyáénawakšíčaeyáawáhi.

A man and a woman came. Wičhášawaŋénawíŋyaŋwaŋhípi.

Aboyandagirlweresleepingthere.

Hokšílawaŋénawičhíŋčalawaŋhélištíŋmapi.

Someboysandsomegirlswereplayingthere.

Hokšílaeyáépinawičhíŋčalaeyáhélškátapi.

Theybroughtthismanandthiswoman.

Wičhášakiŋléénawíŋyaŋkiŋléawíčhahipi.

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Thisboyandthisgirlaresick. Hokšílakiŋléénawičhíŋčalakiŋléwayázaŋpi.

Thisyoungmanandthisyoungwoman are going to sing.

Kȟoškálakakiŋléénawikȟóškalakakiŋlélowáŋpikte.

This old man and this old woman are going to sing.

Wičháȟčalakiŋléénawinúȟčalakiŋlélowáŋpikte.

Theseboysandthesegirlsaregoing to dance.

Hokšílakiŋlenáépinawičhíŋčalakiŋlenáwačhípikte.

Theseboysandthesegirlsaregoingtoplaybasketball.

Hokšílakiŋlenáépinawičhíŋčalakiŋlenátȟabškátapikte.

These men and these women are verybrave.

Wičhášakiŋlenáépinawíŋyaŋkiŋlenálílačhaŋtét’iŋzapi.

Ibroughtthesechairsandtheseplates.

Oákaŋkekiŋlenáénawakšíčakiŋlená awáhi.

He brought these drum sticks and these chairs.

Ičábukiŋlenáénaoákaŋkekiŋlenáahí.

Shebroughtthatpipeandthoseceremonies.

Čhaŋnúŋpakiŋhéénawičhóȟ’aŋkiŋhenáahí.

110. na: connecting nouns that have no articles

Inthepreviousunityoulearnedhowtousetheconjunctionnatoconnectnounsthathavearticles.Nounsthatdon’thavearticlescanbeconnectedwithnadirectly.Nounsoftendon’ttakearticleswhentheyarepluraloruncountable.Tolearnhowtoconnectthemwithna, listen and repeat.

Ibroughtsomechairsandsomeplates.

Oákaŋkeeyáénawakšíčaeyáawáhi.

Ibroughtchairsandplates. Oákaŋkenawakšíčaawáhi.

Iboughtanappleandabanana. Tȟaspáŋwaŋénazíškopelawaŋopȟéwatȟuŋ.

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Iboughtapplesandbananas. Tȟaspáŋnazíškopelaopȟéwatȟuŋ.

Ibroughttheplatesandthechairs. Wakšíčakiŋénaoákaŋkekiŋawáhi.

Ibroughtplatesandchairs. Wakšíčanaoákaŋkeawáhi.

Theybroughtsomebooksandsomepencils.

Wówapieyáénawíčazoeyáahípi.

Theybroughtbooksandpencils. Wówapinawíčazoahípi.

Theybroughtsomecoffeeandsome milk.

Wakȟályapieyáénaasáŋpieyáahípi.

Theybroughtcoffeeandmilk. Wakȟályapinaasáŋpiahípi.

Theboysandthegirlscame. Hokšílakiŋépinawičhíŋčalakiŋhípi.

Boysandgirlscame. Hokšílanawičhíŋčalahípi.

Someboysandsomegirlswereplayingthere.

Hokšílaeyáépinawičhíŋčalaeyáhélškátapi.

Boysandgirlswereplayingthere. Hokšílanawičhíŋčalahélškátapi.

He made a bow and some arrows. Itázipawaŋénawaŋhíŋkpeeyákáǧe.

He made bows and arrows. Itázipanawaŋhíŋkpekáǧe.

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111. Why didn’t you dance? – Because I have no outfit (tákuwe – čha hé uŋ, ičhíŋ)

Inthisunityouwilllearnhowtoaskwhyquestionsandhowtoanswerusing čha hé uŋ because.Listenandrepeat.

Whydidyounotcome? Tákuweyahíšnihe?BecauseIwassick. Wamáyazaŋčhahéuŋ.Whydidshedothat? Tákuwehéčhuŋhe?Becausesheloveshim. Theȟílačhahéuŋ.Whyarethechildrencrying? Wakȟáŋyežakiŋtákuwečhéyapi

he?Becausethepuppiesdisappeared. Šuŋȟpálakiŋtókȟaȟ’aŋpičhahé

uŋ.Whyisyouryoungerbrothernotdancing?

Tákuwenisúŋkawačhíšnihe?

Because his moccasins are lost. Haŋp’íkčekakiŋtókȟakiȟ’aŋčhahéuŋ.

Whydidyourmothergotobed? Nihúŋtákuweiyúŋkahe?Because she was not feeling well. Ophí-šničhahéuŋ.Whydidn’tyourfathergothere? Niyátetákuweyéšnihe?Becausehislegsareweary. Hústakačhahéuŋ.Whydidn’tyoubuybread? Tákuweaǧúyapiopȟéyatȟuŋšni

he?BecauseIhadnomoney. Mázaskamaníčačhahéuŋ.Whydidyounotdance? Tákuwewayáčhišnihe?BecauseIhadnooutfit. Wókȟoyakemaníčačhahéuŋ.Whydidyoucome? Tákuweyahíhe?BecauseIwantedtoseeyou. Waŋčhíyaŋkiŋktačhahéuŋ.

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112. I want to come. / I would like to come.

InthisunityouwilllearnhowtosayI want to come and I would like to come.

Iwanttocome. Waúwačhíŋ.Iwouldliketocome. Waúktawačhíŋ.Iwanttoplay. Waškátawačhíŋ.Iwouldliketoplay. Waškátiŋktawačhíŋ.Iwanttoswim. Wanúŋwaŋwačhíŋ.Iwouldliketoswim. Wanúŋwiŋktawačhíŋ.Iwanttogohorsebackriding. Šuŋk’ákaŋmaŋkawačhíŋ.Iwouldliketogohorsebackriding. Šuŋk’ákaŋmaŋkiŋktawačhíŋ.Iwanttotakepartinit. Ówapȟawačhíŋ.Iwouldliketotakepartinit. Ówapȟaktawačhíŋ.Iwanttohelpher. Ówakiyawačhíŋ.Iwouldliketohelpher. Ówakiyiŋktawačhíŋ.Iwanttoseeher. Waŋblákawačhíŋ.Iwouldliketoseeher. Waŋblákiŋktawačhíŋ.Iwanttoseeyou. Waŋčhíyaŋkawačhíŋ.Iwouldliketoseeyou. Waŋčhíyaŋkiŋktawačhíŋ.Iwouldliketoseethem. Waŋwíčhablakiŋktawačhíŋ.Iwanttodothat. Héčhamuŋwačhíŋ.Iwouldliketodothat. Héčhamuŋktawačhíŋ.Iwanttosithere. Lélmaŋkáwačhíŋ.Iwouldliketosithere. Lélmaŋkíŋktawačhíŋ.Iwanttogothere. Bláwačhíŋ.Iwouldliketogothere. Mníŋktawačhíŋ.He wants to go there. Yáčhíŋ.He would like to go there. Yíŋktačhíŋ.We want to go there. Uŋyáŋpiuŋčhíŋpi.

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We would like to go there. Uŋyáŋpiktauŋčhíŋpi.Doyouwanttocome? Yaúyačhíŋhe?Wouldyouliketocome? Yaúktayačhíŋhe?Doyouwanttodance? Wayáčhiyačhíŋhe?Wouldyouliketodance? Wayáčhiktayačhíŋhe?Doyouwanttoplay? Yaškátayačhíŋhe?Wouldyouliketoplay? Yaškátiŋktayačhíŋhe?Doyouwanttositdown? Ílotakayačhíŋhe?Wouldyouliketositdown? Ílotakiŋktayačhíŋhe?Doyouwanttogothere? Láyačhíŋhe?Wouldyouliketogothere? Níŋktayačhíŋhe?Doyouwanttoseeme? Waŋmáyalakayačhíŋhe?Wouldyouliketoseeme? Waŋmáyalakiŋktayačhíŋhe?Theywanttosing. Lowáŋpičhíŋpi.Theywouldliketosing. Lowáŋpiktačhíŋpi.Dotheywanttodance? Wačhípičhíŋpihe?Wouldtheyliketodance? Wačhípiktačhíŋpihe?Theywanttohelpyou. Óničiyapičhíŋpi.Theywouldliketohelpyou. Óničiyapiktačhíŋpi.Dotheywanttohelpme? Ómakiyapičhíŋpihe?Wouldtheyliketohelpme? Ómakiyapiktačhíŋpihe?

113. I want you to come.

InthisunityouwilllearnhowtosaythesentencepatternforI want you to come.

Iwantyoutocome. Yaúwačhíŋ.Iwouldlikeyoutocome. Yaúktawačhíŋ.Iwantyoutocomeback. Yakúwačhíŋ.

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Iwouldlikeyoutocomeback. Yakúktawačhíŋ.Iwantyoutosing. Yalówaŋwačhíŋ.Iwouldlikeyoutosing. Yalówaŋktawačhíŋ.Iwantyoutositdown. Ílotakawačhíŋ.Iwouldlikeyoutositdown. Ílotakiŋktawačhíŋ.Iwantyoualltositdown. Ílotakapiwačhíŋ.Iwouldlikeyoualltositdown. Ílotakapiktawačhíŋ.Iwantyoualltocomeinside. Thimáyahíyupiwačhíŋ.Iwouldlikeyoualltocomeinside. Thimáyahíyupiktawačhíŋ.Iwantyoualltoseeme. Waŋmáyalakapiwačhíŋ.Iwouldlikeyoualltoseeme. Waŋmáyalakapiktawačhíŋ.Iwantyoutohelpme. Ómayakiyawačhíŋ.Iwouldlikeyoutohelpme. Ómayakiyiŋktawačhíŋ.Iwantthemtocome. Úpiwačhíŋ.Iwouldlikethemtocome. Úpiktawačhíŋ.Iwantthemtosing. Lowáŋpiwačhíŋ.Iwouldlikethemtosing. Lowáŋpiktawačhíŋ.Iwantthemtoleave. Iyáyapiwačhíŋ.Iwouldlikethemtoleave. Iyáyapiktawačhíŋ.Iwantyoutodancewithme. Waúŋčhiwačhíŋ.Iwouldlikeyoutodancewithme. Waúŋčhiktawačhíŋ.Iwantyoutogobackwithme. Uŋgláwačhíŋ.Iwouldlikeyoutogobackwithme.

Uŋgníŋktawačhíŋ.

Iwantyoutolivewithme. Uŋthíwačhíŋ.Iwouldlikeyoutolivewithme. Uŋthíktawačhíŋ.Iwantyoutoplaywithme. Uŋškátawačhíŋ.Iwouldlikeyoutoplaywithme. Uŋškátiŋktawačhíŋ.Iwantyoutogoforawalkwithme.

Uŋkómaniwačhíŋ.

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Iwouldlikeyoutogoforawalkwith me.

Uŋkómaniktawačhíŋ.

Iwantusalltogoforawalk. Uŋkómanipiwačhíŋ.Iwouldlikeusalltogoforawalk. Uŋkómanipiktawačhíŋ.Iwantusalltohelphim. Óuŋkiyapiwačhíŋ.Iwouldlikeusalltohelphim. Óuŋkiyapiktawačhíŋ.Iwantusalltoseeher. Waŋúŋyaŋkapiwačhíŋ.Iwouldlikeusalltoseeher. Waŋúŋyaŋkapiktawačhíŋ.Iwanthimtosing. Lowáŋwačhíŋ.Iwouldlikehimtosing. Lowáŋktawačhíŋ.Iwanthertocook. Lol’íȟ’aŋwačhíŋ.Iwouldlikehertocook. Lol’íȟ’aŋktawačhíŋ.Iwanthertositdown. Íyotakawačhíŋ.Iwouldlikehertositdown. Íyotakiŋktawačhíŋ.Iwanthertohelpme. Ómakiyawačhíŋ.Iwouldlikehertohelpme. Ómakiyiŋktawačhíŋ.Iwanthertoseeme. Waŋmáyaŋkawačhíŋ.Iwouldlikehertoseeme. Waŋmáyaŋkiŋktawačhíŋ.Iwanthimtogiveittome. Mak’úwačhíŋ.Iwouldlikehimtogiveittome. Mak’úktawačhíŋ.Iwanthimtohearme. Namáȟ’uŋwačhíŋ.Iwouldlikehimtohearme. Namáȟ’uŋktawačhíŋ.Iwanthimtoseethem. Waŋwíčhayaŋkawačhíŋ.Iwouldlikehimtoseethem. Waŋwíčhayaŋkiŋktawačhíŋ.Iwanthimtohelpthem. Ówičhakiyawačhíŋ.Iwouldlikehimtohelpthem. Ówičhakiyiŋktawačhíŋ.

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114. Would you like to dance with me? (another use of 1st dual)

Thisunitreviewsthe1stdualandshowshowtouseitwiththeconstruction for I would like.

Wouldyouliketoplaywithme? Uŋškátiŋktayačhíŋhe?Yes,Iwouldliketoplaywithyou./orIwouldlikeus(youandI)toplay.

Háŋ,uŋškátiŋktawačhíŋ.

Wouldyouliketodancewithme? Waúŋčhiktayačhíŋhe?Yes,Iwouldliketodancewithyou.

Háŋ,waúŋčhiktawačhíŋ.

Wouldyouliketospeakwithme? Wóuŋglakiŋktayačhíŋhe?Yes,Iwouldliketospeakwithyou.

Háŋ,wóuŋglakiŋktawačhíŋ.

Wouldyouliketosingwithme? Uŋlówaŋktayačhíŋhe?Yes,Iwouldliketosingwithyou. Háŋ,uŋlówaŋktawačhíŋ.Wouldyouliketogotherewithme?

Uŋyíŋktayačhíŋhe?

Yes,Iwouldliketogotherewithyou.

Háŋ,uŋyíŋktawačhíŋ.

Wouldyouliketositherewithme? Léluŋyáŋkiŋktayačhíŋhe?Yes,Iwouldliketositherewithyou.

Háŋ,léluŋyáŋkiŋktawačhíŋ.

Wouldyouliketoliveherewithme?

Léluŋthíktayačhíŋhe?

Yes,Iwouldliketoliveherewithyou.

Háŋ,léluŋthíktawačhíŋ.

Wouldyouliketogoforawalkwith me?

Maúŋniktayačhíŋhe?

Yes,Iwouldliketogoforawalkwithyou.

Háŋ,maúŋniktawačhíŋ.

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Wouldyouliketoseehimwithme?

Waŋúŋyaŋkiŋktayačhíŋhe?

Yes,Iwouldliketoseehimwithyou.

Háŋ,waŋúŋyaŋkiŋktawačhíŋ.

Wouldyouliketomakeadrumwith me?

Čháŋčheǧawaŋžíuŋkáǧiŋktayačhíŋhe?

Yes,Iwouldliketomakeadrumwithyou.

Háŋ,čháŋčheǧawaŋžíuŋkáǧiŋktawačhíŋ.

Nowyouknowhowtousethe1stdualaffixuŋ-.Keepinmindthatittranslates into English as you and IorIwithyouoryou with me. There areotherwaystouse1stdualandwewilllearntheseinsomeofthefuture units.

115. Some enclitics used after kte

Encliticsarewordsthatareusedattheendofasentence.Youhavealreadylearnedseveralenclitics,forexamplešni, he, hwo, s’a, kte.

Inthisunityouwilllearnseveralencliticswhicharecombinedwithkte toformvariousmeanings.

toreallywantto kteȟčiŋtohaveto ktehéčhashould ktaiyéčhečashouldhave ktaškȟá

Ireallywanttodothat. Héčhamuŋkteȟčiŋ.Wereallywanttogothere. Uŋyáŋpikteȟčiŋ.Wereallywanttohelphim. Óuŋkiyapikteȟčiŋ.Shereallywantstostudy. Wayáwakteȟčiŋ.Theyreallywanttoeat. Wótapikteȟčiŋ.

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Ihavetodothat. Héčhamuŋktehéčha.Wehavetogothere. Uŋyáŋpiktehéčha.Wehavetohelphim. Óuŋkiyapiktehéčha.Shehastostudy. Wayáwaktehéčha.Theyhavetoeat. Wótapiktehéčha.

Ishoulddothat. Héčhamuŋktaiyéčheča.We should go there. Uŋyáŋpiktaiyéčheča.Weshouldhelphim. Óuŋkiyapiktaiyéčheča.Sheshouldstudy. Wayáwaktaiyéčheča.Theyshouldeat. Wótapiktaiyéčheča.

Ishouldhavedonethat. Héčhamuŋktaškȟá.Weshouldhavegonethere. Uŋyáŋpiktaškȟá.Weshouldhavehelpedhim. Óuŋkiyapiktaškȟá.Sheshouldhavestudied. Wayáwaktaškȟá.Theyshouldhaveeaten. Wótapiktaškȟá.

Let’sreview,ifyourrememberthefourenclitics.

Ireallywanttogetsomerest. Asníwakiyiŋkteȟčiŋ.Ihavetogetsomerest. Asníwakiyiŋktehéčha.Ishouldgetsomerest. Asníwakiyiŋktaiyéčheča.Ishouldhavegottensomerest. Asníwakiyiŋktaškȟá.Ireallywanttoaskhimaboutit. Imúŋǧiŋkteȟčiŋ.Ihavetoaskhimaboutit. Imúŋǧiŋktehéčha.Ishouldaskhimaboutit. Imúŋǧiŋktaiyéčheča.Ishouldhaveaskedhimaboutit. Imúŋǧiŋktaškȟá.

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116. Coming/Going IX: The verb gličú

Thisunitwillintroduceyoutotheverbgličú.Theverbcanbetranslatedlike this: to leave there in order to come back here, or to start coming back here or to set out in order to come back (towards where the speaker is).

First,let’slearnabouttheconjugationofgličú.Whileyoulistenandrepeatnoticethatwhenweconjugategličúweaddanextrasyllableinit.

he set out from there to come back here

gličú

theysetoutfromtheretocomeback here

gličúpi

Isetoutfromtheretocomebackhere

waglíyaču

yousetoutfromtheretocomeback here

yaglíyaču

youallsetoutfromtheretocomeback here

yaglíyačupi

youandIsetoutfromtheretocome back here

uŋglíyaču

we set out from there to come back here

uŋglíyačupi

Now,let’spracticeusingthisverbinsentences:

Getback. Gličúwo.Getbackallofyou. Gličúpo.Getbackinside. Thimágličúwo.Getbackoutside. Tȟaŋkálgličúwo.Hesteppedforthtogetbackinside. Thimágličú.Theysteppedforthtogetbackinside.

Thimágličúpi.

Getbackdown. Khúlgličúwo.

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Getbackup. Waŋkálgličúwo.Getbackhome. Thiyátagličúwo.Getbackhomeallofyou. Thiyátagličúpo.

He will set out to come back home tomorrow.

Híŋhaŋnikiŋháŋ,thiyátagličúkte.

Theywillsetouttocomebackhome tomorrow.

Híŋhaŋnikiŋháŋ,thiyátagličúpikte.

Iwillsetouttocomebackhometonight.

Haŋhépikiŋháŋ,thiyátawaglíyačukte.

We will set out to come back home tonight.

Haŋhépikiŋháŋ,thiyátauŋglíyačupikte.

When did he set out to come back? Tóhaŋgličúhe?He set out to come back here yesterday.

Ȟtálehaŋgličú.

Whendidtheysetouttocomeback?

Tóhaŋgličúpihe?

Theysetouttocomebackhereyesterday.

Ȟtálehaŋgličúpi.

Whendidyousetouttocomeback?

Tóhaŋyaglíyačuhe?

Isetouttocomebackherelastnight.

Haŋhépiwaglíyaču.

Whenwillyousetouttocomeback?

Toháŋlyaglíyačuktahe?

Iwillsetouttocomebackheretomorrow.

Híŋhaŋnikiŋháŋ,waglíyačukte.

Whenwillyouallsetouttocomeback?

Toháŋlyaglíyačupiktahe?

We will set out to come back tomorrow.

Híŋhaŋnikiŋháŋ,uŋglíyačupikte.

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IsetoutyesterdayandnowIamback here.

Ȟtálehaŋwaglíyačunawaŋnáwaglí.

Hesetoutyesterdayandnowheisback here.

Ȟtálehaŋgličúnawaŋnáglí.

Theysetoutyesterdayandnowtheyarebackhere.

Ȟtálehaŋgličúpinawaŋnáglípi.

Wesetoutyesterdayandnowweare back here.

Ȟtálehaŋuŋglíyačupinawaŋnáuŋglípi.

She will set out and will be coming back.

Gličúnakúkte.

Theywillsetoutandwillbecoming back.

Gličúpinakúpikte.

Iwillsetoutandwillbecomingback.

Waglíyačunawakúkte.

We will set out and will be coming back.

Uŋglíyačupinauŋkúpikte.

Makeameal,Iamgoingtosetoutto come back.

Lol’íȟ’aŋwo,waglíyačukte.

Theverbgličú is also used when talking about getting out from a car or abus,gettingoffaplane,gettingbackdownfromaladderoratree,andsoon.Herearesomeexamples:

He got out of the car. Iyéčhiŋkyaŋkekiŋetáŋhaŋgličú.Hegotofftheplane. Kiŋyékhiyapikiŋetáŋhaŋgličú.He got down from the tree. Čháŋkiŋetáŋhaŋgličú.Ican’tgetout. Waglíyačuowákihišni.Theygotoutoftheboat. Wátakiŋetáŋhaŋgličúpi.

Itisusefultonoticethatgličúoriginatesincombiningtheverbglí to havecomebackandkú to be coming back.

Nowyouknowhowtousetheverbgličú.

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117. Coming/Going X: The verb khiglÁ

ItthisunityouwilllearnabouttheverbkhiglÁ which means to set out from here to go back or to start going back.

First,listentotheconjugationofthisverb.WhenconjugatingkhiglÁ, thesyllableyaisaddedinsomeforms.Listenandrepeat:

he left to go back khiglétheylefttogoback khiglápiIlefttogoback wakhíyagleyoulefttogoback yakhíyagleyoualllefttogoback yakhíyaglapiyouandIlefttogoback uŋkhíyaglewe all left to go back uŋkhíyaglapi

NoticewhathappenswhenkhiglÁ comes before kta or na:

he left to go back khigléhewillleavetogoback khigníŋktetheylefttogoback khiglápitheywillleavetogoback khiglápikteIlefttogoback wakhíyagleIwillleavetogoback wakhíyagniŋkteyoulefttogoback yakhíyagleyouwillleavetogoback yakhíyagniŋkteyouandIlefttogoback uŋkhíyagleyouandIwillleavetogoback uŋkhíyagniŋkteyoualllefttogoback yakhíyaglapiyouallwillleavetogoback yakhíyaglapiktewe all left to go back uŋkhíyaglapiweallwillleavetogoback uŋkhíyaglapikte

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Now,let’spracticesomesentenceswithkhiglÁ:

WhenisBenleavingtogoback? Bentoháŋlkhigníŋktahe?Benisleavingtogobackinsummer.

Blokétukiŋháŋ,Benkhigníŋkte.

Whenwilltheyleavetogobacktotown?

Toháŋlotȟúŋwahe-takhiglápiktahe?

TheywillleavetogobacktotownonSaturday.

Owáŋgyužažapikiŋháŋ,otȟúŋwahe-takhiglápikte.

Whenareyougoingtoleavetogoback?

Toháŋlyakhíyagniŋktahe?

Iwillleavetogobacktomorrow. Híŋhaŋnikiŋháŋ,wakhíyagniŋkte.Whenareyouguysgoingtoleaveto go back?

Toháŋlyakhíyaglapiktahe?

Wewillleavetogobacknextweek.

Tȟokátaokókiŋháŋ,uŋkhíyaglapikte.

Whenwillyouleavetogobackwith me?

Toháŋluŋkhíyagniŋktahe?

Iwillleavetogobackwithyouinspring.

Wétukiŋháŋ,uŋkhíyagniŋkte.

He left to go back home. Thiyátakhiglé.Theylefttogobackhome. Thiyátakhiglápi.Tomorrowwewillleavetogobackhome.

Híŋhaŋnikiŋháŋ,thiyátauŋkhíyaglapikte.

He left to go back without him. Iȟpéyakhiglé.He left to go back without them. Iȟpéyawičhákhiyagle.We left to go back without him. Iȟpéyauŋkhíyaglapi.He left to go back without me. Iȟpéyamakhíyagle.Theylefttogobackwithoutme. Iȟpéyamakhíyaglapi.WhenyoulefttogobackIwassad. Yakhíyaglek’uŋhéhaŋ,

iyómakšiče.

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WhentheylefttogobackIwassad.

Khiglápik’uŋhéhaŋ,iyómakšiče.

WhenevertheyleavetogobackIam sad.

Khiglápičháŋna,iyómakšiče.

WheneveryouleavetogobackIam sad.

Yakhíyaglačháŋna,iyómakšiče.

Infall,geesealwaysleavetogoback south.

Toháŋlptaŋyétučháŋna,maǧákiŋitókaǧatakhiglápi.

118. kičhí and ób (I)

The words kičhí and ób both mean with.Whenwetalkaboutonepersonwe use kičhí,andwhenwetalkaboutmorethanonepersonwesayób. Tolearnhowtousethesetwowords,listenandrepeat:

Icamewithhim. Kičhíwahí.IcamewithPaul. Paulkičhíwahí.Icamewiththeboy. Hokšílakiŋkičhíwahí.Icamewiththatman. Wičhášakiŋhékičhíwahí.Icamewiththegirls. Wičhíŋčalakiŋóbwahí.Icamewiththewomen. Wíŋyaŋkiŋóbwahí.Icamewiththoseoldmen. Wičháȟčalakiŋhenáóbwahí.Icamewiththem. Óbwahí.IcamewithPaulandDavid. PaulénaDavidóbwahí.Ispokewithhim. Kičhíwówaglake.Ispokewiththem. Ób wówaglake.Isangwithhim. Kičhíwalówaŋ.Isangwiththem. Óbwalówaŋ.Iwon’tgowithhim. Kičhímníŋktešni.Iwon’tgowiththem. Óbmníŋktešni.Didyoucomewithhim? Kičhíyahíhe?

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Didyoucomewiththem? Óbyahíhe?Iwenttherewithmygrandfather. Kakákičhíwaí.Iwenttherewithmygrandmother. Uŋčíkičhíwaí.Iwillleavetogobackwithmyfather.

Atékičhíwakhíyagniŋkte.

Iwillleavetogobackwithmymother.

Inákičhíwakhíyagniŋkte.

Iwillleavetogobackwithmyrelatives.

Mitákuyeóbwakhíyagniŋkte.

Iwanttolivewithmyrelatives. Mitákuyeóbwaníwačhíŋ.Iwanttoplaywiththeboys. Hokšílakiŋóbwaškátawačhíŋ.Iwanttodancewiththegirls. Wičhíŋčalakiŋóbwawáčhi

wačhíŋ.Iamgoingtolivewithmypeople. Mitȟáoyatekiŋóbwaníkte.Heisgoingtolivewithhispeople. Tȟaóyatekiŋóbníkte.Ilivewithmygrandmother. Uŋčíkičhíwathí.Ilivewithmyparents. Huŋkákeóbwathí.Ilivewithmyfamily. Thiwáheóbwathí.Ilivewithmycloserelatives. Mithítakuyeóbwathí.Heliveswithhiscloserelatives. Thítakuyeóbthí.Iwanttolivewithmyextendedfamily.

Thiyóšpayekiŋóbwaníwačhíŋ.

We will go with him. Kičhíuŋyáŋpikte.We will go with them. Óbuŋyáŋpikte.Theywillgowithhim. Kičhíyápikte.Theywillgowiththem. Óbyápikte.

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119. kičhí (II)

Thisunitwillshowyoutwomorewaysofusingkičhí.

PaulcamewithDavid. PaulDavidkičhíhí.Sarah came with Darlene. SarahDarlenekičhíhí.StevecamewithPaula. StevePaulakičhíhí.ThemancamewithDavid. WičhášakiŋDavidkičhíhí.The woman came with Sarah. WíŋyaŋkiŋSarahkičhíhí.Awomancamewithaboy. Wíŋyaŋwaŋhokšílawaŋkičhíhí.Amancamewithanoldlady. Wičhášawaŋwinúȟčalawaŋkičhí

hí.Theyoungmancamewithhisgrandfather.

Kȟoškálakakiŋtȟuŋkášitkukiŋkičhíhí.

Thegirlliveswithhergrandmother.

Wičhíŋčalakiŋkȟúŋšitkukiŋkičhíthí.

Theyoungwomancamebackwithher father.

Wikȟóškalakakiŋatkúkukiŋkičhíglí.

The woman left with her husband. Wíŋyaŋkiŋhiŋgnákukiŋkičhíiyáye.

The woman left to go back with her husband.

Wíŋyaŋkiŋhiŋgnákukiŋkičhíkhiglé.

Abuffalocowwithacalfwentby. Ptewíŋyelawaŋptehíŋčalawaŋkičhíhiyáyapi.

Icamewithher. Kičhíwahí.She came with me. Kičhímahí.Icamebackwithhim. Kičhíwaglí.He came back with me. Kičhímaglí.Ileftwithhim. Kičhíibláble.He left with me. Kičhíimáyaye.Ispokewithhim. Kičhíwówaglake.

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Hespokewithme. Kičhíwómaglake.Isatwithhim. Kičhímaŋké.He sat with me. Kičhímayáŋke.Idancedwithher. Kičhíwawáčhi.She danced with me. Kičhíwamáčhi.Istoodtherewithhim. Hélkičhínawážiŋ.He stood there with me. Hélkičhínamážiŋ.

120. kičhí (III)

Thisunitwillreviewthefirstdualinordertoremindyouwherenot to use kičhíforexpressingwith.

Icamewithhim. Kičhíwahí.Icamewithyou. Uŋhí.Idancedwithher. Kičhíwačhí.Idancedwithyou. Waúŋčhi.Iwalkedwithhim. Kičhíomáwani.Iwalkedwithyou. Uŋkómani.Iamgoingtoleavewithher. Kičhíiblámniŋkte.Iamgoingtoleavewithyou. Uŋkíyayiŋkte.Iamgoingtolivewithhim(asapartner).

Kičhíwaúŋkte.

Iamgoingtolivewithyou(asapartner).

Uŋk’úŋkte.

Iwanttoplaywithhim. Kičhíwaškátawačhíŋ.Iwouldliketoplaywithyou. Uŋškátiŋktawačhíŋ.Iwanttodancewithher. Kičhíwawáčhikte.Iwouldlikeyoutodancewithme. Waúŋčhiktawačhíŋ.Iwouldliketosingwithhim. Kičhíwalówaŋktawačhíŋ.

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Iwouldlikeyoutosingwithme. Uŋlówaŋktawačhíŋ.Willyougotherewithhim? Kičhíníŋktahe?Willyougotherewithme? Uŋyíŋktahe?Doyouwanttogowithhim? Kičhíláyačhíŋhe?Doyouwanttogowithme? Uŋyáŋyačhíŋhe?Iamgoingtoeatwithher. Kičhíwawátiŋkte.Iamgoingtoeatwithyou. Waúŋyutiŋkte.Iamgoingtowalkwithhim. Kičhíomáwanikte.Iamgoingtowalkwithyou. Uŋkómanikte.

Keepinmindthatforexpressingwith you and with me we do not use the word kičhí.Insteadweusethefirstdualformoftheverbs.Ifyouareuncertainaboutthefirstdual,pleasereviewtheappropriateactivity.

121. kȟó for with

The word kȟónormallymeansincluding, also, too, but it can also be usedasanotherwayofexpressingwithincertaintypesofsentences.Listen to how it is used:

Wewillgowithyou(literallyWewillgoincludingyou).

Niyékȟóuŋyáŋpikte.

Theywillgowithyou(literally:Theywillgoincludingyou).

Niyékȟóyápikte.

Wewillsingwithyou. Niyékȟóuŋlówaŋpikte.Wewillmakeitwithyou. Niyékȟóuŋkáǧapikte.Wewillleavewithyou. Niyékȟóuŋkíyayapikte.Wewillleavetogobackwithyou. Niyékȟóuŋglíyačupikte.Wewillgobackwithyou. Niyékȟóuŋglápikte.Wewillsitdownwithyou. Niyékȟóuŋkíyotakapikte.

Now,comparekȟó with kičhí and with 1st dual:

Wewillgowithyou. Niyékȟóuŋyáŋpikte.

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Iwillgowithyou. Uŋyíŋkte.

Wewillgobackwithyou. Niyékȟóuŋglápikte.We will go back with him. Kičhíuŋglápikte.

122. yuhá for with

Inoneofthepreviousunitsyoulearnedhowtousekičhí which means with. Kičhíisusedonlyfortalkingaboutapersonorananimal.ItcannotbeusedinsuchsentencesasI played with a ball.Insuchsentences we use the word yuháwhichmeanstohaveandusuallyimpliesholdingsomethinginone’shands.Listenandrepeat:

Iplayedwithaball. Tȟápawaŋyuháwaškáte.Iwillplaywithaball. Tȟápawaŋžíyuháwaškátiŋkte.Iplayedwithadoll. Haŋpóšpulawaŋyuháwaškáte.Iplayedwithatoy. Wíškatelawaŋyuháwaškáte.Iprayedwiththepipe. Čhaŋnúŋpakiŋyuháwačhéwakiye.Idancedwithashield. Waháčhaŋkawaŋyuháwawáčhi.Idancedwithaneaglefan. Waŋblíwíčaluwaŋyuháwawáčhi.Ifoughthimwithaknife. Mílawaŋyuháwakhíze.Ifoughthimwithaclub. Čhaŋȟpíwaŋyuháwakhíze.He came back with a deer. Tȟáȟčawaŋyuháglí.He came back with lots of rocks. Íŋyaŋótayuháglí.He came back with a lot of wood. Čháŋótayuháglí.Hecamebackwithlotsofpuppies. Šuŋȟpálaótawičháyuhaglí.Hecamebackwithalotoffish. Hoǧáŋótawičháyuhaglí.He came back with a lot of horses. Šúŋkawakȟáŋótawičháyuhaglí.Wecamebackwithalotbeavers. Čhápaótawičháyuhauŋglípi.Theycamebackwithalotofchokecherries.

Čhaŋpȟáótayuháglípi.

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She came back with a lot of books. Wówapiótayuháglí.Shecamehavingalittleboy. Hokšílačík’alawaŋyuháhí.Theysatwithadrum. Čháŋčheǧawaŋyuháyaŋkápi.Theysatwithadrumeach. Čháŋčheǧawaŋžígžiyuháyaŋkápi.Theystoodtherewithahorse. Hélšúŋkawakȟáŋwaŋyuhá

nážiŋpi.Theystoodtherewithahorseeach. Hélšúŋkawakȟáŋwaŋžígžiyuhá

nážiŋpi.Ilivewithacertainbelief. Wówičalawaŋyuháwaúŋ.Shewascomingwithapipe. Čhaŋnúŋpawaŋyuháú.He was coming back with a lot of sage.

Pȟežíȟotaótayuhákú.

Icamebackwithalotofmemories.

Wókiksuyeótayuháwaglí.

Theyleftherewithalotofhorses. Šúŋkawakȟáŋótawičháyuhaiyáyapi.

The Crow left here with a lot of horses.

KȟaŋǧíWičhášakiŋšúŋkawakȟáŋótawičháyuhaiyáyapi.

We set off to come back with lots of horses.

Šúŋkawakȟáŋótawičháyuhauŋkhíyaglapi.

Theyleftherewithlotsofthings. Tákuótayuháiyáyapi.Iwillcomebackwithahorse. Šúŋkawakȟáŋwaŋžíyuháwakú

kte.Shecameoutwithablanket(inherhands).

Šináwaŋyuháhinápȟe.

Hecameoutwithapipe. Čhaŋnúŋpawaŋyuháhinápȟe.He came out with a shield. Waháčhaŋkawaŋyuháhinápȟe.Hecameoutwithsomething(inhis hands).

Tákuwaŋyuháhinápȟe.

She was coming with something (inherhands).

Tákuwaŋyuháú.

Theyaregoingtocomewithsomething.

Tákuwaŋyuháúpikte.

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123. uŋ for with

InEnglish,wesometimesusethewordwith in the sense that we use a tool, as in I made it with a knife.Insuchcases,thewordwith translates into Lakota as uŋ.

Imadeitwithaknife. Mílawaŋuŋwakáǧe.Imadeitwitharock. Íŋyaŋwaŋuŋwakáǧe.Hemadeitusingarope. Wíkȟaŋwaŋuŋkáǧe.She made it using an old blanket. Šinátȟaŋnílawaŋuŋkáǧe.He made it from grass. Pȟežíuŋkáǧe.Didyoumakeitfromabuffalohide?

Pteháwaŋžíuŋyakáǧahe?

He made the bow from ash wood. Itázipakiŋpséȟtiŋ-čháŋuŋkáǧe.She made the box from raw hide. Ophíyekiŋtȟahásakauŋkáǧe.Thespoonsweremadefrombuffalo horns.

Čhiŋškákiŋptehéuŋkáǧapi.

He made the drum from elk hide. Čháŋčheǧakiŋheȟákaháwaŋuŋkáǧe.

Imadeitusingoil(Imadefrybread).

Wígliúŋwakáǧe.

Itismadeusingoil(itisfrybread). Wígliuŋkáǧapi.Itismadefrompoorqualitywood. Čháŋ-šikšíčauŋkáǧapi.He made it from rocks. Íŋyaŋuŋkáǧe.Itismadefromrocks. Íŋyaŋuŋkáǧapi.Myhouseismadefromboards. Thípimitȟáwakiŋčhaŋbláskauŋ

káǧapi.He made it from metal. Mázauŋkáǧe.Itismadefrommetal. Mázauŋkáǧapi.He made it from wood. Čháŋuŋkáǧe.Itismadefromwood. Čháŋuŋkáǧapi.Itismadefromflour. Aǧúyapiblúuŋkáǧapi.

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Shemadethewóžapifromchokecherries.

Wóžapikiŋčhaŋpȟáuŋkáǧe.

Thewóžapiwasmadefromchokecherries.

Wóžapikiŋčhaŋpȟáuŋkáǧapi.

He made the necklace from a shell. Wanáp’iŋkiŋthukíhawaŋuŋkáǧe.The necklace is made from a shell. Wanáp’iŋkiŋthukíhawaŋuŋ

káǧapi.

124. wičhúŋ- (we – them)

Inoneoftherecentunitsyoulearnedhowtousetheaffixwičha- as in Šúŋkawakȟáŋ eyá waŋwíčhablake. I saw some horses.Whentheaffixwičhá- themandtheaffixuŋ- we or you and I are used together in a verb,theyarepronouncedtogetheraswičhúŋ-. The following sentences willhelpyoulearnandpracticethis.

Wehelpedhim. Óuŋkiyapi.Wehelpedthem. Ówičhuŋkiyapi.We saw him. Waŋúŋyaŋkapi.We saw them. Waŋwíčhuŋyaŋkapi.We heard her. Naúŋȟ’uŋpi.We heard them. Nawíčhuŋȟ’uŋpi.We remember him. Uŋkíksuyapi.We remember them. Wičhúŋkiksuyapi.We know him. Slol’úŋyaŋpi.We know them. Slolwíčhuŋyaŋpi.We sat next to him. Isákhibuŋyáŋkapi.We sat next to them. Wičhísakhibuŋyáŋkapi.We sat down next to her. Isákhibuŋkíyotakapi.We sat down next to them. Wičhísakhibuŋyáŋkapi.We stood near him. Ikhíyelanaúŋžiŋpi.

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We stood near them. Wičhíkhiyelanaúŋžiŋpi.Welivenearhim. Ikhíyelauŋthípi.Welivenearthem. Wičhíkhiyelauŋthípi.We will go to him. Ektáuŋyáŋpikte.We will go to them. Ektáwičhúŋyaŋpikte.We came to him. Éluŋhípi.We came to them. Élwičhúŋhipi.Wegaveittohim. Uŋk’úpi.Wegaveittothem. Wičhúŋk’upi.YouandIwilleatfish. Hoǧáŋkiŋuŋyútiŋkte.YouandIwilleatfish. Hoǧáŋkiŋwičhúŋyutiŋkte.We treated him well. Taŋyáŋuŋkhúwapi.We treated them well. Taŋyáŋwičhúŋkhuwapi.Welovehim. Theúŋȟilapi.Welovethem. Thewíčhuŋȟilapi.Weloveourchild. Uŋkíčhiŋčapikiŋtheúŋkiȟilapi.Weloveourchildren. Uŋkíčhiŋčapikiŋ

thewíčhuŋkiȟilapi.We fed him. Wóuŋk’upi.We fed them. Wówičhuŋk’upi.We shook his hand. Napéuŋyúzapi.We shook their hands. Napéwičhúŋyuzapi.We met him. Atáuŋyaŋpi.We met them. Atáwičhuŋyaŋpi.We found him. Iyéuŋyaŋpi.We found them. Iyéwičhuŋyaŋpi.

Wehaveahorse. Šúŋkawakȟáŋwaŋuŋyúhapi.Wehavesomehorses. Šúŋkawakȟáŋeyáwičhúŋyuhapi.Wewashedthatfish. Hoǧáŋkiŋhéuŋyúžažapi.

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Wewashedthosefish. Hoǧáŋkiŋhenáwičhúŋyužažapi.Weboughtafish. Hoǧáŋwaŋopȟéuŋtȟuŋpi.Weboughtsomefish. Hoǧáŋeyáopȟéwičhuŋtȟuŋpi.Wesawabeaver. Čhápawaŋwaŋúŋyaŋkapi.Wesawsomebeavers. Čhápaeyáwaŋwíčhuŋyaŋkapi.We heard a bird. Ziŋtkálawaŋnaúŋȟ’uŋpi.We heard some birds. Ziŋtkálaeyánawíčhuŋȟ’uŋpi.Welikethatpuppy. Šuŋȟpálakiŋhéwaštéuŋlakapi.Welikethosepuppies. Šuŋȟpálakiŋhená

waštéwičhuŋlakapi.We dislike the snake. Zuzéčakiŋwaȟtéuŋlapišni.We dislike the snakes. Zuzéčakiŋwaȟtéwičhuŋlapišni.Wewantafish. Hoǧáŋwaŋžíuŋčhíŋpi.Wewantsomefish. Hoǧáŋetáŋwičhúŋčhiŋpi.Weateafish. Hoǧáŋwaŋuŋyútapi.Weatesomefish. Hoǧáŋeyáwičhúŋyutapi.We feared the bear. Matȟókiŋkȟoúŋkipȟapi.We feared the bears. Matȟókiŋkȟowíčhuŋkipȟapi.We didn’t forget about him. Éuŋktuŋžapišni.We didn’t forget about them. Éwičhuŋktuŋžapišni.

125. wičhúŋ- with verbs which prefix uŋk-

Whenyouwereintroducedtothe1stpluralaffixuŋ-,youlearnedthatsometimesitisplacedbeforetheinitialvoweloftheverb.Insuchcasesuŋ- changes to uŋk-.Forinstanceolé he is looking for him becomes uŋkólepi we are looking for him.

Therearetwodifferentwayshowwičhúŋ-isattachedtosuchverbsandthese will be introduced in this unit.

Theycaughtthem. Owíčhayuspapi.

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We caught them. Owíčhuŋyuspapi.Theytookthem. Iwíčhačupi.We took them. Iwíčhuŋčupi.Theybroughtthemhere. Awíčhahipi.We brought them here. Awíčhuŋhipi.Theyarelookingforthem. Owíčhalepi.We are looking for them. Owíčhuŋlepi.Theynoticedtheeagles. Waŋblíkiŋawíčhablezapi.We noticed the eagles. Waŋblíkiŋawíčhuŋblezapi.Theyaskedthemaboutsomething. Tákuwaŋiwíčhayuŋǧapi.We asked them about something. Tákuwaŋiwíčhuŋyuŋǧapi.Theyleftthemalone. Awíčhayuštaŋpi.We left them alone. Awíčhuŋyuštaŋpi.Theytoldabouttheboys. Hokšílakiŋowíčhayakapi.Wetoldabouttheboys. Hokšílakiŋowíčhuŋyakapi.

Theprevioussentencesshowhowwičhúŋ-isattachedlikeotheraffixestothesamespotofaverb.Somespeakers,however,preferadifferentwayofaddingwičhá- and úŋtotheverbs.Listenandrepeat:

Theyarelookingforthem. Owíčhalepi.We are looking for them. Owíčhuŋkolepi.Theycaughtthem. Owíčhayuspapi.We caught them. Owíčhuŋkoyuspapi.Theytookthem. Iwíčhačupi.We took them. Iwíčhuŋkičupi.Theybroughtthemhere. Awíčhahipi.We brought them here. Awíčhuŋkahipi.Theynoticedtheeagles. Waŋblíkiŋawíčhablezapi.We noticed the eagles. Waŋblíkiŋawíčhuŋkablezapi.Theyaskedthemaboutsomething. Tákuwaŋiwíčhayuŋǧapi.

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We asked them about something. Tákuwaŋiwíčhuŋkiyuŋǧapi.Theyleftthemalone. Awíčhayuštaŋpi.We left them alone. Awíčhuŋkayuštaŋpi.Theytoldthemabouttheboys. Hokšílakiŋowíčhayakapi.Wetoldthemabouttheboys. Hokšílakiŋowíčhuŋkoyakapi.Theyleftthem. Iȟpéyaiwíčhayayapi.We left them. Iȟpéyaiwíčhuŋkiyayapi.

126. Yeló

The word yelóisusedbymentoaddmildassertiontoastatement.TheworditselfisusuallynottranslatedintoEnglish.

Inthisunityouwilllearnhowtoaddyelótoyourstatements.

Yelóisalwaysusedattheendofasentence.Whenyelófollowsaverbending with o, u, or uŋ, it is changed into weló.Listenandrepeat.

He is sick. Wayázaŋyeló.Hegaveittome. Mak’ú weló.She is back. Glíyeló.Iamcoming. Waú weló.Itisgood. Waštéyeló.Iamdoingwell. Taŋyáŋwaúŋweló.Iwantit. Wačhíŋyeló.That is right. Héčhetuweló.Iamback. Waglíyeló.Heinvitedhim. Kičhóweló.You are back. Yaglíyeló.He shot and hit the deer. Tȟáȟčakiŋóweló.Ididaterriblething. Theȟíyaowáȟ’aŋyeló.Hesteppedforth. Hiyúweló.

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You did a terrible thing. Theȟíyaoyáȟ’aŋyeló.He is coming back. Kú weló.He did a terrible thing. Theȟíyaoȟ’áŋyeló.Itissummernow. Waŋnáblokétuweló.Itisveryfoggy. Lílap’óweló.

When yeló follows an e ablaut, it is shortened to ló.Comparewašté yeló with šíče ló. The word wašté ends with e which does not originate from ablauting A. The word šíčA has an ablauting A and therefore it is changed into šíče and yeló is shortened into ló.Topracticethis,listenandrepeat.

Isitbad? Šíčahwo?Yes, it is bad. Háŋ,šíčeló.Didyouseehim? Waŋlákahe?Yes,Isawhim. Háŋ,waŋblákeló.Willyoucome? Yaú kta he?Yes,Iwillcome. Háŋ,waúkteló.Was he sad? Iyókšičahe?Yes, he was sad. Háŋ,iyókšičeló.Isthebabycrying? Hokšíčalakiŋčhéyahwo?Yes,thebabyiscrying. Háŋ,hokšíčalakiŋčhéyeló.Areyouthirsty? Ínipuzahwo?Yes,Iamthirsty. Háŋ,ímapuzeló.Ishesleeping? Ištíŋmahwo?Yes,heissleeping. Háŋ,ištíŋmeló.Isshetall? Háŋskahwo?Yes,sheisverytall. Háŋ,lílaháŋskeló.Washeangry? Čhaŋzékahwo?Yes,hewasangry. Háŋ,čhaŋzékeló.Ishefoolish? Witkótkoka hwo?Yes,heisreallyfoolish. Háŋ,lílawitkótkokeló.

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Issheshy? Wíštečahwo?Yes,sheisreallyshy. Háŋ,lílawíštečeló.

Whenthepluralmarker–pi comes before yeló, then these two are pronouncedpe ló. Practice:

Aretheycoming? Úpihe?Yes,theyarecoming. Háŋ,úpeló.Aretheyhungry? Ločhíŋpihe?Yes,theyarehungry. Háŋ,ločhíŋpeló.Havetheycome? Hípihwo?Yes,theyhavecome. Háŋ,hípeló.Aretheydancing? Wačhípihwo?Yes,theyaredancing. Háŋ,wačhípeló.Didtheyswim? Nuŋwáŋpihe?Yes,theyswam. Háŋ,nuŋwáŋpeló.Didyouguysdoit? Ečhánuŋpihwo?Yes, we did it. Háŋ,ečhúŋk’uŋpeló.Didyouguysseehim? Waŋlákapihwo?Yes, we saw him. Háŋ,waŋúŋyaŋkapeló.Didyouguyseat? Wayátapihwo?Yes, we ate. Háŋ,waúŋyutapeló.

127. šni yeló

When yelócomesafteraverbwithšni, then none of the changes introducedinthepreviousunit,takeplace.Inotherwords,afteršni, yeló does not change to weló or ló or peló.Listenandrepeat.

He is not sick. Wayázaŋšniyeló.Hedidn’tgiveittome. Mak’úšniyeló.That is not right. Héčhetušniyeló.

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Heinvitedhim. Kičhóweló.Hedidn’tinvitehim. Kičhóšniyeló.He shot and hit the deer. Tȟáȟčakiŋóweló.He didn’t hit the deer. Tȟáȟčakiŋóšniyeló.He is coming back. Kú weló.He is not coming back. Kúšniyeló.Itisbad. Šíčeló.Itisnotbad. Šíčešniyeló.Isawhim. Waŋblákeló.Ididn’tseehim. Waŋblákešniyeló.Iwillcome. Waú kte ló.Iwon’tcome. Waúktešniyeló.Thebabyiscrying. Hokšíčalakiŋčhéyeló.Thebabyisnotcrying. Hokšíčalakiŋčhéyešniyeló.Sheisverytall. Lílaháŋskeló.Sheisnotverytall. Lílaháŋskešniyeló.Theyarecoming. Úpeló.Theyarenotcoming. Úpišniyeló.

128. Kinship VIII – summary and review

Thefollowingkinshiptermsareusedforcousinsofamale:

mymalecousin(man’s) tȟaŋháŋšiyourmalecousin(man’s) nitȟáŋhaŋšihismalecousin(man’s) tȟaŋháŋšitkumyfemalecousin(man’s) haŋkášiyourfemalecousin(man’s) niháŋkašihisfemalecousin(man’s) haŋkášitku

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Thefollowingkinshiptermsareusedforcousinsofafemale:

mymalecousin(woman’s) šič’éšiyourmalecousin(woman’s) nišíč’ešihermalecousin(woman’s) šič’éšitkumyfemalecousin(woman’s) čépȟaŋšiyourfemalecousin(woman’s) ničépȟaŋšiherfemalecousin(woman’s) čépȟaŋšitku

Whatisyourcousin’sname?(askingamanabouthismalecousin)

Nitȟáŋhaŋšitákuečíyapihe?

Whatisyourcousin’sname?(askingamanabouthisfemalecousin)

Niháŋkašitákuečíyapihe?

Whatisyourcousin’sname?(askingawomanabouthermalecousin)

Nišíč’ešitákuečíyapihe?

Whatisyourcousin’sname?(askingawomanaboutherfemalecousin)

Ničépȟaŋšitákuečíyapihe?

Mycousin’snameisPaul.(amantalking about his male cousin)

TȟaŋháŋšiPaulečíyapi.

Mycousin’snameisSandra.(aman talking about his female cousin)

HaŋkášiSandraečíyapi.

Mycousin’snameisRobert.(awoman talking about her male cousin)

Šič’éšiRobertečíyapi.

Mycousin’snameisLinda.(awoman talking about her female cousin)

ČépȟaŋšiLindaečíyapi.

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What is his male cousin’s name? Tȟaŋháŋšitkukiŋtákuečíyapihe?What is his female cousin’s name? Haŋkášitkukiŋtákuečíyapihe?What is her male cousin’s name? Šič’éšitkukiŋtákuečíyapihe?What is her female cousin’s name? Čépȟaŋšitkukiŋtákuečíyapihe?

What are his male cousins’ names? Tȟaŋháŋšitkukiŋtákuewíčhakiyapihe?

What are his female cousins’ names?

Haŋkášitkukiŋtákuewíčhakiyapihe?

What are her male cousins’ names? Šič’éšitkukiŋtákuewíčhakiyapihe?

What are her female cousins’ names?

Čépȟaŋšitkukiŋtákuewíčhakiyapihe?

myuncle lekšíyouruncle nilékšihis or her uncle lekšítkumyaunt tȟuŋwíŋyouraunt nitȟúŋwiŋhis or her aunt tȟuŋwíŋčumynephew(amanspeaking) tȟuŋškáyournephew(aman’s) nitȟúŋškahisnephew tȟuŋškákumyniece(amanspeaking) tȟuŋžáŋyourniece(aman’s) nitȟúŋžaŋhis niece tȟuŋžáŋkumynephew(awomanspeaking) tȟoškáyournephew(awoman’s) nitȟóškahernephew tȟoškákumyniece(awomanspeaking) tȟožáŋ

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yourniece(awoman’s) nitȟóžaŋher niece tȟožáŋku

Myunclesingsbeautifully. Lekšíwayekiŋyuphíyalowáŋ.Myauntdancesbeautifully. Tȟuŋwíŋwayekiŋyuphíyawačhí.

Oneofmymalecousinsdied.(malespeaker)

Tȟaŋháŋšiwayawaŋt’é.

Oneofmyfemalecousinssingsbeautifully.(malespeaker)

Haŋkášiwayawaŋyuphíyalowáŋ.

Oneofmynephewsplaysbasketballskillfully.(malespeaker)

Tȟuŋškáwayawaŋyuphíyatȟabškáte.

Oneofmyniecesisskilledatbeadwork.(malespeaker)

Tȟuŋžáŋwayawaŋyuphíyawakšú.

Oneofmymalecousinsdied.(femalespeaker)

Šič’éšiwayawaŋt’é.

Oneofmyfemalecousinsdancesbeautifully.(femalespeaker)

Čépȟaŋšiwayawaŋyuphíyawačhí.

Oneofmynephewsplaysbasketballskillfully.(femalespeaker)

Tȟoškáwayawaŋyuphíyatȟabškáte.

Oneofmyniecesisskilledatbeadwork.(femalespeaker)

Tȟožáŋwayawaŋyuphíyawakšú.

129. Lakota tribes and their territories

WhatarethedivisionsoftheLakotapeople?

LakȟótaOyátekiŋowétónapihe?

TheoldtimeLakotaweredividedintoseventribes.

EháŋniLakȟótakiŋowéotákuyešakówiŋpi.

Disc 12

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Today,weLakotaliveonseveralreservations.

LeháŋlLakȟótakiŋoyáŋketónakiyaéloúŋyaŋpi.

WheredotheOglalalivetoday? Oglálakiŋleháŋltuktélthípihe?NowadaystheOglalaliveonPineRidge.

LeháŋlOglálakiŋWazíAháŋhaŋektáthípi.

WheredotheSičháŋǧulivetoday? Sičháŋǧukiŋleháŋltuktélthípihe?NowadaystheSičháŋǧuliveonRosebud.

LeháŋlSičháŋǧukiŋSičháŋǧuOyáŋkekiŋektáthípi.

WheredotheHúŋkpapȟalivetoday?

Húŋkpapȟakiŋleháŋltuktélthípihe?

NowadaystheHúŋkpapȟaliveonStanding Rock.

LeháŋlHúŋkpapȟakiŋÍŋyaŋWoslálHáŋektáthípi.

WheredotheMnikȟówožulivetoday?

Mnikȟówožukiŋleháŋltuktélthípihe?

NowadaystheMnikȟówožuliveontheCheyenneRiverReservation.

LeháŋlMnikȟówožukiŋWakpáWaštéOyáŋkekiŋektáthípi.

WheredotheItázipčholivetoday? Itázipčhokiŋleháŋltuktélthípihe?NowadaystheItázipčholiveontheCheyenneRiverReservation.

LeháŋlItázipčhokiŋWakpáWaštéOyáŋkekiŋektáthípi.

Where do the Blackfoot Lakota livetoday?

Sihásapakiŋleháŋltuktélthípihe?

NowadaystheBlackfootLakotaliveontheCheyenneRiverReservation.

LeháŋlSihásapakiŋWakpáWaštéOyáŋkekiŋektáthípi.

Where do the Two Kettle Lakota livetoday?

Oóhenuŋpakiŋleháŋltuktélthípihe?

NowadaystheTwoKettleLakotaliveontheCheyenneRiverReservation.

LeháŋlOóhenuŋpakiŋWakpáWaštéOyáŋkekiŋektáthípi.

WheredotheLowerBrulélivenowadays?

Khulwíčhašakiŋleháŋltuktélthípihe?

TheLowerBruléliveontheLowerBruléreservationtoday.

KhulwíčhašakiŋKhulwíčhašaOyáŋkekiŋektáthípi.

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130. Help us.

Look at us. Waŋúŋyaŋkapo.Helpus. Óuŋkiyapo.Remember us. Uŋkíksuyapo.Giveustobacco. Čhaŋlíuŋk’úpo.Teach us. Waúŋspeuŋkhiyapo.Inviteus. Uŋkíčhopo.Showusyourloveandcompassion. Úŋšiuŋlapo.Wait for us. Uŋkápȟepo.Look after us. Awáŋuŋyaŋkapo.Tell us about it. Uŋkókiyakapo.Hear us. Naúŋȟ’uŋpo.Take us there. Uŋkáyapo.Feedus. Wóuŋk’upo.

Don’t hurt us. Úŋtȟuŋuŋyaŋpišniyo.Don’t forget us. Éuŋktuŋžapišniyo.Don’t wait for us. Uŋkápȟepišniyo.Don’tleaveus. Iȟpéyauŋkíyayapišniyo.Don’tbeangrywithus. Uŋkáčhaŋzekapišniyo.Don’t fool us. Uŋgnáyaŋpišniyo.Don’t fear us. Kȟoúŋkipȟapišniyo.Don’t make us sad. Iyókšil’uŋyaŋpišniyo.

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131. He helped us.

He saw us. Waŋúŋyaŋkapi.Hehelpedus. Óuŋkiyapi.She heard us. Naúŋȟ’uŋpi.She knows us. Slol’úŋyaŋpi.She remembers us. Uŋkíksuyapi.She didn’t forget us. Éuŋktuŋžapišni.He didn’t hit us. Uŋkápȟapišni.Shelovesus. Theúŋȟilapi.She dislikes us. Waȟtéuŋlapišni.He has been waiting for us. Uŋkápȟepi.He looks after us. Awáŋuŋyaŋkapi.She fooled us. Uŋgnáyaŋpi.He brought us here. Uŋkáhipi.He will take us there. Uŋkáyapikte.He will listen to us. Anáuŋǧoptaŋpikte.He understands us. Uŋkókaȟniǧapi.He asked us about it. Uŋkíyuŋǧapi.Shegaveittous. Uŋk’úpi.He is looking for us. Uŋkólepi.Hewillfindus. Iyéuŋyaŋpikte.Herecognizedus. Iyéuŋkiyapi.She treated us well. Taŋyáŋuŋkhúwapi.She asked it of us. Uŋkílapi.Shespoketous. Wóuŋkiyakapi.She fed us. Wóuŋk’upi.He came to us. Éluŋhípi.

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132. He helped us. / We helped him.

Wesawtheboy. Hokšílakiŋwaŋúŋyaŋkapi.Theboysawus. Hokšílakiŋwaŋúŋyaŋkapi.Wehelpedtheman. Wičhášakiŋóuŋkiyapi.Themanhelpedus. Wičhášakiŋóuŋkiyapi.We heard the horse. Šúŋkawakȟáŋkiŋnaúŋȟ’uŋpi.The horse heard us. Šúŋkawakȟáŋkiŋnaúŋȟ’uŋpi.We know the woman. Wíŋyaŋkiŋslol’úŋyaŋpi.The woman knows us. Wíŋyaŋkiŋslol’úŋyaŋpi.We remember the old man. Wičháȟčalakiŋuŋkíksuyapi.The old man remembers us. Wičháȟčalakiŋuŋkíksuyapi.Wedidn’tforgettheyoungman. Kȟoškálakakiŋéuŋktuŋžapišni.Theyoungmandidn’tforgetus. Kȟoškálakakiŋéuŋktuŋžapišni.Wedidn’thittheboy. Hokšílakiŋuŋkápȟapišni.Theboydidn’thitus. Hokšílakiŋuŋkápȟapišni.We dislike the man. Wičhášakiŋwaȟtéuŋlapišni.The man dislikes us. Wičhášakiŋwaȟtéuŋlapišni.We taught the girl. Wičhíŋčalakiŋwaúŋspeuŋkhiyapi.The girl taught us. Wičhíŋčalakiŋwaúŋspeuŋkhiyapi.We fed the old woman. Winúȟčalakiŋwóuŋk’upi.The old woman fed us. Winúȟčalakiŋwóuŋk’upi.Thepolicemanspoketous. Čhaŋksáyuhakiŋwóuŋkiyakapi.Wespoketothepoliceman. Čhaŋksáyuhakiŋwóuŋkiyakapi.We listened to the doctor. Wašíčuwakȟáŋkiŋanáuŋǧoptaŋpi.The doctor listened to us. Wašíčuwakȟáŋkiŋanáuŋǧoptaŋpi.Wedidn’tfooltheyoungman. Kȟoškálakakiŋuŋgnáyaŋpišni.Theyoungmandidn’tfoolus. Kȟoškálakakiŋuŋgnáyaŋpišni.Webroughttheyoungwomanhere. Wikȟóškalakakiŋuŋkáhipi.

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Theyoungwomanbroughtushere. Wikȟóškalakakiŋuŋkáhipi.Thewomangaveustheblanket. Wíŋyaŋkiŋowíŋžakiŋuŋk’úpi.Wegavethewomantheblanket. Wíŋyaŋkiŋowíŋžakiŋuŋk’úpi.We treated the man well. Wičhášakiŋtaŋyáŋuŋkhúwapi.The man treated us well. Wičhášakiŋtaŋyáŋuŋkhúwapi.

133. I saw that the dog was black. (Šúŋka kiŋ sápa čha waŋbláke.)

Thisunitwillteachyouhowtousethewordsčha and héči in sentences like I noticed that the bird was blue and I didn’t notice whether the bird was blue.Notethattheablautverbshavea before čha and héči.

Isawthatthedogwasblack. Šúŋkakiŋsápačhawaŋbláke.Ididn’tseewhetherthedogwasblack.

Šúŋkakiŋsápahéčiwaŋblákešni.

Isawthatthesnakewasblue. Zuzéčakiŋtȟóčhawaŋbláke.Ididn’tseewhetherthesnakewasblue.

Zuzéčakiŋtȟóhéčiwaŋblákešni.

Inoticedthattheboywasnotfeeling well.

Hokšílakiŋophí-šničhaawábleze.

Ididn’tnoticewhethertheboywasnot feeling well.

Hokšílakiŋophí-šnihéčiawáblezešni.

Inoticedthatthebirdwasyellow. Ziŋtkálakiŋzíčhaawábleze.Ididn’tnoticewhetherthebirdwasyellow.

Ziŋtkálakiŋzíhéčiawáblezešni.

Iheardthattheyoungwomanwasgood looking.

Wikȟóškalakakiŋoówaŋyaŋgwaštéčhanawáȟ’uŋ.

Ididn’thearwhethertheyoungwoman was good looking.

Wikȟóškalakakiŋoówaŋyaŋgwaštéhéčinawáȟ’uŋšni.

Irememberthatthehousewasgreen.

Thípikiŋziyátȟočhawéksuye.

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Idon’trememberwhetherthehouse was green.

Thípikiŋziyátȟohéčiwéksuyešni.

Irememberthattheboydrankmilk.

Hokšílakiŋasáŋpiyatkáŋčhawéksuye.

Idon’trememberwhethertheboydrank milk.

Hokšílakiŋasáŋpiyatkáŋhéčiwéksuyešni.

IrememberthatsheleftonTuesday.

AŋpétuNúŋpak’uŋhéhaŋ,iyáyačhawéksuye.

Idon’trememberwhethersheleftonTuesday.

AŋpétuNúŋpak’uŋhéhaŋ,iyáyahéčiwéksuyešni.

Idon’trememberwhensheleft. Tóhaŋiyáyahéčiwéksuyešni.Inoticedthattheyoungwomanwascrying.

Wikȟóškalakakiŋčhéyačhaawábleze.

Ididn’tnoticewhethertheyoungwomanwascrying.

Wikȟóškalakakiŋčhéyahéčiawáblezešni.

Iknowthatheisback. Glíčhaslolwáye.Idon’tknowwhetherheisback. Glíhéčislolwáyešni.

134. Postpositions

InLakota,postpositionsarewordsthatcorrespondtoEnglishprepositions.Astheirnamesuggests,theyarenotbefore,butafterthewordtheyreferto.Thisunitwillintroduceyoutothefollowingpostpositions.

on akáŋlnext to isákhibbehind ilázataunder iyóȟlathenear to ikhíyelainside of ognáoutside of itȟáŋkalabovesomething iwáŋkal

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Where is the cat? Igmúkiŋtuktélyaŋkáhe?Itissittingonthebox. Čhaŋóphiyekiŋakáŋlyaŋké.Where is the dog? Šúŋkakiŋtuktélȟpáyahe?Itislyingonthebox. Čhaŋóphiyekiŋakáŋlȟpáye.Whereisthepuppy? Šuŋȟpálakiŋtuktélȟpáyahe?Itislyingonthebox. Čhaŋóphiyekiŋakáŋlȟpáye.

Where is the brown cat? Igmúǧíkiŋtuktélyaŋkáhe?Itissittingnexttothebox. Čhaŋóphiyekiŋisákhibyaŋké.Where is the brown dog? Šúŋkaǧíkiŋtuktélnážiŋhe?Itisstandingnexttothebox. Čhaŋóphiyekiŋisákhibnážiŋ.Whereisthebrownpuppy? Šuŋȟpálaǧíkiŋtuktélȟpáyahe?Itislyingnexttothebox. Čhaŋóphiyekiŋisákhibȟpáye.

Where is the white cat? Igmúskákiŋtuktélyaŋkáhe?Itissittingbehindthebox. Čhaŋóphiyekiŋilázatayaŋké.Where is the white dog? Šúŋkaskákiŋtuktélnážiŋhe?Itisstandingbehindthebox. Čhaŋóphiyekiŋilázatanážiŋ.Whereisthewhitepuppy? Šuŋȟpálaskákiŋtuktélȟpáyahe?Itislyingbehindthebox. Čhaŋóphiyekiŋilázataȟpáye.

Where is the black cat? Igmúsápekiŋtuktélyaŋkáhe?Itissittingunderthechair. Oákaŋkekiŋiyóȟlatheyaŋké.Where is the black dog? Šúŋkasápekiŋtuktélȟpáyahe?Heislyingunderthechair. Oákaŋkekiŋiyóȟlatheȟpáye.Whereistheblackpuppy? Šuŋȟpálasápekiŋtuktélyaŋkáhe?Itisstandingunderthechair. Oákaŋkekiŋiyóȟlathenážiŋ.

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Whereisthespottedcat? Igmúgleškákiŋtuktélyaŋkáhe?Itissittingnearthebox. Čhaŋóphiyekiŋikhíyelayaŋké.Whereisthespotteddog? Šúŋkagleškákiŋtuktélnážiŋhe?Itisstandingnearthebox. Čhaŋóphiyekiŋikhíyelanážiŋ.Whereisthespottedcat? Igmúgleškákiŋtuktélȟpáyahe?Itislyingnearthebox. Čhaŋóphiyekiŋikhíyelaȟpáye.

Whereisthegraycat? Igmúȟótakiŋtuktélyaŋkáhe?Itissittinginsidethebox. Čhaŋóphiyekiŋognáyaŋké.Whereisthegraydog? Šúŋkaȟótakiŋtuktélnážiŋhe?Itisstandinginsidethebox. Čhaŋóphiyekiŋognánážiŋ.Whereisthegraypuppy? Šuŋȟpálaȟótakiŋtuktélȟpáyahe?Itislyinginsidethebox. Čhaŋóphiyekiŋognáȟpáye.

Where is the small cat? Igmúčík’alakiŋtuktélȟpáyahe?Itislyingoutsidethehouse. Thípikiŋitȟáŋkalȟpáye.Where is the small dog? Šúŋkačík’alakiŋtuktélnážiŋhe?Itislyingoutsidethehouse. Thípikiŋitȟáŋkalȟpáye.Whereisthesmallpuppy? Šuŋȟpálačík’alakiŋtuktélnážiŋ

he?Itisstandingoutsidethehouse. Thípikiŋitȟáŋkalnážiŋ.

Where is the eagle? Waŋblíkiŋtuktélkiŋyáŋhe?Itisflyingabovethehill. Pahákiŋiwáŋkabkiŋyé.Where is the bald eagle? Anúŋkȟasaŋkiŋtuktélkiŋyáŋhe?Itisflyingabovethelake. Blékiŋiwáŋkabkiŋyé.Whereisthemagpie? Uŋkčékhiȟakiŋtuktélkiŋyáŋhe?Itisflyingabovethehouse. Thípikiŋiwáŋkalkiŋyé.

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135. Uŋspé

The English canverbhasanumberofmeaningsandusages.Forinstancethe sentence I can sing can mean I know how to sing or I am able and willing to sing now or I have permission to sing.Thefirstmeaningtakesalearnedskillwhilethesecondonedescribestheabilityorwillingnessto do something under certain circumstances. These two senses are expressedwithtwodifferentverbsinLakota.Inthisunit,wewillbelearningtheverbuŋspé which describes a learned skill.

Doyouknowhowtosing? Lowáŋpiuŋníspehe?Yes,Iknowhowtosing? Háŋ,lowáŋpiuŋmáspe.Doyouknowhowtodance? Wačhípiuŋníspehe?Yes,Iknowhowtodance. Háŋ,wačhípiuŋmáspe.Doyouknowhowtoswim? Nuŋwáŋpiuŋníspehe?Yes,Iknowhowtoswim. Háŋ,nuŋwáŋpiuŋmáspe.Doyouknowhowtocook? Lol’íȟ’aŋpiuŋníspehe?Yes,Iknowhowtocook. Háŋ,lol’íȟ’aŋpiuŋmáspe.DoyouknowhowtospeakLakota?

Lakȟól’iyapiuŋníspehe?

Yes,IknowhowtospeakLakota. Háŋ,Lakȟól’iyapiuŋmáspe.Doyouknowhowtobead? Wakšúpiuŋníspehe?Yes,Iknowhowtobead. Háŋ,wakšúpiuŋmáspe.Doyouknowhowtodoquillwork? Wípatȟapiuŋníspehe?Yes,Iknowhowtodoquillwork. Háŋ,wípatȟapiuŋmáspe.Doyouknowhowtosew? Wakáǧeǧepiuŋníspehe?Yes,Iknowhowtosew. Háŋ,wakáǧeǧepiuŋmáspe.Doyouknowhowtomakefire? Čhethípiuŋníspehe?Yes,Iknowhowtomakefire. Háŋ,čhethípiuŋmáspe.Doyouknowhowtoridehorses? Šuŋk’ákaŋyaŋkapiuŋníspehe?Yes,Iknowhowtoridehorses. Háŋ,šuŋk’ákaŋyaŋkapiuŋmáspe.

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Does he know how to dance? Wačhípiuŋspéhe?Yes, he knows how to dance. Háŋ,wačhípiuŋspé.Does he know how to sing? Lowáŋpiuŋspéhe?Yes, he knows how to sing. Háŋ,lowáŋpiuŋspé.Does he know how to swim? Nuŋwáŋpiuŋspéhe?Yes, he knows how to swim. Háŋ,nuŋwáŋpiuŋspé.Doessheknowhowtomakefire? Čhethípiuŋspéhe?Yes,sheknowshowtomakefire. Háŋ,čhethípiuŋspé.Does she know how to bead? Wakšúpiuŋspéhe?Yes, she knows how to bead. Háŋ,wakšúpiuŋspé.

YouandIknowhowtospeakLakota.

Lakȟól’iyapiuŋkúŋspe.

YouandIknowhowtodance. Wačhípiuŋkúŋspe.YouandIknowhowtosew. Wakáǧeǧepiuŋkúŋspe.YouandIknowhowtomakefire. Čhethípiuŋkúŋspe.

We know how to ride horses. Šuŋk’ákaŋyaŋkapiuŋkúŋspepi.We know how to cook. Lol’íȟ’aŋpiuŋkúŋspepi.We know how to bead. Wakšúpiuŋkúŋspepi.

Theyknowhowtodance. Wačhípiuŋspépi.Theyknowhowtosing. Lowáŋpiuŋspépi.Theyknowhowtodrumwell. Čhaŋkábupitaŋyáŋuŋspépi.Theydon’tknowhowtosew. Wakáǧeǧepiuŋspépišni.Theyknowhowtodomanythings. Tákuótauŋspépi.Theydon’tknowhowtodoanything.

Tákuniuŋspépišni.

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136. Okíhi

Inthepreviousunitwelearnedtheverbuŋspé which describes a learned skill, as in the sentence Lowáŋpi uŋmáspe which means I know how to singwhichisgenerallyexpressedwithI can sing in English.

Inthisunityouwilllearnhowtousetheverbokíhi, which is used whentalkingabouttheabilityorwillingnesstodosomethingatagivenmoment.

Icouldn’tsingyesterday. Ȟtálehaŋwalówaŋowákihišni.Icansingnow. Waŋnáwalówaŋowákihi.Icouldn’tdanceyesterday. Ȟtálehaŋwawáčhiowákihišni.Icandancenow. Waŋnáwawáčhiowákihi.Icouldn’twalkyesterday. Ȟtálehaŋmawániowákihišni.Icanwalknow. Waŋnámawániowákihi.

Asyounoticedintheprevioussentences,theverbdescribingtheactivityandtheverbokíhiarebothconjugatedandagreeingrammaticalperson,as in walówaŋ owákihi I can sing.

Canyougothere? Láoyákihihe?Yes,Icangothere. Háŋ,bláowákihi.Canyougowithhim? Kičhíláoyákihihe?Yes,Icangowithhim. Háŋ,kičhíbláowákihi.Can we go there? Uŋyáŋpiuŋkókihipihe?Yes, we can go there. Háŋ,uŋyáŋpiuŋkókihipi.Can we go there with him? Kičhíuŋyáŋpiuŋkókihipihe?Yes, we can go there with him. Háŋ,kičhíuŋyáŋpiuŋkókihipi.Canyouguysgothere? Lápioyákihipihe?Canyouguysgotherewithhim? Kičhílápioyákihipihe?Cantheygothere? Yápiokíhipihe?Theycangothere. Yápiokíhipi.Cantheygotherewithher? Kičhíyápiokíhipihe?

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Theycangotherewithher. Kičhíyápiokíhipi.Theycan’tgotherewithher. Kičhíyápiokíhipišni.Canyoucomehere? Yaúoyákihihe?Yes,Icancome. Háŋ,waúowákihi.Canyougiveittohim? Yak’úoyákihihe?Icangiveittohim. Wak’ú owákihi.Ican’tgiveittohim. Wak’úowákihišni.Canhegiveittohim? K’úokíhihe?Hecangiveittohim. K’úokíhi.Hecan’tgiveittohim. K’úokíhišni.Canyougiveittome? Mayák’uoyákihihe?Icangiveittoyou. Čhič’úowákihi.Ican’tgiveittoyou. Čhič’úowákihišni.Canhegiveittome? Mak’úokíhihe?Cantheygiveittome? Mak’úpiokíhipihe?Canhegiveittoyou? Nič’úokíhihe?Hecangiveittoyou. Nič’úokíhi.Theycangiveittoyou. Nič’úpiokíhipi.Canhegiveittothem? Wičhák’uokíhihe?Hecangiveittothem. Wičhák’uokíhi.Hecan’tgiveittothem. Wičhák’uokíhišni.Canyoucatchhim? Olúspaoyákihihe?Icancatchhim. Oblúspaowákihi.Ican’tcatchhim. Oblúspaowákihišni.Canyouguyscatchhim? Olúspapioyákihipihe?We can catch him. Uŋkóyuspapiuŋkókihipi.We can’t catch him. Uŋkóyuspapiuŋkókihipišni.Canyoucatchthem? Owíčhaluspaoyákihihe?Icancatchthem. Owíčhabluspaowákihi.

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Ican’tcatchthem. Owíčhabluspaowákihišni.Canyouhelpher? Óyakiyaoyákihihe?Yes,Icanhelpher? Háŋ,ówakiyaowákihi.Canyouhelpme? Ómayakiyaoyákihihe?Yes,Icanhelpyou. Háŋ,óčhičiyaowákihi.Canwehelpher? Óuŋkiyapiuŋkókihipihe?Yes,wecanhelpher. Háŋ,óuŋkiyapiuŋkókihipi.Cantheyhelpher? Ókiyapiokíhipihe?Yes,theycanhelpher. Háŋ,ókiyapiokíhipi.Cantheytellaboutit? Oyákapiokíhipihe?Yes,theycantellaboutit. Háŋ,oyákapiokíhipi.Canyouwashit? Lužážaoyákihihe?Yes,Icanwashit? Háŋ,blužážaowákihi.Canyouguyswashit? Lužážapioyákihipihe?Yes, we can wash it. Háŋ,uŋyúžažapiuŋkókihipi.Hecanleave. Iyáyaokíhi.Theycanleave. Iyáyapiokíhipi.Icanleave. Ibláblaowákihi.Youcanleave. Ilálaoyákihi.Youguyscanleave. Ilálapioyákihipi.CanyouandIleave? Uŋkíyayauŋkókihihe?Canweleave? Uŋkíyayapiuŋkókihipihe?CanIuseit? Múŋowákihihe?You can use it. Núŋoyákihi.You can’t use it. Núŋoyákihišni.Can he use it? Úŋokíhihe?He can use it. Úŋokíhi.He can’t use it. Úŋokíhišni.Can we use it? Uŋk’úŋpiuŋkókihipihe?

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We can use it. Uŋk’úŋpiuŋkókihipi.We can’t use it. Uŋk’úŋpiuŋkókihipišni.CanIaskhimaboutit? Imúŋǧaowákihihe?You can ask him about it. Inúŋǧaoyákihi.You can’t ask him about it. Inúŋǧaoyákihišni.CanIsithere? Lélmaŋkáowákihihe?You can sit here. Lélnaŋkáoyákihi.CanyouandIsithere? Léluŋyáŋkauŋkókihihe?YouandIcansithere. Léluŋyáŋkauŋkókihi.Can we sit here? Léluŋyáŋkapiuŋkókihipihe?We can sit here. Léluŋyáŋkapiuŋkókihipi.We can’t sit here. Léluŋyáŋkapiuŋkókihipišni.CanIsitdown? Íblotaka owákihi he?You can sit down Ílotakaoyákihi.You can’t sit down. Ílotakaoyákihišni.Youguyscansitdown. Ílotakapioyákihipi.CanIeatit? Wáta owákihi he?You can eat it. Yátaoyákihi.You can’t eat it. Yátaoyákihišni.CanyouandIeatit? Uŋyútauŋkókihihe?

137. uŋspé and okíhi

Thefollowingsentenceswillshowyouabitmoreaboutthedifferencebetween uŋspé and okíhi:

Iknowhowtosing,butIcan’tsingnow.

Lowáŋpiuŋmáspe,éyašwaŋnáwalówaŋowákihišni.

Iknowhowtodance,butIcouldn’tdanceyesterday.

Wačhípiuŋmáspe,éyašȟtálehaŋwawáčhiowákihišni.

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Iknowhowtobead,butIcan’tbead now.

Wakšúpiuŋmáspe,éyašwaŋnáwawákšuowákihišni.

Iknowhowitismade,butIcan’tmake it now.

Káǧapiuŋmáspe,éyašwaŋnáwakáǧaowákihišni.

Iknowhowtoride,butIcan’tridenow.

Šuŋk’ákaŋyaŋkapiuŋmáspe,éyašwaŋnášuŋk’ákaŋmaŋkaowákihišni.

Iknowhowtodrum,butIcan’tdrum now.

Čhaŋkábupiuŋmáspe,éyašwaŋnáčhaŋwákabuowákihišni.

Inthefollowingsentences,decidewhethertouseuŋspé or okíhi.

Icansing(Ihavetheskill). Lowáŋpiuŋmáspe.Icansing(Iamwillingandabletodo so now).

Walówaŋowákihi.

Icandance(Ihavetheskill). Wačhípiuŋmáspe.Icandance(Iamwillingandableto do so now).

Wawáčhiowákihi.

Icantalk(Ihavetheskill). Wóglakapiuŋmáspe.Icantalk(Iamwillingandabletodo so now).

Wówaglaka owákihi.

Icandrive(Ihavetheskill). Kaȟápapiuŋmáspe.Icandrive(Iamwillingandableto do so now).

Wakáȟapaowákihi.

Icancook(Ihavetheskill). Lol’íȟ’aŋpiuŋmáspe.Icancook(Iamwillingandableto do so now).

Lol’íwaȟ’aŋowákihi.

Icanbead(Ihavetheskill). Wakšúpiuŋmáspe.Icanbead(Iamwillingandableto do so now).

Wawákšuowákihi.

Icansew.(Ihavetheskill). Wakáǧeǧepiuŋmáspe.Icansew(Iamwillingandabletodo so now).

Wawákaǧeǧeowákihi.

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Hecouldn’tsitquietly. Inílayaŋkáokíhišni.He doesn’t know how to sew. Wakáǧeǧepiuŋspéšni.Icannotleavethem. Iȟpéyaiwíčhablablaowákihišni.Ican’ttellaboutit. Oblákaowákihišni.You can ask him about it. Inúŋǧaoyákihi.Icancookwell. Lol’íȟ’aŋpitaŋyáŋuŋmáspe.IcanspeakLakotawell. Lakȟól’iyapitaŋyáŋuŋmáspe.Youcankeepthis. Léluháoyákihi.Ican’tkeepthis. Lébluháowákihišni.Icanlookafterhim. Awáŋblakaowákihi.Iknowhowtowrite. Wówapiuŋmáspe.Icanwrite. Wówawa owákihi.Canyoubringit? Ayáuoyákihihe?Mykneehurts,soIcan’trun. Čhaŋkpémayázaŋčha

waíŋmnaŋkaowákihišni.IamhoarsesoIcan’tsing. Hómaǧitačhawalówaŋowákihi

šni.Heknowshowtosingverywell. Lowáŋpilílataŋyáŋuŋspé.You can take it. Iyáčuoyákihi.You can’t take it. Iyáčuoyákihišni.

Notes

Notes

Notes

Notes

LAKOTA LANGUAGE CONSORTIUM

ROSEBUD SIOUX TRIBE