lakhwar hydroelectric project - ministry of environment and forests

CISMHE

CENTRE FOR INTER-DISCIPLINARY STUDIES OF MOUNTAIN & HILL ENVIRONMENT

University of Delhi, Delhi

Environmental Management Plan for Environmental Management Plan for 1750 MW Demwe Lower HE Project, Arunachal Pradesh 1750 MW Demwe Lower HE Project, Arunachal Pradesh

Prepared for:

Athena Demwe Power Private Limited, New Delhi

JULY, 2009

DEMWE LOWER HE PRJECT (1750 MW) CISMHE

CONTENTS

Page No. CHAPTER 1 BIODIVERSITY CONSERVATION & WILDLIFE MANAGEMENT 1.1 INTRODUCTION 1-1 1.2 CONSERVATION STATUS AND MAJOR THREATS 1-3 1.3 BIODIVERSITY CONSERVATION PLAN 1-7 1.4 WILDLIFE MANAGEMENT PLAN 1-18 1.5 BIODIVERSITY MANAGEMENT COMMITTEE (BMC) 1-21 1.6 COST ESTIMATES 1-22 CHAPTER 2 CATCHMENT AREA TREATMENT PLAN

2.1 INTRODUCTION 2-1 2.2 APPROACH FOR STUDY 2-2 2.3 ESTIMATION OF SOIL LOSS USING SILT YIELD INDEX

METHOD 2-14 2.4 WATERSHED MANAGEMENT – AVAILABLE TECHNIQUES 2-17 2.5 CATCHMENT AREA TREATMENT (CAT) PLAN 2-19 2.6 COST ESTIMATE 2-25

CHAPTER 3 FISHERIES DEVELOPMENT PLAN 3.1 INTRODUCTION 3-1 3.2 FISH COMPOSITION AND STATUS IN LOHIT RIVER 3-2 3.3 LIKELY IMPACTS ON FISH FAUNA 3-2 3.4 FISHERY DEVELOPMENT 3-3 3.5 BUDGET 3-5 CHAPTER 4 PUBLIC HEALTH DELIVERY SYSTEM 4.1 INTRODUCTION 4-1 4.2 PROMINENT DISEASES AND MEDICAL FACILITIES AVAILABLE 4-1 4.3 LIKELY IMPACTS ON HEALTH 4-5 4.4 PROPOSED MEDICAL FACILITIES 4-7

4.5 VETERINARY HOSPITAL 4-9 4.6 IMPROVEMENT OF EXISTING FACILITIES 4-9 4.7 FIRST-AID FACILITIES 4-10 4.8 BUDGET 4-10

Environment Management Plan-Contents i


CHAPTER 5 SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT

5.1 INTRODUCTION 5-1 5.2 COMPOSITION OF MUNICIPAL SOLID WASTES 5-2 5.3 ENVIRONMENTAL AND HEALTH IMPACTS DUE TO IMPROPER 5-3

SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT 5.4 MUNICIPAL SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT 5-4 5.5 SANITATION FACILITIES 5-7 5.6 MANAGEMENT OF WASTES FROM CONSTRUCTION

ACTIVITIES 5-8 5.7 MANAGEMENT OF HAZARDOUS WASTES FROM HOSPITALS 5-9 5.8 OTHER MEASURES 5-9 5.9 COST ESTIMATE 5-10

CHAPTER 6 PROVISION FOR FUEL AND ENERGY CONSERVATION MEASURES

6.1 INTRODUCTION 6-1 6.2 NEED FOR THE FUEL AND ENERGY CONSERVATION 6-3 MEASURES 6.3 SUGGESTED MEASURES 6-3

CHAPTER 7 DISPOSAL AND REHABILITATION OF MUCK 7.1 INTRODUCTION 7-1 7.2 MUCK SOURCE AND VOLUME 7-1 7.3 SELECTION OF DUMPING SITES 7-2 7.4 MUCK REHABILITATION PLAN 7-4 7.4.1 Engineering Measures 7-4 7.4.2 Biological Measures 7-5 7.4.3 Utilisation of Dumping Site 7-8 7.5 BUDGETARY PROVISIONS 7-9 CHAPTER 8 RESTORATION OF CONSTRUCTION AREAS AND LANDSCAPING 8.1 INTRODUCTION 8-1 8.2 DISTURBED SITES AND THEIR RESTORATION 8-1

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8.3 QUARRY SITE 8-2 8.4 RESTORATION OF QUARRY SITES 8-2 8.5 ENGINEERING AND BIO-ENGINEERING MEASURES 8-2 8.6 COLONY AND OFFICE COMPLEX 8-4 8.7 RESTORATION OF COLONY AND OFFICE COMPLEXES 8-4 8.8 ROADS AND BRIDGES 8-6 8.9 COST ESTIMATES 8-9 CHAPTER 9 CREATION OF GREEN BELT AROUND THE RESERVOIR 9.1 INTRODUCTION 9-1 9.2 OBJECTIVES 9-1 9.3 SCHEDULE 9-4 9.4 BUDGET 9-5 CHAPTER 10 REHABILITATION & RESETTLEMENT PLAN 10.1 INTRODUCTION 10-1 10.2 OBJECTIVES OF THE RESETTLEMENT AND REHABILITATION 10-5 PLAN 10.3 APPROACH 10-7 10.4 LAND REQUIREMENT AND COMPENSATION 10-11 10.5 PROVISIONS MADE FOR SOCIO-ECONOMIC UPLIFTMENT 10-21 10.6 LOCAL AREA DEVELOPMENT PROGRAMME 10-27 10.7 ENVISAGED BENEFITS 10-32 10.8 PROPOSED FINANCIAL OUTLAY FOR LOCAL AREA 10-34 DEVELOPMENT PLAN 10.9 EVALUATION AND MONITORING 10-45 10.10 FINANCIAL PACKAGE FOR R & R PLAN 10-46 CHAPTER 11 DISASTER MANAGEMENT PLAN 11.1 INTRODUCTION 11-1 11.2 SEISMIC CONCERNS AND DISASTER MANAGEMENT 11-2 11.3 DAM BREAK STUDY 11-3 11.4 DISASTER MANAGEMENT PLAN 11-41 11.5 COST ESTIMATES 11-49 CHAPTER 12 COMPENSATORY AFFORESTATION SCHEME

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DEMWE LOWER HE PRJECT (1750 MW)

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12.1 INTRODUCTION 12-1 12.2 EXISTING FOREST AND IMPACTS DUE TO PROPOSED 12-1 PROJECT 12.3 COMPENSATORY AFFORESTATION SCHEME

12-2 12.4 SITES FOR COMPENSATORY AFFORESTATION 12-2 12.5 METHODOLOGY AND COMPONENTS 12-3 12.6 INSTITUTIONAL MECHANISMS 12-5

CHAPTER 13 RESERVOIR RIM TREATMENT PLAN

13.1 INTRODUCTION 13-1 13.2 RIVER BASIN CHARACTERISTICS 13-1 13.3 GEOLOGY OF THE RESERVOIR AREA 13-2 13.4 RESERVOIR STABILITY ANALYSIS 13-3 13.5 LANDSLIDE INVENTORY MAPPING 13-4 13.6 COST ESTIMATE 13-13

CHAPTER 14 CONSTRUCTION METHODOLOGY & EQUIPMENT PLANNING

14.1 INTRODUCTION 14-1 14.2 TRANSPORTATION OF MEN, MATERIAL AND EQUIPMENT 14-1 14.3 CONSTRUCTION POWER 14-2 14.4 TELECOMMUNICATION 14-4 14.5 CONSTRUCTION METHODOLOGY 14-4 14.6 CONSTRUCTION MAMATERIAL 14-11

CHAPTER 15 ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING PROGRAMME

15.1 INTRODUCTION 15-1 15.2 AREAS OF CONCERN 15-1 15.3 TOTAL BUDGET FOR ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING PROGRAMME 15-6

CHAPTER 16 COST ESTIMATES 16.1 COST FOR IMPLEMENTING ENVIRONMENTAL 16-1

MANAGEMENT PLAN


TABLES

TABLE CONTENT

1.1 : SUMMARY TABLE OF PLANTS BELONGING TO DIFFERENT GROUPS RECORDED DURING THE VEGETATION SURVEY

1.2 : CONSERVATION STATUSES OF THE FLORA SPECIES IN THE DEMWE LOWER HYDROELECTRIC PROJECT

1.3 : CONSERVATION STATUS OF THE FAUNAL SPECIES IN THE STUDY AREA, INFLUENCE ZONE AND CATCHMENT AREA OF DEMWE LOWER HYDROELECTRIC PROJECT

1.4 : COST ESTIMATES FOR ESTABLISHMENT OF GARDENS FOR VOUCHER SPECIMEN

1.5 : COST ESTIMATES FOR ESTABLISHMENT OF BUTTERFLIES GARDENS

1.6 : COST ESTIMATES FOR FOREST PROTECTION PLAN

1.7 : COST ESTIMATES FOR WILDLIFE MANAGEMENT PLAN FOR DEMWE LOWER H.E. PROJECT

1.8 : THE ESTIMATED COST OF BIODIVERSITY CONSERVATION AND MANAGEMENT PLAN

2.1 : LAND USE CLASSIFICATION FOR FREE DRAINING CATCHMENT AT DIVERSION SITE

2.2 : AREAS FALLING UNDER DIFFERENT SLOPE CATEGORIES

2.3 : SOIL LOSS RANGES FOR THE RIVER CATCHMENT

2.4 : CRITERIA FOR EROSION INTENSITY RATE

2.5 : BASIS FOR SELECTION OF CATCHMENT AREA TREATMENT MEASURES

2.6 : EROSION INTENSITY CATEGORIZATION AS PER SYI CLASSIFICATION

2.7 : EROSION INTENSITY RATES OF CATCHMENT AREA

2.8 : SUB-WATERSHED WISE PROPOSED TREATMENT MEASURES

2.9 : COST ESTIMATE FOR CATCHMENT AREA TREATMENT OF LOWER DEMWE HEP

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TABLE CONTENT

2.10 : YEAR WISE TARGET (PHYSICAL AND FINANCIAL) FOR CATCHMENT AREA TREATMENT PLAN

3.1 : YEAR-WISE BREAK UP OF COST ESTIMATES FOR FISHERIES DEVELOPMENT IN PROPOSED DEMWE LOWER H.E. PROJECT

4.1 : MAJOR DISEASES PREVALENT IN ARUNACHAL PRADESH

4.2 : MEDICAL FACILITIES IN LOHIT DISTRICT AND ITS TWO CIRCLES TEZU AND WAKRO AS WELL AS IN ANJAW DISTRICT

4.3 : HEALTH ISSUES ASSOCIATED WITH HYDRO POWER PROJECTS

4.4 : PROPOSED MEDICAL FACILITIES IN DEMWE LOWER H.E. PROJECT AREA

4.5 : LIVESTOCK IN TEZU AND WAKRO CIRCLES

4.6 : INFRASTRUCTURE FOR ANIMAL HUSBANDRY

4.7 : ESTIMATED COST FOR SETTING UP OF MEDICAL FACILITIES

5.1 : EXPECTED TYPICAL COMPOSITION OF WASTE IN PROPOSED DEMWE LOWER HYDROELECTRIC PROJECT.

5.2 : TYPICAL COMPOSITION OF MUNICIPAL SOLID WASTES EXPECTED IN DEMWE LOWER HEP.

5.3 : CHEMICAL COMPONENTS OF MUNICIPAL SOLID WASTES EXPECTED IN DEMWE LOWER HEP.

5.4 : PERIODIC WORKFORCE REQUIREMENT DURING THE CONSTRUCTION OF THE PROPOSED DEMWE LOWER H.E. PROJECT

5.5 : TOTAL MIGRANT POPULATION EXPECTED IN THE DEMWE LOWER H.E. PROJECT

5.6 : ESTIMATED COST FOR THE SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT IN THE DEMWE LOWER H.E. PROJECT

6.1 : ESTABLISHMENT OF NEW LPG DEPOTS AND COMMUNITY KITCHENS IN THE PROJECT AREA

6.2 : FINANCIAL PROVISION FOR ENERGY CONSERVATION MEASURES IN THE PROJECT AREA

7.1 : STATUS OF MUCK GENERATION IN DEMWE LOWER H.E. PROJECT

7.2 : DIMENSIONS OF MUCK DISPOSAL SITES

7.3 : PLANT SPECIES RECOMMENDED FOR PLANTATION IN THE

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TABLE CONTENT

DUMPING SITES

7.4 : COST ESTIMATE FOR DIFFERENT MEASURES AT THE DUMPING

8.1 : AREA AND LOCATION OF THE QUARRY SITE PROPOSED IN THE DEMWE LOWER H.E. PROJECT

8.2 : AREA AND LOCATION OF COLONIES, OFFICE COMPLEXES, JOB SITE AND OTHER SITES IN THE PROPOSED DEMWE LOWER H.E. PROJECT

8.3 : ROADS AND BRIDGES IN THE PROPOSED PROJECT AREA OF DEMWE LOWER HE PROJECT

8.4 : SOME IMPORTANT PLANT SPECIES FOR PLANTATION IN THE COLONY AREA, QUARRY SITES AND ALONG THE ROAD SIDES

8.5 : COST ESTIMATES FOR RESTORATION WORKS AND LANDSCAPE DESIGNING

9.1 : LAND USE/LAND COVER OF DIFFERENT GREEN BELT LAYERS

9.2 : PLANTATION LAYOUT FOR THE GREEN BELT

9.3 : PHYSICAL AND FINANCIAL BREAK UP FOR THE CREATION AND MAINTENANCE OF GREEN BELT AROUND THE RESERVOIR OF DEMWE LOWER HE PROJECT

10.1 : COMPARATIVE STATEMENT INDICATING R&R PACKAGE AND LADP ADOPTED IN FORMULATING THE PROPOSAL VIS-À-VIS PROVISIONS OF NPRR, 2007, ARUNACHAL POLICY, 2008 AND DRAFT TRIBAL POLICY, 2009.

10.2 : ABSTRACT OF LAND REQUIREMENT FOR DEMWE LOWER HEP (PROPERTY SURVEY, 2008).

10.3 : COMPENSATION FOR LAND ACQUISITION IN DEMWE LOWER HEP

10.4 : COMPENSATION FOR STANDING TREES ON THE LAND TO BE ACQUIRED IN DEMWE LOWER HEP (PROPERTY SURVEY, 2008)

10.5 : R&R PACKAGE FOR THE PROJECT AFFECTED FAMILIES OF PROPOSED DEMWE LOWER H.E. PROJECT

10.6 : STATUS OF BASIC AMENITIES IN THE VILLAGES OF INFLUENCE ZONE OF DEMWE LOWER HEP.

10.7 : COST ESTIMATES FOR THE INFRASTRUCTURE DEVELOPMENT IN THE AFFECTED AREA OF DEMWE LOWER H.E. PROJECT

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Environment Management Plan-Tables iv

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TABLE CONTENT

11.1 : ELEVATION-VOLUME RELATIONSHIP OF RESERVOIR

11.2 : PROBABLE MAXIMUM FLOOD (PMF)

11.3 : BREACH PARAMETERS CONSIDERED FOR SENSITIVITY ANALYSIS

11.4 : MAXIMUM DISCHARGE, WATER LEVEL AND FLOOD WAVE TRAVEL TIME AT DIFFERENT LOCATIONS OF LOHIT RIVER FOR DEMWE LOWER DAM BREAK (BREACH WIDTH 120M, BREACH DEPTH 36.8M)

11.5 : DAM BREAK FLOOD HYDROGRAPH

11.6 : MAXIMUM DISCHARGE, WATER LEVEL AND FLOOD WAVE TRAVEL TIME IN LOHIT RIVER DUE TO OCCURRENCE OF PMF WITHOUT DAM BREACH

11.7 : MAXIMUM DISCHARGE, WATER LEVEL AND AVERAGE TRAVEL TIME IN VIRGIN CONDITION OF LOHIT RIVER DUE TO OCCURRENCE OF PMF

11.8 : ESTIMATED COST OF SETTING UP OF A SATELLITE COMMUNICATION SYSTEM

13.1 : DATA PERTAINING TO LANDSLIDES SHOWN IN PLATE – 13.2

13.2 DATA PERTAINING TO LANDSLIDES BETWEEN 408 TO 424.8 M

14.1 : REQUIREMENT OF CONSTRUCTION POWER

14.2 : NUMBER OF EQUIPMENTS TO BE USED FOR THE PURPOSE OF CONSTRUCTION OF DIFFERENT APPURTENANT STRUCTURES OF DEMWE LOWER HE PROJECT

15.1 : SUMMARY OF ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING PROGRAMME DURING CONSTRUCTION PHASE

15.2 : SUMMARY OF ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING PROGRAMME DURING PROJECT OPERATION PHASE

16.1 : COST FOR IMPLEMENTING ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT PLAN


FIGURES

FIGURE CONTENT

1.1 : PRIORITY SETTINGS OF BIODIVERSITY OF NORTHEAST STATES OF INDIA INCLUDING THE PROPOSED PROJECT AREA

2.1 : SATELLITE IMAGERY OF FREE DRAINING CATCHMENT

2.2 : LANDUSE/ LANDCOVER CLASSIFICATION OF FREE DRAINING CATCHMENT

2.3 : SLOPE MAP

2.4 : SOIL MAP

2.5 : AREA VULNERABLE TO SOIL EROSION

2.6 : SOIL EROSION

2.7 : PROPOSED TREATMENT MEASURES

2.8 : TREATMENT INDEX MAP

3.1 : A SCHEMATIC DIAGRAM OF THE PROPOSED HATCHERY

7.1 : MUCK DISPOSAL PLAN

7.2 : DESIGN OF RETAINING WALLS FOR HOLDING OF MUCK

9.1 : PROPOSED GREENBELT AROUND THE SUBMERGENCE AREA

11.1 : FLOW CHART OF DAM BREAK MODELING PROCESSES

11.2 : MAXIMUM NON-OVERFLOW SECTION OF DEMWE LOWER DAM

11.3 : UPSTREAM ELEVATION OF DEMWE LOWER DAM

11.4 : HEC-RAS MODEL SET UP FOR DAM AND SPILLWAY

11.5 : HEC-RAS MODEL SET UP FOR DAM BREAK STUDIES

11.6 : DISCHARGE THROUGH SPILLWAY AND RESERVOIR LEVEL DURING RESERVOIR ROUTING

11.7 : DISCHARGE TIME SERIES THROUGH DAM BREACH

11.8 : DAM BREAK FLOOD HYDROGRAPH DUE TO DEMWE LOWER DAM BREAK

11.9 : TIME SERIES OF WATER LEVEL FOR THE ENTIRE SIMULATION PERIOD DUE TO DEMWE LOWER DAM BREAK

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Environment Management Plan-Figures ii

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FIGURE CONTENT

11.10 : TIME SERIES FOR THE PEAK SEGMENT OF WATER LEVEL AT DIFFERENT CROSS SECTIONS OF LOHIT RIVER DUE TO DEMWE LOWER DAM BREAK

11.11 : PLOTS OF LOHIT RIVER CROSS SECTIONS USED IN HEC-RAS SET UP

11.12 : BED PROFILE, AND MAXIMUM WATER SURFACE PROFILE OF LOHIT RIVER DURING DEMWE LOWER DAM BREAK


PLATES

PLATE CONTENTS 13.1 : RESERVOIR MAP PLATE

13.2 : LAND SLIDE MAPS

13.3 : CRITICAL LAND SLIDE MAP

13.4A : LAND SLIDE NO.5 SECTIONS 1:1

13.4B : LAND SLIDE NO.5 SECTIONS 2:2

13.4C : LAND SLIDE NO.5 SECTIONS 3:3

13.5A : LAND SLIDE NO.31 SECTIONS 1:1

13.5B : LAND SLIDE NO.31 SECTIONS 2:2

13.5C : LAND SLIDE NO.31 SECTIONS 3:3

Environment Management Plan-Plates i


ANNEXURES

ANNEXURE CONTENT

1.1 : PERTINENT DETAILS FOR CONSERVATION OF RARE, THREATENED AND VULNERABLE FLORA/FAUNA OF DEMWE LOWER HEP

3.1 : INFORMATION ON DISTRIBUTION PATTERN, HABITAT REQUIREMENT, FOOD REQUIREMENT AND CONSERVATION STRATEGY FOR VARIOUS ENDANGERED AND VULNERABLE CATEGORY FISH SPECIES OF DEMWE LOWER HEP.

I : APPLICATION FORM FOR TRAINING PROGRAMME

II : APPLICATION FORM FOR MERIT SCHOLARSHIP SCHEME

III : APPLICATION FORM FOR INCOME GENERATION SCHEME

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1

BIODIVERSITY CONSERVATION & WILDLIFE MANAGEMENT

PLAN 1.1 INTRODUCTION

m bio resources.

have been long

and were at an

uman population

ever increasing

and ecosystems

pecies lost today

own to mankind.

n depleted both

asons such as

ental

needs. Looking at this alarming destruction of habitat, the foremost priority that

conservation of

s is possible only

ing of the various

biotic entities. Although in recent past there has been a deep concern and

awareness for the conservation of fragile Himalayan ecosystem.

The Himalayan landscape is a wide matrix of variety of ecosystems ranging from

forests, grasslands, alpine meadows and agro-ecosystems and is distributed in

patches. It represents one of the most important mega centre of biodiversity of

the world, although covering only 18% of the geographical area of India, it

Biodiversity has ethical, social, and economic values distinct fro

The social, ethical, cultural and economic values of biodiversity

recognised in religion, art and literature of the Himalayan region

all-time high and resources were freely available to sustain the population needs

and developments. However, the current explosive growth of h

and rage pressure on the mother nature for sustaining the

demands is causing huge species loss in floral and faunal components day by

day. The loss of biological diversity and degradation of habitats

will immensely affect the present and future generations as the s

may have food, medicine and industrial value presently not kn

The diverse floristic and faunal wealth of Himalaya has bee

qualitatively as well as quantitatively, owing to various re

unplanned land use, overgrazing of natural grasslands, and developm

stares the biologists of today is the proper management and

present biological components (both terrestrial and aquatic). Thi

through consistent exploration, inventory and systematic record

Environmental Management Plan – Biodiversity Management Plan 1-1


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accounts for more than 50% of the vegetation wealth. The

diversity and peculiar environmental factors of Himalaya sustain

life which supports 528 species of birds, 241 species of mammal

bird species and 372 mammalian species respectively recorded

far. Likewise 147 species of reptiles, 74 species of amphibians

of fishes have been documented from the Himalaya which amo

and 17% respectively of known species in the country. Further, rich and div

floristic and faunalistic wealth of Himalaya is undoubtedly due

varying climatic and geographical conditions with varied ecolog

provide a high degree of d

high vegetation

a variety of wild

ian out of 1228

in the country so

and 218 species

unt to 35%, 36%

erse

to its immensely

ical habitats and

iversity at species level. Another fascinating feature of

the Himalayan flora and fauna is that it has elements from surrounding and

r and even from

sity conservation

reas (Biodiversity

ion sites (State

he major threats

extraction of the

d system of the

on. For instance,

agriculture system of shifting slash and burn cultivation (Jhum) is a

destabilizing factor in biodiversity conservation. However, it needs to be

ecosystem more than anywhere else in the Himalayan region. The customs and

cultures of the local tribal communities have evolved with the local biodiversity

and play a significant role in figuring out the key issues of biodiversity

conservation.

The entire catchment of Demwe Lower Hydroelectric project is a storehouse of

the large array of diversity in timber, fuel, fodder, food, fibre, wild fruit, vegetables

adjacent countries like Tibet, China, Malaya, Nepal & Myanma

far flung and separated continents.

Arunachal Pradesh holds an important position as a biodiver

area and is an identified region for ‘biodiversity hot spot’, ‘endemic bird areas

(ICBP), global eco-regions of WWF, conservation significance a

Conservation Prioritization Project – BCPP) and conservat

Biodiversity Conservation Strategy Action Plans – SBCSAP). T

to the biodiversity of this region include growing human influx,

forest produce, hunting and poaching. The traditional livelihoo

local tribes is at times also seen to be in conflict with conservati

age-long

mentioned that the tribes in Arunachal Pradesh are an integral part of the forest



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and medicinal plants which are naturally or artificially growing in the region (a

detailed analysis has been given in the baseline status in EIA report). 1.2 TS

The influence zone area of Demwe Lower H.E. project is rich in the floral and

nal diversity (see floral and faunal elements in the EIA report).

1.2

atches of primary

re dominated by

spp., Duabanga

acerifolium, etc.

pennata, Acacia

escen, Boehmeria longifolia, Boehmeria macrophylla, Calamas spp.,

Clerodendron colebrookianum, Debregeasia longifolia and Desmodium

ered category of

degraded along

e Ficus spp. that

, Musa sp. and

the bank of Lohit

he dam is steep

was dominated by Ficus spp., and shrubby species and the trees showed three

distinct strata viz., canopy layer of trees with 8 m height, shrub layer and the

ground layer. However, undisturbed primary forest of the area had distinct

stratification. The canopy cover of forests at Dam site and submergence area is

<40% (open forest) due to rock outcrops, whereas the Catchment area

represents shifting cultivation sites, degraded forests and primary forests with

>60% cover. The colony site is represented by young as well as old growth

CONSERVATION STATUS AND MAJOR THREA

fau

.1 Flora The project area is rich in diversity and along the river valley, p

undisturbed forests specially on the left bank are seen and a

species such as Altingia excelsa, Albizzia spp., Dalbergia

grandiflora, Ficus spp., Terminalia myriocarpa, Pterospermum

The shrub layer is rich and includes species like Acacia

pruin

laxiflorum. Plants of economic importance such as timber, medicinal, edible fruits

were common at the project site. However, there was no endang

species.

The vegetation particularly along riverbanks is some places are

the accessible bank. A few fodder trees that have been seen ar

was the dominant species particularly roadside. Beside this

bamboo were also found to be scattered here and there on both

River along the submergence area. Most of the area around t

with rock outcrop and low vegetation density. The forest at the disturbed area



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plantations. Overall, One hundred and seventy plant species

were recorded during floristic survey in the project area at d

of angiosperms

ifferent sampling

seasons. The number of plant species belonging to different groups is given in

Table 1.1: Summary table of plants belonging to different groups recorded during the vegetation surv

Source: Prim

equate attention

scientific value.

economically important plants are diminishing day by day due to

unplanned development and over exploitation of floral wealth. The categorization

of conservation status based on Red Data Book suggests that a total of 6

species comes under conservation status in the entire catchment and influence

zone. Out of them 4 species are Rare and two species are of Endangered

category (Table 1.2). Among these, species none of them was recorded from the

submergence zone.

No. of species

Table 1.1.

ey

Plant Group/Life form Monsoon Winter Summer Post monsoon

Angiosperms 111 106 114 110

Dicots 89 87 92 89

Monocots 2 9 22 2 1 21

Trees 48 8 48 4 48

Shrubs 22 2 22 2 22

Herbs 2 26 3 18 22

Climbers 11 11 11 11

Pteridophytes 5 5 5 5

Bryophytes 4 4 4 4

Algae 16 16 16 16

Fungi 4 4 4

ary data sampling

The conservation efforts toward plants have not been given ad

particularly of those which are of potential economic and

Therefore, our

4



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Table 1.2: Conservation status of the flora species in the Demw droelectric jec

.N u Name Catchment Influence Project

Area

e Lower hypro t

S o. Stat s

1 g orea deltoidea 1 1 - Endan ered Diosc

2 ang

1 1 - End ered microcarpum

Acer oblongum Var.

Begonia burkilli

3 Rare Paphiopedilum w

i; Calanthe anii

ardii; Phoenix

rupicola

4 4 -

m

Total 6 6 -

Sou

1.2

emic Bird Areas

BCSAP) includes

akro and Demwe - Sewapass – Tidding areas as

ies of

al stretch on the outer fringes of the

ence rted to om of s e t ies mostly on the

ons s of the faun spe s the uence Zone ent Lower hydroelectric project

SA IZ IUCN ZSI WPA

rce: Secondary data and data from primary surveys

.2 Fauna About 20 species of birds inhabiting this area belong to the End

(EBA). State Biodiversity Conservation Strategy Action Plans (S

Tengapani – Madhuban – W

conservation sites owing to the presence of a number of threatened spec

plants and animals. The lower tropic

influ zone is repo be h e om threa ened spec

basis of secondary literature (Table 1.3)

Table 1.3: C ervation statu al cie in Study Area, Infland Catchm Area of Demwe Common name Scientific name CA

Hoolock gibbon Bunopithecus hoolock A P P EN I

Slow loris Nycticebus coucang A P P IK I

Tiger Panthera tigris tigris A - - EN VU I

Common leopard Panthera pardus A P P VU I

Clouded leopard Neofelis nebulosa A P P EN

Leopard cat Prionailurus bengalensis A P P VU I

Fishing cat Prionailurus viverrinus A P P VU I

Himalayan Black

Bear

Ursus thibetanus A A P VU I



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Common name c nam S IZ IUCN ZSI WPA Scientifi e A CA

Asian elephant aximu A P P VU I Elephas m s

Mainland Serow edus

s

A P P VU I Nemorha

sumatraensi

Takin Budorcas taxicolor A A P IK I

Himalayan musk schus chrysogaster A EN I Mo

deer

A P

Wild boar Sus scrofa A P IK EN III P

Indian pangolin Manis crassicaudata A P P VU

Chinese pangolin Manis pentadactyla A P P IK I

Indian porcupine Hystrix indica A P P VU IV

SA one from project components, CA = Cat = absSou

WWF prioritized

u – Hayuliang road as an important

the conservation

obal and national

of Biodiversity of

These areas do not have the minimum basic network like roads, communication,

uate presence of forest personnel and other facilities. The

hifting cultivation,

projected developmental activity would tend to increase the industrialization and

urbanization of the area and can affect biodiversity adversely.

1.2.3 Protected Area

Kamlang Sanctuary is the nearest protected area to the proposed Demwe Lower

H.E. project, located in the southeastern part of Lohit district. None of the project

components fall within the Wildlife Sanctuary. It covers a total area of 783 sq. km

= Study area (Project components area), IZ = 10km influence zchment area, EN = endangered, VU = vulnerable, P = presence, A

ence rce : Secondary data and data from primary surveys

Biodiversity Conservation Prioritization Project (BCPP) by

Demwe-Sewak Pass–Tiding along the Tez

area of conservational significance. Figure 1.1 illustrates

significance of the proposed project area as it lies within the gl

priority settings given by Chatterjee et al (2006) in the Review

Northeast India, WWF, New Delhi.

watching towers, adeq

biodiversity in the region is already under threat due to the s

regular hunting and poaching, deforestation and forest encroachment. The



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and falls within the latitude 27040’-28000’ N and longitudes 9

Lang river borders Kamlang sanctuary in North, which join Loh

bank. The aerial distance of the nearest point of Kamlang Sanct

river is about 4.2 km away from Lohit river. The formation o

60 20’- 960 55’E.

it river on the left

uary from Lohit

f dam would lead to

the submergence of 1131 ha area. Proposed reservoir would creek the Lang

fe Sanctuary.

evergreen, Sub-

lia – Duabanga

y are Bischofia

nga grandiflora,

ellirica. Kamlang

lephant, Hoolock

pard cat, Barking deer, Wild boar), birds

pent eagle, vultures, Assam Wreathed

ormorants, etc.),

, Common wolf

1.3for the proposed

considering the

s, cultures and

Biodiversity Conservation Strategy Action plans (SBCSAP) and Biological

Diversity Act (2002). It may be stressed here that during the primary flora/fauna

survey in the project area where construction activities are proposed, none of the

species of rare, threatened or endangered category was recorded; however,

recognizing the need for conservation and likelihood of their existence in the

vicinity areas, a comprehensive biodiversity management plan is drawn up.

river and would be outside from the boundary of Kamlang Wildli

The forest types comprise of Assam Alluvial Plains Semi-

Himalayan light alluvial semi-evergreen forests and Termina

forests. The dominant plant species of Kamlang sanctuar

javanica, Castanopsis indica, Canarium bengalensis, Duaba

Dillenia indica, Dysoxylum procerum, Magnolia hodgsonii, Messua ferrea,

Pterospermum acerifolium, Shorea assamica and Terminalia b

Wildlife Sanctuary is known to harbour a variety of mammals (E

gibbon, Slow loris, Fishing cat, Leo

(Kaleej pheasant, Red jungle fowl, Ser

hornbill, Great Indian pied hornbill, Rufous-necked hornbill, c

reptiles (Python, Keelbacks, Cobras, Common worm snake

snake, etc.) and a number of amphibian species.

BIODIVERSITY CONSERVATION PLAN The Biodiversity conservation and Wildlife Management Plan

1750 MW Demwe Lower H.E. project has been formulated

existing wildlife (fauna and flora) profile of the region, custom

traditional rights of Mishmi tribes, conservation significance of the area, State



CISMHE

Following objectives have been taken into consideration fnsideration for the preparation of

.E. project.

(i)

conservation sites in the surrounding areas,

reatened, newly

ant plant/

egarding

er,

the

or the preparation of

.E. project.

(i)

conservation sites in the surrounding areas,

reatened, newly

ant plant/

egarding

er,

the

Biodiversity Management Plan for the proposed Demwe Lower HBiodiversity Management Plan for the proposed Demwe Lower H

To maintain a sustainable approach between customs and culture of the To maintain a sustainable approach between customs and culture of the

local communities and biodiversity conservation,

(ii) Preservation of State’s

local communities and biodiversity conservation,

(ii) Preservation of State’s

(iii) To establish gardens for the voucher specimens of th

recorded and endemic species,

(iii) To establish gardens for the voucher specimens of th

recorded and endemic species,

(iv) Special efforts for in situ or ex situ conservation of cri(iv) Special efforts for in situ or ex situ conservation of critical/ import

t the traditional knowledge of the local people r

ity Regist

(v vaids’ and their traditional knowledge on

medicinal plants,

ducation to increase

awareness with respect to biodiversity.

viii) Noise mitigation and wildlife management

Fig. 1.1: Priority settings of biodiversity of northeast states of India including

proposed project area

tical/ import

t the traditional knowledge of the local people r

ity Regist

vaids’ and their traditional knowledge on

medicinal plants,

ducation to increase

awareness with respect to biodiversity.

viii) Noise mitigation and wildlife management

Fig. 1.1: Priority settings of biodiversity of northeast states of India including

proposed project area

animal species, if any, affected by the project,

(v) To protec

animal species, if any, affected by the project,

(v) To protec

biodiversity and its value and to prepare Peoples’ Biodiversbiodiversity and its value and to prepare Peoples’ Biodivers

i) To create a data bank on ‘(vi) To create a data bank on ‘

(vii) To provide incentives for research, training and public e(vii) To provide incentives for research, training and public e

Priority settings

National Global

EBAs Hotspots ER

PPAN BCPP BC SBSAPs



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= planning for

= biodiversity conservation prioritization project;

BC = Biodiversity characterization, SBSAPs= state biodiversity strategy action

1.3.1 Definitions

The terms and definitions used in this volume are those mentioned in the

ed exclusively in

1.3.1 anisms from all

art and includes

thin species or between species and of ecosystem.

anisms or parts

ng value added

r value but does not include human

1.3.1 ecies, sub species, genes,

ose and includes

1.3.1 ” means panchayats, and municipalities.

1.3.1.5 “Cultivar” means a variety of a plant that has originated and persisted under

cultivation or was specifically bred for the purpose of cultivation.

1.3.1.6 “Folk variety” means a cultivated variety of plant that was developed, grown

and exchanged informally among farmers.

1.3.1.7 “Land race” means primitive cultivar that was grown by ancient farmers and

their successor.

EBAs = endemic bird area; ER = global eco-region; PPAN

protected area network; BCPP

plans

Biological Diversity Act (2002). However, some of the terms us

this plan, which are relevant, are explained below:

.1 “Biological diversity” means the variability among living org

sources and the ecological complexes of which they are a p

diversity wi

1.3.1.2 “Biological resources” means plants, animals and micro-org

thereof, their genetic material and by-products (excludi

products) with actual or potential use o

genetic material.

.3 “Bio-survey” means survey or collection of sp

components, and extract of biological resources for any purp

characterization, inventorisation and bioassay.

.4 “Local bodies



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1.3f habitats and ecosystem

we Lower H.E. project.

1.3

any threatened,

Schizostachyum

rpum, Cyathea

ted to inhabit this

st to biodiversity

ntal awareness.

ed at Parasuram

of Tidding- Lohit confluence) and near

Ziro point. These repositories would be established in an area of 9-10 ha of

y for the repositories

es, collection of seeds and plant species, small

Table 1.4: Cost estimates for establishment of gardens for voucher specimen

Amount (in Rs.) rch scientist, Curator, Gardener, Peon) 92,00,000

t (1) (basic Rs. 20280)

Peon (3) (basic pay Rs. 6050)

Collection of seeds and plant species 2,00,000

Development of gardens (3 No) 20,00,000

Development of nurseries (2 No) 4,00,000

Plantation 5,00,000

Water supply system 2,00,000

Laboratory

.2 Activities and Development Works to be Undertaken For the promotion of the conservation and preservation o

the following measures are proposed for the Dem

.2.1 Establishment of gardens for voucher specimen The entire region has diverse habitats featuring a varied biota. M

rare and endemic plant species like Albizia arunachalensis,

fuchsianum (Poisonous bamboo), Acer oblongum var. microca

spp, Litsea mishmiensis, Syzygium mishmiense, etc. are repor

region. The proposed repositories would be of special intere

conservation, scientific research, education and environme

Depending on the habitat of a species, three gardens are propos

Kund, left bank of Tidding river (upstream

degraded land. The break up of the total financial outla

including development of nurseri

laboratory and staff for five years is given in Table 1.4.

Particulars Salaries/wages* (Resea

Research Scientis

Curator (3) (basic pay Rs. 11170)

Gardener (3) (basic pay Rs. 6050)



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Building

Equipmen

10,00,000

t

5,00,000

145,00,000 *In dering the revised pay

tlay of Rs. 145 lakhs would be provided by the project

authorities. The project authorities would provide funds for the establishment of

s for 5 years. After 5 years project authorities would hand it over it to

1.3

amkund, Tidding,

rflies. During the

ed. Also, a large

Lohit and Tidding

aceous flowering

abitats

tterflies, 3 parks

Salangum). The

and fruit bearing

p. Artemisia spp,

Murrya spp, Crotalaria spp, Desmodium spp., Clerodendrum, Phlogacanthus

spp. Duabanga spp., Bombax ceiba, Bauhunia spp., etc. are suggested for the

proposed butterfly parks. Moist damp places and stream beds are the most

appropriate places for the butterflies. Therefore, these parks will be located along

the river beds. Total budget including fencing of enclosed areas, plantation,

salaries, maintenance grant and contingency for butterfly parks is given in Table

1.5 amounting to Rs. 96,80,000 (Rs. Ninety six lakhs and eighty thousand).

5,00,000

Contingency

Total the salary head, lump sum amount for 5 years has been allocated consi scale

A total financial ou

repositorie

State Forest Department.

.2.2 Butterfly park Lohit valley is highly rich in the diversity of butterflies. Parasur

Salangam, Mompani are well endowed habitats for the butte

primary surveys many scheduled butterfly species like Variegated Sailer, Metallic

cerulean, Sullied sailer, Elbowed pierrot, etc. were encounter

soul of Indian cabbage white was observed along the banks of

rivers. Field investigations also revealed that a number of herb

plants in the Parsuramkund, Mompani and areas along the riparian h

attracted a variety of butterflies. In order to conserve these bu

are suggested on the degraded lands (near Wakro, Tidding and

area of each park would be around 1.5 – 2.0 ha. The flowering

plant species like Hibiscus spp., Tagetes spp., Carthamus sp



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Table 1.5: Cost estimates for establishment of butterflies gardens Salaries/wages (1 curator, 3 gardener/peon) Rs. 23,80,000

Rs. 30,00,000

Rs. 8,00,000

n ant (@ Rs. 2,00,000 per year/ park) Rs. 30,00,000

Rs. 5,00,000

1.3

nowledge on the

illages and tribal

underestimated.

ant species, viz.

paedaria foetida,

and exchange of

portance of the

ion. In addition to

nts, cultivars, folk

taxonomists, and

’ and record their knowledge. For this purpose, it is proposed that two

ach headed by a scientist should be engaged on

rch institution of

ies spread over 5

(Rs. Fifty lakhs).

1.3.2.4 Natural Resource Management

Mishmis, the predominant local tribe in Lohit Valley, have traditional rights on the

forest produce. They practice shifting cultivation and hunting. Animal hunting in

the region is related not only to diet of Mishmis, but is also associated with their

culture and customs. Thus, the involvement of Mishmis and other tribes in

Fencing in closed areas

Plantation

Mainte ance gr

Contingency (include travels etc)

.2.3 Preparation of Peoples Biodiversity Registers (PBR)

There is increasing realization that a vast amount of traditional k

plant species and their importance exists in the remote areas, v

areas of India. This knowledge remains both unexploited and

The Mishmi tribes of the region have a unique way of life and have developed

their own system of medicine and food. Tribes use many pl

Diplazium esculentum, Solanum torvum, S. spirale, S. indicum,

clerodendrum colebrookianum, Impatiens spp., Spilanthus sp. etc. for food and

medicines to cure some of the prevalent diseases. Recording

this unique system of knowledge of economic and medicinal im

plant species would open doors for a new strategy of conservat

the documentation of the traditional knowledge on medicinal pla

varieties, the proposed PBR would also prepare a list of para

local ‘vaids

teams of researchers, e

contractual basis through tie-up with nearby university/resea

repute having requisite expertise in the subject area. The activit

years could be strengthened with a financial outlay of Rs. 50,00,000



CISMHE

biodiversity conservation shall be crucial. The prohibition of hun

cultivation is a serious challenge in this region. The n

management can be achieved by joint forest management involving tribes,

through local NGOs and coordinated efforts of the project pro

government. This joint programme

ting and shifting

atural resource

ponents and the

should be carried at various levels like

awareness programmes, reward system, salaries to villagers, awareness about

a communities of

respect to forest

gchen means an

hunting and no

this area. The

servation and a

al people will be

C would prepare

exploitation of forest resources. The participating NGO

mmes for the local

t) would provide

at least 5 years.

t would be Rs.

1.3.2.5 Identification of invasive species and recovery of susceptible species The proposed project area is not under severe anthropogenic pressure.

However, Ageratina adenophora, Ageratum conyzoides, Bidens bipinnata,

Mikania micrantha, Chromolaena odoratum and Ambrosia artemisifolia are some

of the invasive species that have been introduced unintentionally or by natural

means in this area. The increased human activity and disturbance in natural

continued survival and importance of wildlife, etc.

An inspiring example of Natural Resource Management is Monp

Tawang district. They work on a self governance system with

conservation. In the organization - Pangchen Dhing Druk, (Pan

oath) taken by villagers not to damage forests, streams, no

fishing. Similar form of resource management is proposed in

constituents of natural resource management would be an Eco Development

Committee (EDC), an NGO, based on the environment con

Financing Body. Eco Development Committee would involve local people, Forest

Department and the project proponents. EDC would discourage burning of

forests, hunting and slash and burn agriculture. Some of the loc

appointed in the EDC on payment of honorarium basis. The ED

a plan for sustainable

would run awareness, teaching and training progra

communities. The project proponent (Demwe Lower HE Projec

the finances for supporting the activities of EDC and NGO for

Total financial outlay for the natural resource managemen

50,00,000/- (Rs. Fifty lakhs).



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ecosystems is the main cause of the spread of invasive specie

prove to be adverse for the native plant diversity leading to decl

s. This trend may

ine in number of

nd manage it

y the following measures are suggested:

have occurred and are

tats.

isation and

gement measures to control this negative impact

ventorise the native species which are threatened by invasions and that

require rehabilitation and management.

es and floral

biology

(vi) Removal of exotic invasive plant species and obnoxious weeds.

0,000 (Rs. Fifty

1.3.2.6 t (Tengapani –

resent a habitat

oes not have the

as road and communication network. The wildlife

protection force is not adequately equipped with watching towers, wildlife

personnel and other field work facilities. In addition to the efforts of various

government and non-government organizations, a number of strengthening

measures for these conservation sites are suggested. Various activities which are

warranted for the biodiversity conservation and management of conservation sites

are described in the following paragraphs:

endemics in future. In order to understand this problem a

successfull

(i) Identify the areas where biological invasions

threatening.

(ii) Identify the exotic invasive species that are invading these habi

(iii) Identify the institutions/experts who can undertake inventor

researches to suggest mana

of invasive species.

(iv) In

(v) Researches on control of weed including bio control measur

Total budget for these activities is suggested to be Rs. 50,0lakhs).

Forest Protection Plan

As stated earlier, the surroundings of the proposed projec

Madhuban – Wakro and Demwe - Sewapass – Tidding) rep

heterogeneity which has conservation significance. The area d

minimum basic amenities such



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i) poaching, check

then the working

ent they must be

e their capability

Equipment such as a camera, GPS, wireless, binoculars

h lights, sleeping

ii) d to engage the

quainted with the area and are resourceful

y of butterflies,

) and better vigilance. These

on a contractual basis.

iii re effective and

iv ould be essential

and motorbikes.

althcare of wild

and for controlling diseases. For this purpose it is essential to

a mobile-rescue-

cum-publicity-van.

nducting training

s, preparation of research documents, pamphlets, brochures,

hoardings, etc.

viii) Provision of fire lines within critical areas to protect the forest from

accidental fires

The break up of the budget amounting to Rs. 257 lakhs for these activities is

given in Table 1.6.

For the improvement of vigilance and measures to check

posts and watch towers will be needed. In order to streng

capacity the officers of the State Forest/Wildlife Departm

provided with necessary equipment that would increas

and efficiency.

and other minor equipment (altimeter, spot scope, searc

bags, health kits, etc.).

Under the reward for informers programme it is propose

workers of EDC who are well ac

in gathering information for anti-poaching (particularl

medicinal herbs and endangered species

youth could be hired

) The construction of bridges, inspection paths for mo

meaningful patrolling of the staff should be undertaken.

) The construction of an office complex for the purpose w

to monitor all these activities.

v) Improvement of vigilance by procurement of field vehicles

vi) Creation of veterinary facilities and rescue camps for he

animals

maintain a stock of medicines in addition to setting up of

vii) Organizing occasional public awareness programmes, co

camp



CISMHE

Table 1.6: Cost estimates for Forest Protection Plan

Amount (in Rs)

s, 1 forester) 96,00,000

ireless, Laptop, V-Sat, GPS etc) 30,00,000

10,00,000

50,00,000

and patrolling paths 15,00,000

ice Complex 15,00,000

Vehicles 8,00,000

Mobile rescue van 8,00,000

15,00,000

To 0,000

1.3

the wildlife are

g areas of the proposed project in terms of increased

n of air and water

p by these negative

im bit. To avoid and

m rities are advised

to prepare strict gui

(i) Strict restrictions shall be imposed on the workers at project sites to

ensure that they do not harvest any species/produce from the natural

forests and cause any danger or harm to the animals and birds in the wild.

(ii) Minimum levels of noise during construction activities will be maintained

and no activity shall be carried out at night where the project site is in the

close vicinity of animal/bird or human habitats especially located in the

vicinity of dense forest area.

Particulars

Salaries/wages/Contingency (for 5 years)

(10 forest guard

Equipment (Camera, W

Reward programmes

Fire lines

Check posts and watch towers 10,00,000

Construction of bridges

Off

Veterinary facilities

tal 257,0

.2.7 Safeguards during construction phase

During the construction phase, various adverse impacts on

anticipated in the surroundin

oise levels, land vibrations during tunneling and blasting, release

ollutants, etc. Mammals are the most vulnerable group affected

pacts, which affect their movement, behaviour and breeding ha

inimize the negative impacts from these activities project autho

delines as follows.



CISMHE

(i lantations meant

supply of the

t up for this

imal habitats.

(i ality and release of pollutants into

tion facilities and

minimum in the

e contractors do

erness areas.

gulations of the

2002), Forest Act

elines of State

CSAP) for the

ix) 0-120 dB in

life habitats are

that the blasting

ornings and late

h are the feeding times of most of the fauna. Blasting will

. For this strict blasting regime,

llance should be

r reduction and

ce to the animals as

possible are given below:

(a) Only well maintained/new equipment that produces lesser noise

would be installed at the work sites.

(b) The best way to control the noise is at source. Certain equipment

that needs to be placed permanently at one place like generators,

etc. would be housed in enclosed structures to cut off the noise.

(c) The heavy equipment like rotating or impacting machines will be

mounted on anti-vibration mountings.

ii) The fuel wood to the labourers shall be provided from p

for the purpose and/or the provision made for the

free/subsidized kerosene/LPG from the depots being se

purpose to avoid forest degradation and destruction of an

v) To avoid the deterioration of water qu

the river, project authorities would provide proper sanita

garbage disposal bins to the workers/colony areas.

(v) The interference of human population would be kept to a

adjacent forested areas and it would be ensured that th

not set up labour colonies in the vicinity of forests and wild

(vii) The project authorities will be bound by the rules and re

Wildlife Protection Acts (1972), Biological Diversity Act (

(1980), Environment Protection Act (1986) and guid

Biodiversity Conservation Strategy Action Plans (SB

preservation of habitats and protection of wild animals.

It will be ensured that the noise levels in no case go above 10

the project area, particularly where human and wild

located. One of the measures proposed to be adopted is

is to be restricted and avoided during nights, early m

afternoons, whic

be resorted to only if extremely necessary

i.e. controlled blasting under constant and strict survei

followed. Some of the suggested methodologies fo

mitigation of noise so as to cause as little disturban



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(d) Wherever combustion engines are required they will be fitted with

(e)

ducing stop and

provided to the

tc. in the forested

ruction activities.

roject work, the

as sufficient layer

ise absorber and

e and these are

n to cut off noise by about 3-12 dB at a site depending upon

the density of vegetation. These measures will be planned in

before starting operation at any site.

1.3

pattern, habitant

tion strategy for the floral as well as for the faunal

species falling under the RET schedule. Appropriate budgetary provisions have

ng conservation of these species. However, it is

nd conservation

mark a lumpsum

provision of Rs 50 lakhs for supporting R & D activities by identified national,

international research organizations.

1.4 WILDLIFE MANAGEMENT PLAN

The influence zone and catchment of proposed project is very important

ecological niche for the wildlife. A part of the Kamlang Wildlife sanctuary forms

the catchment of the Demwe Lower H.E. project. It harbours about 58 species of

silencers.

The traffic (trucks, etc.) used by the project works will be managed

to produce a smooth flow instead of a noise pro

start flow. Necessary training/orientation will be

traffic operators/drivers. Sounding of loud horns, e

areas should be banned. Project authorities will use water

sprinklers on the road to avoid the dust from const

(f) While clearing the land of vegetation for any p

project authorities will ensure that the work area h

of tree cover around it. It will act as an effective no

dust barrier. The tree layer will act as buffer zon

know

advance and well

(g) The project authorities will monitor the noise at critical sites from

time to time.

.2.8 Research and Development activities

Efforts have been made to document the status, distribution

requirements and conserva

been made for promoti

recognized that for some of the species, propagation protocols a

strategy are not fully documented. It is therefore proposed to ear



CISMHE

mammals, 87 species of birds, 20 species of reptiles and a l

invertebrates including butterflies. The sanctuary is very rich i

harbouring about 50 species of trees ( Albizia lebbek, Am

Anthocephalus cadamba, Bobax ceiba, Magnolia griffithiii, Mesua

a large species of herbs, Shrubs, climbers and bamboos. Ma

Wildlife Sanctuary, viz. Mishmi takin, Serow, Musk deer, Le

leopard, Leoprad cat, Clawless otter, Himalayan black bear, Red panda, Hoolock

gibbon (mammals), Black eagle, Serpent eagle, Grey pea

Hornbills (birds), Indian python (Reptile), etc. have great conser

details in EIA). The proposed project does not have direc

Kamlang Wildlife sanctuary and none of the project activity f

sanctuary. However, a few species of Wildlife Sanctuary share

the immediate v

arge numbers of

n floral diversity

oora wallichii,

ferrea etc), and

ny species in the

opard, Clouded

cock pheasant,

vation value (see

t impact on the

alls in within the

their habitat with

icinity of proposed project. Similarly, many plant species in the

protected area are threatened and endemic. Considering the fact, a Wildlife

respect to the

conservation. The Wildlife Management Plan emphasizes on following measures

n

f floating population and settlement of

habitat

of wildlife habitat

unization of livestock against FMD and other communicable

f the area

vi. Infrastructure development

vii. Control and management of forest fires

viii. Enforcement of law

ix. Reduction of cattle and liaison with the project developers

xi. Special conservation of habitat vulnerable species

xii. Improvement of existing waterholes and spring

xiii. Rehabilitation of a small wildlife health cum ex-situ conservation centre.

Management Plan for sanctuary has been proposed with

i the protected areas.

i. Proper regulation of movement o

camps near wildlife

ii. Recovery and improvement

iii. Regular imm

diseases.

iv. Up-gradation of check list of wildlife o

v. Expansion of wildlife habitat



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xi ce

xv

ures

xv the project implementation

xv

xix Eco-development and community participation

xx. Awareness, education and sensitizing of fringe population

in line with the

of the protected

The activities of

the affected area by the project

shall be for a period of five years from the final approval of the project by the

nvironment and Forests Government of India. The Conservation plan

ent and Wildlife

Management Department, Government of Arunachal Pradesh.

1.4.1 Cost Estimates Table 1.7 shows the statement of physical and financ

Management.

e r H.E. project

Un Q Cost (in Rs.) (in lakhs)

1 Habitat improvement ha 1,000 80 8.00

2 Construction of watchtowers No 2,50,000 3 7.50

3 Construction of Check posts No 3,50,000 2 7.00

4 Improvement of footpath km 3,50,000 4 14.00

5 Waterholes/check dams cum 1,000 500 5.00

6 Estimation of wildlife ha 22,500 20 4.50

v. Patrolling and surveillan

. Identification of decimating factors

xvi Anti-poaching and hunting operational meas

ii. Study of wildlife population during

iii. Enhancing bird diversity and dynamics

xxi Recruitment of field staff

The implementation of Wildlife Management Plan shall be

guidelines of the Kamlang Wildlife Sanctuary and all the rules

area shall be applied in the course of the project operation.

conservation management and improvement of

Ministry of E

shall be implemented by the Wildlife Circle Forests, Environm

ial target for Wildlife

Table 1.7: Cost estimates for Wildlife Management Plan for Demw we Lo

S.No Activities it Rate uantity



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S.No nit te Quantity Activities U Ra Cost (in (in lakhs)

7 f wildlife 0 00 4.00

rable h 15 3.75

15,000 3.00

h 1 6.25

k 35000 25 8.75

ha 186 5 2.79

13 Enhancing 20200 15 3.03

ion and training No 8 4.00

itment of field staff (guards etc) 57.60

developmen ra, wirel 20.00

159.17 17 Administrative expenses % 12 12 19.10

178.27 5.34

183.61

1.5

anagement Committee (BMC) will follow the

guidelines of National Biodiversity Authority and State Biodiversity Conservation

onitor and evaluate the

oposed Demwe Lower H.E. project. The

the direct administrative control of the Chief

Wildlife Warden/Principal Chief Conservator of Forests, Arunachal Pradesh. The

BMC will comprise of following members.

i. Chief Wildlife Warden/Principal Chief Conservator of Forests, Chairman

Arunachal Pradesh

ii. Chief (Environment), Demwe Lower HE Project Member Secretary

iii.DFO (s) (wildlife) of the concerned Division Member(s)

Rs.)

Immunization o Head 50 8

8 Conservation of vulne spp. a ,000 25

9 Control of forest fires ha 20

10 Patrolling and surveillance a 2500 50

11 Anti-poaching m

12 Eco-development 000 1.

wildlife diversity ha

14 Awareness, educat 0000 5

15 Recru - 6

16 Infrastructure t (came ess etc) - -

Total

Total Contingencies % 3 3

Grand Total (lakhs)

BIODIVERSITY MANAGEMENT COMMITTEE (BMC) The proposed Biodiversity M

Strategy Action Plans (SBCSAP) to implement, m

Biodiversity Management Plan of the pr

activities of BMC shall be under



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iv. Two experts form University or renown D Instited R & utions Member

v. at least 3 villages Member

on a rotational basis

ber

t o as ign various activities to

1.6agement Plan of

Pradesh for five years. The total

Management Plan

would be Rs. 892.41 lakhs (Rs. Eight hundred-forty two lakh and forty one

only) (Table. 1.8).

T ersity conser and management plan

rs Amount (Rs. In lakhs)

1 f gardens for voucher specimen 145.00

2 96.80

3 50.00

4 Resource M nagement 50.00

5. Research and Developmental Activities 50.00

6. Identification of invasive species/recovery of susceptible species 50.00

7. Forest Protection Plan 257.00

8. Wildlife Management Plan 183.61

9. Biodiversity Management Committee 10.00

Grand Total 892.41

Panchayat Representatives from

vi. Representative of a well known local NGO Mem

The Chairman of the committee will have the righ t s

various members for proper functioning and result-oriented tasks. Total budget

for the committee’s routine functioning would be Rs. 10,00,000.

COST ESTIMATES The project authorities will provide the funds for Biodiversity Man

Demwe Lower H.E. project in Arunachal

estimated cost of the Biodiversity conservation and Wildlife

thousand

able 1.8: The estimated cost of biodiv vation

Particula

. Establishment o

. Butterfly parks

. Preparation of PBR

. Natural a



CISMHE

Annexure 1.1: Pertinent details for conservation of rare, threatened and vulnerable auna of Demwe Lower HEP

tific Nam ervation Habit

reDistribution

pattern

flora/f

A. Flora

Scien e Cons status at & Climate

quirement

Acer oblong

microcarpum

um v

gdom: Plan

ar.

taeo Kin

Subkingdom:

eViridaeplanta

Tracheo

phytaPhylum:

Subphylum:

Euphyllophytina

Infraphylum:

Radiatopses

Class: Magnoliopsida

eSubclass: Rosida

naeSuperorder: Ruta

sOrder: Sapindale

eFamily: Aceracea

Genus: Acer

Specific epithet:

ch ex

me: -

longum var.

ex DC

Remark : Not fo

in project area &

Kamlang Wildlife

sanctuary

f me

in

et

n of en

ara

p

covery plans

ent of

as to conserve

and habitats.

vation centers

a,

rdens, seed banks,

clonal collections, forest

nurseries, zoological gardens

etc., can help to conserve

stocks of both wild and

domesticated animals, plants

and microorganisms.

EST

in etween

es .

ergreen and dense in

. The trees attain

imensions (25-

40m high). The forests

are rich in species

diversity and dominated

by Fagaceae members

Subtropical pine

forest in the

Mishmi Hills,

Lohit District

(Arunachal

Pradesh),

Uttarakhand, etc.

India ENDEMIC

oblongum - Walli

DC.

Botanical na

Acer ob

microcarpum Wallich

und

A wide variety o

be used to conserve

biodiversity, includ

situ and ex- situ m

situ conservation effects in

legal protectio

species, the prep

implementation of s

management or re

and the establishm

protected are

individual species

Ex -situ conser

such as arboreta, aquari

botanic ga

asures can

g both in-

hods. In

clude

dangered

tion and

ecies

SUBTRO

FOR

Occur

altitud

These are essentially

ev

nature

large d

PICAL

S

districts b

800m to 1900m

Paphiopedilum wardii

A wide variety of measures can

be used to conserve

biodiversity, including both in-

situ and ex- situ methods. In

situ conservation effects include

Grows on granite rocky

surface covered with

mosses and leaf litter.

Australia: New

South Wales

China

India, Lohit

district of


http://zipcodezoo.com/Key/Plantae/Euphyllophytina_Subphylum.asp

http://zipcodezoo.com/Key/Plantae/Magnoliopsida_Class.asp

http://zipcodezoo.com/Key/Plantae/Sapindales_Order.asp

http://zipcodezoo.com/Key/Plantae/Aceraceae_Family.asp


CISMHE

Kingdom: Plantae

Subkingdom:

eViridaeplanta

TracheoPhylum: phyta

Subphylum:

ytinaEuphylloph

lum:

s

Infraphy

Radiatopse

iliopsidaClass: L

: Liliidae

Subclass

Superorder: Lilianae

sOrder: Orchidale

eaeFamily: Orchidac

Subfamily:

Cypripedioideae

ieaeTribe: Cypriped

ibe:

inae

Subtr

Paphiopedil

wardii

: -

pedilum wardii

ect area &

e

sanctuary

endangered

aration and

pecies

or recovery plans

ment of

nserve

ies and habitats.

tion centers

reta, aquaria,

seed banks,

ions, forest

ical gardens

elp to conserve

stocks of both wild and

domesticated animals, plants

and microorganisms.

(Arunachal

Pradesh

ENDEMIC)

Specific epithet:

- Summerh.

Botanical name

Paphio

Summerh

Remark : Not found

in proj

Kamlang Wildlif

legal protection of

species, the prep

implementation of s

management

and the establish

protected areas to co

individual spec

Ex -situ conserva

such as arbo

botanic gardens,

clonal collect

nurseries, zoolog

etc., can h

Dioscorea deltoidea

Domain: Eukaryota

Kingdom: Plantae

Subkingdom:

Viridaeplantae

Phylum: Tracheophyta

ing both in-

situ and ex- situ methods. In

situ conservation effects include

legal protection of endangered

species, the preparation and

implementation of species

management or recovery plans

and the establishment of

protected areas to conserve

1000 - 30

subtropic yas

China,

Nepal,

Pakistan,

Thailand,

Afghanistan,

Vietnam,

India Himalaya,

Kashmir to

Assam,

Darjeeling).

A wide variety of measure

be used to conserve

biodiversity, includ

s can Found at an altitude of

00 m in

al Himala


http://zipcodezoo.com/Key/Plantae/Plantae_Kingdom.asp

http://zipcodezoo.com/Key/Plantae/Plantae_Kingdom.asp

http://zipcodezoo.com/Key/Plantae/Viridaeplantae_Subkingdom.asp


http://zipcodezoo.com/Key/Plantae/Radiatopses_Infraphylum.asp

http://zipcodezoo.com/Key/Plantae/Radiatopses_Infraphylum.asp

http://zipcodezoo.com/Key/Plantae/Liliidae_Subclass.asp

http://zipcodezoo.com/Key/Plantae/Lilianae_Superorder.asp

http://zipcodezoo.com/Key/Plantae/Orchidales_Order.asp

http://zipcodezoo.com/Key/Plantae/Cypripedioideae_Subfamily.asp

http://zipcodezoo.com/Key/Plantae/Cypripedieae_Tribe.asp

http://zipcodezoo.com/Key/Plantae/Paphiopedilinae_Subtribe.asp


CISMHE

Subphylum:

Euphyllophytina

hylum:

s

Infrap

Radiatopse

daClass: Liliopsi

Subclass: Liliidae

Superorder:

eDioscoreana

reaOrder: Diosco les

Family:

Dioscoreaceae

us: DioscoreaGen

ithet:

all.

ame: -

ltoidea

mark : Not found

&

ildlife

ary

ies and habitats.

ers

, aquaria,

ed banks,

, forest

cal gardens

to conserve

and

nimals, plants

anisms.

ame bitarequiremen

Distribution pattern

Specific ep

deltoidea - W

Botanical n

Dioscorea de

Wall.

Re

in project area

Kamlang W

sanctu

individual spec

Ex -situ conservation cent

such as arboreta

botanic gardens, se

clonal collections

nurseries, zoologi

etc., can help

stocks of both wild

domesticated a

and microorg

Scientific N Conservation status Ha t & Climate

t

Begonia burkillii

Rare Kingdom: Plantae

gnolioph

noliopsida

Violanae

Phylum: Ma yta

Class: Mag

SuperOrder:

lesOrder: Begonia

Family: Begoniaceae

Genus: Begonia Species:

Begonia burkillii

dian

ASIA-TROPICAL

In Subcontinent:

India - Arunachal

sh

Abor hills. 300-1000

m

Grows on moist

shady banks at 600-

1800 m altitude.

Prade

Calanthe manii Rare Calanthe mannii

Phylum Magnoliophyta

Class Liliopsida

Order Asparagales

Himalaya to Vietnam

Himalaya (Kumaun

On rock boulders and

along

the streams in Quercus

forest


http://zipcodezoo.com/Key/Plantae/Viridaeplantae_Subkingdom.asp

http://zipcodezoo.com/Key/Plantae/Tracheophyta_Phylum.asp


http://zipcodezoo.com/Key/Plantae/Liliopsida_Class.asp

http://zipcodezoo.com/Key/Plantae/Liliidae_Subclass.asp

http://zipcodezoo.com/Key/Plantae/Dioscoreales_Order.asp

http://data.gbif.org/species/browse/provider/1/taxon/13140814/


http://zipcodezoo.com/Key/Plantae/Begoniales_Order.asp




CISMHE

Scientific Na nservation status Habitat & Climate

Distribution pattern me Corequirement

Family Orchidaceae

alanthe

to Bhutan), Assam.

Khas

m eastern Himalayas

at altitudes of up to

3,000m though it is also

known from lower

itats. Laos, Sikkim,

and Bhutan

Genus C

i hills Fro

hab

Phoenix rupicola

Cliff Date Palm

Rare. Kingdom: Plantae

TracheophPhylum: yta llophytinaSubphylum: Euphy

Class: Liliopsida Su erorder: pArecanae

Order: Arecales Family: caceaeAre

nicSubfamily: Phoe oideae Genus: Phoenix

rupi

me: - Prupicola

Nativ

(Arun

h

Tista Mishmi hills.

Nativ

n

d

Specific epithet: Botanical na

cola hoenix

mou

of

e to India

achal Pradesh,

alaya, Sikkim)Meg

450 m

e to the

tainous forests

iaIn and Bhutan

200 m, from 300 to 1

usually occurring on

cliffs, hillsides and

similar terrain.

rives among the rocks

e

Himalayan Mountains.

Rocky cliffs, and gorges

Himalayas.

It is easy and fast

growing, suitable for

tropical as well as

temperate climates, and

will even tolerate

moderate frosts

Th

and cliffs in th

in the Indian


http://images.google.co.in/imgres?imgurl=http://www.adamsgardensnursery.com/plants/full/30-0.jpg&imgrefurl=http://www.adamsgardensnursery.com/plants.php%3Fplant%3D30&usg=__FUL6NTpL3Yx3xJx5KSHdhtP79Bs=&h=500&w=688&sz=298&hl=en&start=5&um=1&tbnid=WsTxH8a0F917sM:&tbnh=101&tbnw=139&prev=/images%3Fq%3DPhoenix%2Brupicola%26hl%3Den%26sa%3DX%26um%3D1�


http://zipcodezoo.com/Key/Plantae/Liliopsida_Class.asp

http://zipcodezoo.com/Key/Plantae/Arecales_Order.asp

http://zipcodezoo.com/Key/Plantae/Phoenicoideae_Subfamily.asp

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/India






CISMHE

B. Fauna

Scientific Nam ood requirement e Distribution pattern Habitat requirement F

Moschus chrysogaster

a

ta

Mammalia

Classification

Kingdom: Animali

Phylum: Chorda

Class: Order: Artiodactyla

idae Family: Mosch

hus Genus: Mosc

r

arks: The elevation

of proposed project is

300-425. Musk deer is

not found in the project

area as its habitat

requirement is 2,200-

4,300.

rn an

edge of Tib

southern

the Himalaya

v l

latrines, an

ith becomes

uent during the

season.

musk deer

ry, remaining

e

ughout the

males these

t 125 acres in

male musk

ill control a

which

encompasses the ranges

of several females,

defending it against

intrusion by rival males.

The Himalayan musk

deer does not undertake

any seasonal migrations,

remaining in the same

musk deer

rowsers and select

y digestible,

tious foods that are

in and

(sugars) and low

Forbs (i.e, herbs)

woody

(shoots, twigs)

tute the bulk of the

summer and

r, respectively.,

re available, musk

deer may switch to

feeding largely on

arboreal lichens (Usnea

spp.), which are low in

protein but high in energy

Species:crysogaste

Rem

Alpine for

scrub at elev

>3,000m

easte

est and

ations of

on the

d southern

et and the

slopes of

s

Himalayan

are most ac

dusk

alternately

feeding t

period. A

deer can be

open ar

habitat a

while du

they remai

cover.

indi idua

common

activity w

more freq

mating

Himalayan

are sedenta

within a defined hom

range thro

year. In fe

are abou

size, while

deer w

territory

musk deer

tive between

and dawn,

resting and

hroughout this

t night, musk

seen in the

eas of their

s they graze,

ring the day,

n in dense

Neighboring

s may utilize

Essentially,

are b

easil

nutri

high in prote

energy

in fiber.

and

plants

consti

diet in

winte

Whe


http://www.google.co.in/imgres?imgurl=http://dic.academic.ru/pictures/enwiki/77/Moschustier.jpg&imgrefurl=http://dic.academic.ru/dic.nsf/enwiki/189885&h=315&w=350&sz=31&tbnid=OKm7Pv2o02CsXM::&tbnh=108&tbnw=120&prev=/images%3Fq%3Dhimalya%2Bmusk%2Bdeer%2Bpictures&hl=en&usg=__ZnSE744c0Ii3BY8sdmi35JPKl4I=&ei=5DgSSuzlAc-MkAWwwJj8Dg&sa=X&oi=image_result&resnum=3&ct=image�


CISMHE

area year-round despite

harsh weathe

conditions

r

.

Neofelis nebulosa

imaliaKingdom:An

ordataPhylum:Ch

maliaClass:Mam

Order:Carnivora

:FelFamily idae

Genus: Neofelis

Species: nebulosa

Remarks: Clo

leopard a

uded

re found up to

an elevation of 1500.

hence present in the

project area And also

present in Kamlan

scantuary

i

g WL

It is found n southern

China (at le

north as

ast as far

yi ShanWu ),

eastern the

Himalayas, Nepal,

north-east India, and

mainland Southeast

Asia.

ing and

hunting.

spend

unting on the

was

believed.

f clouded

occur most

n primary

ical forest

ave also been

n other habitats,

opic st, and

rdwood forest.

clouded leopard is a

re. Its prey

udes the sambar

Clouded

occupy tr

elevations

meters. T

arboreal,

primarily

also for

However, they

more time h

ground than

originally

Sightings o

leopards

often i

evergreen trop

but they h

sighted i

leopards

opical forests at

up to 3000

hey are highly

using trees

for rest

The

carnivo

incl

such a

forest, l

mangrove

grassland, scru

dry tr

coastal ha

s secondary

ogged forest,

swamp,

b land,

al fore

and

muntjac deer, birds,

ded pigs, civetbear ,

monkeys, gibbons,

squirrels, porcupines,

fish, domestic cattle and

chicken

Hylobates Hoolock

Kingdom: Animalia

Phylum: Chordata

Class: Mammalia

Order: Primates

Family: Hylobatidae

extending from

Assam

The range

hoolocks is

northwester

the

of the

the most

n of all

gibbons,

in North-East

India, to Myanmar.

Small populations (in

each case few

hundred animals) live

also in the eastern

Bangladesh and in

lock gibbon is

in tropical

rainforest,

en forest,

tropical mixed

deciduous-dominated

forest, and sub-tropical

broadleaf hill forest up to

1400 m (4500'). It prefers

the closed canopy/three-

tiered forest (high,

middle and low)

The species is an

important seed disperser;

its diet includes mostly

ripe fruits, with some

flowers, leaves and

shoots.

The hoo

found

evergreen

semi-evergre


http://www.google.co.in/imgres?imgurl=http://bioweb.uwlax.edu/bio203/s2008/knoble_jere/clouded%2520leopard.jpg&imgrefurl=http://bioweb.uwlax.edu/bio203/s2008/knoble_jere/UniqueCharacteristics.htm&h=252&w=432&sz=38&tbnid=CbrPqBe67Qk9oM::&tbnh=74&tbnw=126&prev=/images%3Fq%3Dclouded%2Bleopard&hl=en&usg=__qf16GTjXlJlLT8VfOlRI11W3HY4=&ei=0jkSSozMBMqIkQXV6sWMDw&sa=X&oi=image_result&resnum=3&ct=image�

http://www.google.co.in/imgres?imgurl=http://www.thehindubusinessline.com/2005/11/30/images/2005113000792001.jpg&imgrefurl=http://www.thehindubusinessline.com/2005/11/30/stories/2005113000792000.htm&h=478&w=351&sz=29&tbnid=eue0kn5YUK3hgM::&tbnh=129&tbnw=95&prev=/images%3Fq%3Dhylobates%2Bhoolock%2Bpictures&hl=en&usg=__LU9gdbPPZQE1DIUVxNVi3FYsbsU=&ei=x0ASSpy3Mafm6gOSysC6Dg&sa=X&oi=image_result&resnum=1&ct=image�

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carnivora

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Felidae

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wuyi_Shan

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wuyi_Shan

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sambar_Deer

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sambar_Deer


CISMHE

Genus: Hylobates

is present in

Kamlang wildlife

sanctuary.

southwest C

Species: hoolock

Remarks: Hoolock

gibbon

hina vegetation. T

high tier supp

sleeping,

basking,

in the middl

rees in the

ort

resting and sun

while the trees

e and low

tiers provid

paths and

e locomotion

food

Tiger :Panthera tigris

nimalia

tigris

Kingdom:A

Phylum:Chordata

Class:Mammalia

Order:Carnivora

Family:Felidae

Genus:Panthera

Species:. tigris

Remarks : Tigers

present in Kamlan

Sanctua nd al

ject area

found in

India

are

g WL

so in ry a

the Pro

parts of

, Bangladesh,

Nepal, Bhutan, and

Burma re

stalking and

prey

It lives in

grassland

and tropi

scrub fo

dry decid

and man

rely on c

varied habitats:

s, subtropical

cal rainforests,

sts, wet and

uous forests,

groves.. Tigers

oncealment for

ambushing

. The

with amp

and mod

cover.

er's favorite prey is

and wild boar. Deer

s may include

chital, sika deer,

p deer, and hog

, among others.

g on the

also

antelope, buffalo,

, domestic livestock,

owl, monkeys,

ets

y seek areas

le food, water,

erately dense

A tig

deer

specie

sambar,

swam

deer

Dependin

habitat, tigers may

eat

guar

peaf

civ , porcupines, fish,

frogs, crabs, large

zards, pythons,

young elephants or

. Grass, fruits, and

rries are also eaten.

monitor li

and

rhinos

be

Golden cat:Catopuma

temminckii

Kingdom:Animalia

Phylum:Chordata

Class:Mammalia

Order:Carnivora

ian golden cat

is found throughout

southeast Asia, from

as far north as

southern China, west

to Nepal, east of

Fukien in China, and

south to Sumatra

The Asian

found in d

forests, tr

rainforests, and

occasionally open

habitats with rocky areas

The Asiatic wild cat is

unt primarily

und, but they

are agile climbers. From

examining their feces, it

has been found that they

eat muntjac, rats and

even snakes. It is

believed that they are

opportunistic feeders.

The As golden cat is

ry deciduous

opical

believed to h

on the gro


http://www.google.co.in/imgres?imgurl=http://www.naturetrek.co.uk/pics/mp_Tiger.jpg&imgrefurl=http://www.naturetrek.co.uk/wildlife-holidays/wildlife-holidays.asp%3FID%3D2&h=358&w=333&sz=133&tbnid=H4FqtBpgrq_A-M::&tbnh=121&tbnw=113&prev=/images%3Fq%3Dtiger&hl=en&usg=__ZfIhH6jc1bFySV1MabrVHDprfqo=&ei=sUISSuvROYGVkAWu56GEDw&sa=X&oi=image_result&resnum=4&ct=image�

http://www.google.co.in/imgres?imgurl=http://www.kleo.ru/encyclopedia/cat/wild/golden_asiatic_02b.jpg&imgrefurl=http://www.kleo.ru/encyclopedia/cat/wild/golden_asiatic.shtml&h=442&w=300&sz=48&tbnid=9HnwTDDIHsErPM::&tbnh=127&tbnw=86&prev=/images%3Fq%3DCatopuma%2Btemmincki%2Bpics&hl=en&usg=__JWhrp3VmlKP80rcUjKjxUhGjWic=&ei=O2QSSoS9LpiGkQWBn8yHDw&sa=X&oi=image_result&resnum=1&ct=image�

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Animal

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Felidae

http://www.seaworld.org/infobooks/Tiger/vocabutiger.html

http://www.seaworld.org/infobooks/Tiger/vocabutiger.html

http://www.seaworld.org/infobooks/tiger/vocabutiger.html


CISMHE

Family:Felidae

aGenus:Catopum

ii

Remarks :presentKamlang WL sanc

Species temminck

in tuary

Wild boar:Sus scrofa

m:Animalia

Kingdo

rdataPhylum:Cho

Class:Mammalia

Order:Artiodactyla

Family:Suidae

Genus:Sus

Species: scrofa

Remarks: It is present in

kamlang WL sanctuary

and also in the Project

area

iting

North Afri

Mountains)

of Asia

India)

new

be mainly

y maximum

nowfall, deep

creases their

ravel and find

y are sensitive

emperature

scrofa has

d the technique

ing in mud or

aintain a

temperature.

protects

sunburn and

insect bites. Sus scrofa

has even been known to

wallow in their own urine

to keep cool.

Temperatures dropping

below 50 degrees will

cause discomfort.

Conversely, Sus scrofa

scrofa is known for

omnivorous and

times indiscriminate

The diet includes

fungi, tubers and bulbs,

s and

fruit, eggs, small

brates,

ebrates, carrion,

anure. Such a

wide range of food

sources has enabled Sus

scrofa to survive in a

variety of environments,

from deserts to

mountainous terrain.

Wild boar i

inhab

woodlands

Europe,

Mediterrane

Region (i

s found

the

of Central

an

ncluding

ca's Atlas

and most

(including

Although

found in a

habitats a

domestica

introductio

areas, the

habitat is

forests and

especially

and areas where reed

are abun

thought

limited b

winter s

snow de

ability to t

food. The

to severe t

changes. Sus

develope

of wallow

water to m

comfortable

Wallowing also

against

Sus scrofa is

wide variety of

s a result of

tion and

n to

typical wild

generally moist

shrublands,

oak forests

s

dant. They are

Sus

its

some

diet.

vegetation, grain

nuts,

verte

invert

and m

to


http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Catopuma.html


CISMHE

is prone to suns

Scientific Na d requirement

troke in

unusually warm

temperature.

me Distribution pattern Habitat requirement Foo

d :

Common leopar

rdus

on

Panthera pa

Classificati

imaKingdom:An lia

aPhylum:Chordat

Class:Mammalia

Order:Carnivora

Family:Felidae

Genus:Panthera

In the Centr

republics,

distribution is

known. H

leopards had a wider

distribution

Turkmenistan,

found in p

Uzbekistan

Tajikistan. An

leopard was k

local hunter in

2000 in Kazakh

first record of the

species in this

in a location

km from

occurrences in

Uzbekistan

Tajikistan, a

1,200 km from

occurrences

Turkmenistan. It is aplso

possible that t

Species:. pardus

h

travelled along the

foothills of the Pamirs,

then proceeded via the

Ugam and Pskem

ranges into the Talas

river valley. Habitat

appears to be suitable,

but the existence of any

a

s

as 4,600 m on

(Hunter et al.

In Southwest

formerly

a range of

ut now are

chiefly to the

e montane

gged foothill

areas. Through India

and Southeast Asia,

Leopard are found in all

forest types, from

tropical rainforest to the

temperate deciduous

and alpine coniferous

(up to 5,200 m in the

ave extremely

lic diets including

than 90 species in

haran Africa,

arthropods to

ntelope up to the

f adult male Eland

phus oryx (Hunter

with habitat, prey

ility, and degree of

from fewer than

0 km² to over

r 100 km², with

highest densities obtained

in protected East and

southern African mesic

woodland savannas

(Hunter et al. in press).

al Asian

leopard

poorly

istorically,

in

and were

arts of

and

old male

illed by a

January

stan, the

country,

over 600

possible

and

nd over

known

in

e leopard

The leop

widest h

of any O

ranging f

to desert. In Afric

are most su

woodland

savanna

also occ

mountain

coastal

areas, sh

desert an

range from

as much

Mt Kenya

in press).

and Central Asia,

leopards

occupied

habitats, b

confined

more remot

and ru

ard has the

bitat tolerance

ld World felid,

rom rainforest

a, they

ccessful in

, grassland

and forest but

ur widely in

habitats,

crub, swampy

rubland, semi-

d desert. They

sea level to

Leopards h

catho

more

sub-Sa

ranging from

large a

size o

Tragela

et al. in press). Densities

vary

availab

threat,

one per 10

30 pe


http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panthera


CISMHE

Scientific Na equirement Food requirement me Distribution pattern Habitat r

leopard subpop

any of thes

countries is

(Shakula

In Pakistan, the leo

is thinly distrib

montane area

there have only been

handful of co

records in rece

(Ahmed

Leopards occu

the forests of th

sub-continent, th

ulation in

e three

Himalaya

o

uncertain

2004).

pard

uted in

s, and

a

nfirmed

nt years

2001).

r widely in

e Indian

rough

), and also

ccur in dry scrub and

grasslands (Nowell and

Jackson 1996).

Southeast Asia

China, although

becoming in

rare outside prote

areas.

and into

they are

creasingly

cted

Leopard cat :

s

Kingdom:Anima

Prionailuru

beng

alensis

lia

Phylum:Chordata

Class:Mammalia

Order:Carnivora

Family:Felidae

Genus:Prionailurus

Species:

bengalensis

and north to the Korean

peninsula and into the

Russian Far East

(Nowell and Jackson

1996). It is found

throughout Southeast

Asia, and on the islands

of Sumatra, Java,

v

occurs

and, marginally,

coniferous forest, as

well as shrub forest and

successional

grasslands. The

northern boundaries of

its range are limited by

snow cover; the leopard

d closed forest

ts were used in

tion to their

ce, and activity

showed

ular and nocturnal

. On Borneo,

m et al. (2007)

at leopard cats

hunted rodents in oil palm

plantations, and used

forest fragments for

resting and breeding.

Murids dominate the diet

(85-90%: Grassman et al.

2005b, Rajaratnam et al.

2007). Other small

The leopard

widespread sp

Asia. It is

throughout most of India

west into Pak

Afghanistan

2004), throu

Himalayan foothills,

across most

cat is a

ecies in

found

istan and

(Habibi

gh the

of China,

The spec

up to 3,00

its range,

into the

along ri

spectrum

from tropic

to tempe

ies can range

0 m in parts of

which extends

Himalayas

er valleys. It

in a broad

of habitats,

al rainforest

rate broadleaf

Open an

habita

propor

occurren

patterns

crepusc

peaks

Rajaratna

found th


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CISMHE

Scientific Na d requirement me Distribution pattern Habitat requirement Foo

and Jackson 1996,

Sunquist and

2002).

steppe

s, and

does not occur

s, although

a few records

dry and

areas in

Leopard cats

commonly in

secondary

ing logged

have been

cultural and

er tree, oil

arcane)

species

close to rural

s. Leopard

excellent

s

u

Sunquist 2002).

, eels and fish

so been reported,

l as occasional

scavenging of carrion

(Nowell and Jackson

1996).

Borneo and Ta

found on

small offshore

mainland Asia

iwan. It is

numerous

islands of

(Nowell

Sunquist

cat avoid

snow is

cm deep. It is n

in the

grassland

generally

in arid zone

there are

from relatively

treeless

Pakistan.

occur

dense

growth, includ

areas, and

found in agri

forest (rubb

palm, sug

plantations. The

can live

settlement

cats are

s areas where

more than 10

ot found

cold

mamals

have al

as wel

swimmer

successf

offshore

throughou

(Nowell a

1996; S

, and have

lly colonized

islands

t their range

nd Jackson

unquist and

Fishing cat

Prionailurus

The fishing cat has a

broad but discontinuous

distribution in Asia, with

large gaps - some the

result of its association

primarily with wetlands,

some the result of recent

Fishing cats are strongly

associated with wetland.

They are typically found

in swamps and marshy

areas, oxbow lakes,

reed beds, tidal creeks

and mangrove areas

fish comprised 76% of the

diet, followed by birds

(27%), insects (13%) and

small rodents last (9%)

(Haque and Vijayan 1993).

Molluscs, reptiles and

amphibians are also taken


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CISMHE

Scientific Na od requirement me Distribution pattern Habitat requirement Fo

viverrinus

Kingdom:Animalia

aPhylum:Chordat

Class:Mammalia

Order:Carnivora

Family:Felidae

Genus:Prionailurus

extirpation, a

supposed due

of confirmed r

is primarily fou

terai region of the

Himalayan foo

eastern Ind

Bangladesh, w

widely distributed an

locally commo

areas (Khan

although in eas

few prime

remain (Kolipaka

On the islan

Lanka, it

appa

Species: viverrin

rently all

island, and has bee

w

h

nd tropical

nowitz

er 1991), their

s to be

g

e and Vijayan 1993,

rjee 1989).

ver, they are capable

large mammal

chital

(Nowell and

996, Sunquist

unquist 2002), and

een seen

ging livestock

es and tiger kills

and Jackson

1996). Predation on small

domestic livestock and

dogs has also been

reported (Nowell and

Jackson 1996).

nd some

to a lack

ecords. It

nd in the

thills, and

ia into

here it is

d

n in some

2004),

tern India

habitats

2006).

d of Sri

occurs

over the

n

and are

around

moving

Along

they have been

recorded

up to 1,52

records

lowland a

fishing ca

distributed

variety o

(including

evergreen a

dry forest: Rabi

and Walk

occurrence tend

highly localized . Fishin

found on

near the capit

Colombo in

habitats.

aterways

al city of

degraded

cats

swimmers

most oth

may prey

fish rath

mammals

more scarce

smaller, fast-

watercourses.

watercourses

at elevations

5 m, but most

are from

reas. Although

ts are widely

through a

f habitat types

bot

(Haqu

Mukhe

Howe

of taking

prey, including small

fawns

Jackson 1

and S

have b

scaven

carcass

(Nowell

are good

, and unlike

er small cats

primarily on

er than small

.

Himalayan Black

Bear

Ursus thibetanusi

Kingdom:Animalia

Phylum:Chordata

Class:Mammalia

Order:Carnivora

eastward through

Afghanistan and

Pakistan, across the

foothills of the

Himalayas, to Myanmar.

It occupies all countries

in mainland Southeast

Asia except Malaysia. It

coniferous, from near

sea level to an elevation

of 4,300 m (in

northeastern India, A.

Choudhury, Rhino

Foundation for Nature

pers. comm.). They also

infrequently use open

clude succulent

ation (shoots, forbs

aves) in spring,

o insects and a

variety of tree and shrub-

borne fruits in summer,

and finally nuts in autumn

(Bromlei 1965, Reid et al.

1991, Huygens et al.

2003). In some places the

diet contains a sizeable

portion of meat from

This species o

narrow ban

southeastern Iran

(Gutleb and Z

ccupies a

d from

iaie 1999)

Asiatic

occupy

forested habitats

broad-leav

black bears

a variety of

, both

ed and

Foods in

veget

and le

turning t


http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/resources/david_blank/Uthibetanus11.jpg/view.html�

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mammal

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carnivora

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prionailurus


CISMHE

Scientific Na requirement me Distribution pattern Habitat requirement Food

Family:Ursidae

Genus:Ursus

Species:thibeta

d

rn China,

Russian

into North

nant

xists in

hey also

southern

ikoku)

an and

ecies

patchily

of its

especially

n,

mainland

and

ution in

na and

ains very

known.

k bear

roughly coincides with

forest distribution in

southern and eastern

Asia (FAO 2006), except

that in central and

southern India this

species is replaced by

the sloth bear (Melursus

move to

s

Shiraishi

changes

abundanc

alian ungulates

(which they either kill or

e, Hwang et al.

ts,

black bears rely

d mast in

, in part to put on

ent fat reserves for

denning

ation). Therefore,

tend to focus

ctivities in habitats

high abundance of

oak acorns, beechnuts,

s, chestnuts,

uts, or stone pine

challer et al.

Hashimoto et al.

black bears also

generating forests,

may have a high

berries or

bamboo shoots.

also feed in

s, where they

damage trees by

stripping the bark and

eating cambium, and in

cultivated areas,

especially corn and oat

fields and fruit orchards

(Carr et al. 2002,

Yamazaki 2003, Mizukami

et al. 2005, Gong and

nus

has a patchy

in southern Chi

absent in muc

central China.

population cluster exi

in northeaste

the southern

Far East, and

Korea. A small rem

population e

South Korea. T

live on the

islands of Japan

(Honshu and Sh

and on Taiw

Hainan. The sp

now occurs very

through much

former range,

in Iran, Afghanista

Pakistan,

southeast Asia

China. Its distrib

parts of Chi

Myanmar rem

poorly

The distribution of the

Asiatic blac

istribution

na, and is

h of east-

Another

sts

alpine

Individual

different

elevation

(Izumiyam

meadows.

bears

mamm

habitats and

seasonally

a and

2004), tracking

in food

e

scaveng

2002)

In temperate fores

Asiatic

heavily on har

autumn

suffici

winter

(hibern

these bears

their a

with

walnut

hazeln

seeds (S

1989,

2003).

Asiatic

use re

which

production of

young

They

plantation

may



CISMHE

Scientific Na n Habitat ment me Distribution patter requirement Food require

ursinus), in

Thailand and

Malaysia it is

by the su

(Helarctos m

and north an

the Russian Fa

is replaced by the brown

bear (Ursus ar

However, the

black bear over

southern

into

replaced

n bear

alayanus)

d west of

r East it

ctos).

Asiatic

laps the

ranges of each of these

a la

Harris 2006,

Vinitpornsawan et al.

2006).

species, espe

sun bear in

portion of S

Asia.

cially the

rge

outheast

s

lia

Asian elephant

u

Kingdom:Anima

Elephas maxim

aPhylum:Chordat

Class:Mammalia

eaOrder:Proboscid

idaeFamily:Elephant

Genus :Elephas

Species: maximus

a

populations in 13 states,

with a very approximate

total range area of

486,800 km² (Sukumar

2003; but see Blake and

Hedges 2004). The

species occurs in

Bangladesh, Bhutan,

d

range of habitat types

elephants are seen from

sea level to over 3,000

m asl. In the Eastern

Himalaya in northeast

India, they regularly

move up above 3,000 m

asl in summer at a few

sian elephant is one

st few mega-

ores (i.e. plant-

ammals that

n adult body

in excess of 1,000

ll extant on earth

-Smith, 1988).

their physiology and

y requirements,

to

e large quantities

of food per day. They are

generalists and browse

and graze on a variety of

plants. The proportions of

the different plant types in

their diet vary depending

upon the habitat and

season. During dry season

Asian elephant

ranged from West Asi

along the Iran

into the

subcontinent, e

into South-ea

including Sum

and Borneo,

China at least

the Yang

Asian elephants

occur in

s formerly

a

ian coast

Indian

astwards

st Asia

tra, Java,

and into

as far as

tze-Kiang.

still

isolated

Asian e

generalists and

occur in

tropical

forest, s

forest, mo

forest,

forested

forest, in

cultivated and

secondary

scrubland

lephants are

they

grassland,

evergreen

emi-evergreen

ist deciduous

ry deciduous

and dry thorn

addition to

forests and

s. Over this

The A

of the la

herbiv

eating m

reach a

weight

kg) sti

(Owen

Given

energ

elephants need

consum


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CISMHE

Scientific Na requirement me Distribution pattern Habitat requirement Food

India, Nepal, and

Lanka in South

Cambodia,

Indonesia (Kali

and Sumatra) Lao PDR,

Malaysia (P

Malaysia and

Myanmar, Tha

Viet Nam in South-e

Sri

Asia and

China,

mantan

eninsular

Sabah),

iland, and

ast

pulations

Islands

n

ow

r general

rtheastern

dia,

dia, and

ia. In

India, the

e extends

order

rn

through

along

Hills.

From here it extends into

eastern Arunachal

Pradesh, the plains of

upper Assam, and the

foothills of Nagaland.

Further west, it extends

to the Garo Hills of

Meghalaya through the

sites

1999).

southern India,

ar (1992) observed

0% of the elephant's

as browse, while in

sses make

out 55%. However,

adjoining area,

ran (2002) observed

wse formed only

of the diet in dry

nd 47%

diet in the thorn

in the dry season,

e annual diet was

ated by grass

. In Sri Lanka,

ts may feed on

an 60 species of

belonging to 30

cKay, 1973). In

rn India, Baskaran

recorded that

ed on 82

of plants (59

lant species and

grass species).

s may spend up

4–19 hrs a day

feeding, during which they

may consume up to 150

kg of wet weight

(Vancuylenberg, 1977).

They defecate about 16–

18 times a day, producing

about 100 kg of dung.

Dung also helps disperse

Asia. Feral po

occur on some of the

Andaman

(India).

Once widespread i

India, the species is n

restricted to fou

areas: no

India, central In

northwestern In

southern Ind

northeastern

elephant rang

from the eastern b

of Nepal in northe

West Bengal

western Assam

the Himalaya foothills as

far as the Mishmi

(Choudhury, in

Sukum

that 7

diet w

wet season, gra

up ab

in an

Baska

that bro

15%

deciduous forest a

of the

forest

while th

domin

(84%)

elephan

more th

plants

families (M

southe

(2002)

elephants f

species

woody p

23

Elephant

to 1



CISMHE

Scientific Na pattern Habitat Food requirement me Distribution requirement

Khasi Hills, to p

the lower Bra

plains and

Plateau. Else

the south in

Mizoram, Manipur,

arts of

hmaputra

Karbi

where in

Tripura,

and

the Barak valley districts

a

germinating seeds.

of Assam, isol

occur (C

1999).

ted herds

houdhury,

MainlandSerow

us

alia

Nemorhaed

sumatraensis

Kingdom:Anim

m:ChordataPhylu

mmaliaClass:Ma

Order:Artiodactyla

Family:Bovidae

Subfamily:Caprinae

Genus:Capricornis

Species:

sumatraensi

ainland S

be found in

The M erow can

Indonesia,

Malaysia, India,

inasouthern Ch , and

southeast Asia.

a terrestrial

animal of

forest,

mountain

environm

animal g

alone or in small

and is te

territory o

Serow usu

few square

The Mainland Serow is

dwelling

ten inhabiting

tropical and

ous

ents. The

enerally lives

groups

rritorial. The

f the Mainland

ally extends a

miles. The

enerally does

y from this

and feeds

is area. The

s

shoots and

leaves.

The serow lives alone or

in small groups. It is

attached to its territory,

which usually covers

just a few miles square,

and does not move far

when feeding. It is most

It grazes on grass and

also eats shoots and

leaves.

Serow g

not stra

territory

across th

Mainland Serow eat

grass,


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http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capricornis


CISMHE

Scientific Name Distribution equirement Food requirement pattern Habitat r

active a

dusk, an

rest of th

vegetation.

along whi

t dawn and

d spends the

e day in thick

It has paths

ch it moves,

and traditional spots

where i

territory a

droppings

t marks its

nd deposits its

.

data

lia

Indian pangolin

sicau

om:Anima

Manis cras

Kingd

aPhylum:Chordat

Class:Mammalia

Order:Pholidota

FamilyManidae

Genus:Manis

Species:

crassicauda

rds in Myanmar

d in Allen

southern

n) which

refer to

MC

cies is

widely distributed from

the plains and lower hills

south of the Himalayas

to extreme southern

India (Tikader 1983).

There have been recent

records from Kerala and

Kanyakumari; Tamil

is thought to

adapt well to modified

habitats, provided their

termites and ants that

are their primary food

source remains

abundant and they are

not hunted.

es is a specialist

r on termites and

rater 1971; Roberts

Tikader 1983). It is

lly solitary and

(Roberts, 1977).

live in burrows

under large rocks,

ce to the

w often hidden with

dirt (Roberts, 1977). The

species is mainly

terrestrial, but in some

habitats is arboreal, using

its prehensile tail and

claws to climb trees.

This species

South Asia fro

eastern

through much

(excluding no

portions of the

south of the H

Bangladesh

Lanka (CITES

Schlitter 2005

have been

reco

occurs in

m parts of

Pakistan

of India

rtheastern

country)

imalayas,

and Sri

2000;

). There

dubious

There is

about the

of this

records ar

types of t

open lan

in additio

proximity

(Zoological Survey

India,

species

(sources quote

1938) and

China (Yunna

almost certainly

Manis javanica (WC

et al. 1999).

In India, this spe

little known

natural history

species, but

e from various

ropical forests,

d, grasslands,

n to in close

to villages

of

1994). The

The speci

feede

ants (P

1977;

genera

nocturnal

Animals

often

with the entran

burro


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CISMHE

Scientific Na n Habitat requirement Food requirement me Distribution patter

Naidu; Delhi;

and Achanakur Wildlife

Sanctuaries

Pradesh); Bandip

Bhadra, Dalma a

Dandeli

Sanctuaries;

Tiger Rese

(Karnataka); Buxa

Reserve (West

Catugao

Sanctuary

Chambal Natio

(Madhya Prade

National Park

Keolodeo Ghana W

Sanctuary (R

Kotgarh and Kuldi

Wildlife Sanctu

the Sunabedh

(Orissa);

Gwalior

(Madhya

ur,

nd

Wildlife

Bandipur

rve

Tiger

Bengal);

Wildlife

(Goa);

nal Park

sh); Gir

(Gujarat);

ildlife

ajasthan);

ha

aries and

Plateau

Singalila

Wildlife Sanctuary (West

Bengal); Ac

Wildlife S

(Madhya Prad

the Himalayan

of Uttar Pradesh

2000).

hanakuar

anctuary

esh); and

foothills

(CITES

Indian porcupine

Hystrix indica

Recorded in Turkey and

the eastern

Mediterranean through

southwest and central

Asia (including

Afghanistan and

Turkmenistan) to

Pakistan, India, Nepal,

This species has a

broad habitat tolerance,

occupying rocky

hillsides, tropical and

temperate shrubland,

grasslands, forests,

arable land, plantations,

and gardens.

pests


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CISMHE

Scientific Na pattern Habitat requirement Food requirement me Distribution

Kingdom:Animalia

aPhylum:Chordat

Class:Mammalia

Order:Rodentia

ricidaeFamily:Hyst

Genus:Hystrix

Subgenus :Hystrix

Species: indica

Lanka. In

imalayan

reach

des of up to 2400

meters (Gurung and

Singh 1996).

China and Sri

the H

mountains they

altitu

Name istr Food requirement Scientific Dpattern

ibution Habitat requirement

Lophophorus scl

ateri

imaliaKingdom:An

Phylum:Chordata

Class:Aves

Order:Galliformes

Family:Phasianidae

Genus:Lophophorus

Species: sclateri

Remarks : not pres

Lohit division forest working

plan and also in Kamlang

WL scantuary

clateri

and Lo

rientalis

uted in

ibet,

and

rus

sclateri

(also known as

the Mishmi

Monal) alone is

reported from

parts of

Arunachal

Pradesh. Not

found elsewhere

cotoneaster,

rocky prec

Found betw

4,200 metr

level, desce

as 2,000 me

y little is known

out this species'

ding habits, other

Polygonum

s and flower-

ads have been

d in the diet. In

ina, rhizomes of

rns, bamboo leaves

other unspecified

aves are all

nsumed,

while the newly

discovered race in

Arunachal Pradesh,

India, was observed

feeding on the

underground tubers of

the cobra lily

(Arisaema)

ent in

Global:

species

known

Lophopho

s

sclateri o

- distrib

India, T

China

Myanmar.

India:

Lophopho

sclateri

Two sub-

are

-

rus

sclateri

phophorus

Sclater's mo

coniferous

bamboo

subalpine rhodo

scrub, azal

areas

nal occurs in

forest with a

understorey,

dendron

ea forest, and

of juniper,

open grass and

ipitous slopes.

een 3,000 and

es above sea

nding to as low

tres in winter

Ver

ab

fee

than that

seed

he

foun

Ch

fe

and

le

reportedly co


http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mammal

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rodent

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hystricidae

http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hystrix_(subgenus)&action=edit&redlink=1


CISMHE

in India.

Lophu

s

imalia

ra

leucomelano

Kingdom: An

ataPhylum: Chord

sClass: Ave

Order:Galliformes

Family:Phasianidae

Genus:Lophura

Species:leucomelanos

Remarks: Present

kamlang WL Sanctuary

ia,

angla

species

distribu

u and

Himachal

sh,

ttaranchal,

Bengal,

kkim,

sh,

Manipu

hal

Tripura

00 m (higher in

imalaya) These

pairs or small

feed in open

in the mornings.

very shy and

le for cover at the

slightest hint of alarm. This

is one of the more adaptable

pheasant species found in

many habitat types.

d is a mixture

plant and animal

od, chief among

them are bamboo

seeds, fruits of Ficus

spp. and white ants.

in

Global: Paki

Ind

Bhutan,

B

Myanmar and

Thailand

India: F

Jamm

Kashmi

Prade

U

North

Si

Arunachal

Prade

stan,

Nepal,

desh,

.

ive sub-

ted from

r,

The bird dw

undergrowth within t

forest show

for moist ra

altitude of 2,6

Western H

birds keep in

groups and

areas early

They are

scutt

Nagalan

Meg

Nagaland.

d,

r, Assam,

aya,

and

ells in dense

he

ing preference

vines upto an

The foo

of

fo

Buceros bicornis

Kingdom:Animalia

Phylum:Chordata

Class:Aves

Order:Coraciiformes

Family:Bucerotidae

Genus:Buceros

Species:. bicornis

are f

ia,

China,

Bangladesh,

Western Ghats of

India, Thailand,

Mainland

Southeastern

Asia, Malaya,

and Sumatra.

is primarily the

tall evergreen

and moinst

deciduous forests, ranging

from elevations of 600

meters to 2000 meters.

Deforestation is the main

threat to the survival of the

great hornbill as it eliminates

both food sources and sites

for breeding

In the wild, the Great

Hornbill's diet consists

mainly of fruit. It will

also eat small

mammals, birds,

small reptiles and

insects

Great

Ind

Southw

hornbills

ound in

estern

The habitat

canopy of

diptocarp


http://www.google.co.in/imgres?imgurl=http://www.birding.in/images/Birds/rajiv/k_pheasant.jpg&imgrefurl=http://www.birding.in/birds/Galliformes/kalij_pheasant.htm&h=600&w=800&sz=355&tbnid=SyRC-AbJoeav8M::&tbnh=107&tbnw=143&prev=/images%3Fq%3Dkalij%2Bpheasant&hl=en&usg=__YeIMgOWuOISN_Gwhh9YbMgFlIdw=&ei=8UsSSpSqJcuAkQWE3fWADw&sa=X&oi=image_result&resnum=4&ct=image�

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Great-Hornbill.jpg�

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galliformes

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phasianidae


CISMHE

he

Lohit

division working plan

and also in Kamlang WL

sanctuary

Remarks: present in t

project area as per

forest



CISMHE

C. Avifauna

Scientific Nam n pattern Habitat requirement Food requirement

e Distributio

Grey peacock

ctron

pheasant

Polyple

bicalcaratum

Kingdom:Animalia

Phylum:Chordata

Class:Aves

Subclass:Neornithes

seraeInfraclass:Galloan

Order:Galliformes

eFamily:Phasianida

inaeSubfamily:Phasian

nGenus:Polyplectro

tum

This s

range, with a

global Extent of

Occurrence

1,000,000-10

km². The glo

population si

been quan

believed to be

the species

as 'freque

parts of its ra

Hoyo et al.

populat

not been quan

there is evid

population

Hoyo et al.

the species is not

belie

thresholds fo

populatio

crite

Species:bicalcara

pecies has a large

n estimated

of

,000,000

bal

ze has not

tified, but it is

large as

is described

nt' in at least

nge (del

1994). Global

ion trends have

tified;

ence of a

decline (del

1994), but

ved to approach the

r the

n decline

rion of the IUCN

. d

or three

generations). For these

reasons, the species is

evaluated as Least

Concern.

Red List (i.e

more than 30% in ten

years

eclining

North-east India, south

Bhutan, Myanmar,

Thailand, Cambodia.

Vietnam, Laos,

Wreathed Hornbill

lives in evergreen and

mixed deciduous

forests from plain to

Frugivorous, mainly

berries, drupes, capsular

fruits of primary belonging

toLauraceae, Meliaceae,


http://www.google.co.in/imgres?imgurl=http://orientalbirdimages.org/images/data/grey_peacock_pheasant_2896r_db.jpg&imgrefurl=http://orientalbirdimages.org/search.php%3Faction%3Dsearchresult%26Bird_ID%3D105&h=399&w=600&sz=68&tbnid=GUpqNNZ4fXzZeM:&tbnh=90&tbnw=135&prev=/images%3Fq%3Dpics%2Bof%2Bgrey%2Bpeacock%2Bphesant&hl=en&usg=__uMBhNv-kH3lMBtGRfwFNtt34N4s=&ei=XqQ8StOKGMaWkQWQgvmfDg&sa=X&oi=image_result&resnum=1&ct=image�

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galloanserae

http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Phasianinae&action=edit&redlink=1

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polyplectron


CISMHE

Scientific Nam tion abita nt Food requirement e Distribu pattern H t requireme

Assam Wreathed

ros undulates

alia

hornbill

Rhytice

Kingdom: Anim

Phylum:Chordata

Class:Aves

Order:Coraciiformes

eFamily:Bucerotida

s

Genus:Rhyticeros

Species: undulate

Malaysia,

n Sumatra

islands,

Bali, Sarawak.

Sabha, Brunei, and other

smaller islands.

1,800 m. and

islands

ceae,

Myristicaceaeand figs

Moraceae). Also beetles

and crabs.

Peninsular

Indonesia

and Adjacent

Java,

on

.

Annona

Rufousnecked ho

nsis

Kingdom:Animalia

rnbill

Aceros nipale

Phylum:Chordata

Class:Aves

Order:Coraciiformes

Family:Bucerotidae

Genus:Aceros

Species:.nipalensis

se to

ietnam; it

has also disappeared

from many areas in

Thailand. While still

widespread and fairly

common in Bhutan,

healthy populations

elsewhere survive only

in Namdapha National

Evidence

suggests that some

populations make

seasonal movements

between forested

areas in response to

variations in the

abundance of fruiting

trees.

ence on large

for feeding and

akes it especially

ible to

tation and habitat

ation through

, shifting cultivation

earance for

ure. Furthermore,

populations require

tracts of forest to

survive, exacerbating its

susceptibility to habitat

fragmentation. These

problems are compounded

by widespread hunting

and trapping for food, and

trade in pets and casques.

Aceros nipa

currently kno

Bhutan,

India,

southern Yun

south-east Tib

Thailand, LVietnam. It has

dramatically a

very rare acros

its historical ra

thought to be

Nepal, and to be clo

extinction in V

lensis is

wn from

north-east

Myanmar, nan and

et, China,

aos and

declined

nd is now

s much of

nge. It is

extinct in

It inh

broadle

genera

600-1,800

(maxim

2,200 m

down to

also been re

dry woo

(usually

in tall

trees.

abits mature

aved forests,

lly between

m

um altitude

), but locally

150 m. It has

corded in

dland. It nests

March-June)

, wide-girthed

Its depend

trees

nesting m

suscept

defores

degrad

logging

and cl

agricult

viable

vast


http://www.google.co.in/imgres?imgurl=http://www.birdingworldwide.com.au/images/wreathed.jpg&imgrefurl=http://birdinginasia.blogspot.com/2007_03_01_archive.html&h=313&w=300&sz=36&tbnid=NAlA8-JxiSMeqM:&tbnh=117&tbnw=112&prev=/images%3Fq%3Dpics%2Bof%2BAssam%2BWreathed%2Bhornbill&hl=en&usg=__OejxVs6zhWq5kYi1AL50r8CU3do=&ei=TqU8SqaGBMKLkAXioKWtDg&sa=X&oi=image_result&resnum=3&ct=image�

http://www.google.co.in/imgres?imgurl=http://borderland-tours.com/v2/images/stories/borderland/gallery_photos/bhutan/rufous-necked%2520hornbill.jpg&imgrefurl=http://www.borderland-tours.com/v2/content/view/54/76/&h=660&w=483&sz=130&tbnid=BKtYdBe52rKQ1M:&tbnh=138&tbnw=101&prev=/images%3Fq%3Dpics%2Bof%2BRufousnecked%2B%2Bhornbill&hl=en&usg=__kDJ16jwojN2TaoPseSxjsVGVadI=&ei=76I8SufEPJCBkQXmqInDDg&sa=X&oi=image_result&resnum=1&ct=image�

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coraciiformes


CISMHE

Scientific Nam pattern Habitat requirement Food requirement e Distribution

Park, India, Nakai-Nam

Theun N

Biodiversity

Conservation

central Laos an

perhaps also Huai Kh

Khaeng, west

and Xishuang

Nature Reserv

Population densities

these stronghol

led some to su

the species

widespread and

common th

surveys suggest5.

perhaps locally c

in no

ational

Area,

d

a

Thailand,

banna

e, China.

in

ds have

ppose tht

is more

an field

It is

ommon

rth Myanmar, and

there are recent records

sh, India

from West Bengal an

Eaglenest

Sanctuary,

Prade

d

Wildlife

Arunachal

.

ribution pattern Habitat requirement Food requirement Scientific Name Dist

Varanus bengalensis

Kingdom: Animalia

Phylum: Chordata

Class: Reptilia

Order: Squamata

ough called the

nitor, this

ong the

most widely

distributed of varanid

lizards. It is found in

river valleys in

eastern Iran

Alth

Bengal Mo

species is am

,

Afghanistan, western

Pakistan, India,

Nepal, Sri Lanka,

Many different like

(rain) forests, valleys,

farmlands, desert

areas and so on. It

seen most commonly

in dry areas.

Feed on insects such as

ants, snails and beetles.

They also eat animals such

as ground birds, fish, frogs,

snakes, other lizards and

small mammals.


http://www.google.co.in/imgres?imgurl=http://file.biosci.utexas.edu/grad/sp/Photos/Varanus_bengalensis.jpg&imgrefurl=http://www.sbs.utexas.edu/hisasia/photogallery.htm&h=531&w=800&sz=159&tbnid=RfHZiysYn4kp6M::&tbnh=95&tbnw=143&prev=/images%3Fq%3DVaranus%2Bbengalensis&hl=en&usg=__wY3CWu35HGwu8PU_uT4skh5y2w4=&ei=oU8SStXMMZeGkQWorMD5Dg&sa=X&oi=image_result&resnum=2&ct=image�


CISMHE

Family: Varanidae

Genus: Varanus

sis

n the project area as per Lohit

forest division workin

Bangladesh and

Burma

Species: bengalen

Remarks: present i

g plan

Python molurus

Animalia

Kingdom:

Phylum: Chordata

Subphylum:

Vertebrata

Class: Reptilia

Order: Squamata

Suborder: Serpentes

Family: Pythonidae

Genus: Python

Species: molurus

Remarks present in project

area as per Lohit forest

division working plan

nd in Fou Pakistan,

India, Sri Lanka,

southern Nepal,

Bangladesh,

Myanmar, southern

China, (Sichuan and

Yunnan east to

Fujian, Hainan, Hong

Kong), Thailand,

Laos, Vietnam,

Cambodia, Peninsula

Malaysia and

Indonesia (Java,

Sumbawa, Sulawesi).

The type locality

given is "Indiis

be

aband

burrow

trees,

reeds

thickets

snakes feed on

s, birds and

discriminately, but

to prefer mammals.

to activity on

the snake will

e with quivering tail

with open mouth.

is constricted and

ne or two coils are

o hold it in a tight

he prey, unable to

uccumbs and is

ntly swallowed

t. After a heavy

hey are disinclined to

ced to, hard

meal may tear

the body.

re, if disturbed,

ecimens will

e their meal in order

from potential

predators. After a heavy

meal, an individual may fast

for weeks; the longest

recorded duration being 2

years. The python can

swallow prey bigger than its

size because the jaw bones

are not connected.

Occurs

range

includi

swamp

rocky

woodla

jungle

valleys. They

on a

source

Somet

in a wide

of habitats,

ng grasslands,

s, marshes,

foothills,

nds, "open"

and river

depend

permanent

of water.

imes they can

found in

oned mammal

s, hollow

dense water

and mangrove

These

mammal

reptiles in

seem

Roused

sighting prey,

advanc

and lunge

Live prey

killed. O

used t

grip. T

breathe, s

subseque

head firs

meal, t

move. If for

parts of the

through

Therefo

some sp

disgorg

to escape


http://www.naturephoto-cz.eu/python-molurus-picture-1694.html�

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Varanus

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serpentes

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Python_(genus)

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pakistan



http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sri_Lanka

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nepal

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bangladesh

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myanmar

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sichuan

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yunnan


CISMHE

Moreove

escape fr

because

arrangement

(which

So far the

r the prey cannot

om its mouth

of unique

of the teeth

is reverse saw like).

re have been no

authentic cases of a human

eaten by this species

quirement Food

requirement

being

Distribution pattern Habitat Re

Nigger: Orsotrioena

s

alia

medus medu

Kingdom:Anim

Phylum:Arthropoda

Class:Insecta

Order:Lepidoptera

Family:Nymphalidae

Genus: Orsotrioena

medus

Distributed

South India

Sikkim onw

further eastw

nobasic and the

bundant in rice

low elevations up

et seasons Flies

ground in the

undergrowth and infact the

weakest flier of all satyridae .

Basks in the sun during early

mornings with wings closed and

parallel to the

-

Species: medus

widely in

and from

ards and

ards.

The genus is mo

single species is a

growing areas at

to 1600 m, in w

close to the

keeping the bod

sun rays y

Indian fritillary Argyreu

hyperbius hyperbius

Kingdom:Animalia

Phylum:Arthropoda

Class:Insecta

Order:Lepidoptera

Family:Nymphalidae

Recorded from

Shillong, Mawphlang,

Mawpat, Umtyngar,

Umshing and Barapani

during April -

December.

This butterfly frequents open

areas, glades, gardens etc. -


http://www.google.co.in/imgres?imgurl=http://lh6.ggpht.com/_t3gXPObYHgk/RUrilwlkABI/AAAAAAAAAok/b9pJMR7PI6A/100_1895.jpg&imgrefurl=http://picasaweb.google.com/lh/photo/XWRjOukDycBV6Vh1sr75BQ&h=585&w=690&sz=17&tbnid=W2c3PczUeYzYEM:&tbnh=118&tbnw=139&prev=/images%3Fq%3Dpics%2Bof%2BOrsotrioena%2Bmedus%2Bmedus&hl=en&usg=__9nPiA57Ooh0VUCLVHt6NaJcUCew=&ei=xrNNSoajF4ro6gOB_MD-Aw&sa=X&oi=image_result&resnum=4&ct=image�

http://www.google.co.in/imgres?imgurl=http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Indian_Fritillary_hanging_on_to_a_leaf.jpg/300px-Indian_Fritillary_hanging_on_to_a_leaf.jpg&imgrefurl=http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Commons:Featured_picture_candidates/Log/September_2007&h=208&w=300&sz=18&tbnid=1TpTYAdVu7Y7uM:&tbnh=80&tbnw=116&prev=/images%3Fq%3Dpics%2Bof%2BIndian%2Bfritillary&hl=en&usg=__6zWtzxyFRdYQP052jvSjpq7uaVE=&ei=Q8xNSqTvN4Pc7AO21_2FBA&sa=X&oi=image_result&resnum=4&ct=image�


CISMHE

Distribution pattern Habitat Requirement Food requirement

Genus: Argyreus

Species: hyperbius

hyperbius

Common Sailor: Neptis

rmona

alia

hylas va

Kingdom:Anim

rthropodaPhylum:A

Class:Insecta

Order:Lepidoptera

Family:Nymphalidae

Genus: Neptis

ona

from

wpat and

Barapani during March

and July – September.

Commonly found in forest and

gardens.

-

Species: hylas varm

Recorded

Shillong, Ma

The Indian Red Admiral :

Kingdom:Animalia

Vanessa

indica

Phylum:Arthropoda

Class:Insecta

Order:Lepidoptera

Family:Nymphalidae

Genus: Vanessa

Species: indica

Recorded from Shillong

during June

The Indian Red Admiral is confined

to elevations above 3000 feet and

is found along edges of grasslands

and forests, in open areas with

secondary vegetation, the edges of

tea fields and ravines..

-

Oriental Region (absent

from the Philippines).

Elbowed Pierrot is often found

flying close to the ground and


http://www.google.co.in/imgres?imgurl=http://4.bp.blogspot.com/_h8QUKh9nNTk/SbzbEG4lpWI/AAAAAAAAIgM/mR0ks1U1Q_U/s400/Common%2BSailor.jpg&imgrefurl=http://rejang-lebong.blogspot.com/2009/03/sailor.html&h=300&w=400&sz=29&tbnid=qEQL-ykKA-mIXM:&tbnh=93&tbnw=124&prev=/images%3Fq%3Dpics%2Bof%2BCommon%2BSailor&hl=en&usg=__nIswBhEQogtPwYBwk5_aOSiJPEM=&ei=GLlNSp7pJIfk7AO52OSPBA&sa=X&oi=image_result&resnum=1&ct=image�

http://www.google.co.in/imgres?imgurl=http://i35.photobucket.com/albums/d156/Schir/IMG_6946.jpg&imgrefurl=http://www.clubsnap.com/forums/showthread.php%3Fp%3D4666407&h=427&w=640&sz=117&tbnid=8C1iTmYe6_8egM:&tbnh=91&tbnw=137&prev=/images%3Fq%3Dpics%2Bof%2BThe%2BIndian%2BRed%2BAdmiral%2BVanessa%2Bindica%2Bindica&hl=en&usg=__p8RP6fYWK5zSLQoHfeYMiXbgYUo=&ei=Os1NSsHvCZTq7AOrvMD7Aw&sa=X&oi=image_result&resnum=3&ct=image�

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brush-footed_butterfly

DEMWE LOWER HE PRJECT

(1750 MW)


CISMHE

Distributio quirement Food requirement

n pattern Habitat Re

Elbowed Pierrot: Caleta

alia

elna Elvira

Kingdom:Anim

aPhylum:Arthropod

Class:Insecta

Order:Lepidoptera

Family: Lycaenida

Genus: CaletaCalet

Species: elna elvira

settled at moist spots on the forest

floor.

a

Large yeoman :

Kingdom:Animalia

Cirrochroa

aoris aoris

Phylum:Arthropoda

Class:Insecta

Order:Lepidoptera

Family:Nymphalidae

Genus: Cirrochroa

Species: aoris aoris

found in evergreen

forests and on the

plateau in India.

visits moist or damp patches and

flowers, and males occasionally

water.

http://www.google.co.in/imgres?imgurl=http://fc20.deviantart.com/fs40/f/2009/039/3/c/Elbowed_Pierrot_080209_by_inckurei.jpg&imgrefurl=http://www.clubsnap.com/forums/showthread.php%3Ft%3D457054%26page%3D4&h=467&w=700&sz=224&tbnid=g17P-iNebvIACM:&tbnh=93&tbnw=140&prev=/images%3Fq%3Dpics%2Bof%2BElbowed%2BPierrot)&hl=en&usg=__k_1u66rRb-MmlkvS_gJxZyeEbac=&ei=XK5MSojXOYvu7AOV9Pj7Aw&sa=X&oi=image_result&resnum=1&ct=image�

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lepidoptera


CISMHE

2

CATCHMENT AREA TREATMENT PLAN

2.1 INTRODUCTION

It is a well-established fact that reservoirs formed by dams on rivers are

subjected to sedimentation. The process of sedimentation embodies the

sequential processes of erosion, entrainment, transportation, deposition and

compaction of sediment. The study of erosion and sediment yield from

catchments is of utmost importance as the deposition of sediment in reservoir

reduces its capacity, and thus affecting the water availability for the designated

use. The eroded sediment from catchment when deposited on streambeds and

banks causes braiding of river reach. The removal of top fertile soil from

catchment adversely affects the agricultural production. Thus, a well-designed

Catchment Area Treatment (CAT) Plan is essential to ameliorate the above-

mentioned adverse process of soil erosion.

Soil erosion may be defined as the detachment and transportation of soil. Water

is the major agent responsible for this erosion. In many locations, winds, glaciers,

etc. also cause soil erosion. In a hilly catchment area, as in the present case,

erosion due to water is a common phenomenon and the same has been studied

as a part of the Catchment Area Treatment (CAT) Plan. Soil erosion leads to:

• loss in production potential

• reduction in infiltration rates

• reduction in water-holding capacity

• loss of nutrients

• increase in tillage operation costs

• reduction in water supply

Environmental Management Plan – Catchment Area Treatment Plan

2-1


CISMHE

The Catchment Area Treatment (CAT) plan highlights the management

techniques to control erosion in the catchment area of a water resource project.

The life span of a reservoir is greatly reduced due to erosion in the catchment

area. Adequate preventive measures are thus needed for the treatment of

catchment for its stabilization against future erosion.

Catchment Area Treatment Plan has been formulated for free draining catchment

i.e. up to the tail water levels of proposed upstream Demwe Upper HE project on

Lohit River.

The catchment area considered for the present study is given in Figure 2.1 as

raw satellite imagery.

The catchment area treatment involves

• Understanding of the erosion characteristics of the terrain and,

• Suggesting remedial measures to reduce the erosion rate.

In the present study `Silt Yield Index’ (SYI), method has been used. In this

method, the terrain is subdivided into various watersheds and the erodibility is

determined on relative basis. SYI provides a comparative erodibility criteria of

catchment (low, moderate, high, etc.) and do not provide the absolute silt yield.

SYI method is widely used mainly because of the fact that it is easy to use and

has lesser data requirement. Moreover, it can be applied to larger areas like sub-

watersheds, etc.

2.2 APPROACH FOR THE STUDY A detailed database on natural resources, terrain conditions, soil type of the

catchment area, socio-economic status, etc. is a pre-requisite to prepare

treatment plan keeping in view the concept of sustainable development. Various

thematic maps have been used in preparation of the CAT plan. Geographic

Information System (GIS) is a computerized resource data base system, which is

referenced to some geographic coordinate system. In the present study, real

coordinate system has been used. The GIS is a tool to store, analyze and display


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various spatial data. In addition, GIS, because of its special hardware and

software characteristics, has a capacity to perform numerous functions and

operations on the various spatial data layers residing in the database. GIS

provides the capability to analyze large amounts of data in relation to a set of

established criteria. In order to ensure that latest and accurate data is used for

the analysis, satellite data has been used for deriving land use data. Ground truth

studies, too, have been conducted.

The various steps, covered in the study, are as follows:

• Definition of the problem

• Data acquisition and preparation

• Output presentation

The above mentioned steps are briefly described in the following paragraphs:

2.2.1 Definition of the Problem

The requirements of the study were defined and the expected outputs were

finalized. The various data layers of the catchment area to be used for the study

are as follows:

• Slope Map

• Soil Map

• Land use Classification Map

• Current Management Practices

• Catchment Area Map.

2.2.2 Data Acquisition and Preparation

The data available from various sources has been collected. The ground maps,

contour information, etc. were scanned, digitized and registered as per the

requirement. Data was prepared depending on the level of accuracy required and

any corrections required were made. All the layers were geo-referenced and

brought to a common scale (real co-ordinates), so that overlay could be

performed. A computer program using standard modeling techniques was used


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to estimate the soil loss. The formats of outputs from each layer were firmed up

to match the formats of inputs in the program. The grid size to be used was also

decided to match the level of accuracy required, the data availability and the

software and time limitations. The format of output was finalized. Ground truthing

and data collection was also included in the procedure.

For the present study, IRS P6-LISS III digital satellite data was used for

interpretation & classification. The data has been procured in raw digital format

and has been geo-referenced using Survey of India topographical sheets with the

help of standard data preparation techniques in standard image processing

software. The interpretation of geo-referenced satellite data has been done using

standard enhancement techniques, ground checks and experiences of qualified

professionals. A detailed ground truth verification exercise has been undertaken

as a part of ecological survey to enrich the image interpretation process. The

classified land use map of the free draining catchment area, considered for the

study, is shown as Figure 2.2. The land use pattern of the catchment area is

summarized in Table 2.1.

Derived contours from topographical maps were used for preparation of Digital

Elevation Model (DEM) of the free draining catchment area and to prepare a

slope map. The first step in generation of slope map is to create surface using

the elevation values stored in the form of contours or points. After marking the

catchment area, all the contours on the topographical maps were derived. The

output of the digitisation procedure was the contours as well as points contours in

form of x, y & z points. (x, y - location and z - their elevation). All this information

was in real world co-ordinates (latitude, longitude and height in meters above sea

level).


Figure 2.1

Environmental Management Plan – Catchment Area Treatment Plan 2-5



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Figure 2.2


Table 2.1: Land use classification for free draining catchment at diversion site

Land use/ Land cover Area in percentage Area in ha

Dense Forest 47.69 57916.63

River 0.86 1040.93

Alpine Scrub 5.26 6382.98

Open Forest 25.24 30650.73

Degraded Forest 2.23 2712.29

Cultivation/Settlement 0.24 289.21

Scrub 1.01 1221.81

Landslide 0.20 238.94

Sand 0.97 1183.23

Moraines 3.96 4814.34

Water Body 0.09 103.66

Snow Covered Areas 12.27 14898.25

Total 100.00 121453.00

A Digital Terrain Model (DTM) of the area was then prepared, which was used

to derive a slope map. The slope was divided in classes of slope percentages.

The areas falling under various standard slope categories have been

tabulated below in Table 2.2. The slope map is enclosed as Figure 2.3.

Table 2.2: Areas falling under different slope categories

Slope category (percentage) Area in percentage Area in sq km

0-1 0.42 5.11

1-3 1.93 23.41

3-5 2.42 29.39

5-10 5.95 72.29

10-15 4.03 48.92

15-25 5.25 63.77

25-33 4.14 50.32

33-50 12.95 157.29

> 50 62.91 764.04

Total 100.00 1214.53


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Soil map has been digitized and produced using soil maps collected from

Natural Resources Atlas of Arunachal Pradesh. Various layers, thus prepared,

were used for Modeling. Soil map has been shown as Figure 2.4. The legend

for soil classes has been given subsequently.



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Figure 2.3


Figure 2.4




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Software was prepared using standard modeling techniques to calculate the

soil loss using input from all the layers as described below:

2.2.2.1 Modelling

The river catchment area has been divided into small grids of 50m*50m. The

vector layer so generated of 50 m grid size was updated by landuse/landcover

details, soil information and slope values in GIS software using different maps

as generated above. Soil loss has then been calculated for each grid using

modelling techniques) through information derived from updated grids with the

help of a customized computer software/program.

A thematic map has been prepared using these calculated soil erosion values

for delineating areas prone to soil erosion in the free draining catchment. The

percentages of free draining catchment area falling in different soil

vulnerability classes are given in Table 2.3 and shown in Figure 2.5.

Table 2.3: Soil loss ranges for the river catchment S. No. Soil loss range in tons/acre/annum Area in sq km Area in percentage

1 0 – 2.5 384.04 31.62

2 2.5 – 5.0 92.93 7.65

3 5.0 – 10.0 271.16 22.33

4 10.0 – 15.0 236.14 19.44

5 15.0 – 20.0 95.88 7.89

6 > 20.0 134.38 11.06

Total 1214.53 100.00

2.2.3 Output Presentation The result of the modeling was interpreted in pictorial form to identify the

areas with high soil erosion rates. The primary and secondary data collected

as a part of the field studies were used as an input for the model.


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Figure 2.5


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2.3 ESTIMATION OF SOIL LOSS USING SILT YIELD INDEX (SYI) METHOD

In `Silt Yield Index’ (SYI), method, the terrain is subdivided into various

watersheds and the erodibility is determined on relative basis. SYI provides a

comparative erodibility criteria of catchment (low, moderate, high, etc.) and do

not provide the absolute silt yield. SYI method is widely used mainly because of

the fact that it is easy to use and has lesser data requirement. Moreover, it can

be applied to larger areas like sub-watersheds, etc.

The Silt Yield Index Model (SYI), considering sedimentation as product of

erosivity, erodibility and arial extent was conceptualized in the All India Soil and

Land Use Survey (AISLUS) as early as 1969 and has been in operational use

since then to meet the requirements of prioritization of smaller hydrologic units

within river valley project catchment areas.

The erosivity determinants are the climatic factors and soil and land attributes

that have direct or reciprocal bearing on the unit of the detached soil material.

The relationship can be expressed as:

Soil erosivity = f (Climate, physiography, slope, soil parameters, land use/land

cover, soil management)

2.3.1 Silt Yield Index

The Silt Yield Index (SYI) is defined as the Yield per unit area and SYI value for

hydrologic unit is obtained by taking the weighted arithmetic mean over the

entire area of the hydrologic unit by using suitable empirical equation.

2.3.2 Prioritization of Watersheds/Sub-watersheds

The prioritization of smaller hydrologic units within the vast catchments is based

on the Silt Yield Indices (SYI) of the smaller units. The boundary values or

range of SYI values for different priority categories are arrived at by studying

the frequency distribution of SYI values and locating the suitable breaking


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points. The watersheds/ sub-watersheds are subsequently rated into various

categories corresponding to their respective SYI values.

The application of SYI model for prioritization of sub-watersheds in the

catchment areas involves the evaluation of:

• Climatic factors comprising total precipitation, its frequency and intensity,

• Geo-morphic factors comprising land forms, physiography, slope and

drainage characteristics,

• Surface cover factors governing the flow hydraulics and

• Management factors.

The data on climatic factors can be obtained for different locations in the

catchment area from the meteorological stations whereas the field

investigations are required for estimating the other attributes.

The various steps involved in the application of model are:

• Preparation of a framework of sub-watersheds through systematic

delineation

• Rapid reconnaissance surveys on 1:50,000 scale leading to the

generation of a map indicating erosion-intensity mapping units.

• Assignment of weightage values to various mapping units based on

relative silt-yield potential.

• Computing Silt Yield Index for individual watersheds/sub-watersheds.

• Grading of watersheds/sub-watersheds into very high, high, medium, low

and very low priority categories.

The area of each of the mapping units is computed and silt yield indices of

individual sub-watersheds are calculated using the following equations:


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Silt Yield Index To calculate silt yield index, the methodology developed by All India Soil &

Land Use Survey (Department of Agriculture, Govt. of India) has been followed,

where each erosion intensity unit is assigned a weightage value. When

considered collectively, the weightage value represents approximately the

relative comparative erosion intensity. A basic factor of K = 10 was used in

determining the weightage values. The value of 10 indicates a static condition

of equilibrium between erosion and deposition. Any addition to the factor K

(10+X) is suggestive of erosion in ascending order whereas subtraction, i.e.

(10-X) is indicative of deposition possibilities.

Delivery ratios were adjusted for each of the erosion intensity unit. The delivery

ratio suggests the percentage of eroded material that finally finds entry into

reservoir or river/ stream. Area of each composite unit in each sub-watershed

was then estimated.

Silt yield index (SYI) was calculated using following empirical formula:

SYI = Σ (Ai * Wi ) * Di * 100 ; where i = 1 to n

Aw

where, Ai = Area of ith unit (EIMU)

Wi = Weightage value of ith mapping unit

n = No. of mapping units

Aw = Total area of sub-watershed.

Di = Delivery ratio

Delivery ratios are assigned to all erosion intensity units depending upon their

distance from the nearest stream. The criteria adopted for assigning the

delivery ratio are as follows:


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Nearest Stream Delivery ratio

0 - 0.9 km 1.00

1.0 - 2.0 km 0.95

2.1 - 5.0 km 0.90

5.1 - 15.0 km 0.80

15.1 - 30.0 km 0.70

The SYI values for classification of various categories of erosion intensity rates

are given in Table 2.4.

Table 2.4: Criteria for erosion intensity rate

Priority categories SYI Values

Very high > 1300

High 1200-1299

Medium 1100-1199

Low 1000-1099

Very Low <1000

The erosion category of various watersheds in the catchment area as per a SYI

index has been estimated. The objective of the SYI method is to prioritize sub-

watershed in a catchment area for treatment. The area under very high and

high erosion categories is to be treated at the project proponent cost. Hence,

CAT plan shall be suggested for very high and high erosion categories, as a

part of the EIA study, the expenses of which have to be borne by project

proponents.

2.4 WATERSHED MANAGEMENT – AVAILABLE TECHNIQUES Watershed management is the optimal use of soil and water resources within a

given geographical area so as to enable sustainable production. It implies

changes in land use, vegetative cover, and other structural and non-structural

action that are taken in a watershed to achieve specific watershed


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management objectives. The overall objectives of watershed management

programme are to:

• Increase Infiltration Into Soil;

• Control Excessive Runoff;

• Manage & Utilize Runoff For Useful Purpose.

• Check Soil Erosion

Following Engineering and Biological measures shall be suggested for the

catchment area treatment:

A Engineering measures - Step Drain

- Angle Iron Barbed Wire Fencing

- Stone Masonry Wall

- Check Dams

B Biological measures - Development of Nurseries

- Plantation/Afforestation

- Pasture Development

- Social Forestry

The basis of site selection for different biological and engineering treatment

measures under CAT are given in Table 2.5.


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Table 2.5: Basis for selection of catchment area treatment measures

Treatment measure Basis for selection

Social forestry, fuel

wood and fodder

grass development

Near settlements to control tree felling

Contour Bunding Control of soil erosion from agricultural fields.

Pasture

Development

Open canopy, barren land, degraded surface

Afforestation Open canopy, degraded surface, high soil erosion, gentle to

moderate slope

Barbed wire fencing In the vicinity of afforestation work to protect it from grazing etc.

Step drain To check soil erosion in small streams, steps with concrete base

are prepared in sloppy area where silt erosion in the stream and

bank erosion is high due to turbidity of current.

Nursery Centrally located points for better supervision of proposed

afforestation, minimize cost of transportation of seedling and ensure

better survival.

2.5 CATCHMENT AREA TREATMENT (CAT) PLAN

In the present report, CAT Plan as per the slope, land use pattern, soil

characteristics has been suggested based on the prioritization of sub

watersheds using SYI method (Table 2.6). The CAT plan has been suggested

for sub watersheds with very high and high erosion categories as the cost for

treatment for such watersheds is to be borne by the project proponents.

Table 2.6: Erosion intensity categorization as per SYI classification

Sub watershed Area in ha SYI Priority Category

W1 1720 1005 Low

W2 4088 1266 High

W3 1125 1137 Medium

W4 2034 1014 Low

W5 4767 1136 Medium


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Sub watershed Area in ha SYI Priority Category

W6 3474 1049 Low

W7 3260 1255 High

W8 4395 1241 High

W9 2925 1138 Medium

W10 2405 1062 Low

W11 2851 990 V Low

W12 2667 1103 Medium

W13 2504 1083 Low

W14 2267 1017 Low

W15 6400 1007 Low

W16 4190 1017 Low

W17 4564 990 V Low

W18 4236 990 V Low

W19 2970 1031 Low

W20 2949 1110 Medium

W21 2479 1178 Medium

W22 4839 1234 High

W23 4447 1188 Medium

W24 5733 1339 V High

W25 6937 973 V Low

W26 5612 894 V Low

W27 7002 1019 Low

W28 4366 932 V Low

W29 4207 910 V Low

W30 10040 869 V Low


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Table 2.7: Erosion intensity rates of catchment area

Erosion intensity categorization as per SYI values

Percentage of catchment area

Very High 4.72

High 13.65

Medium 17.59

Low 28.79

Very Low 35.25

Total 100.00

The objective of the SYI method is to prioritize sub-watershed in a catchment

area for treatment. The area under very high and high erosion categories have

to be treated by the project proponents, which accounts for about 18.37% of the

total free draining catchment area. (Table 2.7, Figure 2.6). Sub-watershed wise

proposed treatment measures in these sub watersheds are given in Table 2.8

and have been shown in Figure 2.7. It is proposed that treatment measures

shall be implemented over five years and shall be co-terminus with the

construction of dam. Phase wise treatment plan has been shown in Figure 2.8

and has been tabulated in Table 2.10.

Table 2.8: Sub-watershed wise proposed treatment measures

Sub-watersheds

Afforestation (1600 tree/ha) in ha

Afforestation (800 tree/ha) in

ha

Contour-Bunding in ha

Pasture Development

in ha

W2 420 65 22 158

W7 323 49 26 54

W8 734 344 36 96

W22 1001 643 0 381

W24 905 1284 3 328

3383 2384 86 1017


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Figure 2.7




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Figure 2.8


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2.6 COST ESTIMATE

The cost required for Catchment Area Treatment is Rs. 3312.00 lakh. The

details are given in Table 2.9.

Table 2.9: Cost estimate for Catchment Area Treatment of Lower Demwe HEP

Target S.

No. Item

Rate (Rs.)

Unit Physical

Financial (Rs. Lakh)

Biological Measures

1. Afforestation (1600

trees/ha) 39,000/ha ha 3383 1319.37

2. Afforestation (800

trees/ha) 19,500/ha ha 2384 464.80

3. Maintenance of

afforestation area 5,000/ha ha 5767 288.35

4. Pasture development 20,000/ha ha 1017 203.47

5. Nursery development 2,00,000/no. no. 60 120.00

6. Maintenance of

nursery 1,00,000/no. no. 60 60.00

7. Vegetative fencing 45,000/km km 50 22.50

8. Watch and ward for 5

years @ 50/ persons

6,000/man-

month

Man-

months 3000 180.00

Engineering Measures

9. Contour Bunding 25,000/ha ha 86 21.50

10. Check Dams 2,00,000 No 100 200.00

Total 2880.00




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Total cost for Biological and Engineering measures = Rs. 2880.00 lakh Administrative expenditure Government Expenditure 3% of Total (including O&M) = Rs. 86.40 lakh

Establishment cost 7% of Total = Rs. 201.60 lakh

Contingency 5% of Total = Rs. 144.00 lakh

-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Total Rs. 3312.00 lakh

The year wise physical and financial targets are given in Table 2.10.


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Table 2.10: Year wise target (physical and financial) for Catchment Area Treatment Plan

Year I Year II Year III Year IV Year V Total Measures

Physical Financial (Rs. lakhs)






Biological measures

Enrichment

Plantations

500 ha 97.50 500 ha 97.50 500 ha 97.50 500 ha 97.50 384 ha 74.80 2384 ha 464.80

Afforestation 750 ha 292.50 750 ha 292.50 750 ha 292.50 750 ha 292.50 383 ha 149.37 3383 ha 1319.37

Maintenance of

afforestation

1250 ha 62.50 1250 ha 62.50 1250 ha 62.50 1250 ha 62.50 767 ha 38.35 5767 ha 288.35

Pasture

Development

217 ha 43.47 200 ha 40.00 200 ha 40.00 200 ha 40.00 200 ha 40.00 1017 ha 203.47

Nursery

development

30 no. 60.00 30 no. 60.00 - - - - - - 60 no. 120.00

Maintenance of

Nursery

- - - 25.0 - 25.0 - 10.0 - - - 60.00

Vegetative fencing 10 km 4.50 10 km 4.50 10 km 4.50 10 km 4.50 10 km 4.50 50.0 km 22.50

Watch and ward - 36.00 - 36.00 - 36.00 - 36.00 - 36.00 - 180.00

Engineering Measures

Contour Bunding 25 ha 6.25 25 ha 6.25 25 ha 6.25 11 ha 2.75 - - 86.0 ha 21.50

Check Dams 20 no. 40.00 20 no. 40.00 20 no. 40.00 20 no. 40.00 20 no. 40.00 100 no. 200.00

Total 642.72 664.25 604.25 585.75 383.02 2880.00



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3

FISHERIES DEVELOPMENT PLAN

3.1 INTRODUCTION

Fisheries development plan is implemented to meet the specific objectives viz. to

achieve the maximum sustainable economic yield, to secure protein production

and food supply, to conserve the indigenous fish species, etc. Thus, fisheries

management broadly includes fish, consumers and conservationists. Whenever

water resource suffers from stresses, viz. overfishing, degradation of habitat,

deterioration of water quality and obstacles come in the way of fish movement, it

requires a suitable fisheries development and management plan. A hydro-electric

project leads to the modification of natural habitat and create a barrier in the way

of dispersal of fish. Regarding the hydro-electric project fisheries management

plan focuses on the conservation of the threatened species, fish migration and

livelihood of the local people.

Lohit is one of the largest rivers of Arunachal Pradesh and rich in ichthyofaunal

diversity. Present status of Lohit river indicates that it is not over fished due to

very sparse population in the surroundings. Also, other stresses on fish like

habitat degradation and deterioration are lacking in the area. Though, the Mishmi

tribes in the surroundings are very fond of non vegetarian food including fish but

they prefer wild animals rather than fish. The fisheries development plan is

proposed for the Demwe Lower H.E. project on the Lohit river. A high dam would

create a large reservoir measuring 1131 ha, which would provide the scope of

fisheries development in the region. On the other hand, the dam would hamper

the migration of some fish species. A suitable fisheries management plan would

be helpful not only in the fish conservation and in sustaining livelihood of people

but would reduce the pressure on wildlife.

Environmental Management Plan – Fisheries Development Plan

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3.2 FISH COMPOSITION AND STATUS IN LOHIT RIVER Ichthyofauna of lower stretch of Lohit river comprises of 62 species of 16

families. Cyprinidae is largest family represented by 25 species. Each of the

families, viz. Channidae, Heteropneustidae, Notopteridae, Nandidae, Claridae,

Anabantidae, Belonidae, Psilorhynchidae and Anguillidae is represented by a

single species. Chagunius chagunio, Schizothoraicthys progastus, S. esocinus

and Schizothorax richardsonii, Tor putitor, Acrossocheilus hexagonolepis,

Wallago attu, Labeo dero, L. dyocheilus, L. pangusia etc are most important fish

species from the capture fisheries point of view. Of 62 species of fish, 38 have

been assessed for their conservation status (CAMP-BCPP, 1997).

Out of these reported species, during the primary fish catches carried out in the

Demwe Lower HEP area, a total of 17 fish species were recorded. Out of them, 2

are from endangered category; 3 belong to Vulnerable category; 5 are Low Risk-

near threatened category whereas remaining 7 do not fall in any conservation

category.

3.3 LIKELY IMPACTS ON FISH FAUNA Construction of dam would lead to the modification of habitat in upstream and

downstream stretches. A stretch of 23km lotic flow would change into semi

lacustrine flow, which would lead to adverse impacts on the bottom dweller fish

species. There are possibilities of increase in the mortality of fish, which may be

trapped in the power intake and pass through hydro-turbine. The proposed

Demwe lower dam would block the migration of fish species like Tor putitora, T.

mosal, Acrossocheilus hexagonolepis etc. There are possibilities of damages of

spawning grounds in downstream and upstream stretches on account of

inundation, frequent water level fluctuation and change in the physical, chemical

and biological characteristics of river water. Annexure 3.1 provides

comprehensive information on Distribution pattern, Habitat requirement, Food

requirement and Conservation strategy that is required to be followed for various

endangered and vulnerable category fish species.


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3.4 FISHERY DEVELOPMENT The fishery development has been aimed towards multiplication of important

commercial fish species and the conservation of threatened species and

economic upliftment of the region. In order to conserve threatened species and to

develop sustenance fishery, hatcheries with nurseries and rearing and stocking reservoirs are proposed in the project area. A reservoir of 1131 ha needs to be

developed into an organized reservoir fishery, which would also provide the

scope of employment to the local people apart from conservation of fish species.

The reservoir would also have a recreational importance and would fulfill not only

the diet requirements of the local people but would also reduce the pressure on

the Wildlife, which is a major issue in the region.

3.4.1 Hatcheries Units

A fish hatchery is the centre of ova production. It helps in propagating the ova of

required species and stocking of fish fingerlings to different water bodies. A

hatchery can play an important role in the conservation of threatened species

and sustenance fishery. In order to conserve the vulnerable species of Lohit

river, which would undergo through stresses due to proposed Demwe Lower H.E.

project, 3 hatcheries are proposed for the indigenous species alongside the

reservoir or the tributaries. The species, viz. Tor putitora, T. mosal, T. tor,

Acrossocheilus hexagonolepis, Labeo rohita, L. dero, Schizothorax richardsoni,

Schizothoraicthys progastus are suggested for the hatchery unit, however,

fishery department can use the hatchery unit for other species also.

Proposed hatchery unit would comprise of indoor spawnery /eco hatchery for

hatchlings, nursery tanks (2m x 1m x 0.5m) for fry, rearing tanks (5mx 2m x 1m)

for juveniles and stocking tanks (10m x 2.5 m x 1.5m) for brooders. After

complete digestion of yolk the spawns would be transferred into the nursery

tanks. From nursery tanks fry would be propagated into the reservoir and other

water bodies. A schematic diagram of the proposed hatchery is given in Figure 3.1. The total cost estimates for the fishery development is given in the Table 3.1.


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3.4.2 Reservoir Fishery and its Management The State Fishery Department may take the responsibility of managing the

proposed hatchery and the management of the reservoir fishery with the

cooperation of project authorities. State Fishery Department may take up

propagation of indigenous species in the reservoir and the surrounding rivers in

order to conserve the native fish species. The process of raising and managing

the reservoir fishery is described in following paragraphs.

3.4.2.1 Stocking of seeds

Prior to the stocking of seeds, there would be requirement of a detailed physical,

chemical and biological analysis of the water of the reservoir. After the pre-

management studies, the reservoir would be stocked @ 4000-5000 spawns/fry or

400 to 500 fingerlings of different species per ha surface area. Total requirement

of fry or fingerlings for the reservoir would be 4,00,000 to 5,50,000 fry or 40,000

to 55,000 fingerlings in the first year. Proposed hatchery would be the main

source of seeds for the reservoir. The propagation of seed would be repeated in

successive years on the basis of the survival rates of the spawns.

3.4.2.2 Management of reservoir

Entire reservoir would be divided into 10 beats, each having a surface area of

about 100 ha. Each beat will be given on the lease basis. For the contract,

preference will be given to the affected villages and families. The contractor will

pay the contract price to the concerned department.

3.4.2.3 Fisherman and their rights

The concerned Department may set up a cooperative of local fishermen, which

will be divided into 10 groups and linked to the contractors. According to the

provision of National Policy on Rehabilitation and Resettlement (NPRR) the

fishermen belonging to the affected villages would have right of fishing in

reservoir at no cost while in other case the Department may issue the licenses

for the fishing at a cost. Fishermen will sell their fish to the contractor of

concerned beat.


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3.4.2.4 Training

State Fishery Department will provide training of fishing and boating in the

reservoir to the local people. It will provide guidelines regarding the types of

fishing gears, mesh size, etc. These guidelines would be helpful in preventing the

reservoir from overexploitation. These guidelines must be followed strictly by the

fishermen. Fishermen can use their own boat or contractors will provide boats for

fishermen at the rate of per day or per hour charges. The boats should follow all

rules of safety. The provision of funds for the training and assistance has been

provided under the local area development programme of R & R chapter in EMP.

3.4.2.5 Marketing

Tezu and Namsai are the nearby markets in the region; however, fish could be

supplied up to Tinsukia and Dibrugarh. The contractors would receive the fish

from fishermen and supply to markets. This would be crucial in preparing proper

marketing plans and practices. The cooperative/contractors may like to explore

the possibility of fish export, if harvests are good. It would be essential to train the

local fishermen in the post-harvest technologies for increasing the shelf-life of

fish, which will fetch a higher price for the local communities.

3.4.2.6 Research and Development activities

Efforts have been made to document the status, distribution pattern, habitant

requirements and conservation strategy for the aquatic fauna falling under the

RET schedule. Appropriate budgetary provisions have been made for

promoting/conservation of these species. However, it is recognized that for some

of the species, propagation protocols and conservation strategy are not fully

documented. It is therefore proposed to earmark a lumpsum provision of Rs 30

lakhs for supporting R & D activities by identified national, international research

organizations.

3.5 BUDGET


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Total cost estimated for the fishery development is Rs 456.33 (Four crore fifty six lakhs and thirty three thousand only). The State Fishery Department

would be implementing agency in association with project authority. Thereafter,

entire assets will be handed over to the department. The financial outlay for the

fishery development was prepared considering the new scales on lump sum

basis (Table 3.1).


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Table 3.1: Year-wise break up of cost estimates for fisheries development in proposed Demwe Lower H.E. project

S. No. Components 1st Yr 2nd Yr 3rd Yr 4th Yr 5th Yr Total (Rs. In Lakh) A. Non Recurring Cost 1. Land

i) Maintenance of Land 5.00 - - - - 5.00

ii) Water intake Channels etc 5.00 - - - - 5.00

iii) Sedimentation tank 5.00 - - - - 5.00

2. Office Complex.

i) Office 20.00 - - - - 20.00

ii) Staff quarters 50.00 - - - - 50.00

iii) Inspection hut 15.00 - - - - 15.00

3. Hatchery (Spawnery 100.00 - - - - 100.00 Nursery, Rearing and stocking)

5. Feed Mill 25.00 - - - - 25.00

6. Laboratory and equipments/nets/boats etc 30.00 - - - - 30.00


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7. Store Room and miscellaneous 7.00 - - - - 7.00

8. Contingency (equipment purchasing, 5.00 - - - - 5.00

Import duty etc.) 9. Transport/ electrical fittings/ water supply etc 15.00 - - - - 15.00

10. Mini truck/official vehicle/2 motor cycles 20.00 - - - - 20.00

Sub Total (A) 302.00 302.00 B. Recurring Cost

1. Salaries

i) Farm Manager (1)

(@ Rs. 40,000/- lump sum) 4.80 4.92 5.05 5.18 5.31 25.26

(Basic pay Rs. 20,280/-)

ii) Fishery Officer (1)

(@ Rs. 26,000/- lump sum) 3.12 3.20 3.30 3.39 3.58 16.51

(Basic pay Rs. 14.430/-)

iii) Clerk (1)

(@ Rs. 20,000/-lump sum) 2.40 2.49 2.58 2.66 2.75 12.88

(Basic pay Rs. 11,170/-)

iv) Peon (1)

(@ Rs. 13,000/-lump sum) 1.56 1.62 1.68 1.74 1.80 8.40

(Basic pay Rs. 7,330)


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v) Driver (1)

(@ Rs. 13,000/- lump sum) 1.56 1.62 1.68 1.74 1.80 8.40


vi) Feed mill operator/Fisherman (4 nos.

(@ Rs. 13,000/- lump sum) 7.00 7.50 8.00 9.00 10.80 42.80


2. Travel

(lumpsum @ 70,000 per year) 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 5.00

3. Pelleted Feed

(lumpsum @ 1,00,000 per year) 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 5.00

Sub Total (B) 19.04 19.93 20.85 21.75 22.76 124.33 C. R & D Activities 30.00

Grand Total (A+B+C) 341.04 19.93 20.85 21.75 22.76 456.33 A lumpsum amount has been suggested in the salary head considering the revised scale


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Annexure 3.1 Information on Distribution pattern, Habitat requirement, Food requirement and Conservation strategy for various endangered and vulnerable category fish species of Demwe Lower HEP area.

S. No.

Scientific Name &

Remarks

Conservation strategy


Habitat requirement

Food requirement

1 Tor putitora Kingdom:

Animalia

Phylum:

Chordata

Class:

Actinopterygii

Order:

Cypriniformes

Family:

Cyprinidae

Genus: Tor

Species: T.

putitora

The ecological

status of these

species of

Mahseer has

been assigned

as endangered

by Singh and

Sharma (1998),

Anon

(2001) and

Sharma (2003).

Remedial Measures for the Protection of Mahseer The following

measures have

been

recommended to

restore habitat

quality and

connectivity for

the Mahseer

(Tor tor and Tor

putitora):

• Stream

restoration and

stream bank

stabilization

should be

undertaken at

Asia:

Afghanistan,

Pakistan, India,

Nepal,

Bangladesh,

Bhutan and

Myanmar

Benthopelagic;

potamodromous,

freshwater; pH

range: 7.4 - 7.9,

usually 0 - 1 m

Subtropical; 13°C

- 30°C; 34°N -

20°N.

Inhabit streams,

riverine pools and

lakes. Found in

rapid streams with

rocky bottom.

Ascend streams

to breed over

gravel and stones

and returns to

perennial ponds

after breeding.

The most

common

Himalayan

mahseer and a

very attractive

sport fish, with

excellent food

value. Specimens

over 30 cm and 5

kg in weight are

rarely caught in

Omnivorous,

feeding on fish,

zooplankton,

dipteran larvae

and plant matter.

Juveniles subsist

on plankton while

fingerlings feed

mainly on algae.


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the sites of

morphometric

transformations

and

fragmentation of

the fish habitats.

• Gravel mining

and dredging in

streams should

be undertaken

for removing

excess

sedimentation,

soil and woody

debris.

• Riparian

vegetation

should be

protected, as it

produces cooling

water

temperature,

cover for the

fish, and habitat

for aquatic

insects.

• Efforts should

be made for the

enhancement of

fish food

reserves.

• There should

be monitoring of

the water quality

of streams

adjacent to the

roads in the area

recent times.


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of the project.

• Natural fish

passages (riffle

grade controls

for sand / gravel

bedded, and

flow constrictor /

step pools for

cobble / boulder

bedded streams)

should be

constructed for

providing easy

passage to the

Mahseer for

migration.

• Make the

necessary

efforts for early

establishment of

a hatchery /

nursery for the

rehabilitation of

Mahseer.

• Ecofriendly

techniques for

road

construction and

maintenance

should be

employed in the

area

• A strong

partnership

should be

established

among civil


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engineers (road

construction

agency),

environmental

biologists, and

the public for

minimizing the

conflicts

between the

transportation

network and the

Mahseer.

2. Tor tor Kingdom:

Animalia

Phylum:

Chordata

Class:

Actinopterygii

Order:

Cypriniformes

Family:

Cyprinidae

Genus: Tor

Species:T. tor

The ecological

status of these

species of

Mahseer has

been assigned

as endangered

by BCCP-CAMP

Remedial Measures for the Protection of Mahseer Tor

tor Same as Tor

putitora

Asia: Pakistan,

India,

Bangladesh ,

Myanmar ,

Nepal and

Bhutan

Benthopelagic;

potamodromous;

freshwater; depth

range 15 - ? m

Subtropical; 15°C

- 30°C; 29°N -

20°N

Inhabit streams,

riverine pools and

lakes. Found in

rapid streams with

rocky bottom.

Omnivorous,

Ascend streams

to breed over

gravel and stones

and returns to

perennial ponds

after breeding.

The most

common

Himalayan

mahseer and a

very attractive

sport fish, with

Feeding on fish,

zooplankton,

dipteran larvae

and plant matter.

Juveniles subsist

on plankton while

fingerlings feed

mainly on algae.


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excellent food

value. Specimens

over 30 cm and 5

kg in weight are

rarely caught in

recent times.

Threatened due to

over harvesting

and habitat loss.

3. Tor mosal Kingdom:

Animalia

Phylum:

Chordata

Class:

Actinopterygii

Order:

Cypriniformes

Family:

Cyprinidae

Genus: Tor

Species: T.

mosal

The ecological

status of these

species of

Mahseer has

been assigned

as endangered

by BCCP-CAMP

Remedial Measures for the Protection of Mahseer Tor

tor Same as Tor

putitora

Asia: Pakistan,

India,

Bangladesh,

Myanmar,

Nepal and

Bhutan

4 Euchiloglanis hodgarti

Kingdom: Animalia

Phylum: Chordata

Class:

Actinopterygii

Order: Siluriformes

Family: Sisoridae

Subfamily:

Glyptosterninae

Tribe:

Glyptosternina

The ecological

status of this

species of has

been assigned

as venerable by

BCCP-CAMP

Sisorids inhabit

freshwater and

originate from

southern Asia,

from Turkey

and Syria to

South China

and Borneo,

primarily in the

Oriental region.

Most

glyptosternine

Demersal;

freshwater


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Genus:

Parachiloglanis

Species: P.

hodgarti

genera are

found in China,

with the

exception of

Myersglanis

Glyptosternoid

catfish species

have restricted

distributions,

and many

apparently

wide-ranging

species have

been shown to

consist of more

than one

species, each

with restricted

distributions

Sisorids are

mostly small

forms inhabit

mountain

streams.

5 Sisor

rhabdophorus Kingdom:

Animalia

Phylum:

Chordata

Class:

Actinopterygii

Order:

Siluriformes

Family: Sisoridae

Subfamily:

Sisorinae

The ecological

status of this

species has

been assigned

as endangered

by BCCP-CAMP

Sisor species

are distributed

in the Ganges

and

Brahmaputra

drainages in

India

Demersal;

potamodromous;

freshwater


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Genus: Sisor

6 Noemacheilus

sikimaiensis

Species Schistura

sikmaiensis

Genus Schistura

Family Balitoridae

Superfamily Cobitoidea

Order Cypriniformes

The ecological

status of this

species has

been assigned

as endangered

by BCCP-CAMP

7 Anguilla

bengalensis

The ecological

status of this

species has

been assigned

as endangered

by BCCP-CAMP

Tropical; 22°C -

25°C; 38°N -

10°S

Asia: Pakistan,

India, Sri

Lanka, Burma,

and the East

Indies.

Reported from

Nepal and

Bangladesh.

Endangered

status in India.

Anguilla

bengalensis

labiata is the

African

subspecies.

Lives in

freshwaters, but

also occurs in

estuaries and in

the sea during

early life and near

maturity. Occurs

in freshwater

streams, pools

and reservoirs

and commonly

found in mud

substrates of

tanks and in deep

rock pools of

rivers. Most

common eel in

Indian inland

waters. There

exists a good

export market for

both live elvers

and eels. Highly

prized as food fish


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because of its

nutritional value.

Fish mucous from

live fish mixed

with rice or wheat

flour is used as

medicine for

arthritis


S. No.

Scientific Name & Remarks

Habitat requirement Food requirement

8 Aspidoparia jaya Order Cypriniformes

Superfamily Cyprinoidea

Family Cyprinidae

Genus Aspidoparia

Species Aspidoparia jaya

Asia: India, Nepal

and Bangladesh

Reported from

Afghanistan

benthopelagic;

freshwater streams

and ponds in plains

and mountainous

regions

9 Garra gotyla Gotyla

Asia: Pakistan,

India, Bangladesh

and upper

Myanmar. Also

reported from

Afghanistan,

Bhutan and Nepal

Tropical,

Benthopelagic;

freshwater

10 G. lissorhynchus Asia: Assam

Himalaya,

Meghalaya and

Nagaland in India

benthopelagic;

freshwater

Occurs in mountain

streams

11 Family: Cyprinidae

Order: Cypriniformes

Class: Actinopterygii

Asia: Pakistan,

India, Nepal,

Bangladesh,

Myanmar and

Inhabits torrential

hill-streams in

shallow waters.

Adults migrate to

Herbivorous. Highly

esteemed as food.


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http://www.fishbase.org/Summary/FamilySummary.cfm?ID=122

http://www.fishbase.org/Summary/OrdersSummary.cfm?order=Cypriniformes


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China; probably Sri

Lanka. Also

reported from Iran,

Afghanistan and

Bhutan

warmer regions of

lakes and streams

during winter. Used

commonly by anglers

as bait for Raiamas

bola and Tor

putitora.

Herbivorous. Highly

esteemed as food

12 L. Dyocheilus

Family: Cyprinidae



Asia: Pakistan,

India, Bangladesh

and Nepal. Known

from Maeklong

Lives in clear active

currents of large

rivers. A migratory

species. Found in

the basin-wide

mainstream of the

lower Mekong

13 Schizothorax richardsonii

Family: Cyprinidae



Himalayan region

of India, Sikkim

and Bhutan, Nepal,

Pakistan, and

Afghanistan

Inhabits mountain

streams and rivers,

preferring to live

among rocks. Breeds

during April and May.

The flesh of this

species is much

relished

Herbivore feeding

mainly on algae,

aquatic plants and

detritus.

14 Bagarius bagarius Kingdom: Animalia

Phylum: Chordata


Order: Siluriformes

Family: Sisoridae

Subfamily: Sisorinae

Genus: Bagarius

Asia: Ganges,

Mekong and Chao

Phraya basins.

Reported from

Salween,

Maeklong and

Peninsular

Thailand.

Inhabits rapid and

rocky pools of large

and medium-sized

rivers.. Breeds in

rivers prior to the

beginning of the

annual flood season.

Marketed fresh.

Important as a food

fish, but the meat

spoils rapidly and

can cause illness.

Feeds on insects,

small fishes, frogs and

shrimps


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http://www.fishbase.org/Summary/OrdersSummary.cfm?order=Cypriniformes

http://filaman.ifm-geomar.de/Summary/FamilySummary.cfm?ID=122

http://filaman.ifm-geomar.de/summary/OrdersSummary.cfm?order=Cypriniformes

http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sisorinae&action=edit&redlink=1


CISMHE

15 Euchiloglanis

kamengensis Family:Sisoridae

Order: Siluriformes

Class:Actinopterygi

Asia: Arunachal

Pradesh India. Also

in Tibet

Benthopelagic;

freshwater

16 Pseudecheneis sulcatus Family:Sisoridae

Order: Siluriformes Class: Actinopterygii

Asia: India, Nepal

and Bangladesh.

Reported from

Tibet

Found in fast-flowing

hill streams. Prefers

deep riffles and runs

over gravel, cobble

substrates

17 Clarias batrachus

Kingdom: Animalia

Phylum: Chordata


Order: Siluriformes

Family: Clariidae

Genus: Clarias

Species: C. batrachus

The walking catfish

is a native of South

East Asia including

Malaysia, Thailand,

eastern India, Sri

Lanka,

Bangladesh,

Burma, Indonesia,

Singapore, and

Borneo.

Inhabits lowland

streams, swamps,

ponds, ditches, rice

paddies, and pools

left in low spots after

rivers have been in

flood. Usually

confined to stagnant,

muddy water. Found

in medium to large-

sized rivers, flooded

fields and stagnant

water bodies

including sluggish

flowing canals.

Undertakes lateral

migrations from the

Mekong mainstream,

or other permanent

water bodies, to

flooded areas during

the flood season and

returns to the

permanent water

bodies at the onset

of the dry season.

The Lao use this fish

as lap pa or ponne pa.

Feeds on insect larvae,

earthworms, shells,

shrimps, small fish,

aquatic plants and

debris An important

food fish that is

marketed live, fresh

and frozen. Recently

rare, due to replacing

of introduced African

walking catfish.


3-19

http://filaman.ifm-geomar.de/Summary/FamilySummary.cfm?ID=138

http://filaman.ifm-geomar.de/summary/OrdersSummary.cfm?order=Siluriformes


http://www.fishbase.org/Summary/OrdersSummary.cfm?order=Siluriformes



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Can live out of water

for quite sometime

and move short

distances over land.

Can walk and leave

the water to migrate

to other water bodies

using its auxiliary

breathing organs

18 Heteropneustes fossilis

Kingdom: Animalia

Phylum: Chordata


Order: Siluriformes

Family: Heteropneustidae

Genus: Heteropneustes

Species: H. fossilis

Krishna, Cauvery,

Godavary river

drainages

Found mainly in

ponds, ditches,

swamps and

marshes, but

sometimes occurs in

muddy rivers. Can

tolerate slightly

brackish water.

Omnivorous. Breed

in confined waters

during the monsoon

months, but can

breed in ponds,

derelict ponds and

ditches when

sufficient rain-water

accumulates.

Oviparous, distinct

pairing possibly like

other members of

the same family. In

great demand due to

its medicinal value.

Water intake channel Spawneries Desilting chamber Spawneries Nursery tanks for fry Rearing tanks for fingerlings and juveniles Stocking tanks for brooders Outlet

Fig.3.1: A schematic diagram of the proposed hatchery


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4

PUBLIC HEALTH DELIVERY SYSTEM

4.1 INTRODUCTION

Environmental concerns are not merely confined to depletion of forests or

pollution of rivers, it also encompasses the social realities created by man

because environment is an integration of the natural, physical and social settings

where people live and work. Due to low income for most families in the context of

our country and especially Himalayan region, after paying for the daily

necessities like food, very little is left to pay for housing and health services. In

addition to the stepped up effort to eradicate poverty, if the government does not

take action to stop the environmental degradation, provide housing and piped

water for drinking, sanitation, cooking and washing facilities, the poor people will

continue to suffer with ill health, disability and death.

Arunachal Pradesh, one of the largest state of North East region of India has a

population of 10,97,968 person (Census, 2001). However, the state has the

poorest health facilities in the country. The life expectancy of 54.05 years in the

State is the lowest among major States (Arunachal Pradesh Human

Development Report, 2005). The prevailing high rates of morbidity and mortality

have always been a matter of concern. Majority of the Community Health

Centres (CHCs) of the state, which are first referral units, are not well equipped

in terms of indoor wards, medical facilities and specialists.

4.2 PROMINENT DISEASES AND MEDICAL FACILITIES AVAILABLE Various health related problems in the state are due to its vast tracts of forested

area and harsh varied climatic conditions. The state has a large number of

surface water bodies which act as a suitable habitat for the growth of vectors of

various diseases. Diarroheal diseases, Malaria, Hepatitis, etc. are the major

health concerns in the region causing morbidity and mortality, particularly among

Environmental Management Plan- Public Heath Delivery System

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infants in remote villages. In many areas especially in inaccessible villages, the

incidence of malaria is very high. According to a survey, there were 12.21 per

cent deaths due to malaria among the surveyed population (Table 4.1).

Dysentery/ diarrhea/ gastro-enteritis are the other diseases which cause

maximum deaths in the State and comparatively higher than percentage deaths

in India (Table 4.1).

Table 4.1: Major diseases prevalent in Arunachal Pradesh

Diseases Arunachal Pradesh as a percentage India as a percentage of of Total Deaths Total Deaths Survey Data Secondary Data

Dysentery/diarrhoea/Gastro-enteritis 11.22 6.65 2.41

Tuberculosis 5.41 4.29 3.38

Tetanus 0.09 0.75 0.4

Measles 1.88 0 0.23

Malaria 12.21 3.97 1.6

Influenza 7.45 0.11 0.74

Cancer 3.93 0.21 2.06

Jaundice 2.7 0.11 0.56

Anaemia 0.33 2.25 0.91

Heart Disease Attack 5.24 14.48 7.72

Pneumonia 0.74 2.15 1.13

Paralysis (Cerebrovascular) 1.31 0.75 3.83

Bronchitis/Asthma 1.31 0.75 3.83

Chronic Liver Diseases & Cirrhosis 0.49 0.54 0.54

Ulcer of Stomach & Duodenum 0.82 0.21 0.53

Senility 6.31 2.25 13.29

Suicide 1.39 0.97 0.64

Fall & Drowning 0.33 1.18 0.39

Transport Accident (Rail/Road/Board/ 2.62 2.47 1.06

Aircraft/Motor & other vehicles)


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Complications related to pregnancy, 1.39 0.33 0.4

Child-birth & puerperium

Others not classified 32.84 56.33 55.89

Total 100 100 100 Source: Arunachal Pradesh Human Development Report, 2005

Development and expansion of health services in Arunachal Pradesh is post-

independence. Before independence, very few medical units were located in

Arunachal Pradesh, mainly in the plain areas or foothills. In the upper regions,

where a majority of the population lives, there were no facilities of modern

medicine. In 1952-53, there were only 48 doctors in the whole of Arunachal

Pradesh, an area of 83,743 sq km and number of medical units (hospitals and

dispensaries) were 52 (Arunachal Pradesh Human Development Report, 2005).

The total medical staffs (doctors, compounders and midwives) in these 52

medical units were 101 and provided health services in Arunachal Pradesh at

that time. However, the situation now is much improved and in some cases better

than the national level. Now, the number of doctors for 10,000 person in

Arunachal Pradesh is 4.3 and number of beds is 20.3 (APHD, 2005). However,

these medical facilities are mainly available in towns and big cities like Itanagar.

Still a lot is required to be done in the remote areas.

4.2.1 Status in Lohit District

The proposed Demwe Lower H.E. Project is in Lohit district. The district is

recently divided into two districts, Lohit and Anjaw. The proposed project falls in

Tezu and Wakro circles of Lohit district. In terms of health facilities the district is

quite behind compared to other districts. The life expectancy of 55.30 in Lohit

district is slightly better than the state average of 54.05; highest life expectancy is

in Papum Pare district (61.80) (APHD, 2005). There is very high infant mortality

in the district.

Malaria and a number of other diseases like tuberculosis, syphilis and fever take

a heavy toll of lives in the region. Still most of the people, particularly in remote


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villages, have their own traditional methods of diagnosis and cure using herbs

and other plants as preventive medicine. In all there are 33 medical units

(including 4 homeopathic units and one NGO unit (Table 4.2). The entire medical

and health related facilities come under administrative control of District Medical

Officer, with its headquarter at Tezu. Total population of the district is 1,25,086

and around 56 percent of the total population is rural living in small villages or

hamlets in valleys and ridges. Most of these villages do not have medical

facilities. For all medical facilities people come to towns or cities like Tezu,

Wakro, Namsai, etc. Most of these villages are not connected with roads. Some

time it takes one to two days to reach Tezu or Wakro with a sick person. Medical

facilities are also not adequate in these towns or cities. There is one district

hospital for a population of 1,25,086 which is located at Tezu. Tezu and Wakro

are the two circles where all the project components of the project fall. Tezu (with

a population of 16289) is the district headquarter of the district and has one

district hospital, one PHC, three medical sub-centres and one homeopathic

centre (Table 4.2), whereas Wakro has 5 medical units for its total population of

6809.

4.2.2 Status in Anjaw District

Anjaw district of Arunachal Pradesh has been carved out from the Lohit district

recently. The total population of the district is 18441. Hawai is the district

headquarters (with a population of 3954) and the administrative set up is divided

into two sub-divisions i.e. Hawai and Hayuliang and 7 Circles. Hayuliang is an

ADC headquater. So far, it has single Health Centre. There is no district hospital

for all 266 villages. For all medical facilities people come to adjoining towns or

cities like Hayuliang, Tezu, Namsai, etc. Still most of the villages are not

connected with Tezu - Kibithoo Highway.


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Table 4.2: Medical facilities in Lohit district and its two circles Tezu and Wakro as well as in Anjaw district

Lohit Anjaw S.No. Medical Institutions Lohit Tezu Wakro

1 Private/ Aided Centre 1 - 1

2 District Hospital 1 1 -

3 Community Health Centre 2 - -

4 PHC 5 1 1

5 Sub-Centre 20 3 3

6 Homeopathic centre 4 1 -

TOTAL 33 6 5 Source: Lohit District Statistical Handbook, 2005 & 2006.

4.2.3 Status in Influence Zone There are 41 villages within the vicinity of the project (within 10 km’s radius from

the project area), with total population of 4293. There are 23 villages which are

directly affected due to the project and the population of these villages is 1349

living in 204 houses. None of these villages have any type of medical facilities.

Malaria is a major disease in the region. During survey in Wakro region more

than 75 percent cases were observed with malarial symptoms. Other major

diseases in the area are tuberculosis, syphilis and fever. Infant mortality is also

very high in the region. Maternity facility is totally lacking in these villages.

4.3 LIKELY IMPACTS ON HEALTH Due to construction of the proposed project infestation of water borne vector will

increase as the water body is going to be created in the area which will invariably

increase the moisture levels in and around the dam site. In addition to this, the

work force going to be inducted for the construction of project may also enhance

the instances of communicable disease. The brief description of health related

issues associated with hydro projects are listed in Table 4.3. Some of the worst


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human diseases are of parasitic nature and are transmitted to human being by

vectors such as mosquitoes and snails that breed in rivers, lakes, water logged

lands, and wetlands. Impoundments may expand these breeding areas

increasing the density of vectors in the vicinity and thereby exposing local

population to higher risks of infestation. Malaria, Schistosomiasis, Filariasis, and

viral encephalitis are the major water borne diseases. Malaria, filariasis and viral

encephalitis are caused by Mosquitoes, whereas Schistosomiasis is caused due

to contact with snails in water. There will be periodic water level fluctuations in

reservoir level due to flow of the water during rains and snow melting apart from

draw down due to withdrawals. This will slow down breeding of vectors if any.

Therefore, the probability of these diseases/infections are very low. However

appropriate medical measures will be taken to check any eventuality of these

diseases.

Table 4.3: Health issues associated with hydro power projects

S. No. Health issues Examples Knowledge base 1 Communicable

disease Vector-borne, water borne, sexually transmitted, zoo noses, other parasites.

Large, reliable, ecosystem specific, some quantification.

2 Non-communicable disease

Poisoning by minerals, biological toxins, pesticide residues, and industrial effluent.

Geographically limited, reliable, generalized and frequently well quantified.

3 Injury Drowning, construction injuries, communal and domestic violence, catastrophic failure, seismic activity, traffic injury.

Limited, reliable, transferable, some statistics.

4 Malnutrition Lake of protein, carbohydrate or essential elements.

Limited and controversial, limited transferability, reasonably quantified, limited reliability.

5 Psychological disorder

Stress, suicide, substance abuse, social disruption, unrest, violence, decreased tolerance.

Low volume, of poor reliability with little quantification and cultural variation.

6 Social well-being Quality of life, social cohesion and support structures, self-determination, human rights, equity.

Low volume, of variable reliability and quantification and considerable cultural variation.


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4.3.1 Water pollution Water pollutes due to the pollutants which comes from the industrial discharge

and agricultural chemicals and wastes from the habitats. However, the upstream

habitats and upper catchments of the river Lohit and adjoining streams are not

host to any industry. The agriculture practices are in good scale; however only

organic farming is practiced. Although there are not many villages close to

reservoir, however it is strongly recommended that drinking water should not be

supplied from the reservoir to population of nearby villages without proper

treatment. The water quality analysis of project site suggests that the quality of

water is normal.

4.3.2 Health management in labour campus The dam construction activities spanning over 5 years involve diverse activities

and agglomeration of labour and technicians. The discussion with project

proponents indicates that approximately 8933 workers along with technical staff

including their family members would be migrating during the construction phase.

The change in population density through immigrants/influx may cause new

health problems in the region, which should be addressed by implementing

adequate medical facilities as detailed below:

4.4 PROPOSED MEDICAL FACILITIES

Various medical facilities are proposed (Table 4.4) along with location of medical

units in the project area, however, these locations can be changed according to

the requirement hospital. One hospital of 25 beds has been proposed in the

management plan. The hospital can be established at Parasuram Kund or near

Wakro. The hospital shall provide medical facilities to the inhabitants living in the

region of Wakro and Tezu circles as well as to the migrant staff in the project

area. The hospital shall have all facilities like X-rays, testing facilities, medical

store, etc. The hospital shall also have the maternity wards and pediatrics

facilities.


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Table 4.4: Proposed medical facilities in Demwe Lower H.E. project area

Medical Unit Location of the medical unit Number of Units

Hospital (25 beds) Near Parasuram Kund of Wakro One Primary Health Centre Demwe village Two Kathan Women & Child Welfare Centre Mowai-II village One Cretch Parasuram Kund One Strengthening of existing PHC at Wakro One Health facilities

4.4.1 Primary Health Centre Two primary health centres are proposed to be developed in the project area.

One primary health centre is suggested at or near Demwe village and another is

proposed at Kathan. Each centre will have one male and female doctor. In this

area, infant mortality is high and there is also lack of proper facilities for child

birth. These centers should have facilities to address these two aspects.

4.4.2 Woman and Child Welfare Centre In Lohit district there is very high infant mortality rate (IMR of 72 per 1000 live

birth) and there are no facilities for maternity and child care in the project area.

There will be a floating population of 8000 or more in the region during

construction phase of the project which is scheduled for five years. Looking into

these aspects a child and woman welfare centre is proposed in the region. This

can be established at Mawai-II village.

4.4.3 Cretch During construction phase, there will be a number of families where both

husband and wife will be working and there will be no one to look after small

children. Provision has been given for establishing a cretch near the construction

site at Parasuram Kund to look after the children of working parents in their

absence.


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4.5 VETERINARY HOSPITAL

The local inhabitants of Wakro and Tezu are mainly engaged in cultivation,

rearing of animals like cows, pigs and poultry (Table 4.5). At present there is no

veterinary hospital in the region to deal with health and medical problems related

with domestic and wildlife of the region.

Table 4.5: Livestock in Tezu and Wakro circles

S.No. Circle Cattle Goats Horns Pigs Poultry Duck Mithun 1 Tezu 9295 6047 43 3809 19282 301 548

2 Wakro 4501 1693 - 2111 11599 794 792 Source: Lohit District Statistical Data Handbook

There is veterinary dispensary, veterinary aid centre, cattle upgrading centre, as

well as cattle, poultry and pig breeding farms in the region (Table 4.6). However,

there is no veterinary hospital in this area. Therefore, a veterinary hospital is

proposed in the management plan. The hospital should have facilities for

handling and treating wild animals also. The hospital can be established near

Wakro.

Table 4.6: Infrastructure for animal husbandry

S. No

Circle/ District

Veterinary dispensary

Veterinary aid centre

Cattle upgrading centre

Cattle breeding

farm

Poultry breeding

farm

Pig breeding

farm 1 Tezu 1 2 5 1 1 1 2 Wakro 1 1 2 - - - 3 Anjaw 2 4 2 1 - -

Source: Lohit District Statistical Data Handbook

4.6 IMPROVEMENT OF EXISTING FACILITIES

Grant provision is also made for the improvement and upgradation of the existing

health facilities in the region. A lumpsum grant of Rs. 4 lakh is provided for the

improvement of existing facilities at Wakro primary health centre. This will include

the cost towards bed, sterilization units, medicines, vaccines etc (Table 4.7).


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4.7 FIRST AID FACILITIES Workers will be working at different places in the region. Provision is also made

for having at least 4-5 first aid kits. These first aid kits should have all the

necessary items for providing first aid medical help at the construction site. A

lumpsum grant of Rs 11 lakh has been provided for this purpose (Table 4.7).

4.8 BUDGET Total budget for the development of health and medical facilities and

maintenance of these facilities for five years is Rs. 1045.5 lakh (Table 4.7).

Veterinary facilities are also provided in the plan. The budget for developing

veterinary facility is around Rs. 73.75 . The total budgetary requirement for the

public health delivery system is Rs. 1186.76 Lakh.

Table 4.7: Estimated cost for setting up of medical facilities S.No. Particulars Amount (Rs. In lakhs) I. Hospital (25 Beds) A. Non-Recurring Cost i) Building 1x2000sq m x @ Rs. 10,000 per sq m 200.00

ii) Ambulances (3 Nos.) 15.00

iii) Equipments for laboratory facility, furniture (Lump sum) 60.00

Total (A) 275.00 B. Recurring Cost (for 5 years)

SALARIES i) Medical Staff (a) Doctors (4 nos.) @ Rs.31624.49/- per month

4 X 5 years x 31624.49 x 12 months 80.60

(With an annual increment of 3 %)

(b) Radiotherapist (1 no.) @ Rs. 21730.54/- per month 13.84

1 x 5 years x 21730.54 x 12 months

(With an annual increment of 3%)

(c) Pharmacist (1 no.) @ Rs. 21730.54/- per month


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1 × 5 years × 21730.54 x 12 months 13.84


(d) Nurses (5 nos.) @ Rs. 16,821.22/- per month

5 × 5 years × 16,821.22 x12 months 53.60


ii) Non- Medical Staff (a) Accountant (1 no.)@ Rs. 21730.54/-per month 13.84

1 x 5years x 21730.54 x 12 months


(b) Upper Division Clerk (UDC) (1 no.) @ Rs. 16,821.22/-per month

1 x 5 years x 16821.22 x 12 months 10.72


(c) Lower Division Clerk (LDC) (1 no.) @ Rs. 14818.33/-per month 9.44

1 X 5 years X 14818.33 X 12 months


(d) Driver (3 no.) @ Rs. 11716.12/-per month

3 × 5 years × 11716.12× 12 months 22.38


(e) Helpers (4 nos.) @ Rs.10541.5/-per month

4 × 5 years × 10541.5 x 12 months 26.88


Total Cost of B (With 50% overheads ) = 367.71

iii) Medicines and miscellaneous expenditure

@ Rs. 10.0 lakh per annum for 5 years 50.00

iv) Maintenance and running cost of ambulances

@ Rs. 1.0 lakh per annum per ambulance 15.00

Total (B) 432.71 Total (A+B) 707.71 II. PRIMARY HEALTH CENTRE (2 Nos.)

C. Non- Recurring Cost i) 1 PHC Building each 10

2 X 50 m² X @ Rs. 10,000 per sq m

ii) Furniture and miscellaneous expenditure 4.00


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@ Rs. 2 lakh per PHC

Rs.2.0 lakh x 2 PHC

iii) Improvement of existing facilities at Wakro PHC 4.00

Total (C) 18 D. Recurring Cost

SALARIES i) Medical Staff (a) Doctors (2 nos.) @ 31624.49/-per month


(With an annual increment of 3%) 40.30

(b) Nurses (4 nos.)@ Rs. 16821.22/-per month

4 X 5 years x 16,821.22 x 12 months


ii) Non- Medical Staff

(a) Helper/Assistant/lab boy (1 no.)

@Rs. 4000/-per month

1 X 5 years X 4, 000 X 12 months 3.24


Total Cost of D (With 50% overheads) = 129.63


@ Rs. 2 Lakh per annum per PHC 20.00

Total (D) 149.63 Total (C + D) 167.63 III. WOMAN CHILD WELFARE CENTRE (1 No.) E. Non-Recurring Cost

i Building 1× 50 m2 × Rs. 10,000 per sq m 5 ii Equipments for laboratory facility, furniture

(Lump sum) 8.00

Total (E) 13 F. Recurring Cost

SALARIES i) Medical Staff

(a) Doctor (1 no.) @ Rs. 31624.49/-


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(With an annual increment of 3 %) 20.15 (b) Nurse (1 no.) @ Rs. 16,821.22/-

1 x 5 years x 16,821.22 x 12 months


ii) Non- Medical Staff (a) Helper/Assistant/lab boy (1 no.)

@ Rs. 4000 per month for 2 Helpers

2 x 5 years x 4,000 x 12 months 4.80


Total Cost of F (With 50% overhead ) = 53.51


@ Rs. 1.0 Lakh per annum per CWC 5.00

Total (F) 58.51 Total (E + F) 71.51 IV. CRETCH (1 no.)

G. Non-recurring cost (a) Building 1 x 100 sq m x @ Rs. 10,000/- per sq m 10

(b) Facility development (Play articles, books etc.) 1.00

Total (G) 11 H. Recurring costs for 5 years (a) Salaries

i) Care taker (1 no.) @ Rs.23206.35/- per month 14.78



ii) Aaya (2 nos.) @ Rs. 14,818.33/- per month 18.88


(With an annual increment of 3 %)

iii) Helper (2 nos.) @ Rs. 10541.5/- per month 13.44



Total Cost for H (With 50% overheads) = 70.65

(b) Maintenance and Miscellaneous expenditure 5.00


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@ Rs. 1.0 lakh per annum

Total (H) 75.65 I. Health Extension Services & First Aid Facility 12.00 Total (G + H + I) 98.65 V. VETERINARY CENTRE J. Non-Recurring Cost i) Building

60 sq m × 1 x @ Rs. 10,000/- per sq m 6

iii) Equipments, furniture etc. 2.00

Lump sum grant

Total (J) 8 K. Recurring Cost i) Salaries (a) Doctors (1 no.)

1 x 5 years @ Rs. 31,624.49/- x 12 months 20.15


(b) Pharmacist (1 no.)

1 × 5 years @ 21,730.54/-× 12 months 13.84


(c) Attendant (1 no.)

1 × 5 years @ Rs. 9,110.864/-× 12 months 5.84


Total Cost of K (With 50% overheads) = 59.75

ii) Medicines and miscellaneous expenditure

@ Rs. 10,000 per month x 12 months x 1 Nos. x 5 6.00

Total (K) 65.75 Total (J+K) 73.75 VI. FIRST AID FACILITIES FOR LABOURERS (Lumpsum) 11.00 VII. Contingencies 5% of (I+II+III+IV+V+VI) 56.51

Grand Total (I+II+III+IV+V+VI+VII) 1186.76


CISMHE

5

SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT 5.1 INTRODUCTION

The proposed Demwe Lower Hydroelectric Project will provide cheap and clean

power, direct and indirect employment opportunities, economic benefits to locals,

reduction in green house emissions and tourism potential on one hand. The

problems of loss of vegetal cover, increased soil erosion, muck disposal, air and

water pollution on the other pose some of the negative threats.

Solid waste generation will be the leading problem among the negative impacts

assuming that huge quantity of municipal waste that would be generated from

residential colony, labour camps and office buildings when the project is

constructed. Huge amount of sewage will also be generated from the similar

sources during the construction and operation phase of the proposed project.

The major generation sources for sewage and municipal wastes would be as

follows:

• Municipal waste from residential colony, labour camps, office buildings

• Sewage from residential colony, labour camps, office buildings

• Hazardous wastes (i.e. Bio-Medical wastes) from primary health centre and

hospitals

It is also expected that if proper management measures for solid waste are not

adopted, it will degrade the nearby environment, create hazards for labour and

staff that would be posted in the project area during construction/ operation

period of the project. Therefore, all the problems due to origination of solid waste

require proper management facilities. The types of wastes, its composition and

Environmental Management Plan – Solid Waste Management

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major generation sources during the construction/ operation of proposed Project

are indicated in Table 5.1

Table 5.1: Expected typical composition of waste in proposed Demwe Lower Hydroelectric project. Waste Type Composition of waste Sources of waste generation

Municipal waste Food wastes, plastics, paper,

sewage, glass, vegetables waste.

From residential and labour camp

areas

Construction waste Empty cement begs, dust, debris,

demolition and construction

wastes, scrap, dust and ashes etc.

From construction site and crusher

etc.

Bio-medical waste Syringes, cotton, bandages, glass

tubes, etc.

From primary health centers

5.2 COMPOSITION OF MUNICIPAL SOLID WASTES

The composition of garbage in India indicates lower organic matter and high ash

or dust contents. It has been estimated that recyclable content in solid waste

varies from 13 to 20% and compostable materials is about 80-85%. A typical

composition of municipal solid waste is given below in Table 5.2.

Table 5.2: Typical composition of municipal solid wastes expected in Demwe Lower HEP.

Description Percent by weight

Vegetable, leaves 40.15

Grass 3.80

Paper 0.81

Plastic 0.62

Glass/ceramics 0.44

Metal 0.64

Stones/ashes 41.81

Miscellaneous 11.73

Source: Central Pollution Control Board


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Chemical composition of solid waste is another important aspect for evaluating

alternative processing and energy recovery point of view. The details of typical

chemical composition of municipal wastes in India are given in Table 5.3.

Table 5.3: Chemical components of municipal solid wastes expected in Demwe Lower HEP.

Component C (%) H (%) O (%) N (%) S (%) Ash (%)

Food wastes 48 6.4 37.6 2.6 0.4 5

Paper 43.5 8 44 0.3 0.2 6

Card board 44 5.9 44.6 0.3 0.2 5

Plastic 60 7.2 22.8 - - 10

Textiles 55 6.6 31.2 4.6 0.15 2.5

Rubber 78 10 - 2 - 10

Leather 60 8.0 11.6 10 0.4 10

Garden trimming 47.8 6 38 3.4 0.3 4.5

Wood 49.5 6 42.7 0.2 0.1 1.5

Dirt, ashes, brick etc 26.3 3 2 0.5 0.2 68

Source: Central Pollution Control Board

5.3 ENVIRONMENTAL AND HEALTH IMPACTS DUE TO IMPROPER SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT Improper management of solid waste causes all types of pollution: air, soil, and

water. Uncontrolled dumping of wastes accelerates the contamination of surface

and ground water supplies. In urban areas, solid waste clogs drains, creating

stagnant water for insect breeding and floods during rainy seasons. Uncontrolled

burning of wastes and improper incineration contributes significantly to urban air

pollution. Greenhouse gases are generated from the decomposition of organic

wastes in landfills, and untreated leachate pollutes surrounding soil and water

bodies. These negative environmental impacts are only a result of solid waste

disposal.

Unscientific method being adopted for management of solid waste is a serious

health concern, particularly, during rainy season, when the run-off and high


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humid conditions increase the health hazards. Open dumping of garbage serves

as breeding ground for disease vectors such as flies, mosquitoes, cockroaches,

rats and other pests. High risks of spreading diseases like typhoid, cholera,

dysentery, yellow fever, encephalitis, plague and dengue fever may not be ruled

out.

5.4 MUNICIPAL SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT

Management of municipal solid waste is one of the important issues. There are

three major steps involved in the management of garbage viz. collection,

transportation and disposal. The more concentration should be on the

segregation of waste. The common method for segregation and collection of

municipal solid waste is by using separate dustbins. There should be different

collection centers to collect the waste during the construction as well as

operation phase. The transportation of waste is also an important step in the

management of garbage. The garbage during transportation to the disposal site

is exposed to the open conditions thus causing public nuisance. The vehicles

carrying garbage should be therefore covered. Disposal of municipal solid wastes

is generally done trough various techniques and technology (i.e. sanitary land-

filling, Pelletisation, Pyrolysis/Gasification, Incineration, Vermiculture etc.). In the

context of Demwe Lower Hydroelectric Project, Sanitary land-filling is the suitable

technique for composting the bio-degradable waste. Other wastes including Non-

biodegradable like plastic, glass, scrap, etc. could be sold in the market.

Hazardous and Bio-Medical waste from hospital can be incinerated by the

incineration facility which is suggested in the management plan.

The garbage from the colony area should be collected at particular places in

collection pits/vats of particular sizes. From these places, garbage should be

transported to incinetors or landfill area. One dumper and wheel barrow are

proposed in the DPR for the purpose alongwith provisions for staff of 16-17

persons. The provision of budget for the infrastructure is included in the DPR of

Demwe Lower H.E. project except for incinerators.


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5.4.1 Estimation of Municipal Solid Waste Generation The estimated peak labor force for the proposed project is around 3000. This will

include technical, non-technical and service providers. Table 5.4 shows the

movement of workforce, coming and going in the region. Considering the non-

availability of local trained manpower for the execution of the project, it is

expected that majority of the workers will be coming from outside. The calculation

of population load in the region due to immigrant workforce is based on the

following assumptions:

i) It is assumed that 80% of laborers and 50% technical staff are likely to be

married.

ii) 80% of the total workers including technical staff have been considered as

migrant (considering maximum for management plan)

iii) 50% of the labor will comprise of both husband and wife.

iv) 50% of the technical staff will come with their families and only husband

will work.

v) 2% of the total migratory population are assumed as service providers

vi) 50% of service providers will have families.

vii) The family size for laborers as well as for technical staff is assumed to be

of 5 persons.

Table 5.4: Periodic Workforce requirement during the construction of the proposed

Demwe Lower H.E. Project

Year No. of laborers No. of skilled labor and technical staff Total

1st 1440 360 1800

2nd 1680 420 2100

3rd 2400 600 3000

4th 1680 420 2100

5th 800 1200 2000

The migrant population has been calculated around 8933 based on these

assumptions (Table 5.5). This population will reside in the project area at any


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given time. There are chances of increase in the migrant population. Here, the

population coming for establishing other small business related to project is not

considered. This temporary population will keep floating for 5-6 years. This much

huge population will generate enormous quantity of waste that needs to be

disposed without polluting land, air and water of the region.

Table 5.5: Total migrant population expected in the Demwe Lower H.E. Project S.No. Particular Family/Population A. Migrant workers i) Peak workers 2400

ii) Migrant workers (80%) 1920

iii) Single migrant workers (20% of 1920) 384

iii) Married migrant workers (80% of 1920) 1536

iv) Husband and wife both working (80% of 1536) 1230

v) Number of families where both husband and wife are working (1230/2) 615

vi) Families where only husband is working (615/2) 308

Total Population of A = 384 + (615 X 5) + (308 X 5) 4999 B. Migrant Technical staff

i) Total Peak technical staff 1200

ii) Single technical staff (50% of 1200) 600

iii) Married migrant technical staff (50% of 1200) 600

iv) Husband and wife both working (10% of 600) 60

v) Families where both husband and wife are working (60/2) 30

vi) Families where husband is only working 540

Total population of B = 600 + (30 X 5) + (540 X 5) 3450

C. Service Providers i) Total service provider (2% of the total population, i.e., A+B) 168

ii) Single persons 84

iii) Married service providers (50% of 168) 84

iv) Number of persons where husband and wife both are working (10% of 84) 9

v) Number of families where both husband and wife are working (10/2) 5

vi) Families where husband is only working 75

Total population of C = 84 + (5 X 5) + (75 X 5) 484 Grand Total of A+B+C = 4999 + 3450 +484 8933


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Generally in India, average per capita municipal solid waste generated per day is

calculated to be 425 g (dry weight). Certainly there will be huge solid waste

generation by 8933 persons. The calculated amount per year will be around

1447.78 ton. This waste should not be allowed to be dumped near any water

body or stream. The project developer should develop proper method of

collection and disposal of this waste.

5.5 SANITATION FACILITIES As mentioned earlier about 8933 workers and staff are likely to work during

project construction phase. Water consumption per capita in rural area has been

estimated to be 135 litres per day which shall include washing, bathing, cooking

and drinking requirements. The estimated quantity of water consumption for

workers is about 12,60,000 litres per day. Of which nearly 10,08,000 liters per

day would be changed into sewerage. It is therefore proposed to treat the

sewage generated from labour colonies and residential areas before disposal.

Normally, during project construction, the labour population is concentrated at 3

or 4 locations. Thus, the sewage would flow into river Lohit at these 3-4 locations.

The sewage is proposed to be treated before disposal to avoid the deterioration

of water quality of the receiving water body. It is proposed to commission

adequate number of septic tanks for treatment of sewage. It has been observed

during the construction phase of many projects, that contractor makes a block of

two large rooms in which about 30-40 workers stay. It is proposed that one

community latrine can be provided per 20 persons. The sewage from the

community latrines can be treated in septic tanks. For each 500 persons, one

septic tank should be provided. To ensure that the sewage from the labour

camps do not pollute the river water.

5.5.1 Septic Tanks

Solid waste from the toilets should be collected in the tanks or vats of 25 cubic meter

size. Soak pits or septic tanks should be near to each toilet set or building having

toilets. The total budget allocated for the construction and maintenance of these

septic tanks is around Rs. 14.11 lakhs.


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5.5.2 Bathrooms and Washing Facilities Workers and laborers will require bathing facilities. Provisions are made for

providing these facilities in the permanent as well as in temporary colonies. The

budget kept for this purpose is around Rs. 15.84 lakhs.

5.5.3 Sewage Treatment Plant The quantity of waste generated from the colony area shall be treated using

appropriate treatment methods. A sewage plant is proposed in the management

plan for treating the waste water. This waste water after proper treatment shall be

either reused for irrigation or horticultural purposes or should be released to the

streams or rivers. The cost and maintenance grant of the sewage plant is Rs.

55/- lakh.

5.5.4 Community toilets In order to avoid the open defecation, there is a provision of establishment of

community toilets at temporary colonies and working sites. Financial outlay for

community toilets would be Rs. 21.63 lakhs.

5.6 MANAGEMENT OF WASTES FROM CONSTRUCTION ACTIVITIES

Apart from the municipal solid waste in the project area, a lot of waste is

expected to be generated on account of construction activities. This would mainly

consist of cement bags, iron scrap, packing material, dust etc. It is expected that

most of the iron scrap and packing material would be recycled since it has reuse

value apart from monetary values and hence, it is proposed that stipulations

should be imposed on suppliers and contractors to take away the scrap and

packing materials. Apart from above, about 13.3 lakh MT of cement will be

required for remaining constructional works. Since cement is supplied in gunny

bags with capacity of each bag as 50 kg only. As a result large number of gunny

bags would require proper disposal arrangement. For this purpose, it is

proposed that for slope stabilization works, use of these gunny bags should be

made to the extent possible by filling them with debris and 2% cement for


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strengthening. These bags can be placed along the contours to reduce the flow

length and velocity. The remaining quantity of cement bags should be collected

and disposed properly.

5.7 MANAGEMENT OF HAZARDOUS WASTES FROM HOSPITALS It is expected that in Demwe Lower Hydroelectric Project, generation of

hazardous waste will be very less and would be mostly from of hospital waste.

Hospital waste is generated during the diagnosis, treatment or immunization of

human beings. Biomedical waste includes like anatomical waste, culture media,

discarded medicines, chemical waste, syringes, bandages, body fluids, human

excreta, etc. This waste is highly infectious and can be serious threat to human

health if not managed in a scientific manner. It is estimated that out of 15 kg of

hospital waste, 1 kg would be infected. For this purpose, special type of

collection container and incinerator should be placed in hospital for proper

collection and disposal of hospital waste.

5.8 OTHER MEASURES The following other measures are also proposed for management of solid waste

under the Demwe Lower Hydroelectric Project.

• A proper sewerage and drainage plan for each complex such as colonies and

office complexes should be formulated and implemented at the initial stages

when these structures are started by the project proponent

• There should be a separate drainage channel, which should be either

connected to a sewerage channel or should have its own treatment plant

before this waste is released in river Lohit or other aquatic body. In no case

the untreated water from the lanes and drains should be discharged in

riverine or reservoir system

• There should be a sewage treatment plant in each colony. Where it is not

feasible or the population is small, it is proposed that proper sewage septic

tanks should be installed. However provision for these community latrines and

septic tanks is being made by the project proponents in the project cost,

hence no budgetary estimate for these are made.


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• The solid waste like the kitchen waste, packing material, plastic bags, pet

bottles, office garbage etc. should not be littered all around. It is proposed that

proper litter collectors in sufficient numbers, separate for plastic goods and

other solid materials, should be installed at regular intervals within a locality,

or colony or office by the project authorities.

• It is also proposed that an incinerator must be installed near the site colony

for the proper disposal of the bio-medical waste from project hospitals.

• For the proper disposal of the plastic items, which is non-biodegradable in

nature, it is proposed that these can be collected and sold or sent for

recycling, wherever such facilities are available, otherwise these would create

lot of health and environmental problems.

5.9 COST ESTIMATE

Various facilities are proposed in the Solid Waste Management. The facilities

shall be provided by the project for keeping the entire project area as well as

region neat and clean. These facilities will be run and maintained by the project

authority for 5 years or as long as project construction work continues. The total

budget for the management of solid waste would be Rs. 128.58 lakhs.

Table 5.6: Estimated cost for the solid waste management in the Demwe Lower H.E. Project

S.No. Particulars Numbers Installation/ Maintenance Total Primary cost for5 years (Amount (Rs.) (Rs.) in lakhs)

I. Incinerator 1. At permanent settlement & Colony area 2 20.00 2.00 22.00

II. Septic tanks and soak pits @ Rs.0.30 Lakh per pit 1. For permanent settlements and 30 9 1.08 10.08

office area

2. For temporary settlements 5 1.5 0.18 1.68

3. At construction site 2 0.6 0.07 0.67

4. At villages 5 1.5 0.18 1.68

III. Bathrooms and Washing places 1. At temporary settlements Rs.0.30 lakhs 40 12 2.16 14.16


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per set (one set with 10 cubicles of

1.5 m length x 2.0 m breadth)

2. In the village @ Rs.0.30 lakh per set 5 1.5 0.18 1.68

(one set with 10 cubicles of 1.5 m

length x 2.0 m breadth)

IV. Sewage Treatment Plan 1 50 5 55.00

V. Community Toilets

1. Community toilets at temporary 40 sets 16 3.60 19.60

colony/ settlement @ Rs.0.40 lakhs

per set (one set with 20 to 30 seats)

2. Community toilets at working sites 8 sets 1.6 0.43 2.03

@ Rs.0.2 lakhs per set (one with

4 to 5 seats)

Total Cost 128.58


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6

PROVISION FOR FUEL AND ENERGY CONSERVATION

MEASURES

6.1 INTRODUCTION Arunachal Pradesh, one of the greenest states in the country with average

population density of thirteen persons to a sq km and about 8.4 million ha of rich

vegetation, the state is gravely threatened by deforestation. A large part of the

state’s revenue is generated directly from its forests. A note prepared by the

Arunachal Pradesh Forest Corporation (APFC) in March 1988 states that "90 per

cent of the state’s direct revenue is generated by its forests besides indirect

revenue in the form of allocable excise duty available mainly through the plywood

industry". With few opportunities for growth, the state has become heavily

dependent on external assistance. The per capita share of plan investment for an

Arunachal Pradesh tribal, at Rs 8,511, is the highest in the country today, way

above the national average of Rs 1,493. Despite this, only a small minority of the

tribal have profited from the lucrative timber trade. With no industrial base to

speak of, more than 75 per cent of Arunachal Pradesh population is dependent

on agriculture for their livelihood. A few get government jobs or find employment

in the transport and communication sectors. Clearly, the easy road to riches is

through timber operations. It was during the 1980s that forestry emerged as one

of the major contributors to the state’s net domestic product (NDP), its share

rising from 12 per cent in 1980-81 to around 20 per cent today. The road

construction sector, the most organized enterprise in the state, serves to provide

better access to hitherto untouched forests. The growing demand for timber has

created elite which wields immense political clout. Forests have become so

valuable that not only are the state government and the local elite vying for

greater control over them, but neighbouring states have also laid claims to them.

Environmental Management Plan – Provision for Fuel and Energy Conservation Measures

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The acute shortages of timber, escalating prices and attractive profits have had

definite fallout in terms of increased illegal felling of trees. Apart from commercial

timber felling, complicated ownership claims over forest land are another source

of tension in the area. Local tribes are now asserting hereditary ownership rights

over the forest area and vast tracts are now being claimed as individual property

where even other villagers are denied entry. Boundary disputes, often leading to

violence, have become commonplace. While the tribal claim absolute right over

the land and forests, the state also claims ownership rights over them.

Legislation, which classifies vast forest areas as unclassed state forests,

complicates the situation further. The loss of forest cover is also posing a serious

threat to the fodder and energy resources of the villages. Historically, jhum or

shifting cultivation, which has been the dominant land use option in this region,

has been severely criticized for causing land degradation and deforestation.

While the shortening of the jhum cycle years has created vast deforested tracts,

putting the entire blame for this on the jhumias is unfair. After all, there is

extensive deforestation in certain tribal tracts like Tawang as well, where shifting

cultivation is not practiced.

The tribal populations in Arunachal Pradesh are undoubtedly very close to the

nature for their livelihoods in terms of shifting cultivation, animal hunting and

poaching. Extraction of fuel wood also has immense effects on the forest

resources wherein even the existing labourers in the region also use wood as

fuel. A number of measures have been suggested in the Forest Protection

measures under Bio-diversity Conservation plan, which can be enhanced with

formulating a suitable fuel and energy conservation measures. Major part of the

rural population in Lohit and Anjaw districts use wood as kitchen fuel. The

stresses on the forest resources may increase with increase in the population

due to the influx of migrant labourers. In order to minimize the pressure on the

forest products and strengthen the forest protection plan, the provision for fuel

and energy conservation measures are given in the following paragraphs.


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6.2 NEED FOR THE FUEL AND ENERGY CONSERVATION MEASURES Survey of affected families of Demwe Lower H.E. project indicates that 87.9%

families use wood as kitchen fuel. Extrapolating the data, out of 1041 households

of 41 villages of study area, nearly 916 families are likely using wood as kitchen

fuel. About 416 families have facilities of LPG gas cylinders; therefore, there

would be a need of 625 new LPG connections for the rural households. In

addition to the villages, migrant workers and technical staff would require nearly

2525 new LPG gas connections.

6.3 SUGGESTED MEASURES In the backdrop of above critical aspects, provisions are made to meet fuel

requirements of incoming work force and families located within study areas. It is

proposed to provide LPG (Liquid Petroleum Gas) to these rural households and

workers by the project authorities. This would discourage them from illicit tree

felling and removal of fuel wood and timber from the adjoining forests. The

project authority will open LPG depot at different project site (Table 6.1).

Cooking gas shall be arranged from the concerned authorities. These facilities

can also be utilized by local people living in the nearby villages. Project authority

will also provide the facility of community kitchen to the labourers.

In addition to above mentioned measures efforts would be made towards energy

conservation and installation of non-conventional sources of energy as energy

conservation measures are of paramount importance for conserving the

environment. Under this program following facilities are proposed.

6.3.1 LPG Depots and Cylinders

One LPG (Liquid petroleum gas depot) has been proposed in the project. This

depot can be opened either near Parsasuram Kund or in Wakro. Wakro is Circle

head quarter and establishing of this facility at Wakro will also be useful for

nearby villages. Project developer/its Contractor’s will run scheme of free

distribution of gas cylinder to its employees and labourers whereas villagers


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would be provided with one time assistance to obtain a new LPG connection.

The total budget for the connection (2525 connection) and establishment of

depot would be Rs. 138.40 Lakhs (Tables 6.1 and 6.2).

6.3.2 Community Kitchen

Community kitchen is suggested for the workers at the project site. Provisions

have been made for establishing four community kitchens (two for technical staff

and two for labourers). These facilities can be developed at Parasuram Kund or

at other location where maximum construction work will be going on. The total

budget for running these facilities would be around 70 lakhs (assuming

consumption rate of 2.5 kg LPG/person/month for average 2000 workers over

next 5 years @Rs. 350 per 15kg cylinder).

6.3.3 Energy Conservation Measures

The project area is remotely located. Most of the local people are not aware of

conservation measures of energy like pressure cookers, solar cookers, or other

efficient systems of cooking and saving energy. Here provisions are made to

make these facilities to the labourers also to the local people. In order to

conserve the energy, project developers are suggested to distribute pressure

cockers, solar cockers and smokeless chullahs to workers and villagers.

Total financial out lay for the provision of fuel and energy conservation is Rs. 229.00 lakhs.

6.3.4 Wood distribution from the diverted forest area The project authorities shall take necessary steps to provide free or subsidized

wood from the wood felled from the diverted forest areas from the forest dept.


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Table 6.1: Establishment of new LPG depots and community kitchens in the project area S. No. LPG/ Community Kitchen Village (Tehsil) Number

1. LPG Depots Parasuram Kund or Wakro 1

2. Community Kitchen Parasuram Kund, Colony areas 4

Table 6.2: Financial provision for energy conservation measures in the project area

Sl.No. Foliation (Particulars) Amount (Rs. in Lakhs)

1. (a) Construction of LPG Depot (1Nos.) 50.00

(b) LPG connection + Cylinder cost (No. 2525) Rs. 88.3750 say 88.40

@ Rs. 3500 per connection

2. Pressure cookers 14.40

5. Installation of Smokeless chullahs 6.20

6. Community Kitchen / Canteens (4Nos.; refilling of cylinders 70.00

Total 229.00


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7

DISPOSAL AND REHABILITATION OF MUCK

7.1 INTRODUCTION

The muck generated from various project activities during the construction of a

H.E. project may adversely affect the environment if not properly managed. The

generated muck volume, if not properly disposed, can i) destroy the landscape, ii)

increase the atmospheric particulate levels and iii) increase the sediment load in

river channels. The proposed Demwe Lower HE project is likely to generate large

volume of muck, of which some quantity will be utilizable and the remaining muck

volume needs to be rehabilitated at appropriate dumping sites in a technically

and ecologically sound manner. This chapter discusses all these aspects and

suggests a management plan for disposal and rehabilitation of muck.

7.2 MUCK SOURCE AND VOLUME

During the construction phase, a total 101.18 lakh cum of muck will be generated

from excavation for different appurtenant structures like diversion tunnel, dam,

adits, infrastructure works and power house complex (Table 7.1). About 40% of

the muck generated from overburden excavation, amounting to 20.00 lakh cum will

be utilized as aggregate for concrete and 4.2 lakh cum will be used in the Coffer

dam. The volume of the remaining muck from overburden amounts to 34.28 Lakh

cum and that from rock amounts to 42.70 Lakh cum. After adding a swelling factor

of 25% for overburden material and 60% for excavated rock, the total muck

volume that requires to be rehabilitated is 111.17 Lakh cum.

Environmental Management Plan – Disposal and Rehabilitation of Muck

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Table 7.1: Status of muck generation in Demwe Lower H.E. project

Particulars Volume (Lacs

cum) Total (Lacs

cum)

Overburden(1) 50 Civil Hydraulic

Structures Rock(1) 40.58

Overburden(2) 8.48

Excavation

Infrastructure

Works and

Quarries Rock(2) 2.12

101.18

Concrete

40% of

Overburden(1) 20

Utilization

Coffer Dam Usable for Coffer

dam (from

Overburden) 4.2

24.2

Overburden 34.28 Remaining Muck Rock 42.7

76.98

Overburden 34.28 + 25%

Swelling

Factor=42.85.

Remaining Muck Volume with appropriate swelling factors

Rock

42.7+60% Swelling

factor=68.32

111.17

Capacity of the Muck Disposal sites

DS1 (81.4 Cum)

DS2 (31.58 Cum)

112.62

7.3 SELECTION OF DUMPING SITES The dumping sites were selected after careful examination of following points:

i) The dumping sites should be selected nearby the adits and near the dam

sites to avoid long-distance transport of muck.

ii) The sites must be free from active landslides or creeps and care should be

taken that the sites do not have a possibility of toe-erosion related slope

failure.


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iii) The base level of the sites must be at higher elevation than the maximum

flood level.

iv) The sites must not be on the concave side of a meander belt.

v) There should not be any channel of small streams flowing through the

dumping sites.

vi) These sites should not be pristine habitats containing endangered and rare

species.

Based on these criteria, two dumping sites (DS1 and DS2) have been identified

on the plain area near Parasuram Kund on the left bank of Lohit river to

rehabilitate the generated muck ( Figure.7.1, Table 7.2). These dumping sites

are situated about 1-2 km from the main construction area. Total land

requirement for these sites is 150 ha of which the dumping site DS1 is spread

over 100 ha and DS2 acquires 50 ha. The calculation of muck accommodative

volume of DS1 and DS2 was based on surveyed cross-sections at 200 m

intervals. In total, 11 cross-sections for DS1 and 4 cross-sections DS2 were used

in the estimation of muck accommodative volume available at these sites

(Figure.7.2). The measured cross-sectional area varies from 360.06 to

10426.76 m2 for DS1 and 3223.59 to 5394.89 m2 for DS2. The DS1 and DS2

have the capacity to accommodate 81.04 Lakh cum and 31.58 Lakh cum of

muck, respectively.

Table 7.2: Dimensions of muck disposal sites

Sites Area Elevation Range

Length Cross sectional area of Muck deposits at 200 m intervals

Total no of cross-sections

Total Capacity (Lakh Cum)

DS1 100 ha 295-300 m 2200 m 360.06 to 10426.76 11 81.04

DS2 50 ha 310-340 m 800 m 3223.59 to 5394.89 4 31.58

Total 150 ha 295-340 m 3000 - 15 112.62


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The tree species present in the dumping sites are Albizia procera, Bombax ceiba,

Phyllanthus emblica and Sterculia villosa. Among the shrubs are Chromolaena

odoratum and Phlogacanthus thrysiformis. The herbs growing in these sites are

Achyranthes aspera, Boerhavia diffusa, Cynodon dactylon and Thysanolaena

latifolia. None of these species falls in rare or endangered category. In the north of

DS1 flows the Lohit river and in the south of it, there is a small seasonal nala (See

Figure 7.1 and the inset). Since the convex face of the Lohit river channel is

present in the north, the possibility of toe-cutting along this slope is minimal. The

Lai river flows in the south of DS2. The main channel of Lai river is away from

DS2. There is no active landslide or slow creep of the slopes at these sites.

7.4 MUCK REHABILITATION PLAN

The muck rehabilitation plan involves both engineering and biological measures

that depend on the terrain and eco-climatic conditions. Stability of the loosely

held muck requires appropriate method of consolidation and biological measures

so that the muck is not easily eroded leading to subsequent ecological problems.

The measures suggested for the proposed dumping sites in the Demwe Lower

HE Project are discussed below.

7.4.1 Engineering Measures

Retaining walls filled with plum concrete are proposed to hold the disposed muck

(Figure 7.1). These retaining walls (5m high) shall be of stone masonry filled with

plum concrete for both the dumping sites (Figure 7.2). The retaining walls shall

be provided in stone masonry of grade M15 (1:2:4). The foundation of retaining

wall structure shall be of cement concrete of grade M10 (1:3:6). A stone filled

layer shall be placed at the side facing the dumped materials. The retention walls

should carry weep holes for the discharge of subsurface water during rainy

season. The weep holes should also carry filters at the side facing the dumped

materials.


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The total length of the retention walls works out to 5272.34 m approximately. The

total estimated volume of the foundation of retaining wall would be around

16607.87 cum and that of the retaining wall would be 99174.92 cum. These

retaining walls are proposed to be located at more than 80 m distance from the

highest flood level. The muck will be disposed at an angle of repose less than

25°. Detailed plan of the dumping area and retaining wall for both the dumping

sites are shown in Figure 7.1 and 7.2. In order to ensure slope stabilization, the

slopes may be broken into terraces wherever required.

7.4.2 Biological Measures Vegetation cover controls the hydrological and mechanical effects on soils and

slopes. Therefore, biological measures to stabilize the loose slope are essential.

However, such measures are dependent on the local environmental conditions.

The stages in implementation of such measures are discussed below.

Fencing

After rehabilitation of muck the dumping areas need to be protected for some

time, from grazing by domestic animals, livestock, sheep and goats. For this

reason fencing over the muck deposits is required. Barbed wire strands with two

diagonal strands, clamped to wooden/concrete posts placed 3 m apart is

proposed for this purpose. Both the ends of the wooden fence posts should be

coated with coal tar to ensure longevity of the intervention.

Selection of plant species

Different plant species may be utilized for different ecological and engineering

functions. Grasses are more suited for armoring the loose soil surface, and

shrubs or trees hold the soil upto the deeper level. The selection of plant species

used for rehabilitation of soil/muck must take into account the climatic, soil and

drainage conditions of the site.

The dumping sites located in Demwe Lower HE project are located in the

altitudinal range of 295 to 340 m. The area has tropical climate and major part of


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the precipitation is received during July to September. About 1000 mm of rain is

received during July. In some years high rainfall may be received during April.

The period from November to January is relatively dry. Considering all these

factors as well as the existing natural vegetation in the area, the species

recommended for plantation are listed in Table 7.3.

Table 7.3: Plant species recommended for plantation in the dumping sites

Botanical Name Common Name Family Trees Albizia lucida Moj Mimosaceae

A. procera Koroi Mimosaceae

Artocarpus lacucha Dewasali Moraceae

Bischofia javanica Urium Bischofiaceae

Bombax ceiba Himolu Bombacaceae

Callicarpa arborea Guelo Verbenaceae

Castanopsis indica Hingori Fagaceae

Cinnamomum pauciflorum Gonsoroi Lauraceae

Duabanga grandiflora Khokan Sonneriaceae

Kydia calycina Pichola Malvaceae

Gynocardia odorata Chalmugra Flacourtiaceae

Lannea coromandelica Jia Anacardiaceae

Phyllanthus emblica Aonla Euphorbiaceae

Pterospermum acerifolium Hathipoila Sterculiaceae

Spondias pinnata Amara Anacardiaceae

Sterculia villosa Udal Sterculiaceae

Syzygium cumini Jamon Myrtaceae

Terminalia myriocarpa Hollock Combretaceae

Toona ciliata Toon Meliaceae

Xylosma longifolia Kot kua Flacourtiaceae

Shrubs Buddleja asiatica Pasauti Loganiaceae

Chromolaena odoratum - Asteraceae


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Botanical Name Common Name Family

Clausena heptaphylla Kebu-taye Rutaceae

Dracaena angustifolia Dracaena Agavaceae

Calamus floribundus Bent Arecaceae

Jatropha curcas Jatropa Euphorbiaceae

Phlogacanthus thrysiformis - Acanthaceae

Phoenix sylvestris Khjur Arecaceae

Herbs Achyranthes aspera Chirchita Amaranthaceae

Boerhavia diffusa Punernava Nyctangiaceae

Bergenia ciliata Silphari Saxifragaceae

Cynodon dactylon Durva Poaceae

Capillipedium assimile - Poaceae

Chrysopgon gryllus - Poaceae

Saccharum elephanticus Elephant grass Poaceae

Thysanolaena latifolia - Poaceae

Planting of trees The selected species will be planted after their nurseries have been developed.

The saplings will be transplanted when these are 1-2 year old. The plantation can

be carried out in lines across the slope, usually following the contour to prevent

the development of rill, and trap material moving down the slope. Brush layers,

fascines and palisades can be used because their use controls erosion, catches

debris and provides strong, fibrous root reinforcement. Different plant species

when used together will provide increased stability. Grasses planted in a line

across a slope will provide a continuous chain of support in retaining debris,

reinforcing soil and increasing the infiltration capacity of the area.

Plant saplings may be raised on biodegradable pots and transplanted as such.

The plantation should be done during monsoon season. Pits of 0.45 m x 0.45 m x

0.45 m will be dug and filled with some soil rich in nutrients. Compost from the

local organic waste can be used. An integrated biotechnological approach will be


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very useful for sustenance and growth of plants. This approach involves the

following steps:

i) Assessment of the nutrient status of the soil and evaluation of the physical

and chemical properties of the dumped material.

ii) Formulation of the appropriate blend of organic waste and soil to enhance

the nutrient status of the rhizo sphere.

iii) Isolation and screening of specialized strains of mycorrhizal fungi,

rhizobium, azobacter and phosphate solubilizers (biofertilizer inoculum)

which can be best suited for the dumped material.

iv) Mass culture of plant specific biofertilizer and mycorrhizal fungi.

v) Plantation of dumping sites/areas using identified blend and biofertilizer

inoculums.

The rich soil and farmyard manure requirement for nearly 100 pits will be about

1cubic meter with approximate weight of 200 kg. The saplings will be planted at 3

m intervals along the contour and 5 m across it. Wherever terracing shall be

prescribed, the same will be done on terraces at 3m intervals leaving one-meter

space from the edge of the terrace. About 600 to 900 seedlings shall be planted

per ha depending on the space available at the site. Shrubs and herbs will be

planted in the interspaces. The local Forest Officials should be informed of the

requirement of species well in advance and the seedlings will be procured on the

prevalent cost basis. About 80,000 plant saplings will be planted at different

dumping sites and 100 ha area including inter-space area of land would require

grass seeding.

7.4.3 Utilization of Dumping Sites Considering the inflow of population and development of colony, schools etc. in

the region, and scenic beauty on the right bank and downstream stretch part of

DS1 can be developed into a children’s park after rehabilitation of the muck. If


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required, part of DS2 can be developed as a parking site. The remaining areas of

DS1 and DS2 require biological measures for stabilization.

7.5 BUDGETARY PROVISIONS

The rates for retaining wall and other measures adopted in the DPR DLHEP

(2008) are given in Table 7.4. The total cost requirement for the purpose of

rehabilitation of muck is Rs.7000 lakh of which the requirement for engineering

measures is Rs 5495 lakh. The engineering measures includes Rs. 622 lakh for

Cement concrete of grade M10 (1:3:6) for foundation of retaining wall structure,

Rs. 158 lakh for Earth work excavation in hard rock for foundation, and Rs. 4315

lakh for Cement concrete of grade M15 (1:2:4) for retaining wall. An amount of

Rs1503.76 lakh has been kept for reclamation of dumping area, which includes

rolling of muck, plantation and associated activities as well as establishment of

park and parking place in the dumping sites. This also includes the cost for

maintenance, which will be required at the end phase of the project construction

and even after the installation.

Table 7.4: Cost Estimate for different measures at the dumping site

S. No.

Particular

Volume (Cum)/ Quantity

Rate per Cum (adopted in

DPR DLHEP) in Rs.

Cost (Rs. Lakh)

A Engineering Measures

1.

Earth Work excavation in Hard rock for

Foundation

29063.78 543 158

2.

Cement Concrete of Grade M10 (1:3:6)

for foundation of Retaining wall Structure

16607.87 3745 622

3.

Cement Concrete of Grade M15 (1:2:4)

for Retaining Wall

99174.92 4351 4315

4. Stone filling and filter behind the wall Lumpsum 400

Total (A) 5495

B Reclamation of Dumping area


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S. No.

Particular

Volume (Cum)/ Quantity

Rate per Cum (adopted in

DPR DLHEP) in Rs.

Cost (Rs. Lakh)

1. Rolling of Muck Lumpsum 800.00

2.

Pitting (size: 0.45m x 0.45m x

0.45m)

80,000 pits Rs.33.08 per pit 26.46

3. Manure and Imported soil in pits 80,000 pits Rs 4.00 per pit 3.20

4. Raising Plants 1,00,000 plants Rs 18.98 / plant 18.98

5. Grass Seeding 100 ha Rs. 1320/ha 1.32

6.

Fencing of area with barbed wire 4

strands horizontal and two strands

diagonal

10,000 m Rs 38/ running

Meter

3.80

7.

Watering, maintenance and

transport and Miscellaneous

expenses

Lumpsum 500.00

8.

Parking Place and Children’s

Park

Lumpsum 150.00

Total (B) 1503.76

Total (A+B) 6998.76

Total cost Say Rs. 7000 Lakh = Rs 70 Crore

Figure 7.1

Dumping site (DS1, DS2) and their relative positioning with respect to rivers and other proposed activity areas. Inset: a scene from google earth showing the terrain in and around the dumping sites.

Figure 7.2a

Cross-sections of Muck Dumping Area (Refer Figure 7.1 for location)

Figure 7.2b


Figure 7.2c


Figure 7.2d


Figure 7.2e


Figure 7.2f



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8

RESTORATION OF CONSTRUCTION AREAS AND

LANDSCAPING

8.1 INTRODUCTION Demwe Lower H.E. Project will involve construction of colonies for staff and

laborers, roads linking to various components of the project, offices, workshops,

etc. Total area likely to be affected due to these activities is around 1589.97 ha.

This land also includes areas likely to be affected due to quarries, submergence

and dumping of unused muck, dam construction and powerhouse site. At

present, the proposed project area is covered with open/dense forest particularly

at dam and power house site. The proposed colony area and office complex at

present is covered with secondary forests. This existing landscape will be totally

modified or changed due to proposed project. It is, therefore, important that after

the project work and related activities are over, these disturbed areas are

restored to bring them back to their similar or near to similar pre-construction

condition or in improved state. For the restoration and landscaping of the colony

and other disturbed regions in the project, a budget of Rs. 168.35 lakhs is

proposed in the management plan.

8.2 DISTURBED SITES AND THEIR RESTORATION

Around 1589.97 ha land in the region will be directly disturbed due to various

construction activities of the proposed project, like submergence area, roads,

muck dumping sites, quarry sites, colonies, workshops, offices, etc which will

change the existing land use/ land cover in the region. After completion of the

construction work, it is required to restore the disturbed area to its original

condition. Restoration of dumping sites and reservoir area are given in the

Chapter 7 and Chapter 9 of EMP volume, respectively. Here restoration of quarry

sites, roads and colony area is discussed and a detailed plan is given for the

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landscaping of the region. Various engineering and biological measures have

been suggested for the restoration of these areas. Proposed mitigation measures

will also help to arrest soil erosion in the region.

8.3 QUARRY SITE

The quarry sites (QS1 and QS2) are located in the project area for the excavation

of constructional material (Table 8.1). Total area of the proposed quarry site is

around 60 ha. After excavation of the required material, maximum area of the

quarry sites (entire area in case of QS1 and a part of QS2) will be submerged and

will become part of the reservoir at operation phase. However, remaining disturbed

quarry site will require restoration. Appropriate engineering, bio-engineering and

biological methods are proposed for effective restoration of the quarry sites.

8.4 RESTORATION OF QUARRY SITES Some of the land area identified for the excavation of sand and rock (quarry

area) falls in the reservoir area and will be submerged after filling the dam. The

quarry area QS1 will be completely submerged and a part of QS2 will be under

submergence. Various biological, bio-engineering and engineering measures are

proposed for the restoration of the quarry site QS2 and total budget for the

purpose of restoration of quarry site is shown in Table 8.5

8.5 ENGINEERING AND BIO-ENGINEERING MEASURES The top soil (top 6-12 inch soil) should be removed before excavating the sand or

rocks from the quarry sites. This soil contains all microbes (including earth

worms) and important nutrients and organic matters which will be required at the

time of restoration of these quarry sites. The craters formed at the quarry sites

will be filled with muck consisting of boulders, rocks, gravel and soil from the

nearby sites. All the muck required for filling at quarry sites, QS2 will be

transported from dam site or power house site in the downstream of quarry site,

near Parsuram Kund. After filling these craters, the top soil collected prior to

quarrying will be spread as top layer. The top soil then should be covered with


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geo-textiles like coir, jute or by other locally available bio-degradable material.

This will protect the top soil from erosion.

Table 8.1: Area and location of the quarry site proposed in the Demwe Lower H.E. Project

Quarry Sites Location of Quarry Sites Area QS1 Left Bank 17.43 ha

QS1 (under submergence) Left Bank 17.43 ha

QS2 Right Bank 42.57 ha

QS2 (under submergence) Right Bank 19.04ha

Area to be restored 23.53 ha

8.5.1 Biological Measures Half portion of the site at QS2, covering land area of approximately 18.5 ha will

remain outside of the submergence area. This area needs to be planted

extensively. This part will also become part of green belt. The saplings of trees

and shrubs should be raised using microbial inoculum like, VAM (Vesicular-

arbuscular mycorrhiza), bacterial and fungal strains. The steps for raising plant

saplings with mycorrhizal colony are given below:

(I). Top soil collection from quarry sites before start of quarrying.

(II). This soil which is rich in microbes shall be used for the preparation of seed

beds and shall also be filled in polybags for raising saplings.

(III). Isolation of VAM from the roots of juvenile seedlings particularly dominant

tree species which are available in the region.

(IV). Suitable strain of VAM and other microbe can also be obtained from IARI,

New Delhi and/or IMTECH, Chandigarh.

(V). Preparation of mother culture and their appropriate dilution.

(VI). Growing of plant species which will be inoculated by specific and efficient

strains,

(VII). Mixing the soil with the VAM inoculum and filling in the polybags.

(VIII). Planting of saplings in the polybags two days after inoculating the soil with

fungal microbial strains.


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(IX). After thirty days of inoculation these saplings can be planted at the quarry

sites.

8.6 COLONY AND OFFICE COMPLEX

Around 170ha will be disturbed due to construction of colony area, office colony,

crusher and batching plant and workshop etc. (Table 8.2). Except crusher and

batching plants (two sites) all other sites are in the downstream of the dam.

Colonies are proposed on the left bank of Lohit river along the National Highway

52, further land will also be acquired for the construction of roads etc.

Table 8.2: Area and location of colonies, office complexes, job site and other sites in the proposed Demwe Lower H.E. Project

S. No. Site specification Area 1 Construction facility equipment 25.47 ha

2 Construction facility workshop 5.0 ha

3 Construction facility steel yard 13.0 ha

4 Construction facility Fabrication yard 13.0 ha

5 Construction facility labour camp 36.0 ha

6 Construction facility office set up 3.0 ha

7 Construction facility office colony 5.0 ha

8 Permanent Colony 60.0 ha

9 Crusher and Batching Plant 11.24 ha

8.7 RESTORATION OF COLONY AND OFFICE COM PLEXES Due to various projects activities viz., road construction, deforestation, office

complexes, etc some area of Parasuram Kund may be affected. Engineering and

biological measures are suggested for the stabilization and beautification of the

disturbed area. Following measures should be adopted for the restoration and

landscaping of colony areas and construction sites.


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(I). Proper roads and lanes would be provided inside the colony area. Open area

should be covered with vegetation. Ornamental plants and avenue trees

should be planted along the roads and lanes.

(II). Retaining walls should be built to avoid landslides and slips. Proper drainage

would be provided inside colony for the outlet of the domestic/rain water.

(III). Parks and play grounds would be developed.

(IV). After the completion of all the construction activity, the construction sites and

other temporary settlements would be covered with the top soil from the

quarry site which would support the growth of plant species. These plant

species which grow first are considered ecological pioneers and would initiate

the process of succession and colonization.


During construction phase, some patches in the area are likely to be prone to

soil erosion. Construction of retaining walls would be necessary to stabilize the

slopes. The budget kept for the construction of retaining walls and for other

engineering measures is around Rs. 13.14 Lakhs. 8.7.2 Biological Measures

In the project area, the primary forests are destroyed at places and developed

into secondary forests due to various biotic and abiotic factors like shifting

cultivation, developmental activities, landslides, fires, etc. There is possibility that

after construction, these degraded forests existing in the area will be further

destroyed or damaged. Plantation of the tree species and shrubs are suggested

in the colony area. Local plant species should be preferred for plantation. Some

of the plant species are mentioned in Table 8.4. Total budget allocated for the

purpose is around Rs.13.82 lakhs which includes maintenance cost also (see

Table 8.5).


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8.8 ROADS AND BRIDGES

Most of the project components are along National Highway 52 and there is

requirement of around 32 km of additional road (Table 8.3). Two bridges are also

proposed in the project area. One bridge is in upstream of the dam axis on Lohit

river and another is on Tidding river (Table 8.3). The region will be disturbed due

to construction of roads and bridges. Various measures are suggested for the

stabilization of the disturbed area.

Table 8.3: Roads and bridges in the proposed project area of Demwe Lower HE project Bridges 1. 40 R Bailey Bridge Upstream of dam axis

2. 18 R On Tidding river Will be constructed

Roads: The roads construction activity include

a. realignment of Tidding road : 3 km

b. construction of Left Bank road :10 km

c. construction of Right Bank road :10 km

The land requirement for road construction is as follows:

a. Left Bank road :10 ha

b. Right Bank Intake/Diversion Tunnel inlet :5 ha

c. Right Bank Diversion Tunnel Outlet :1 ha

d. Quarry area road :14 ha

e. Tidding road :10 ha


Road construction in the proposed project will disturb the hill slopes and result in

excavated material (muck). Retaining walls are proposed in the region to avoid

slippage and land slides. The loose muck should be covered with geo-textiles like

jute or other locally available material.


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8.8.2 Biological Measures

Even though a muck disposal plan has been proposed, some of the excavated

muck are likely to form thin apron on mountain slopes along the road. Provisions

are made to cover such slopes with vegetation. Trees and shrub saplings should

be planted along the road. Seeds of herbs and grass species should be spread

over the loose soil. Some plants for plantation are suggested in the Table 8.4.

Table 8.4: Some important plant species for plantation in the colony area, quarry sites

and along the road sides

Botanical name Vern. name Use 1. Colonies/ Office complex Trees 1 Albizia procera Koroi landscaping

2 Alangium chinense Karam landscaping

3 Alstonia scholaris Satiana landscaping

4 Bauhinia purpurea Kanchon landscaping

5 B. variegata Kanchon landscaping

6 Cassia fistula Amltas landscaping

7 Dalbergia sissoo Shisam landscaping

8 Dillenia indica Outenga landscaping

9 Ficus bengalensis Borgad landscaping

10 Holarrhena pubescens Kudla landscaping

11 Kydia calycina Pichola landscaping

12 Magnolia hodgsonii Boromthuri landscaping

13 Michelia champaca Champ landscaping

14 Moringa oleifera Sahjan landscaping

15 Phyllanthus emblica Aonla landscaping

16 Pterospermum acerifolium Hathipoila landscaping

17 Spondias pinnata Amara landscaping

18 Sterculia villosa Udal landscaping

19 Syzygium cumini Jamun landscaping

20 Terminalia bellerica Bahera landscaping


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Shrubs

1 Abroma angusta Gorkhya Kudai landscaping

2 Alsophila spinulosa Tree fern landscaping

3 Asparagus racemosus Satawari landscaping

4 Bambusa tulda Bijili landscaping

5 B. pallida Makal landscaping

6 Dendrocalamus hamiltonii Kakua landscaping

7 Murrya paniculata Nera Khar sing landscaping

8 Phlogacanthus thyrsiflorus landscaping

Herbs

1 Achyranthes aspera Chirchita landscaping

2 Alpinia allughas Tarka landscaping

3 Arundina graminifolia Orchid landscaping

4 Coix lacryma-jobi Gargar landscaping

5 Curcuma longa Haldi landscaping

6 Saccharum elephanticus Elephant grass landscaping

7 S. spontaneum Kus landscaping

8 Thysanolaena latifolia Broom grass landscaping

9 Zingiber officinale Zinger landscaping

2 Roadside/Avenues

Trees

1 Albizia lucida Moj landscaping

2 Altsonia scholaris Satiana landscaping

3 Butea monosperma Dhak landscaping

4 Crateva unilocularis Baruna landscaping

5 Calophyllum polyanthum landscaping

6 Duabanga grandiflora Khokon landscaping

7 Erythrina stricta landscaping

8 Gmelina arborea Gomari landscaping

9 Gynocardia odorata Bandepele landscaping

10 Magnolia hodgsonii Bromthuri landscaping


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11 Mangifera sylvatica Bonam landscaping

15 Pandanus nepalensis Kewra landscaping

16 Sapindus mukorossi Reetha landscaping

17 Terminalia myriocarpa Hollock landscaping

Shrubs

1 Alsophila spinulosa Tree fern landscaping

2 Asparagus racemosus Satvari landscaping

3 Bambusa tulda Bijili landscaping

4 Calamus floribundus Bent landscaping

5 Clerodendrum bracteatum landscaping

6 Dracaena angustifolia Dracaena landscaping

7 Dendrocalamus hamiltonii Kakua landscaping

Herbs

1 Pennisetum purpureum landscaping

2 Saccharum elephanticus Elephant grass landscaping

3 Themeda arundinacea Thatch grass landscaping

4 Thysanolaena latifolia landscaping

8.9 COST ESTIMATES Cost estimates for different components of the landscaping and restoration are

given in the Table 8.5. An amount of Rs. 240.88 lakh would be required to

restore the disturbed area to its near original state. Component-wise required

budget for restoration is given in Table 8.5.

Table 8.5: Cost estimates for Restoration Works and Landscape Designing

S.No. Item of Work Unit Quantity Rate/unit Amount

(Rs)

A. Quarry Sites

(i) Engineering measures

a) Removal of top soil ha 60 8000 480000


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(Rs)

(transplantation and stockpiling)

b)

Filling of crates with muck,

stones, etc.( Cum 1600 1500 2400000

c)

Retaining walls, diversion

channels Cum 1700 6000 10200000

(ii) Bio-engineering measures

a)

Carpeting with geo-textiles (coir,

jute and other local fibers)

sq.

m. 72000 48.4 3484800

b) Grass seeding ha 24 1320 31680

(iii) Biological measures

(a)

Planting of herbs and grass

species no 90000 10 900000

(b) Planting of trees and shrubs no 180000 4 720000

B. Colony Area, Office Complexes


(a) Retaining walls Cum 100 6000 600000

(b) Leveling the area

sq.

m. 87500 8.16 714000

(c)

Development of parks, etc.

(suggested in Muck disposal

chapter) 0 0 0

(ii) Bio-engineering measures

(a)

Covering the slopes with geo-

textiles

sq.

m. 17500 48.4 847000

(b) Grass seeding ha 87.5 1320 115500

(iii) Biological measures

(a) Planting of trees and shrubs no 10500 30 315000

(b)

Planting of flowering plants and

other herbs no 5250 20 105000

C. Roads and Bridges



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(Rs)

(a) Retaining walls Cum 267 1500 400000

(b) Stream bank stabilization 6 1000 6000

(ii) Bio-engineering

(a)

Carpeting the slopes with coir,

jute or local fibers 2000 48.4 96800

(b) Grass seeding ha 10 1320 13200

(iii)

Biological measures – Planting

trees, shrubs and herbs

D. Development of Nursery

(i)

Infrastructure including land

cost

Nil

(provision has been made

under the CAT plan) 0 0 0

(ii)

Collection of seeds & Spraying

of Seeds sq.m 30000 80 2400000

(iii) Raising of plants no 70000 20 1400000

(iv)

Manpower to maintain the

nursery 4

5000/month

for 5 years 1200000

Total (A + B + C + D ) 2,40,88,980


CISMHE

9

CREATION OF GREEN BELT AROUND THE RESERVOIR

9.1 INTRODUCTION

The proposed dam of 163.12 m (above deepest foundation) height at Parasuram

Kund will create a reservoir of around 1131 ha area. The length of the reservoir

will be around 23 km along the Lohit river. Around 50% of the reservoir area at

present is covered with forest of dense or open type. Slopes along the river are

mostly stable. Some areas around the reservoir are under cultivation or have

scrub forests, which are the main source of silt to the reservoir. Creation of green

belt has been proposed around the reservoir of Demwe Lower H.E. Project to

reduce the silt flow in the reservoir and thus increase its life. The area taken for

the creation of green belt is around 2887.8 ha along the periphery of the reservoir

and the budget allocated for this purpose is around Rs. 91.45 lakhs.

9.2 OBJECTIVES Main objectives of creating a green belt around a reservoir are to i) check soil

erosion around the reservoir, ii) check landslides and slips around the reservoir,

and iii) develop the habitat for wildlife particularly birds and butterflies. Besides

these objectives, development of lake view points and creation of recreation sites

along the reservoir rim are two additional aspects. Development of green belt

around the reservoir will also improve the habitat of birds and other wild animals

around the region. Planting of trees, shrubs and other plant species in the region

will definitely improve the environment of the region besides checking the soil

erosion.

9.2.1 Green Belt Structure and Development Planning In the proposed Demwe Lower H.E. Project, the area taken for the development

of green belt around the reservoir is around 2887.8 ha. This area has been

divided into three layers for plantation of plant species depending upon the

Environmental Management Plan – Creation of Green Belt around the Reservoir

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microclimatic condition that will develop after creation of the reservoir in the

region (Fig. 9.1). Various engineering and bioengineering measures for the

stabilization of the region around reservoir rim will be applied under the proposed

CAT plan of Demwe lower HE project and, therefore, have not been considered

here. Emphasis has been given here for plantation to develop the green belt.

Covering of the area with vegetation will check soil erosion and flow of the silt to

the reservoir.

In the proposed green belt area, more than 37% of the total area is covered with

dense forest. The open forest, degraded forest and scrub forest together cover

nearly 56% of the area. (Table 9.1). A detailed plan is given for greening the

reservoir rim. Entire green belt is divided into three layers, G1, G2 and G3 with

total land area of 2888 ha. The first layer (G1) is bottommost layer immediately

above submerged area and G3 layer is the topmost layer. The bottom layer

starts at 425 m contour and covers an area of 688.74 ha up to 500 m contour

line. The width of this layer varies from a minimum of 26.72 to 473.89 m. The

micro climate of the layer will be very humid, and therefore, water loving plant

species like Albizia odoratissima, Bischofia javanica, etc. are suggested for

plantation (Table 9.2).

Layer G2 starts at contour 500 m and covers an area up to 600 m contour line.

The total area within the layer is around 1051.24 ha. The micro climate of the

layer will be slightly different than the G1 layer. The plants suggested for

plantation in the region are Aesculus assamica, Alangium chinense, Bambusa

tulda, Centella asiatica (Table 9.2)

The topmost layer (G3) is suggested from contour 600 m and can extend up to

700 m or more, area covered is around 1147.84 ha. The micro climate in this

layer will be slightly drier than the two inner layers. Plant species like Butea

monosperma, Castanopsis indica, Asparagus raccmosus, Ajuga bracteosa, etc.

are suggested for the plantation in this layer (Table 9.2).The open forest, scrub

forest and degraded forest lands of each layer need plantation. These forests


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land together constitute 352.91, 595.06, 655.78 ha in G1, G2 and G3 layer,

respectively (Table 9.1).

Table 9.1: Land use/land cover of different green belt layers

Land use/ Land cover Bottom layer (ha) Middle layer (ha) Top layer (ha) categories Dense forest 244.34 391.69 455.55

Open forest 240.12 420.24 467.33

Scrub 18.5 31.34 38.26

Degraded forest 94.29 143.48 150.19

Cultivation 32.42 28.39 21.48

Landslide 7.65 11.31 3.28

River water-body 42.33 24.79 10.95

Sand 9.09 - 0.80

Total 688.74 1051.24 1147.84 Area to be treated 352.91 595.06 655.78 (Open forest, scrub, degraded forest)

Table 9.2: Plantation layout for the Green Belt

Green Belt Layers Area (ha) Elevation

(m) Some major plant species for the Plantation

Layer G1

688.74

425-500

Trees:, Albizia odoratissima, Artocarpus chaplasha Bischofia javanica, Dillenia indica, Oroxylum indicum, Rhus succadanea, etc. Shrubs: Alsophila spinulosa, Calamus floribundus, Dendrocalamus hamiltonii, Debregeasia longifolia, Ipomoea carnea, Pinanga gracilis, etc. Herbs: Coix lacryma-jobi, Cynodon dactylon, Hedychium coccineum, Imperata cylindrica, Piper pedicellatum, Saccharum elephanticus, S. spontaneum, Thysanolaena latifolia, etc. Trees: Aesculus assamica, Alangium chinense, Altsonia scholaris, Artocarpus lacucha, Bauhinia


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Green Belt Layers Area (ha) Elevation

(m) Some major plant species for the Plantation

Layer G2 Layer G3

1051.24

1147.84

500-600

600-700

purpurea, Canarium strictum, Magnolia hodgsonii, Moringa oleifera, Terminalia myriocarapa, T. bellerica, Ulmus lancifolia, etc Shrubs: Agave sisalana, Bambusa tulda, B. nutens, Dendrocalamus hamiltonii, Jatropha curcas, Manihot esculenta, Vitex negundo, etc. Herbs: Achyranthes aspera, Centella asiatica, Chlorophytum arundinaceum, Cymbopogon flexuosus, Saccharum spontaneum, etc. Trees: Albizia lebbeck, A. Procera, Butea monosperma, Castanopsis indica, Cinnamomum pauciflorum, Crateva unilocularis, Engelhardtia spicata, Magnolia hodgsonii, Mesua ferrea, Michelia kisopa, Saurauia roxburghii, Spondias pinnata, etc. Shrubs: Asparagus racemosus, Bambusa tulda, Clerodendrum bracteatum, Calamus spp., Pinanga gracilis, Zanthoxylum armatum, etc. Herbs: Ajuga bracteosa, Artemisia indica, Begonia palmata, Bergenia ciliata, Chrysopogon gryllus, Pennisetum purpureum, Saccharum spontaneum, etc.

Total area proposed for greening around the reservoir rim is around 2887.8 ha

and the budget proposed is Rs. 91.45 lakhs.

9.3 SCHEDULE The construction period of the project is around 60 months. All engineering

measures like construction of retaining walls, crate walls, stream bank

treatments, etc to stabilize landslips around reservoir will be carried out under the

CAT plan. Plant sapling will be required for biological treatment measures.

Plantation and maintenance will be carried out between 18-54 months from the

date of inception of the projects. Between 1-18 months all the engineering and

bioengineering measures for stabilization of slopes will be carried out under the

proposed CAT plan.


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9.4 BUDGET The budget allocated for different components of green belt like preparation of

pits, manure, raising saplings, etc. is around Rs. 91.45 lakhs (Table 9.3). The

budget also includes maintenance of the executed work.

Table 9.3: Physical and financial break up for the creation and maintenance of green belt around the reservoir of Demwe Lower HE project

Item (G3) Ist layer (G1) IInd layer (G2) IIIrd layer

(18-30 months) area: 352. 91 (ha)

30-42months) area: 595. 06 (ha)

(42-54 months) area: 655.78 (ha)

Biological measures (Afforestation and Maintenance)

1. Pitting i) Physical (Nos.) 35291 59506 65578 (@100pits/ha)

(size of pit:0.45m*0.45m*0.45m)

ii) Financial (Rs Lakh) 11.7 19.7 21.7 (@Rs33.08/pit)

2. Manure and imported soil i) Physical (Nos.) 35291 59506 65578

(@100pits/ha)

ii)Financial (Rs. lakh) 1.41 2.38 2.62

(@Rs 4/pit)

3. Raising plants i) Physical (Nos) 35291 59506 65578 (@100 plants/ha)

ii)Financial (Rs. lakhs) 6.70 11.29 12.45

(@Rs18.98/plant)

4. Watering, maintenance 0.40 0.50 0.60 and transport (Lumsum) Total (Rs. lakhs) 20.21 33.87 37.37

Grand Total (Rs. lakhs) (G1+G2+G3) = 91.45

Figure 9.1

Proposed green belt around the submergence area of Demwe Lower H.E. project


CISMHE

10

REHABILITATION & RESETTLEMENT PLAN

10.1 INTRODUCTION

Proposed Demwe Lower H.E. project is located in the Lohit and Anjaw districts of

Arunachal Pradesh. The project envisages construction of 163.12 m high

concrete gravity dam with a dam-toe power house to generate 1750 MW

electricity. The reservoir likely to be created upon construction of project would

submerge a total area of 1131 ha. The project area is dominated by Mishmi and

small patches by Khampti tribes. These tribes are known to dwell in compact

areas, follow a community way of living, remain very close to the nature and have

a uniqueness of culture, distinctive customs, traditions and beliefs. These

communities are well known to practice jhum cultivation and have traditional

rights and privileges on forested areas. Considering the legal position and

community rights into consideration, a PROPERTY SURVEY was undertaken by

the State Government of Arunachal Pradesh in the project area from March 2008

to October 2008 at the request of the project proponents. Based on the property

survey findings, it was observed that such land belongs to the Project Affected

Families of 23 villages within 3 administrative circles. Only five villages, viz.

Paya, Chipragam, Dingliang, Tidding and Lakoa are revenue villages whereas

remaining villages (Chaigadiliang, Pumla, Dumla, Tyulliang, Challing, Taseliang,

Kangkhai, Langmeh, Netoh, Pram, Langliong, Rangam, Bajiliang, Dowamma,

Aoliang, Haloiang and Tangam) are considered as hamlets. Baseline status of

socio-economic environment in respect of all the project affected families of

Demwe Lower hydroelectric project was evaluated for population status, social

and cultural environment, land holdings and other parameters. The baseline data

for project-affected families was collected from field surveys by conducting door-

to-door socio-economic survey.

Environnemental Management Plan – Rehabilitation & Resettlement Plan

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Generally, Resettlement and Rehabilitation Plan for the developmental project is

framed out to minimize the negative impacts of the project, to satisfy project

affected families or persons, to compensate the loss of livelihood of people, to

consider all cultural, traditional and social aspects and to furnish infrastructure

development in the project area. Thus, in case of Demwe Lower HEP, it was felt

that R & R plan needs some careful considerations to strike a balance between

preservation of tribal identity, culture and values, protecting the tribes from being

swamped by mainstream lifestyles, while at the same time increasing and

ensuring their access to mainstream education, health care and income

generation so that their quality of life is improved.

In order to formulate and implement the Rehabilitation and Resettlement Plan, a

well defined National Policy on Rehabilitation and Resettlement provides the

guidelines. However, a few States have their own Rehabilitation and

Resettlement polices, which provides not only the better relief package but take

care of the regional issues and aspirations. Arunachal Pradesh Government has

recently finalized its R & R policy, which follows same definitions of expressions

as provided in National Rehabilitation and Resettlement Policy, 2007 (NRRP-

2007) except a few terms like ‘community’, ‘Affected area’ and ‘Jhum’. The

proposed Rehabilitation and Resettlement Plan for Demwe Lower (1750 MW) HE

project is prepared considering the NRRP, 2007 and Rehabilitation and

Resettlement Policy of Arunachal Pradesh State Government (2008) and the

draft National Policy for the Scheduled Tribes, Govt of India which outlines

measures for Local Area Development Plan (LADP) also. Comparing these

policies, the better options have been suggested in the proposed R&R package

and LADP. Table 10.1 presents a summarized overview on the financial

provisions that are suggested in the proposed R&R package and LADP vis-à-vis

the recommendations of NRRP, 2007, Arunachal State Policy (2008) and Draft

Tribal Policy (2009).


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Table 10.1: Comparative statement indicating R&R package and LADP adopted in formulating the proposal vis-à-vis provisions of NPRR, 2007 and Arunachal Policy, 2008.

Item NRRP-2007 Arunachal Pradesh State R & R Policy-2008

ADPPL Suggested Provisions

Fishing rights 7.5 (a) In the case of

irrigation or hydel

projects, fishing rights in

the reservoirs shall be

given to the affected

families, if such rights

were enjoyed by them in

the affected area; (b) In

other cases also, unless

there are special

reasons, fishing rights

shall be given

preferentially to the

affected families. And

also under section

7.21.10:

8.14.3: The tribal families

residing in the project affected

areas having fishing rights in the

river/ponds/dam shall be given

fishing rights in the reservoir

area And also under section

8.14.3

Fishing rights will be

allowed

Compensation

for trees on

agriculture

land

No such Provision 8.5.1: Compensation for trees

standing on the acquired

agriculture land would be

payable to the entitled land

owner families as per valuation

done by the state

authority/Horticulture department

as per the guidelines and

principles as ma / be laid down

by the state government.

Rs 7,97,450 will be

payable to the eligible

land owners as per the

property survey

Vulnerable

person grant

7.17: The project

authorities shall, at their

cost, arrange for annuity

policies that will pay a

pension for life to the

vulnerable affected

persons as indicated at

paragraph 6.4(v), of such

8.12.1: The project authorities

shall, at their cost, arrange for

annuity policies that will pay a

pension of Rs 500/- per month

for life to the vulnerable affected

persons as indicated at

paragraph 7.1.6 (iv) of this policy

Pension of Rs. 500/- per

month for lifetime to

vulnerable affected

person such as widows,

unmarried adult women,

all those above 50 years

of age without family

support for 60 persons


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amount as may be

prescribed by the

appropriate Government

subject to a minimum of

Rs 500/month.

totaling Rs 1,80,00,000/-

Free

electricity to

PAF

No Such Provision 8.14.5: The project developers

will provide to each of the project

affected families the benefit of

100 units of electricity per month

free of charge for a period of 10

years from the date of

commissioning of a hydroelectric

project and arrange this benefit

through the concerned

distribution company. In case of

the affected family not

consuming 100 units, of

electricity the cost of balance

unused units shall be made

available to the family in cash or

kind or combination of both as

per the hydropower policy of the

State Government.

Free Electricity grant of

100 units per month for

PAF’s for 10 year for

204 No. of families @

Rs. 5.00/unit (lump sum

rate) totaling Rs

1,22,40,000/-

ST family

compensation

7.21.5: In case of a

project involving land

acquisition on behalf of a

requiring body, each

Scheduled Tribe affected

family shall get an

additional one-time

financial assistance

equivalent to five

hundred days minimum

agricultural wages for

loss of customary rights

or usages of forest

No such Provision Scheduled Tribe family

grant for 204 families @

Rs. 50,000, totaling to

Rs 1,02,00,000/-


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produce.

Land

compensation

Provision as per the land

Acquisition

(ii) the Deputy commissioner in

his capacity as forest settlement

officer assisted by land revenue

department and settlement

officer, shall work our

compensation for the loss of

rights and privileges of the tribal

people to collect and use forest

produce from USF @ Rs

1,56,000/ha for USF area and

Rs 78,000/ha for RF (if any

rights and privileges are granted

by notification constituting RF)

for the base year 2008 as on 1-

4-2008

(iii) in addition, in case of

diversion of USF, the community

shall also be paid compensation

against extinction of their

traditional rights over the USF

land use @ 25 % of NPV as

determined by GOI from timer to

time. This compensation is over

and above the NPV paid to

CAMPA.

1. Reserve Forest Land

- Rs 78,000 per ha

2. USF/Community

Forest Land - Rs

1,56,000 per ha+ 25

% NPV

3. Community Jhum

Land/Community

Land - Rs 1,75,000

per ha + 30 %

Solatium of land value

4. Cost of Crops in Hilly

area - Rs 1,00,000

per ha

5. Cost of Crops in Plain

area - Rs 1,20,000

per ha

Total Cost of Land Value

Rs 21,11,70,600

calculated as per the

property survey.

10.2 OBJECTIVES OF THE RESETTLEMENT AND REHABILITATION PLAN (R&R PLAN)

The objectives of the Resettlement and Rehabilitation Plan are to:

• Provide assistance and other support to the PAF’s so that they regain their

previous standard of living; even improve if possible, within a reasonable

transition period.

• Pay compensation for the loss of land, houses and all other immovable

properties to the PAF’s as per the Land Acquisition Act (LAA). This is


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done primarily as there is no other National Law under which Project

authority can acquire land for the construction of projects. Besides, the

Land Acquisition Act, 1894 has laid down certain norms for compensation

for acquisition of private property.

• Improve the quality of life, activities connected with primary education,

primary health care, women and child welfare, care of the aged & destitute

can be organized.

• Assist the PAF’s in regaining their economic status in the initial stages in

such a way that they can sustain on their own and do not have to depend

on the project authorities for long. The project authorities can slowly

phase-out their assistance and leave the PAF’s to depend on their own

economic activities and social lifestyle.

The process of R&R has two distinct components namely rehabilitation and

resettlement. Rehabilitation primarily means to assist the affected population so

that every individual could regain or improve lifestyle and socio-economic

condition. This is done primarily by imparting skills and/or vocational training to

the PAP’s. Resettlement on the other hand, primarily involves the physical

relocation of the affected population to a new residential site.

The Rehabilitation package is conceptualized around a development strategy to

bring about a positive socio-economic transformation of the PAF’s, so as to

improve the quality of their life. This is done primarily through the following

measures:

• Provision of alternate jobs/ vocational training

• Opportunities to avail the facilities of training in various trades

And last but not the least, acquisition of land would have to be compensated in

accordance with the Land Acquisition Act, 1894 and provisions laid in the

National Rehabilitation Resettlement Policy -2007 & , Arunachal State Policy

(2008).


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10.3 APPROACH Under the proposed Rehabilitation and Resettlement Plan, it has been

emphasized that the project shall play a positive role in their socio-economic

upliftment and also for betterment of quality of life of tribes. In addition to the

rightful compensation, the provisions of Rehabilitation and Relief and Local Area

Development Programme (LADP) have been therefore proposed. Individual land

holding details in the affected area were assessed by the State Government at

the request of Project Proponents through a Property Survey which has been

detailed in Socio-economic baseline data.

Subsequently, all the families, having rights on the proposed land to be acquired

were considered as affected families. A detailed questionnaire was prepared for

conducting detailed socio-economic survey among the PAF’s.

For the maximum benefit of the affected families Rehabilitation and Resettlement

package has been prepared considering the various policies like National

Rehabilitation Resettlement Policy (NRRP) 2007, Rehabilitation and

Resettlement policy of Arunachal Pradesh Government (2008) and the draft

National Policy for the Scheduled Tribes, Govt of India and the best option

among the policies has been selected. Only the relevant provisions under the

various policies have been mentioned below, similar provisions of different

policies are not repeated for sake of brevity and similarly the monetary

references having higher values have been taken. It is worth mentioning here

that due to the various project activities, none of the family is to be displaced;

therefore, only relief and rehabilitation measures along with Local Area

Development Programmes are taken into account.

10.3.1 Definitions The various terms except ‘community’, ‘jhum’ and ‘affected area’ defined by the

R & R Policy of Arunachal Government (2008) are similar to the NRRP (2007).

To provide better package, in the proposed R & R plan the terms ‘community’

and ‘jhum’ have been adopted from the R & R policy of Arunachal Govt. The term


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CISMHE

‘affected area’ has been defined according to NPRR (2007). The various terms

which are relevant to the proposed project are described in following paragraphs

(a) "Administrator for Rehabilitation and Resettlement" means an officer not

below the rank of District Collector in a State appointed for the purpose of

rehabilitation and resettlement of affected persons.

(b) "Affected family" means:

(i) a family whose primary place of residence or other property or source of

livelihood is adversely affected by the acquisition of land for a project or

involuntary displacement for any other reason or

(ii) any tenure holder, tenant, lessee or owner of other property, who on

account of acquisition of land (including plot in the abadi or other

property) in the affected area or otherwise, has been involuntarily

displaced from such land or other property; or

(iii) any agricultural or non-agricultural labourer, landless person (not having

homestead land, agricultural land, or either homestead or agricultural

land), rural artisan, small trader or self-employed person; who has been

residing or engaged in any trade, business, occupation or vocation

continuously for a period of not less than three years preceding the date

of declaration of the affected area, and who has been deprived of

earning his livelihood or alienated wholly or substantially from the main

source of his trade, business, occupation or vocation because of the

acquisition of land in the affected area or being involuntarily displaced for

any other reason.

(c) "Affected area" means area of village or locality notified by the appropriate

Government under paragraph 6.1 of this policy;

(d) "Agricultural labourer" means a person primarily resident in the affected

area for a period of not less than three years immediately before the

declaration of the affected area who does not hold any land in the affected

area but who earns his livelihood principally by manual labour on

agricultural land therein immediately before such declaration and who has

been deprived of his livelihood.


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CISMHE

(e) "Agricultural land" includes lands being used for the purpose of

(i) agriculture or horticulture;

(ii) dairy farming, poultry farming, pisciculture, breeding of livestock or

nursery growing medicinal herbs;

(iii) raising of crops, grass or garden produce; and

(iv) land used by an agriculturist for the grazing of cattle, but does not

include land used for cutting of wood only;

(f) "Appropriate Government" means,-

(i) in relation to the acquisition of land for the purposes of the Union,

the Central Government;

(ii) in relation to a project which is executed by the Central

Government agency or undertaking or by any other agency on the

orders or directions of the Central Government, the Central

Government;

(iii) in relation to the acquisition of land for purposes other than (i)

and (ii) above, the State Government; and

(iv) in relation to the rehabilitation and resettlement of persons

involuntarily displaced due to any other .reason, the State

Government;

(g) 'BPL family The below poverty line (BPL) families shall be those as

defined by the Planning Commission of India from time to time and

included in a BPL list for the time being in force.

(h) "Commissioner for Rehabilitation and Resettlement" means the

Commissioner for Rehabilitation and Resettlement appointed by the State

Government not below the rank of Commissioner' or of equivalent rank of

that Government.

i) "family" includes a. person, his' or her spouse, minor sons, unmarried

daughters, minor brothers, unmarried sisters, father, mother and other

relatives residing with him or her and dependent on him or her for their

livelihood; and includes "nuclear family" consisting of a person, his or her

spouse and minor children.


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(j) "Holding" means the total land held by a person as an occupant or tenant

or as both.

(k) "Land acquisition" or "acquisition of land" means acquisition of land under

the Land Acquisition Act, 1894 (1 of 1894), as amended from time to time,

or any other law of the Union or a State for the time being in force.

(l) "marginal farmer" means a cultivator with an un-irrigated land holding up

to one hectare or irrigated land holding up to half hectare.

(m) "non-agricultural labourer" means a person who is not an agricultural

labourer but is primarily residing in the affected area for a period of not

less than three years immediately before the declaration of the affected

area and who does not hold any land under the affected area but who

earns his livelihood principally by manual labour or as a rural artisan

immediately before such declaration and who has been deprived of

earning his livelihood principally by manual labour or as such artisan in the

affected area.

(n) “Notification" means a notification published in the Gazette of India or, as

the case may be the Gazette of a State.

(o) "Occupiers" mean members of the Scheduled Tribes in possession of

forest land prior to the 13th day of December, 2005;

(p) "project" means a project involving involuntary displacement of people,

irrespective of the number of persons affected;

(q) "requiring body" means a company, a body corporate, an institution, or

any other organisation for whom land is to be acquired by the appropriate

Government, and includes the appropriate Government if the acquisition

of land is for such Government either for its own use or for subsequent

transfer of such land in public interest to a company, a body corporate, an

institution, or any other organization, as the case may be, under lease,

license or through any other system of transfer of land;

(r) "small farmer" means a cultivator with an un-irrigated land holding up to

two hectares or with an irrigated land holding up to one hectare, but more

than the holding of a marginal farmer.


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CISMHE

10.4 LAND REQUIREMENT AND COMPENSATION Total land required for the various project components viz. dam structure, power

house structure, submergence, colony development etc. is 1589.97 ha. It

includes community forest land/reserved forest land of 1087.05 ha of which

652.18 ha falls under submergence and 434.87 ha is required for various project

components.

S.NO Land Classification Land, Ha

1 Total Community Land Holding/Claim 1087.05

a Community Jhum land (Agricultural/Horticultural area) 174.05

b Community Forest land 720.25

c Reserved Forest 192.75

2 Forest Department (Riverbed/Waterbody) 502.92

Grand Total 1589.97

The communities’ livelihood depends on the 1087.05 ha land to be acquired,

therefore, rightful and rehabilitation compensation will be provide for the same

land only. (Table 10.2)

Table 10.2: Abstract of Land Requirement for Demwe Lower HEP

S No Project component Area (ha) River Bank Legal Status

A Surface Structures

1 Dam Complex Area

a River Bed 12.01 Riverbed

b Surface Area

i) L/B Lohit dam axis 4.32 L/B Lohit Kamlang Reserved

Forest

ii) R/B Lohit dam axis 12.13 R/B Lohit Community Forest

Land

2 Power House Complex

Area including Tail Race 21.59 R/B Lohit

Community Forest

Land


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CISMHE

tunnel & Pressure shaft

3 Muck Dumping Area/Stack Yard

150 L/B Lohit Kanday Community

Forest Land

4 Magazine Area 5 R/B Lohit Community Forest

Land

5 Crusher Plant & batching

plant -1 5 R/B Lohit

Community Forest

Land

6 Crusher Plant & batching

plant -2 and 3 6.24 R/B Lohit

Community Forest

Land

7 Construction facilities

a Equipment 25.47 L/B Lohit Kanday Community

Forest Land

b Workshop 5 L/B Lohit Kanday Community

Forest Land

c Steel yard 13 L/B Lohit Kanday Community

Forest Land

d Fabrication yard 13 L/B Lohit Kanday Community

Forest Land

e Labour Camp 36 L/B Lohit Kanday Community

Forest Land

f Office setup 3 L/B Lohit Kanday Community

Forest Land

g Office Colony 5 L/B Lohit Kanday Community

Forest Land

8 Permanent Colony Area 60 L/B Lohit Kanday Community

Forest Land

9 Approach Roads

i) Left Bank Road (1) 5 L/B Lohit Community Forest

Land

ii) Left Bank Road (2) 3 L/B Lohit Community Forest

Land

iii) R/B DT intake and quarry 9.84 R/B Lohit Community Forest


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area road Land

iv) R/B DT outlet and

diversion road 2 R/B Lohit RF Dining

v) Tidding diversion Road 12.4

R/B Lohit

(R/B

Tidding)

Community Jhum

Land

10

Quarry Area above Submergence (excluding 36.47 ha of quarry area in

submergence)

23.53 R/B Lohit Community Forest

Land

11 DT outlet Area 6.73 R/B Lohit Dining RF

12 Shoal Area 12 R/B Lohit River bed

13 Submergence Area

a River Bed 478.91 Community Forest

Land

b Surface/pondage 652.18

Community

Forest/Jhum

Land/Kamlang RF

B Under Ground Structures

a Diversion Tunnel and

Road tunnel

i) Diversion Tunnel L/B Lohit 0.84 L/B Lohit Community Forest

Land

ii) Diversion Tunnel R/B Lohit 2.67 R/B Lohit Dining RF

iii) Diversion Tunnel R/B Lohit 4.11 R/B Lohit Community Forest

Land

b

Pressure shaft already included in PH area (3.8

ha)

15 Total 1589.97


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CISMHE

In the case of Demwe Lower (1750 MW) HE project, no immovable asset is

being either acquired or submerged, however, some of the communities are

loosing their land holding partially. In this project, most of the project components

are located at one place as it is a Dam toe power house project. Majority of the

area being acquired is for:

• Dam Complex Area

• Roads

• Muck Retaining Structures

• Project Colonies & Work Spaces

• Submergence

The land to be acquired for the construction of roads would be useful to both, the

project as well as the public as it would enhance their connectivity and improves

their quality of life. The area to be acquired for dumping the muck would basically

protect the environment of the project area in long run with the proposed

interventions in the Restoration Measures. The land to be acquired for project

colonies and work spaces are proposed to be acquired where relatively there is

no habitation. However, it must be stated that once the infrastructure is

developed, they would generate tremendous scope for indirect employment and

economic opportunities to the people around these areas.

10.4.1 Rehabilitation Grant for Affected Families 10.4.1.1Compensation for land:

The project components are located in the Lohit district with the reservoir

extending partly in the Anjaw district of Arunachal Pradesh. No households are

likely to lose their homestead due to the proposed project. No families are being

landless as only small land of the community holding is being acquired. The

village communities have expressed support to the project. All the tribal

communities who are losing the land would be compensated as detailed below:

a. Reserve Forest Land - Rs 78,000 per ha

b. USF/Community Forest Land - Rs 1,56,000 per ha+ 25 % NPV


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CISMHE

c. Community Jhum Land/Community Land - Rs 1,75,000 per ha + 30 %

Solatium of land value + Cost of Crops ( in Hilly area - Rs 1,00,000 per

ha or in Plain area - Rs 1,20,000 per ha)

Table 10.3: Compensation for land acquisition in Demwe Lower HEP

S. No.

Village Ownership/claim

No. of

PAF’s

Area to be acquired,

ha

Compensation, Rs

Landuse

A. Submergence Area

1 Chailliang Tayang Clan 11 8.58 1501500.00 Community Jhum land

(Agricultural/Horticultural)

2 Paya Tayang/Yun Clans 10 21.42 3748500.00 Community Jhum land


3 Chipragam Yun/Towang Clans 6 10.6 1855000.00 Community Jhum land


Tayang/Thalai

Clans 19.41 3396750.00

Community Jhum land

(Agricultural/Horticultural) 4 Dingaliang

Tayang/Thalai

Clans

6

30.62 5358500.00 Community Jhum land


5 Tidding Tayang Clan 9 34.89 3808000.00 Community Jhum land


6 Taseliang Tayang Clan 2 15.15 2651250.00 Community Jhum land


7 Chaigadiliang Thalai Clan 1 9.8 1715000.00 Community Jhum land


8 Chaidheliang Tayang Clan 6 11.18 1956500.00 Community Jhum land


Tayang 4 15.3 2386800.00 Community forest land

Pong Clan 3 18.98 2960880.00 Community forest land 9 Pumla

Takaliang Clan 8.4 1310400.00 Community forest land

10 Dumla Takaliang Clan 14

48.38 7547280.00 Community forest land

11 Tyluliang Tayang Clan 17 78.21 12200760.00 Community forest land

12 Lamaliang

(Bajailiang) Tayang Clan 13 31.06 4845360.00 Community forest land

13 Dowamma Tayang Clan

3 10.83 1689480.00 Community forest land


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CISMHE

S. No.

Village Ownership/claim

No. of

PAF’s

Area to be acquired,

ha

Compensation, Rs

Landuse

(Kajing)

Dowamma Tayang Clan 9.9 1544400.00 Community forest land

Aogum Tayang Clan 13.41 1045980.00 Kamlang RF

14 Pram Yun/Tayang/ Don

Clans 12 32.85 5124600.00

Community forest land

15 Lakao Yun/Tayang/ Brap/

Bru Clans 8 12.29 1917240.00 Community forest land

Fungo Mam Clan 9.79 763620.00 Kamlang RF

Kangkhai Mam Clan 7.5 1170000.00 Community forest land

Mitaw Mam Clan 6.53 509340.00 Kamlang RF

Khawmai Mam Clan 12.56 979680.00 Kamlang RF

Chingro Mam Clan 5.94 463320.00 Kamlang RF

16

Ngalang Mam Clan

24

0.68 53040.00 Kamlang RF

17 Aoliang Tayang/Mam/Silon

g/ Nagadong Clans 10 10.14 790920.00

Kamlang RF

18 Rangam Tayang/Saga Clans 16 21.65 1688700.00 Kamlang RF

19 Haloliang Tayang Clan 2 14.77 1152060.00 Kamlang RF

20 Tangam Tayang Clan 10 6.06 472680.00 Kamlang RF

21 Netoh Thalai clan 5 35.48 5534880.00 USF

22 Langmeh Thalai clan 8 34.21 2668380.00 Kamlang RF

Thalai Clan 4 28.87 2251860.00 Kamlang RF 23 Langjong

Thalai Clan 16.74 1305720.00 Kamlang RF

Sub Total (A) 204 652.18 8,83,68,380

B. Surface Structures

S.No Village Project

component/Purpose

No. of Families/Househ

olds

Area (ha)

Total Property

Value (Rs) Land Use

1 Pram L/B Lohit dam axis

Land belongs to

PAF of families

already counted

4.32 336960 Reserved

Forest


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CISMHE


component/Purpose


olds

Area (ha)

Total Property

Value (Rs) Land Use

for in Wakro circle

2 Tayuliang R/B Lohit dam axis

Land belongs to

PAF of families

already counted

for in Tezu circle

12.13 1892280 Community

Forest Land

3 Tayuliang

Power House

Complex Area

including Tail Race

tunnel & Pressure

shaft

Land belongs to

PAF of families

already counted

for in Tezu circle

21.59 3368040 Community

Forest Land

4 Kanday Muck Dumping

Area/Stack Yard Kanday 150 23400000

Kanday

Community

Forest Land

5 Tayuliang Magazine Area

Land belongs to

PAF of families

already counted

for in Tezu circle

5 780000 Community

Forest Land

6 Tayuliang Crusher Plant &

batching plant -1

Land belongs to

PAF of families

already counted

for in Tezu circle

5 780000 Community

Forest Land

7 Tayuliang

Crusher Plant &

batching plant -2

and 3

Land belongs to

PAF of families

already counted

for in Tezu circle

6.24 973440 Community

Forest Land

Construction Facilities

8 Kanday Equipment Kanday 25.47 3973320

Kanday

Community

Forest Land

9 Kanday Workshop Kanday 5 780000

Kanday

Community

Forest Land

10 Kanday Steel yard Kanday 13 2028000 Kanday

Community


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component/Purpose


olds

Area (ha)

Total Property

Value (Rs) Land Use

Forest Land

11 Kanday Fabrication yard Kanday 13 2028000

Kanday

Community

Forest Land

12 Kanday Labour Camp Kanday 36 5616000

Kanday

Community

Forest Land

13 Kanday Office setup Kanday 3 468000

Kanday

Community

Forest Land

14 Kanday Office Colony Kanday 5 780000

Kanday

Community

Forest Land

15 Kanday Permanent Colony

Area Kanday 60 9360000

Kanday

Community

Forest Land

16 Tayuliang

Quarry Area above

Submergence

(excluding 36.47

ha of quarry area

in submergence)

Land belongs to

PAF of families

already counted

for in Tezu circle

23.53 3670680 Community

Forest Land

17 Tayuliang DT outlet Area

Land belongs to

PAF of families

already counted

for in Tezu circle

6.73 524940

Dining

Reserve

Forest

Sub Total

(B) 395.01 60759660

C. Approach Roads

1 Pram Left Bank Road (1)

Land belongs to

PAF of families

already counted

for in Wakro circle

5 780000 Community

Forest Land

2 Pram Left Bank Road (2) Land belongs to

PAF of families 3 468000

Community

Forest Land


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CISMHE


component/Purpose


olds

Area (ha)

Total Property

Value (Rs) Land Use

already counted

for in Wakro circle

3 Tayuliang R/B DT intake and

quarry area road

Land belongs to

PAF of families

already counted

for in Tezu circle


Forest Land

4 Tayuliang R/B DT outlet and

diversion road

Land belongs to

PAF of families

already counted

for in Tezu circle

2 156000

Dining

Reserved

Forest

5

Taseliang

Chaigaidheli

ang

Chadheliang

Dingliang

Tidding diversion

Road

Land belongs to

PAF of families

already counted

for in Tezu circle


Jhum Land

Sub Total

(C) 32.24 5109040

D. Underground

1 Pram Diversion Tunnel

L/B Lohit

Land belongs to

PAF of families

already counted

for in Wakro circle

0.84 131040

Community

Forest

Land

2 Tayuliang Diversion Tunnel

R/B Lohit

Land belongs to

PAF of families

already counted

for in Tezu circle

2.67 208260

Dining

Reserve

Forest

3 Tayuliang Diversion Tunnel

R/B Lohit

Land belongs to

PAF of families

already counted

for in Tezu circle

4.11 641160

Community

Forest

Land

4

Pressure shaft

already included in

PH area (3.8 ha)

Sub Total 7.62 980460


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CISMHE


component/Purpose


olds

Area (ha)

Total Property

Value (Rs) Land Use

(D)

Grand Total (A+B+C+D)

204 1087.0

5 15,52,17,540

Note : 1. The property value above is calculated based on land compensation only. In

case of USF/Community Forest land 25 % NPV and, in case of Community

Jhum Land/Community agricultural Land, 30 % Solatium of land value and

Cost of Crops (Rs 1,00,000 per ha in Hilly area - or Rs 1,20,000 per ha in

Plain area) would be paid additionally.

2. The land requirement is assessed based on the latest project features and

Project Layout finalized by CEA during DPR appraisal and same land details

have been submitted in final forest application for diversion of forest land. The

legal status is shown as per the findings of Property Survey carried out so far

during March 2008 to October 2008. However the actual location of

component wise land requirement and ownership may slightly change as per

the assessment of State Land Acquisition officer (SLAO) and as per the

provision of Forest Conservation Act–1980 for which application has been

submitted to the State Government. However the total land requirement i.e.

1589.97 ha will remain the same. The cost arrived is based on the legal

status as per the property survey, however, the final actual compensation

shall be paid as per the revised property survey by the State Government).

10.4.1.2 Compensation for trees:

Compensation for trees standing on the acquired agricultural land would be

payable to the entitled land owner families as per the valuation done during the

property survey. The itemized value of different trees is as detailed below:


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CISMHE

Table 10.4: Compensation for standing trees on the land to be acquired in Demwe Lower HEP (Property Survey, 2008) S No Description of Properties Quantity Per Asset Value in Rs Total Cost

1 Orange Tree 358 1500 537000

2 Banana Grove Tree 1655 50 82750

3 Mango Tree 2 1200 2400

4 Guava Tree 1 800 800

5 Orange nursery plant 200 10 2000

6 Jati Bamboo 6900 25 172500

TOTAL 9116 7,97,450

10.5 PROVISIONS MADE FOR SOCIO-ECONOMIC UPLIFTMENT OF PROJECT AFFECTED PEOPLE AND LOCAL POPULATION

10.5.1 Brief Socio-Economic Profile A detailed socio-economic profile of the project and surrounding areas is given in

Socio Economic chapter of the EIA report. In order to understand the social and

cultural issues, loss of livelihood and infrastructure development in the

surroundings that are directly related to the Rehabilitation and Resettlement

Plan, a brief discussion on socio-economic profile is given below.

10.5.1.1 Project Area

The proposed Demwe Lower H.E. project is located in the Hayuliang, Wakro and

Tezu circles of Hayuliang, Namsai and Tezu sub-divisions in Lohit and Anjaw

districts. Total population of Hayuliang circle is 5202 belong to 1139 households.

Sex ratio is 675 considerably lower than neighboring circles. The average literacy

rate is 57% with considerably higher in male population (68.7%). Tezu circle

covers an area of 1280 sq. km. Total population of Tezu circle is 31,304 with sex

ratio of 814. About 48% of the total population of Tezu circle is urban. Total

literacy rate in Tezu circle is 70.6%, which is considerably high as compared to

the state and district averages. Scheduled cast (SC) population accounts for

0.69% while scheduled tribe (ST) population is 24.4%. Wakro circle covers an

area of 1665 sq. km. Total population of Wakro is 6809 with 100% rural. Sex ratio


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in Wakro is 863. Average literacy rate in Wakro circle is 46.4% with considerably

low in females. The literacy rate is lower than state and district averages.

Scheduled caste population accounts for 0.71% while scheduled tribes constitute

about 47% of the total population. Major tribe in the area is Mishmi.

10.5.1.2 Influence Zone

A total of 41 villages are located in the 10 km radius of proposed project -

Demwe Lower H.E. project, of which 21 come under the jurisdiction of Hayuliang

circle, 7 under the Tezu circle and remaining 13 are under the Wakro circle. Total

population of vicinity villages is 4293, belong to 973 households. Population

within the age class 0-6 year accounts for 20.1%. Average sex ratio is 750.

Scheduled caste population residing only in Demwe village only, accounts for

1.3% of the total population. Scheduled tribe population is 38.9% of the total

population; they dominate native villages like Wakro, Gundri, Mawai. The

average literacy rate is 44.58%, which is considerably higher in male population

(55.53%). Primary schools are located in Demwe, Wakro, Mawai and Phukri

villages. Only Wakro among the vicinity villages has facilities of high school and

secondary school level education. About 53% of the total population is engaged

in various types of works like cultivation, agriculture, households industry etc. Of

the total workers, nearly 88% are main workers, dominated by males. Citrus is

the main horticultural crop in the area. Other crops include ginger, maize and

pulses. The native tribes are engaged mainly in the citrus cultivation (about 58%

of main workers) while migrant people are employed in the road construction,

household industry etc.

10.5.1.3 Project Affected Families

Along with the Property Survey, a detailed Socio Economic Survey was

conducted among the PAF’s. During the survey, it has been observed that most

of the families belonging to various communities have migrated to lower reaches

in and around the Wakro, Tezu and Hayuliang circles doing agriculture,

government jobs and small business etc, but still vests right over the community

land. None of the families are residing in the area to be acquired for the project,


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CISMHE

hence no homestead is getting affected due to submergence of the Demwe

Lower HE Project, however a total of 204 families having tribal rights on the land

likely to be affected partially due to the various components like dam, colony,

quarries, tunnels etc. of Demwe Lower H.E. project on account of their

jhum/agriculture land under the community name. These families belong to 23

villages/hamlets spread over Wakro, Tezu and Hayuliang circles. Based on the

property survey details, villagers claim a total land 1087.05 ha under various

community names. Since there is no individual land holding, the affected

community lands, owned by the different villages, were taken into consideration

in formulating the R & R grants. Each family having right of exploitation of a

particular community land was considered as project affected family (PAF).

Total population of the project affected families is 1349 belonging to 204

households. All the project affected persons belong to Scheduled tribes category,

and are of mostly Tayang and Thalai communities of Miju and Digaru Mishmis.

Average literacy rate among the projected affected families is 63.01% with

significantly high in male population. Total workers population in the affected

families is 30.9%, of which 74.5% are employed in the cultivation and agricultural

practices. Citrus is the main horticultural cash crop of affected families while

millets, maize, rice etc. are main agricultural crops. People practice Jhum and dry

cultivation. About 19.6% of the total workers are employed in the government

services. Only 4.7% of the total workers are engaged in the small scale business.

Livestock of affected families comprises of cows, mithuns, ox, horses, pigs, goats

and other animals. Pigs, mithuns and cows comprise the major share of livestock

population. Cows are reared mainly as source of milk. Mithun is a semi

domesticated animal, owned by tribes.

The community land in the upper reaches have no basic infrastructural facilities,

these villagers who have shifted to other places will occasionally visit these

places for the agricultural purposes. The present settled villages are connected

by the National Highway 52 and pucca roads. The houses of Mishmis are


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CISMHE

kaccha, made up of bamboo, cane, leaves of straw and wood, raised about two

feet above the ground on the wooden posts. Most of the houses avail the

electricity and tap water facilities. Wood is the main fuel among the affected

families; however, about 40% families are consumers of cooking gas whereas

72% also use kerosene as fuel. More than 45% families have access to the

television, which is the main medium of entertainment. About 12% families are

connected with telecommunication. Only 4% use fridge in their homes. About

37% families have their own vehicles; most of them are two wheelers. Only 6% of

the total population of affected families is employed in the government jobs.

About 13% families have been categorized as BPL (below poverty line). In line

with the R&R interventions recommended in various policies, following best

suited measures are suggested for each of the components in the following

paragraphs.

10.5.2 Schedule tribe family grant as per NRRP, 2007

Each Scheduled Tribe affected family shall get an additional one-time financial

assistance equivalent to five hundred days minimum agricultural wages for loss

of customary rights or usages of forest produce or Rs. 50,000/-.

Livelihood Grant

As per the provisions of Arunachal Government R&R policy, in case of a project

involving land acquisition on behalf of a requiring body each of the affected

families who have been rendered landless after land acquisition and have not

been provided agriculture land or employment shall be entitled to a livelihood

grant equivalent to 1000 days minimum agricultural labour wage @ Rs. 100/day.

In the present case, though no such case is reported; however, to take care of

any such need, a lumpsum provision of Rs 2,00,00,000/- has been kept for this

purpose.

BPL Family grant as per NRRP, 2007 In addition to their rightful compensation of land and other standing property, an

amount of Rs. 50,000 will be granted to the family whose land has been acquired


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and belongs to BPL category. The information of BPL status would be provided

by the Head of the BPL family along with general application form. With all

necessary certificates required for the landless/houseless/eligible family grant, a

separate certificate of BPL status and caste certificate from the officer not below

the rank of SDM/DM/DC will be submitted by the head of the BPL family to claim

this grant. A provision of Rs 102,00,000/- has been kept for this BPL grant.

10.5.3 Vulnerable person family grant

Pension of Rs. 500/- per month for lifetime to vulnerable affected person such as

widows, unmarried adult women, all those above 50 years of age without family

support.

10.5.4 There will be an option of acquiring entire agriculture land, if 75% of land

holdings are required for acquisition.

10.5.5 The tribal families residing in the project affected areas having fishing rights in

the river/reservoir.

10.5.6 Free electricity As per Arunachal Policy

The project developers will provide to each of the project affected families the

benefit of 100 units of electricity per month free of charge for a period of 10 years

from the date of commissioning of a hydro-electric project. In case of the affected

family not consuming 100 units of electricity, the cost of balance unused units

shall be made available to the family in cash.

10.5.7 The project affected families, who were in possession of forest lands prior to 25th

October, 1980 shall get all the benefits of Relief and Rehabilitation as under the

policy. The Relief package for the affected families has been shown in Table

10.5.


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Table 10.5: R&R package for the project affected families of proposed Demwe Lower H.E. project

Particulars nos Amount (in Rs.)

A) Total No. of project affected Families 204

B) Total Cost of Land Value 15,52,17,540

C) Cost of Trees 7,97,450

D) Scheduled Tribe family grant

Total Number 204

@ Rs. 50,000 1,02,00,000

E) Vulnerable Person Grant

Pension for vulnerable persons

(average life 50 years per person)

Total Number 60

@ Rs. 500 per month for lifetime 1,80,00,000 F) Free Electricity grant

100 units per month for PAF’s for 10 year

No. of families 204

@Rs. 5.00/unit (lump sum rate) 1,22,40,000 H) Livelihood grant 2042,00,00,000

I) BPL Family grant 204 102,00,000

Grand Total (B+C+D+E+F) 22,66,54,990

10.5.8 Application for Grant and Grant Distribution The Commissioner/ District magistrate or his/her representative not below the

rank of ADM/ SDM from Lohit and Anjaw district as the case may be, will be the

sanctioning authority for the rehabilitation grant, which shall be provided by the

project authorities. Affected family/ person will apply on a general prescribed

format, which will furnish the information of the village; details of his/her land

acquired, family status, etc. The form will be submitted to the project office and

evaluated by Land Acquisition Officer and General Manager of the Requiring

Body (ADPP Ltd). After receiving the list of PAF’s by District Magistrate, the

options will be invited from head of affected family on stamp paper and this will


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be rooted through SDM concerned. District Magistrate shall be the final authority

to sort out the disputes between affected families and the project authorities. All

stamp duty and fees of registration shall be born by the project developers. After

submitting all necessary document R&R cell would disburse the compensatory

amount to the affected person. If there is any dispute between affected person

and the project, Commissioner / DM can interfere to sort out the disputes.

Alternatively, R&R cell of ADPP Ltd can execute the procedure of grant

distribution by involving a reputed NGO and civil society groups.

10.6 LOCAL AREA DEVELOPMENT PROGRAMME 10.6.1 Amenities and Facilities available in the Influence Zone Area

Information pertaining to access to various amenities and facilities by the

residents in the Influence Zone area was gathered from the Census data, 2001

and during the primary Survey. The details of various amenities and facilities

available in the study area are compiled in Table 10.6.

10.6.1.1 Educational facilities

Access to educational facilities is quite poor in the influence zone. Primary

School is available in 18 out of the 41 study area villages, while middle and high

schools are available in 5 and 2 villages respectively. The children have to travel

to longer distances to pursue higher education, only in about 4 of the 41 villages

children have to travel about 0-5 km to attend school.

10.6.1.2 Medical facilities

Primary Health Center is available in only 4 (Wakro Village, Kharangliang,

Mahikong and Dingliang) out of the 41 villages. Primary Health Sub-center is

available in only 8 out of the 41 villages. Community Health Workers are

observed in 9 out of the 41 villages. CWC is observed in 2 out of the 41 villages.

Besides, for about 10 and 5 villages, the nearest health care center is located

less than 5 km and between 5 and 10 km respectively. While for the remaining 8

villages, the nearest medical facility is located at a distance of more than 10 km.


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10.6.1.3 Potable drinking water

Water for drinking purposes is available in the SAVs through taps and springs.

About 28 and 7 of the villages have access to Tap water and spring water

respectively for meeting their domestic water requirements. The residents of the

remaining study area villages (3) use water from springs as well as tap.

10.6.1.4 Electricity

In the study area about 20 villages have access to electricity supply to meet only

the domestic lighting and about 16 villages have access to electricity supply for

all purposes. The remaining villages (2 in Nos.) are not electrified and no data

available for 3 villages.

10.6.1.5 Post and Telegraph

Post office is located and available only in 2 villages within the influence zone.

Phone facility, on the other hand, is available in 1 villages. In about 12 villages

each, post and telegraph facility is available at a distance less than 5 km and 8

villages between 5 and 10 km respectively. While in the remaining villages, the

villagers have to travel more than 10 km to access a post office.

10.6.1.6 Local Markets

As per the available data, none of the villages have access to a market place on

a daily basis, and the residents have to travel varying distances to the nearest

market place. In only 6 villages, the residents have to travel a distance of less

than 5 km to get to reach the nearest market, while in the remaining villages the

residents travel more than 10 km to reach the nearest market.

10.6.1.7 Transport and Communication

About 15 villages in the influence zone are connected with a Pucca road, while

18 of the villages have connectivity through Kutcha road. The remaining 8

villages do not have any road connectivity and they are accessible only through

foot-path. About 12 influence zone villages have a bus stop. Other villages in the


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influence zone do not have access to transportation facilities and the nearest

bust stop is located at varying distances from less than 5 km to more than 10 km.

Hayuliang, Tezu, Wakro and Namsai are the nearest towns for the villages.

In view of the above, since many villages are not even having basic amenities like medical facilities, communication facilities, adequate provisions have been proposed under the LADP for the economic upliftment of the affected persons as well the study area villagers.


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Environnemental Management Plan – Rehabilitation & Resettlement Plan 10-30

Table 10.6: Status of basic amenities in the villages of Influence Zone of Demwe Lower HEP.

Village Name Education Medical Drinking

Water Post &

Telegraph Market Communication

ApproachRoad

Nearest Town

Power Supply

Hayuliang Circle

Kibom Nil PHS, CHW T, S PO -(10+ KM) BS PR Hayuliang (52 km) EA

Dingliang Nil PHC, CWC T PO, Phone -(10+ KM) BS PR Hayuliang (30 km) EA

Rahagam Nil -(-5 KM) T -(-5 KM) -(10+ KM) BS PR Hayuliang (22 km) EA

Mologam DNA DNA DNA DNA DNA DNA DNA DNA DNA

Machima M,P PHS, CHW (2) T, S -(10+ KM) -(10+ KM) -(-5 KM) KR Hayuliang (26 km) ED

Lamaliang Nil -(-5 KM) S -(-5 KM) -(10+ KM) -(-5 KM) FP Hayuliang (70 km) EA

Tadumna Nil -(-5 KM) S -(-5 KM) -(10+ KM) -(-5 KM) FP Hayuliang (75 km) -

Mahikong Nil PHC, CWC T PO -(10+ KM) BS PR Hayuliang (18 KM) EA

Zapaliang Nil -(-5 KM) T -(-5 KM) -(10+ KM) BS PaR Hayuliang (13 KM) ED

Chiphugam Nil PHS T -(10+ KM) -(10+ KM) -(10+ KM) FP Hayuliang (40 KM) -

Takaliang Nil -(5-10 KM) T -(5-10 KM) -(10+ KM) -(10+ KM) KR Hayuliang (35 KM) ED

Naraliang P PHS T -(10+ KM) -(10+ KM) -(10+ KM) KR Hayuliang (40 KM) ED

Kharangliang Nil PHS, PHC T PO -(10+ KM) BS KR Hayuliang (16 KM) EA

Hayuliang H CHW T PO -(10+ KM) BS KR Hayuliang (12 KM) EA

Tawaikunung Nil -(-5 KM) T, S -(-5 KM) -(-5 KM) BS PR Hayuliang (3 KM) ED

Chillang Nil -(-5 KM) T -(-5 KM) -(-5 KM) -(-5 KM) FP Hayuliang (4 KM) EA

Mompani Nil CHW T -(5-10 KM) -(10+ KM) -(-5 KM) KR Hayuliang (12 KM) EA

Mahikong Nil PHS, CHW T PO -(10+ KM) -(10+ KM) KR Hayuliang (15 KM) EA

Paya Nil -(-5 KM) T -(-5 KM) -(10+ KM) -(10+ KM) KR Hayuliang (20 KM) EA

Chingraliang Nil PHS, CHW T -(5-10 KM) -(10+ KM) -(10+ KM) KR Hayuliang (30 KM) EA



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Village Name Education Medical Drinking

Water Post &

Telegraph Market Communication

ApproachRoad

Nearest Town

Power Supply

Chirang P -(-5 KM) S -(-5 KM) -(-5 KM) -(-5 KM) FP Hayuliang (5 KM) ED

Tezu Circle EA

Soiliang P1,M2 -(10+ KM) S -(10+ KM) -(10+ KM) -(5-10 KM) KR TEZU (65KM) ED

10th Nallah P3 -(10+ KM) S -(10+ KM) -(10+ KM) -(5-10 KM) PR TEZU (25KM) ED

Lalpani Rd. side P1 -(10+ KM) S -(10+ KM) -(10+ KM) -(5-10 KM) PR TEZU (45KM) ED

Demwe S1, P1, -(10+ KM) T -(10+ KM) -(10+ KM) -(5-10 KM) PR TEZU (14KM) EA

Tinali Brahma Kund Nil -(10+ KM) T -(10+ KM) -(10+ KM) BS PR TEZU (30KM) ED

Salamgam Nil -(10+ KM) T -(10+ KM) -(10+ KM) -(5-10 KM) PR TEZU (60KM) ED

Tidding Nil -(10+ KM) S -(10+ KM) -(10+ KM) -(5-10 KM) PR TEZU (70KM) ED

Wakro Circle

Fango(Famgo) No Settlement Due to Migration

Lakao No Settlement Due to Migration

Parsuram Kund P -(10+Km) T -(10+Km) (10+Km) BS PR Wakro (16KM) ED

Mawai - I P -(5-10Km) T -(5-10Km) -(5-10Km) -(5-10Km) KR Wakro (8KM) ED

Mawai – II Nil -(5-10Km) T -(5-10Km) -(5-10Km) -(5-10Km) KR Wakro (8KM) ED

New Phukari Nil -(5-10Km) T -(5-10Km) -(5-10Km) -(5-10Km) KR Wakro (7KM) ED

Phukari(Old) P, M -(5-10Km) T -(5-10Km) -(5-10Km) -(5-10Km) KR Wakro (7KM) ED

Kanjang P -(-5Km) T -(-5Km) -(-5Km) -(-5Km) KR Wakro (3KM) ED

Gundri Nil -(-5Km) T -(-5Km) (-5Km) -(-5Km) KR Wakro (3KM) ED

Wakro Village P,M PHC T -(-5Km) (-5Km) BS PR Wakro (1Km) EA

Kamlang Nagar P PHS T -(-5Km) -(5-10Km) -(-5Km) PR Wakro (9KM) EA

Namgo P PHS T -(5-10Km) -(5-10Km) (5-10Km) KR Namsai(60 Km) DNA

Manyuliang P Nil T -(-5Km) -(-5Km) BS KR Namsai (46Km) ED


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10.7 ENVISAGED BENEFITS In addition to the relief and rehabilitation package for the affected families, the

project authorities will undertake a plan of infrastructural development in the area

which would result in better quality of life for the entire human population of the

area. Several such facilities would be created for the benefit and use of general

public. A detailed account of these proposed development activities is presented

based on envisaged impacts of the project.

10.7.1 Economic Development

The proposed Demwe Lower is a large hydro-electric project, which would

require a large number of workers, officers and other staff. As a result of

increased population and with more surplus income at their command, together

with enhanced requirements of food grains, vegetables, milk, clothing and other

grocery items, there would be a sharp increase in the business activity and

turnover of existing businessmen. This would also lead to establishment of new

markets and growth of local economy. In addition to the prospering business

establishments, there would be requirement of some ancillary local level industry

for providing hardware to the project activities, which again would result in

upliftment of local economy and better quality of life.

10.7.2 Employment Opportunities

The proposed Resettlement & Rehabilitation Policy (2008) of Arunachal Pradesh

Government has recommended a fair participation of local people in the jobs in

the project. The project authorities directly as well as through their contractors

would ensure that local population gets good number of jobs. The jobs, however,

would be determined by the qualifications and experience of the persons wanting

to be employed. It will also provide an opportunity to many unskilled youth to

become skilled. By gaining technical knowledge and experience, their chances of

gainful employment will be greatly enhanced. Enhancing the local people’s skills

and opportunities for employment the project would result in uplifting the

standard of living and the existing quality of life of the local inhabitants. This

would go a long way in making the area economically self-sustaining.


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Besides generating local employment for the skilled and un-skilled labour, the

project would also provide an opportunity for the local people to compete for

various contracts related to project works, depending on their economic status.

The participation in this process would, however, be guided by the usual process

of tendering. Project Developer would ensure as far as possible, to engage local

labourer in various skilled/non-skilled jobs depending on a candidate’s

qualifications and experience. There would also be sufficient opportunities for

indirect income generating activities, which include provision of services to

contractors, opening of small and medium sized market place/ shops, etc. Project

authorities will provide various training and will run income generating schemes

for local youth. These developments would be helpful in self employment of the

local residents.

The company setting up hydro power projects shall give the preference to local

tribal people in following categories of posts, subject to the incumbents fulfilling

the job requirements as per the criteria given below;

i) Managerial/Professional posts 25%

ii) Clerical posts 50%

iii) Skilled jobs 25%

iv) Unskilled jobs 75%

10.7.3 Educational Facilities

The area is poor in the education facilities. The project authorities would

establish educational institutions in the area for the children/wards of their project

employees. These institutions shall also be open to the children of the local

inhabitants. At some places, grants would be provided for the maintenance and

upgradation of existing educational institutions which would be a great benefit for

the local residents.

10.7.4 Health Related Facilities The project authorities would establish healthcare facilities in terms of healthcare

centers at a few affected villages and for their employees. These centers shall


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extend services to the local people. Project authorities would provide mobile vans

for emergency services in the area.

10.7.5 Sports Facilities

The project authorities would construct and establish club/playgrounds for the

project employees/ sports competitions and sports meets would be organized

between the local players and project employees which would ensure the local

participation. This will also provide them necessary facilities for excelling in

sports of their choice. These facilities would go a long way in honing and

nurturing the local talent in the field of sports and competitive games.

10.7.6 Recreational Facility Provision of green belt in the periphery of the reservoir, landscaping and

establishment of botanic gardens/butterfly parks will enhance the scenic beauty

and tourist spots of the area and attract the local and outside tourists.

10.8 PROPOSED FINANCIAL OUTLAY FOR LOCAL AREA DEVELOPMENT PLAN The influence zone of the Demwe Lower HEP is considered an abode for Mishmi

tribes, having uniqueness in culture and customs. The area is sparsely

populated. The Mishmis have traditional right on the forest produce and practice

shifting cultivation and regular hunting. The forest is, therefore, under heavy

anthropogenic pressure. The proposed infrastructure development has been

suggested keeping in view the cultural complexity and sensitivity of the area. The

developmental activities and the involvement of tribes might divert their focus

from the exploitation of forest. The required infrastructural facilities are described

under the following headings.

10.8.1 Training Program

Following the clause 7.13.2 of NRRP, the affected persons shall be offered the

necessary training facilities for development of entrepreneurship, technical and

professional skills for self-employment. Training on the food processing,

mushroom cultivation, computer courses, organic farming, apiculture,


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vermiculture, eco-tourism, poultry farming, dairy farming, knitting, sewing etc.

could open new areas of self employment in the region. Requiring body would

invite trainees among the affected families for the training on various courses.

The requiring body would select 60 trainees every year for the period of 5 years

(Rs 6000/month). If the applicants are not available among the affected families

the training programme can be extended to the affected villages and/or villages

located in the 10 km radius. The applicants can obtain application form at no cost

from the office of requiring body (ADPP Ltd) (Annexure-I). Applicant would

submit application form along with certificate of land acquired from the LAO

(Land Acquisition Officer) of Requiring Body, income certificate from DC/SDM/,

certificates of educational qualification, caste certificate issued by an officer not

below the rank of executive magistrate and verification certificate of the

concerned Gram Pradhan. The scheme is only a welfare measure for the PAF’s

and does not confer any right on the PAF’s for financial assistance. If the

requiring body is not able to develop all infrastructural facilities for all the training

programmes, it may consult concerned department of the state to facilitate

training to the applicants. The requiring body would bear all expenditure including

accommodation, travel etc. of the trainees and charges of the concerned

department. Total financial out lay for the training programme has been kept as

Rs. 216.00 lakhs.

10.8.2 Merit Scholarship Scheme As per clause 7.13.1(c) of NPRR, requiring body shall offer scholarships and

other skill development opportunities to the eligible persons from the affected

families as per the criteria fixed by the appropriate Government. To improve and

encourage the literacy and educational standards in the project affected area and

to create a pool of potential candidates, Requiring Body (ADPP Ltd) proposes to

introduce a Merit Scholarship Scheme for the wards of the Project Affected

Families. If the wards from the affected families are not eligible and/or available,

then Merit Scholarship Scheme would be extended to the wards of the affected

villages or vicinity villages. The wards should be studying in school, college or

any other educational institute recognized by State or Central Government or a


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reputed private institution. The students should not be receiving any other

scholarship of State and Central government. A total of 50 students every year

will be selected for the scholarship on merit basis. The scholarship would be

divided on the basis of standards and disciplines, viz. Senior secondary school

(15 students), Vocational training (15 students), Diploma (10 students) and

Degree in Science, Engineering, Medical etc. (10 students). The scholarship will

last for the tenure of course. The scholarship @ Rs.2000/-, Rs.5000/-, Rs.7000/-

and Rs.9000/- per month would be provided to the students of secondary school,

vocational training, diploma and degree, respectively. The project authorities

propose to run this scheme at least for 5 successive years. After completion of

the scheme, Requiring Body reserves the right to restart or terminate this

scheme.

The eligible students may apply for the grant of scholarship as per the format given

at Annexure-II. The amount of the scholarship shall be released on a half-yearly

basis. The submission of application for scholarship shall not guarantee the grant

of scholarship. Requiring body management shall reserve the right to accept or

reject any or all application without assigning any reasons. Requiring Body also

reserves the right to reduce/ increase the number of beneficiaries or change the

number of beneficiaries in different standards depending upon availability of the

students. The eligible candidate shall apply on the prescribed form printed by

Requiring Body. Duly completed application form should be submitted along with

attested copies of marks sheets of previous annual examinations, certificates of

land/ house acquisition from LAO and two passport size photographs attested by

the principal/head of the institute. Total budget for the Merit scholarship including

increment has been kept as Rs. 159.00 lakhs.

10.8.3 Marriage grant Requiring body would provide an amount of Rs. 10,000 to the daughter of

affected family of BPL category as a marriage grant. The provision is kept for a

daughter in a family, but if affected family person would apply second time for

marriage grant, requiring body can consider it. The grant would be given


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preferably to the affected families; however, project authorities may extend it to

the families of the influence zone. A lumpsum budget for the purpose has been

kept as Rs. 40.80 lakhs.

.

10.8.4 Income Generation Scheme As discussed earlier, requiring body would run various training programmes for

the youth of the project affected area. Food processing, vermiculture and

mushroom cultivation are given special attention due to their easily availability in

the region. After completion of training, project authorities may provide financial

assistance to the trained project affected person to enable him/her to generate

his own source of income. In addition to the different vocations, this scheme will

be extended to small scale business, apiculture, sewing knitting, etc. The

preferences will be given to those belonging to Scheduled Caste, Scheduled

Tribe and vulnerable groups. Any family whose member has been provided

employment in the company will not be considered for this scheme. The

candidate would opt for any vocational training and would be paid 80% of the

cost of the assets, procured for the vocation (up to a maximum of Rs. 50,000).

The amount of the financial assistance would be paid by Requiring Body to

supplier (s) of assets. The financial assistance would be a one time grant and the

requiring body would not stand guarantee or surety for the loan amount arranged

by the applicant. The maximum number of beneficiaries of the scheme will be

about 20 for every year.

The applicants are required to submit their application in the enclosed prescribed

format (Annexure-III). It would be submitted along with certificate of land acquired

from LAO (Land acquisition Officer) of Requiring Body, income certificate from

DC/SDM/ certificates of educational qualification, caste certificate issued by an

officer not below the rank of executive magistrate and verification certificate of

concerned Gram Pradhan. The scheme is only a welfare measures for the PAF’s

and does not confer any right on the PAF’s for financial assistance. The

Requiring Body’s decision in implementation of the scheme will be final and the

Requiring Body reserves the right to accept or reject any application. Total


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budget for the Income generation Scheme including creation of basic

infrastructure would be Rs. 250.00 lakhs.

10.8.5 Education Facilities Due to the poor education and transport facilities, students from surrounding

villages face serious problems. To strengthen the education facilities one senior

secondary school or a high school are suggested. In addition, primary and middle

schools would also be established. The project authorities in consultation with the

State Education Department would decide the final location of schools at central

places. The project authorities would provide all the infrastructure, salaries and

maintenance grant for the schools for at least five years. Total budget for the

proposed schools including buildings, salaries and maintenance would be Rs. 16,60,00,000 (Rs. Sixteen crores and sixty lakhs only). The break up of the

budget is given below:

Components Amount (In Rs.) A.Salaries Primary Teacher (No. 8) (Basic pay Rs. 9840/-) 90,00,000

Middle School teacher (No. 12) (Basic pay Rs. 11,170/-) 1,50,00,000

High School teacher (No. 20) (Basic pay Rs. 11, 170 & Rs. 14,430/- ) 2,80,00,000

Senior teachers (No. 12) Basic pay Rs. 14,430 & Rs. 16,290/- 2,10,00,000

Sub total A 7,30,00,000

B.School buildings 7,40,00,000

C.Play grounds 40,00,000

D.Maintenance grant 1,00,00,000

E.Miscellaneous grant 50,00,000

Total 16,60,00,000 10.8.6 Health Related Facilities

The details of establishing a Public health delivery system has been given in the

Chapter 4 of EMP report with a financial outlay of Rs. 11,86,76,000/-.


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10.8.7 Bus Stops/ Rain Shelters Surrounding villages are connected by the National Highway 52. Villages are

sparsely located; there is dearth of link roads and traffic density is low. People

traverse up to 5 km or more than 5 km distance on foot. There are no proper bus

stops on the state highways and link roads. For the convenience of the residents,

rain shelters and bus stops are suggested alongside footpaths and roads. Total

cost estimates for 41 rain shelters @ Rs. 2,00,000 are Rs. 82,00,000 (Rs. Eighty

two lakhs).

10.8.8 Construction of Footpaths

The villages are located on the hill slopes, many of which are not connected with

the state highways and link roads. People use footpaths for their movement to

and fro the villages. This at times leads to severe encumbrance to the residents,

particularly during ill-health and sickness. The construction of new roads to these

villages may not advisable because it may lead to degradation of the forest,

therefore, construction of new pacca footpaths and repairs of the existing

footpaths are suggested for the project affected villages. Construction of

approximately 3 km long pacca footpath is proposed for each village/revenue

village located in 10 km radius. The estimated cost (@ Rs. 200/m3) of footpaths

for 41 affected villages / revenue blocks would be Rs. 2,46,00,000 (Rs. Two

crore, forty-six lakhs).

10.8.9 Support Services for Agricultural and Horticultural Activities

Citrus is the main crop in the region, especially in the villages of Wakro circle.

Due to the lack of proper marketing facilities and markets, the citrus crop could

not be a cash crop in this area. Our surveys reveal that establishment of a proper

research centre for the improvement genetic viability and quality of citrus and

training on the food processing can be helpful in the upliftment of the local

economy. Regarding the support services to the affected area project authorities

are suggested to establish a small research laboratory with staff, training centre

with food processing unit and seed centre. The project authorities shall provide

all the necessary infrastructures and support to such programmes for at least 5


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years. The total financial outlay including infrastructure (Rs.50.00 lakhs),

salaries/wages (Rs. 50.00 lakhs), contingency and miscellaneous 50.00 lakhs)

for this programme would be Rs. 150,00,000 (Rs. One hundred fifty lakhs).

10.8.10 Women Technology Park

Mishmis women are considered as weaker section. They are considerably poor

in getting education, health, malnutrition etc. The Women Technology Parks

(WTP) in the area would create awareness, gender sensitivity and new

technologies. The main objective of the WTP is to empower the women with the

inputs of science and technology. Many grass root voluntary organizations have

been running such types of parks in the country, which are sponsored by DST,

Government of India. The project authorities are suggested to establish WTPs in

the region at a cost of Rs 100,00,000 , which would provide trainings to the

women on food processing, natural dyes extraction, fodder production

technology, buffaloes rearing and milk production, cost effective water treatment,

ergonomic assessment of hand tools etc. About 50 women from the affected

villages shall be trained each year and shall be provided a allowance of Rs

3000/month. The project authorities would provide trainers with the help of

NGOs. Such types of support services would be provided for the 5 years. Total

budget for the Women Technology Parks would be Rs. 1,90,00,000 (One

hundered ninety lakhs).

10.8.11 Protection of Cultural Heritage and Old Monuments

Parasuram Kund in the project area is a monument of cultural importance. It is an

evidence of spiritual contact between Arunachal Pradesh and rest of the country.

Also, Mishmis themselves are unique in their customs and culture and they have

their own temples and other places of worship. All these places are devoid of

proper maintenance. Parasuram Kund and other places of worship need to

maintained and repaired. In order to protect the ethnic values and cultural

heritage, project authorities are suggested to renovate and restore all places of

worship and festivals and develop a few cultural centres for Mishmi tribes. Total

financial outlay for this head would be Rs. 5,00,00,000 (Rupees Five crore).


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During the operation phase, the river water will be diverted through 4 diversion

tunnels on right bank (each 1100 m long). In order to maintain the regular flow to

Parasuram Kund a separate tunnel (850 m long and 6.0 m. diameter) will be

constructed on the left bank by the project authorities. Also, project authority

would install a 40 MW power unit at dam toe with respect to continuous minimum

flow/ release of water in main channel.

10.8.12 Assistance and Training to Fishermen Rehabilitation and Resettlement policy of Arunachal Pradesh Government has

provision of fishing right in the reservoir for tribal families residing in the project

affected areas. It would be new experience for the local residents to fish in the

reservoir. The project developers propose to provide assistance and training to

the local fishermen. The financial outlay for the training and assistance would be

Rs. 150.00 lakhs (50.00 Training + 60.00 Boats & fishing accessories + 40

Infrastructure).

10.8.13 Communication Facilities Phone, internet and television access are most important ways of empowerment

and development of communities. These are primary needs for the improvement

of quality of life. The surrounding areas are lacking of these facilities.

Communication facilities include ground based T.V. towers, ground and rooftop

cell phone towers. The area is poor in post offices facilities. There is no post

office in the 10 km radius of proposed dam site. In order to strengthen the

communication facilities, at least three post offices are suggested in the 10 km

radius. The project authority would bear the funds for the branch post offices for

5 years. There is no provision of buildings for post offices. They will be hired as

rent basis. After 5 years, these facilities would be handed over to the State

Government. The affected villages shall be given preference; however, these

facilities would be extended for those areas where these do not exist. The total

budget for the communication facilities would be Rs. 6,00,00,000 (Six crores).


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Ground based T.V tower (including maintenance grant) Rs. 2,00,00,000

Ground and Rooftop cell phone towers (including maintenance grant) Rs.

2,00,00,000

Branch post office (No. 3) (including salaries/wages of post master, Rs.

2,00,00,000

Post man, Post runner)

10.8.14 Community Welfare Centers

Project authority will develop community welfare centers in those villages where

this facility is not available. The preference will be given to project affected

villages; however, Project authority can extend this facility to other villages in the

vicinity. At least 10 villages are proposed (affected and surrounding villages) for

this facility. All community welfare centres shall be provided with basic

infrastructures. Total financial outlay under this head would be Rs. 4,50,00,000 (Four crores fifty lakhs).

10.8.15 Transportation Facilities Transport services in the region depend mainly on the state transport and private

light vehicles, which are very sparse. The scanty transport facilities can be

attributed to the sparse population, however, people suffer due to the poor

transport facilities. The project authorities are suggested to provide transport

services on the important routes like Tezu to Hayuliang, Hayuliang to Wakro,

Wakro to Namsai. The project authorities shall provide basic infrastructure while

people would pay as per norms of state government. The scheme would last for

5 years. Total cost estimated for the infrastructure (buses) is Rs. 3,50,00,000

(Three crores and fifty lakhs). 10.8.16 Recreation Facilities

Project authority would develop the recreation facilities and aesthetic value, viz.

development of parks and view points alongside the road, near colony area, in a

few villages etc. The financial outlay for the recreation facilities would be Rs. 2,50,00,000 (Two crore fifty lakhs).


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10.8.17 Public Library Public library can play an important role in the awareness of local people and can

encourage the literacy in the area. Four libraries are proposed in the region

located at Wakro, Parsuram Kund, Demwe and Pukhri. Ministry of Education of

Arunachal Pradesh would be final authority to decide the location of proposed

libraries. Total financial outlay for the libraries would be Rs. 1,50,00,000 (One

crore fifty lakhs)

10.8.18 Crafts and Skill Upgradation The industrial training is an important means for the development of effective

work habits and method of work. The development of infrastructure and training

are proposed to preserve and revitalize the traditional indigenous handicrafts,

handlooms and sericulture products. The project authorities are suggested to

allocate Rs. 2,60,00,000 (Two crore and Sixty lakhs) for the two handlooms units

and two training centre in the region. Ministry of Agriculture of State would be the

implementing agency.

10.8.19 Market complex A market complex would be established near the working site to fulfill the daily

needs of migrant laborers, local people and technical staff. The shops shall be

distributed to the local inhabitants on the minimal rent basis. The project affected

persons shall be given the preference. In case of non availability of project

affected persons, it can be extended for the people of vicinity villages. Total

financial outlay for the market complex would be Rs. 4,00,00,000 (Four crore).

10.8.20 Water supply system Many villages within 10 km radius have tap water supply system while others are

dependant on the spring water. However, potable water is untreated and prone to

the water born diseases. There is provision of water supply system for those

villages, where it does not exist. Also, project authorities would establish water

treatment systems in the region. Total budget for the water supply would be Rs. 5,00,00, 000 (Five crores).


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10.8.21 Miscellaneous activities Miscellaneous activities include first aid facilities at labour camp, cretch for the

infants of labourers, sanitation facilities, buses for labourers’ transport,

establishment of graveyard and crematorium in the region. The total financial

budget for the miscellaneous activities would be Rs. 6,00,00,000 (Six crores).

It is important to mention here that the budgetary provisions under various heads

are tentative and the co-ordination committee may reallocate the funds as per

actual needs.

Table 10.7: Cost estimates for the infrastructure development in the affected area of

Demwe Lower H.E. project

S. No Particulars Amount (in Rupees)

1 Training Programme 21600000

2 Merit Scholarship 15900000

3 Marriage Grant 4080000

4 Income Generation Scheme 25000000

5 Education facilities 166000000

6 Bus stops/rain shelters 8200000

7 Construction of footpaths 24600000

8 Support Services for Agricultural and Horticultural Activities 15000000

9 Women Technology Park 19000000

10 Protection of Cultural Heritage and Old Monuments 50000000

12 Training and Assistance to fishermen 15000000

13 Communication facilities 60000000

14 Community welfare centers 45000000

15 Transportation 35000000

16 Recreation Facilities 25000000

17 Public Library 15000000

18 Crafts and Skill up gradation 26000000

19 Water supply system 50000000

20 Market Complex 40000000


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S. No Particulars Amount (in Rupees)

21 Miscellaneous (Creche, Graveyard, Crematorium etc) 60000000

22 Health delivery system 118676000

Total 839056000

10.9 EVALUATION AND MONITORING

The monthly report of execution of R & R plan will be sent to Corporate R & R

cell, Athena Demwe Power Private Ltd (ADPP Ltd), which will be monitored by

the Managing Director. The committee to oversee this will have the following

members.

i) Managing Director, ADPP Ltd or his/her representative Chairman

ii) General Manager (Project), ADPP Ltd Member

iii) Head of R & R Cell, ADPP Ltd Member Secretary

iv) Head of the Corporate Planning Member

v) A representative from Corporate Finance Deptt. Member

In addition to an internal committee (above), it is suggested to constitute another

committee in order to avoid any dispute between project authorities and the

affected persons. The committee will include representatives of district

administration, elected members, project authority, panchayat, member etc as

per the provision of NRRP 2007. The committee will comprise of followings:

i. District Magistrate, Lohit or his/her representative Chairman

ii. ADC, Namsai Member

iii. Representative of Panchayat members of affected villages Member

iv. Woman (social worker) from the affected area Member

v. Representative of well known NGO in the area Member

vi. Representative of Managing Director ADPP Ltd Member

vi. Head of the R & R Cell (ADPP Ltd) Member

vii. Land Acquisition Officer of the project Member


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The financial budget for the day to day expenditure of the committees would be

Rs. 50,00,000 (Rs. Fifty lakhs) for five years. The expenditure includes TA and

DA of participants, running cost, stationeries etc.

10.10 FINANCIAL PACKAGE FOR R & R AND LOCAL AREA DEVELOPMENT PLAN Total financial package for the Rehabilitation and Resettlement plan of Demwe

Lower H.E. project is budgeted as follows:

a. Compensation for land & trees Rs. 1560.15 Lakhs

b. R&R Grant Rs.706.40 Lakhs

c. LADP provisions Rs. 8390.56 Lakhs

d. Monitoring & Evaluation Rs. 50 Lakhs

Out of the above, since compensation for land & trees would be exclusively met

out from the land compensation grants under DPR, the total package for R&R

and LADP under EIA/EMP amounts to 9146.96 lakhs.


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Annexure-I i

ANNEXURE-I

Attested photograph

ATHENA DEMWE POWER PRIVATE LIMITED DEMWE LOWER H.E. PROJECT, LOHIT, A.P.

APPLICATION FORM FOR TRAINING PROGRAMME

1. Name of the applicant ( in block letters): -------------------------------- 2. Fathers Name : -------------------------------- 3 Date of birth : -------------------------------- 4. Qualification : ------------------------------- 5. Residential Address : ------------------------------- 6. Name of head of family : ------------------------------- From whom land acquired (PAP) 7. Relation of applicant : ------------------------------- With head of family (PAP) 8. Cast : Gen SC OBC ST 9. Land details a) Name of the village (S) : from where land acquired. b) Area of the land acquired :

(in ha.) and taken possession by ADPP, Ltd

c) Land left (in ha) : -------------------------------- d) whether the family has been : -------------------------------- declared landless by R&R Officer

e) Whether the family member : Yes No. has got employment in ADPP, Ltd

R&R scheme. f) If Yes Name of employee : ------------------------------- g) whether SC/ST/OBC/Gen. : ------------------------------- 10. a) Present occupation of : ------------------------------- the applicant. b) Annual income from the : -------------------------------


Annexure-I ii

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occupation. 11. Choice of vocations for : For which applied (please put a tick mark : i) Food processin ii) Mushroom cultivation iii) Computer course iv) Dairy farming v) Poultry farming vi) Organic farming vii) Sericulture viii) Apiculture ix) Fish culture x) Knitting xi) Sewing

xii) Any other please specify 12. Certificates enclosed i) ii) iii) iv) 13. Declaration: I here by declare that all the particulars furnished in this application are complete are true to the

best of my knowledge. I shall abide by the rules and conditions mentioned in this scheme for PAFs. Signature of the applicant Name : Date : Place :

Verified that the particulars of the applicant Sh/Smt./Km. ------------------------------ /daughter/wife of -------------------------------------- are true.

Signature of Gram Pradhan

Date : Name with stamp:


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Annexure-II i

ANNEXURE-II

Attested photograph


APPLICATION FORM FOR THE MERIT SCHOLARSHIP SCHEME

1. Name of the applicant ( in block letters): -------------------------------- 2. Fathers Name : -------------------------------- 3 Date of birth : -------------------------------- 4. Qualification : ------------------------------- 5. Residential Address : ------------------------------- 6. Correspondence address : ------------------------------- 7. Name of head of family : ------------------------------- From whom land acquired (PAP) 8. Relation of applicant : ------------------------------- With head of family (PAP) 9. Cast : Gen SC OBC ST 10. Land details a) Name of the village (S) : from where land acquired. b) Area of the land acquired :

(in ha.) and taken possession by ADPP, Ltd

c) Land left (in ha) : -------------------------------- d) whether the family has been : -------------------------------- declared landless by R&R Officer


R&R scheme. f) If Yes Name of employee : ------------------------------- g) whether SC/ST/OBC/Gen. : ------------------------------- 11. a) Present occupation of : ------------------------------- the applicant.


Annexure-II ii

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b) Annual income from the : ------------------------------- occupation.

12. Name of the school/institute/University: ----------------------------------- In which applicant studies 13. Name of the class/ course/diploma/degree ----------------------------------- for which scholarship is applied 14 Tenure of the class/course/diploma/degree ----------------------------------- 15. Certificates enclosed

i) ii) iii) iv) 13. Declaration: I here by declare that all the particulars furnished in this application are complete are true to the



Signature of Principal Signature of Gram Pradhan Name with stamp Name with stamp: Date Date :


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Annexure-III i

ANNEXURE-III

Attested photograph


APPLICATION FORM FOR INCOME GENERATION SCHEME

1. Name of the applicant ( in block letters): -------------------------------- 2. Fathers Name : -------------------------------- 3 Date of birth : -------------------------------- 4. Qualification : ------------------------------- 5. Residential Address : ------------------------------- 6. Name of head of family : ------------------------------- From whom land acquired (PAP) 7. Relation of applicant : ------------------------------- With head of family (PAP) 8. Cast : Gen SC OBC ST 9. Land details a) Name of the village (S) : from where land acquired. b) Area of the land acquired :

(in ha.) and taken possession by ADPP, Ltd c) Land left (in ha) : --------------------------------

d) whether the family has been : -------------------------------- declared landless by R&R Officer


R&R scheme. f) If Yes Name of employee : ------------------------------- g) whether SC/ST/OBC/Gen. : ------------------------------- 10. a) Present occupation of : ------------------------------- the applicant. b) Annual income from the : -------------------------------

occupation.


Annexure-III ii

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11. Choice of unit/assets : For which applied financial assistance Required (please put a tick mark : i) Food processing ii) Mushroom cultivation unit iii) Computer unit iv) Dairy farming assets v) Poultry farming assets vi) Organic farming assets vii) Sericulture assets viii) Apiculture assets ix) Fish culture assets x) Knitting Machines xi) Sewing machines

xii) Business Xiii) Bakery unit xiv) Handicraft xv) Any other please specify

12. Certificates enclosed i) ii) iii) iv) 13. Declaration: I here by declare that all the particulars furnished in this application are complete are true to the



Signature of Gram Pradhan Name with stamp:


11

DISASTER MANAGEMENT PLAN

11.1 INTRODUCTION

Disasters in case of hydroelectric power projects may take place due to natural

reasons such as flood and earthquakes or may take place due to sabotage,

safety failures and due to technical reasons .The Disaster Management Plan

deals with the management practices to be adopted to counter the disasters,

emerging out of any of the above listed causes. In case of Demwe Lower HEP,

the anticipated disasters could be due to earthquake, flood or technological

failures of the project or the projects constructed in the upstream course of river

Lohit and its tributaries. The upper reaches of Lohit basin are frequented by

earthquakes from time to time and the catchment has a history of excessive

downpour which has caused massive floods. Till recent past, the communication

of natural disasters taking places in the upper reaches of the catchment was

hardly being received by the people living in the downstream area’s, at the onset

of the disaster, since, the valley was not having any project of economic

importance either in the upper reaches or in the downstream. With the

advancement in technology and communication network, the exchange of news

and prediction of likelihood of disastrous events at a faster pace has made it

possible to counter the threats so emerging. The location of different proposed

projects in the upstream reaches of river Lohit is given in Figure 1.1

It is important to mention here that the Disaster Management of different hydro

projects needs to be integrated among the various power developers because

the river Lohit and its tributaries are proposed for cascade power development

and dealing with the disasters in isolation would neither be possible nor adequate

at individual project level. In case of the disaster taking place in the northernmost

project, the brunt of the same will be felt by every body down the valley. The

Environmental Management Plan – Disaster Management Plan 11-1


precautionary steps to be taken to make the public aware about various disasters

include the following:

1. The public should be made aware about different kind of disasters such as

natural disasters, disasters emanating from seismic concerns, manmade

disasters and technological disasters in general.

2. The public should also be told about the measures which are required to

be taken incase of disasters .This can be achieved by organizing seminars

.By distributing awareness pamphlets or by conducting workshops on

management practices. The public should also be made aware of

interpreting the electronic communication made in this regard with the help

of sirens and hooters etc.

3. The public should also be made aware as what to do at the time of

occurrence of disasters and how to provide first aid to the affected

persons and where to contact for medical help

11.2 SEISMIC CONCERNS AND DISASTER MANAGEMENT

The project area of Demwe Lower HEP as such falls in the seismic zones V

which is considered as vulnerable. A detailed account of the geology and geo-

morphological parameters of the study area had been presented in Geology

chapter of EIA report. The area has experienced earthquakes of moderate to

severe intensity in the past. The epicenters of major earthquakes in and around

the project area of Demwe Lower HEP are related to mega and intermediate

lineaments and due design parameters have been taken care in the design of

project appurtenants. However, from safety point of view, a plan of seismic

surveillance of the area by establishing a seismic monitoring station is proposed.

Detailed dam site investigations have been conducted from geological point of

view and design of dams has been done accordingly.

11.2.1 Seismic Station

For mitigation of the seismic hazard, the only option available is to upgrade our

knowledge on the geo-dynamics of earthquakes and to utilize the state-of-the-art



to constraint the motion characteristics. This would help in seismic designing of

the components of the project. The reservoir induced seismicity concerns,

however, requires a special emphasis for judging the effect of impoundment of

the reservoir on seismic status of the area. With this background, it is proposed

that a seismic observatory may be made compatible with IMD National Grid for

recording and analyzing the nation-wide seismic activity. This would not only

help the project authorities to plan the disaster management scheme related to

the project but will also be helpful for the other projects in the area.

11.3 Dam Break Study Dam break may be summarized as the partial or catastrophic failure of a dam

leading to the uncontrolled release of water. Such an event can have impacts on

the land and communities downstream of the failed structure. A dam break may

result in a flood wave up to tens of meters deep traveling along a valley at quite

high speeds. The impact of such a wave on developed areas can be devastating.

Such destructive force comes as an inevitable loss of life, if advance warning and

evacuation is not planned. Additional features of such extreme flooding include

movement of large amounts of sediment (mud).

11.3.2 Objective of dam break modeling The first European Law on dam break was introduced in France in 1968 following

the earlier Malpasset Dam failure. Since then many countries have also

established requirements and in others, dam owners have established guidelines

for assessment. In India, risk assessment and disaster management plan has

been made a mandatory requirement while submitting application for

environmental clearance in respect of river valley projects. The extreme nature of

dam break floods means that flow conditions will far exceed the magnitude of

most natural flood events. Under these conditions flow will behave differently to

conditions assumed for normal river flow modeling and areas will be inundated

that are not normally considered. This makes dam break modeling a separate

study for the risk management and disaster management plan. The objective of

dam break modeling or flood routing is to simulate the movement of a dam break



flood wave along a valley or indeed any area downstream that would flood as a

result of dam failure. The key information required at any point of interest within

this flood zone is generally:

Travel time of flood water

Peak water level – extent of inundation

Peak discharge

Duration of flooding

11.3.3 Scope of present study

The present study for the Demwe Lower H.E. Project comprises of the following

hydrodynamic simulations due to occurrence of:

- PMF with Dam break with initial reservoir level at FRL

- PMF discharge with no dam break

- PMF without dam in place (virgin condition);

11.3.4 Dam break modeling process

Generally, dam break modeling can be carried out by either i) scaled physical

hydraulic models or ii) mathematical simulation using computer. A modern tool to

deal with this problem is the mathematical model, which is most cost effective

and approximately solves the governing flow equations of continuity and

momentum by computer simulation. A flow chart for mathematical modeling is

given at the end of this chapter. Mathematical modeling of dam breach floods can

be carried out by either one dimensional analysis or two dimensional analyses. In

one dimensional analysis, the information about the magnitude of flood, i.e.,

discharge and water levels, variation of these with time and velocity of flow

through breach can be had in the direction of flow. In the case of two

dimensional analyses, the additional information about the inundated area,

variation of surface elevation and velocities in two dimensions can also be

forecast. One dimensional analysis is generally accepted when valley is long and

narrow and the flood wave characteristics over a large distance from the dam are

of main interest. The basic theory for dynamic routing in one dimensional



analysis consists of two partial differential equations originally derived by Barre

De Saint Venant in 1871. The equations are:

i. Conservation of mass (continuity) equation

a. (∂Q/∂X) + ∂(A + A0) / ∂t - q = 0

ii. Conservation of momentum equation

b. (∂Q/∂t) + { ∂(Q2/A)/∂X } + g A ((∂h/∂X ) + Sf + Sc ) = 0

c. where Q = discharge;

i. A = active flow area;

ii. A0 = inactive storage area;

iii. h = water surface elevation;

iv. q= lateral outflow;

v. X = distance along waterway;

vi. t = time;

vii. Sf = friction slope;

viii. Sc = expansion contraction slope and

ix. g = gravitational acceleration.

11.3.4 HEC-RAS Model

Selection of an appropriate model to undertake dam break flood modeling is

essential to ensure to achieve the right balance between modeling accuracy and

cost in terms of time spent developing the model setup. In the instant case HEC-

RAS version 4.0 model released by Hydrologic Engineering Center of U.S. Army

Corps of Engineers in March 2008 has been selected. HEC-RAS is an integrated

system of software, designed for interactive use in a multi-tasking environment.

The system is comprised of a graphical user interface, separate hydraulic

analysis components, data storage and management capabilities, graphics and

reporting facilities. The model contains the advanced features for dam break

simulation.

The present version of HEC-RAS system contains two one-dimensional hydraulic

components for: i) Steady flow surface profile computations; ii) unsteady flow



simulation. The steady/unsteady flow components are capable of modeling

subcritical, supercritical, and mixed flow regime water surface profiles. The

system can handle a full network of channels, a dendric system, or a single river

reach. The basic computational procedure is based on the solution of one-

dimensional energy equation. Energy losses are evaluated by friction (Manning’s

equation) and contraction/expansion (coefficient multiplied by the velocity head).

The momentum equation is utilized in situations where the water surface profile is

rapidly varied. The graphics include X-Y plots of the river system schematic,

cross-sections, profiles, rating curves, hydrographs, and many other hydraulic

variables. Users can select from pre-defined tables or develop their own

customized tables. All graphical and tabular output can be displayed on the

screen, sent directly to a printer, or passed through the Windows clipboard to

other software, such as word processor or spread sheet. Reports can be

customized as to the amount and type of information desired.

11.3.5 Model Stability during unsteady flow simulation

HEC-RAS uses an implicit finite difference scheme. The common problem of

instability in the case of unsteady flow simulation can be overcome by suitable

selection of following;

1. Cross section spacing along the river reach

2. Computational time step

3. Theta weighing factor for numerical solution

4. Solution iterations

5. Solution tolerance

6. Weir and spillway stability factors

13.3.5.1 Cross section spacing The river cross sections should be placed at representative locations to describe

the change in geometry. Additional cross sections should be added at locations

where changes occur in discharge, slope, velocity and roughness. Cross sections

must also be added at levees, bridges, culverts, and other structures. Additional

cross sections should be added at locations where changes occur in discharge,



slope, velocity, and roughness to describe the change in geometry. Bed slope

plays an important role in deciding the cross section spacing. Streams having

steep slope require cross sections at a closer spacing say 500 m or so. For larger

uniform rivers with flat slope the cross section spacing can be kept from 1000m

to 3000m.

11.3.5.2 Computational time step

Stability and accuracy can be achieved by selecting a computational time step

that satisfies the current condition;

Cr = Vw(∆t/∆x)≤1.0

Therefore: ∆t≤(∆x/Vw)

Where: Vw = Flood wave speed

V = Average velocity of flow

∆x = Distance between the cross sections

∆t = Computational time step

For most of the rivers the flood wave speed can be calculated as:

Vw = dQ/dA

However, an approximate way of calculating flood wave speed is to multiply the

average speed by a factor. Factors for various channel shapes are shown in the

table below

Channel Shape Ratio (Vw/V) Wide rectangular 1.67

Wide parabolic 1.44

Triangular 1.33

Natural Channel 1.5

11.3.5.3 Theta weighing factor

Theta is a weighing factor applied to the finite difference approximations when

solving the unsteady flow equations. Theoretically Theta can vary from 0.5 to 1.0.

Theta of 1.0 provides the most stability, while Theta of 0.6 provides the most

accuracy.



11.3.5.4 Solution iteration

At each time step derivatives are estimated and the equations are solved. All the

computational nodes are then checked for numerical error. If the error is greater

than the allowable tolerances, the program will iterate. The default number of

iterations in HEC-RAS is set to 20. Iteration will improve the solution.

11.3.5.5 Solution tolerances

Two solution tolerances can be set or changed by the user: i) water surface

calculation ii) storage area elevation. Making the tolerance larger can reduce the

stability problem. Making them smaller can cause the program to go to the

maximum number of iterations every time.

11.3.5.6 Weir and spillway stability factor

Weirs and spillways can often be a source of instability in the solution. During

each time step, the flow over a weir/spillway is assumed to be constant. This can

cause oscillations by sending too much flow during a time step. One solution is to

reduce the time step.

11.3.6 Description of the project

Demwe Lower Hydroelectric Project is a run-of-the-river scheme planned across

Lohit river, near Parasuram Kund/ Brahma Kund in Lohit district of Arunachal

Pradesh. The project envisages construction of 163 m high concrete gravity dam

(above deepest foundation level) across Lohit River. The Full Reservoir Level

(FRL) and Maximum Water Level (MWL) for the project are at EL 424.8 m. The

MDDL is at EL 408 m. The intake invert level is at EL 381 m. The reservoir

extends about 23 km upstream of the dam. There are 12 sluice spillway gates of

size 8.6 m x 11 m, apart from a surface spillway bay of 12.5 m x 18.0 m. The

gross storage of the reservoir at FRL is 516.38 MCM. The dead storage up to

MDDL is 345.18 MCM. The catchment area at the project site is 20174 sq. km.

The design flood (PMF) for the project has been estimated as 28500 cumec. The

maximum non-overflow section of Demwe Lower dam is given in Figure 11.2.

The upstream elevation of the dam is given in Figure 11.3.




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Structural failure

Base flow conditions

Define Dambreak Aims & Objectives

(Mapping format & data requirements)

Data Collection

Flood Hydrograph

Additional Data

Requirements?

Sensitivity Analyses

Breach Formation

Partial failure

Reservoir Level

Modelling Parameters

Base flow conditions

Flood Routing

Additional Data

Requirements?

Sensitivity Analyses

Secondary Structures

Debris & Sediments

Modelling Parameters

Mapping &

Data Output

FLOW CHART OF DAM BREAK MODELLING PROCESS


Figure 11.2: Maximum non-overflow section of Demwe Lower dam




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Figure 11.3: Upstream elevation of Demwe Lower dam


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11.3.7 INPUT DATA AND MODEL SETUP 11.3.7.1 Data required for dam break modelling

Undertaking a dam break analysis requires following range of data in

general:

i. Cross sections of the river from dam site and up to location downstream of

the dam to which the study is required

ii. Stage-volume relationship for the reservoir

iii. Salient features of the all hydraulic structures at the dam site and also in

the study reach of the river

iv. Design flood hydrograph

v. Stage-discharge relationship at the last river cross section of the study area

vi. Manning’s roughness coefficient for different reaches of the river under

study

vii. Rating curve of all the hydraulic structures in the study reach of the river

viii. Topographic map of the downstream area for preparation of inundation

map after dam break studies

11.3.7.2 Dam break model set up for Demwe Lower H.E. Project For dam break model setup and other hydrodynamic model set up for

Demwe Lower H.E. Project, the different components of the project have

been represented in the model as following:

Lohit river The Lohit river for a length of 58 km downstream of Demwe Lower dam site

has been represented in the model by cross sections taken at varying

intervals depending upon topography. The Lohit river cross section at dam

axis has been connected to a storage area representing the reservoir. As

the dam breach flood levels far exceed the normal flood level marks and

the flood spreads beyond the normal river course, the Manning’s

roughness coefficient for the dam break studies should be assumed

normally more than the other hydro-dynamic studies. The Manning’s

roughness coefficient for the first 10 km of the river reach downstream of

dam has been taken as 0.040 considering the bouldery river beds with

grassy banks of hilly terrain. From 10 to 58 km reach of the river the river



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bed is sandy with very wide alluvial flood plains thus the Manning’s

roughness coefficient has been taken as 0.035 to account for the river bed

& flood plain resistance.

Reservoir The reservoir has been represented in the model by storage area of the

graphical editor of the model and its Elevation-volume relationship has

been specified therein. The stage – volume relationship of the reservoir as

used in the model set up is given in Table 11.1

Dam and Spillway The concrete gravity dam of the project has been represented in the model

by its crest length and crest level at the cross section just downstream of

the reservoir. For the dam break study the breach plan data has been

specified at dam location. The surface spillway and sluice spillway of the

project have been represented as gated inline structures at the dam

location, with their crest level, gate size and number of gates specified

therein. The HEC-RAS model set up for dam and spillway is given in

Figure 11.4. Table 11.1: Elevation-Volume relationship of reservoir

ELEVATION

(m)

CUMULATIVE VOLUME

(million cubic meter)

ELEVATION

(m)

CUMULATIVE VOLUME

(million cubic meter)

400 274.18 413 393.08

401 283.06 414 403.13

402 291.93 415 413.18

403 300.81 416 423.23

404 309.68 417 433.28

405 318.56 418 443.34

406 327.43 419 453.39

407 336.31 420 463.44

408 345.18 421 474.47

409 354.05 422 485.50

410 362.93 423 496.53

411 372.98 424 507.56

412 383.03 425 518.59



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0 100 200 300 400 500 600300

350

400

450

500

550

Dem we Lower River = Lohit Reach = Dem we-ds RS = 80

Station (m)

Ele

vatio

n (m

)Legend

Ground

Bank Sta

Figure 11.4: HEC-RAS Model set up for dam and spillway

Upstream Boundary Normally upstream boundary for any hydrodynamic study is the flood

hydrograph. This flood hydrograph can be corresponding to a flood of

specific return period, Standard Project Flood (SPF) or Probable Maximum

Flood (PMF). For the dam break model simulation, the Probable Maximum

Flood (PMF) given in Table 11.2 has been considered as the upstream

boundary. The same has been impinged in to the reservoir as inflow

hydrograph.

Table 11.2: Probable Maximum Flood (PMF)

Time (hours)

Discharge (cumec)

Time (hours)

Discharge (cumec)

Time (hours)

Discharge (cumec)

0 2001 44 20105 88 7134

1 2001 45 20036 89 6699

2 2002 46 20242 90 6290

3 2007 47 20729 91 5908

4 2019 48 21484 92 5555

5 2044 49 22497 93 5230

6 2091 50 23718 94 4932

7 2176 51 25016 95 4655



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Time

(hours) Discharge (cumec)

Time (hours)

Discharge (cumec)

Time (hours)

Discharge (cumec)

8 2328 52 26226 96 4431

9 2585 53 27179 97 4265

10 2970 54 27773 98 3750

11 3493 55 28019 99 3164

12 4154 56 28500 100 2552

13 4953 57 27879 101 2016

14 5867 58 27674

15 6830 59 27404

16 7767 60 27051

17 8609 61 26603

18 9333 62 26055

19 9974 63 25387

20 10622 64 24594

21 11370 65 23683

22 12271 66 22670

23 13320 67 21593

24 14497 68 20509

25 15783 69 19465

26 17128 70 18481

27 18433 71 17562

28 19595 72 16703

29 20521 73 15908

30 21163 74 15181

31 21547 75 14509

32 21760 76 13868

33 21886 77 13236

34 21980 78 12595

35 22045 79 11949

36 22064 80 11318

37 22034 81 10716

38 21952 82 10143

39 21796 83 9596

40 21554 84 9068

41 21216 85 8558

42 20807 86 8066

43 20398 87 7591




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Downstream Boundary The Normal depth has been used as the downstream boundary for the dam

break model set up. The downstream boundary has been applied at the

cross section of Lohit river 58 km d/s of Demwe Lower dam axis. The HEC-

RAS Model set up for the dam break studies is given in Figure 11.5.


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Demwe-ds200

-3000

-4500.*

-5000-7000.*-7500.*

-8500.*-9500.*

-14000-15500.*

-18000.*-20000.*

-21500.*-23500.*

-27000.*-32500.*-36500.*

-40000.*-41500.*

-45000.*-51000.*

-53500.*-55500.*

-58000

Lohit

Reservoir

None of the XS's are Geo-Ref erenced ( Geo-Ref user entered XS Geo-Ref interpolated XS Non Geo-Ref user entered XS Non Geo-Ref interpolated XS)

Figure 11.5: HEC-RAS Model Set up for Dam Break Studies



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11.3.8 BREACH PARAMETERS AND DAM BREAK SIMULATION 11.3.8.1 Selection of breach parameters for Dam Break study

For any dam break study it is extremely difficult to predict the chances of

failure of a dam, as prediction of the dam breach parameters and timing of the

breach are not within the capability of any of the commercially available

mathematical models. However, assuming the dam fails, the important

aspects to deal with are, time of failure, extent of overtopping before failure,

size, shape and time of the breach formation. Estimation of the dam break

flood will depend on these parameters.

The breach characteristics that are used as input to the existing dam break

models are i) Final bottom width of the breach, ii) Final bottom elevation of the

breach, iii) Left and right side slope of the breaching section iv) Full formation

time of breach, and v) Reservoir level at time of start of breach. The breach

formation mechanism is, to a large extent, dependent on the type of dam and

the cause due to which the dam failed.

A study of the different dam failures indicate that concrete arch and gravity

dams breach by sudden collapse, overturning or sliding away of the structure

due to inadequate design or excessive forces that may result from

overtopping, earthquakes and deterioration of the abutment or foundation

material.

As per the UK Dam Break Guidelines and U.S. Federal Energy Regulatory

Commission (FERC) Guidelines, in the case of concrete gravity dams, the

breach width should be taken between 0.2 to 0.5 times the crest length of the

dam and full breach formation time should be taken instantaneous which may

be practically taken as 0.2 to 0.25 hours. The full breach formation time for the

dam break simulation of Demwe Lower H.E. Project has been considered as

15 minutes. The final bottom elevation of the breach for sensitivity analysis

has been taken corresponding to relatively weaker locations in the dam, such

location of openings, galleries etc. Further, the final bottom elevation of the

breach should be restricted to the reservoir bed level / natural ground level at

the dam location due to nil reservoir storage below this level.

Environmental Management Plan – Disaster Management Plan

11-18


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The manner in which the failure is to commence can be specified as one of

the following:

• At a specified stage (water surface elevation) of the reservoir and

duration

• At a specified time

• At a specified stage (water surface elevation) of the reservoir

11.3.8.2 Critical condition for dam break study

The critical condition for a dam break study is when the reservoir is at Full

Reservoir Level (FRL) and design flood hydrograph (PMF in the present case)

is impinged. Accordingly, in the present study keeping the initial reservoir

level 424 m, just near FRL, the reservoir routing has been carried out by

impinging the PMF. For opening schedule of spillway gates the elevation

controlled algorithm of HEC-RAS model has been used, where the spillway

gate opening is controlled with the rise and fall of reservoir water level just

upstream of dam. The upper and lower limits of reservoir level for PMF routing

have been fixed corresponding to FRL (424.8 m) and MDDL (408 m)

respectively. In order to get the maximum discharge through dam breach The

maximum water level reached in the reservoir during routing is 424.8 m which

occurs 55 hours 45 minutes after the impingement of PMF. The top of dam is

at EL 426.8 m. Hence, it can be said that even initial reservoir level at FRL the

PMF can be safely passed as the spillway capacity is adequate to negotiate

the PMF. Further, this type of routing has been adopted in order to get the

PMF peak and maximum dam break flood synchronized and thus resulting the

maximum net total discharge just downstream of the dam. The discharge

through spillway gates and the reservoir level as obtained during reservoir

routing of PMF is shown in Figure 11.6. The dates given on the horizontal

axis of the plot are the relative dates only, as used in HEC-RAS model set up.


11-19


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2400 1200 2400 1200 2400 1200 2400 1200 240020Sep2008 21Sep2008 22Sep2008 23Sep2008

300

320

340

360

380

400

420

440

0

5000

10000

15000

20000

25000

30000Plan: p01 River: Lohit Reach: Demwe-ds RS: 80

Tim e

Sta

ge (m

)

Flow

(m3/

s)

Legend

Reservoir level

Total outflow

Surface spillway flow

Sluice spillway flow

Figure 11.6: Discharge through spillway and reservoir level during reservoir

routing

From Figure 11.6 it can be seen that the PMF can be safely passed by

suitable operation of spillway gates. In order to get the maximum discharge

through the breach and most critical dam break flood, the dam has been

assumed to breach 55 hours 45 minutes after the impingement of PMF i.e. on

22 Sep 2008, 0745 hours as per simulation time adopted, when the reservoir

level is at FRL. 11.3.8.3 Breach parameters selected for sensitivity analysis of dam break

simulation

Considering the criteria for selection of breach parameters and critical

condition for the dam break study as discussed earlier, two different cases of

breach parameters as given in (Table 11.3) have been identified for sensitivity

analysis of dam break simulations. In all these two cases, the initial breach

elevation has been taken corresponding to the top of dam (EL 426.8 m). The

final bottom elevation of the breach has been taken corresponding to gallery

levels. The breach side slope has been taken as zero as applicable for

concrete gravity dam. The time of failure has been taken as 15 minutes for the

instantaneous failure of non- overflow blocks.


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Table 11.3: Breach parameters considered for sensitivity analysis

Breach Elevation

(m)

Breach

Width (m)

Case

No.

Initial Final

Breach

Develo-

pment

Time

(Minutes)

Max.

Discha-

rge just

d/s of

dam

(cumec)

Remarks

1. 426.8 390 120 15 55775 5 non-overflow blocks

right of the sluice spillway

considered to break up to

the gallery at EL 390 m.

2. 426.8 360 45 15 55309 2 non-overflow blocks right

of the sluice spillway

considered to break up to

the gallery at EL 360 m.

As case-1 generates the maximum discharge through the breach width of 120

m, the same has been finalized for detailed outputs of dam break simulation.

11.3.8.4 Dam break simulation: Breach width 120m, breach depth 36.8 m

In the present case, five non-overflow blocks right of the sluice spillway

(Figure11.2) with total width of 120 m considered to break till the gallery at EL

390 m, 55 hours 45 minutes after the occurrence of PMF. In the model set up

the first ordinate of PMF hydrograph has been assumed to occur on 19 Sep

2008 at 2400 hour (which is a relative time used for mathematical modelling

only). Accordingly, the breach has been assumed to start on 22 Sep 2008 at

0745 hours. The maximum discharge through breach has been found as

26526 cumec occurring on 22 Sep 2008 at 0800 hours or (56 hours after the

impingement of PMF hydrograph). The time series plot of discharge through

dam breach is given in Figure 11.7.


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Figure 11.7: Discharge time series through dam breach

2400 1200 2400 1200 2400 1200 2400 1200 240020Sep2008 21Sep2008 22Sep2008 23Sep2008

0

5000

10000

15000

20000

25000

30000

80 INL STRUCT Tim e s eries of dis charge

Tim e

FLO

W (M

3/S)

Note: The dates and time are relative dates and time as used in the HEC-RAS

model set up

The dam break flood hydrograph just downstream of Demwe Lower dam

(comprising of total discharge through spillway and dam breach) with peak

55775 cumec is given in Figure 11.8. The time of occurrence of the flood

peak is on 22 Sep 2008 at 0800 hours, which is 15 minutes after the start of

breach. The peak segment of the hydrograph (Figure 11.8) last for about 4

hours. This is due to medium reservoir capacity, and the reservoir gets

depleted quickly after the dam breach.

The maximum discharge, water level and flood travel time at different

locations of the Lohit river downstream of the dam are given in Table 11.4.

From the Table 11.4, it can be seen that the dam breach flood peak just

downstream of the dam is 55775 cumec, which reduces to 40084 cumec at

the chainage 58000 m downstream of the dam axis. Here it is important to

mention that the attenuation pattern of any dam break flood hydrograph

depends upon the reservoir capacity, variability of river cross sections in the

study reach and the time base of the peak segment of the flood hydrograph. If


11-22


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the time base of the peak segment of the flood hydrograph is more its

attenuation along the downstream river reach will be relatively less. The flood

peak attenuation of about 15000 cumec is basically due to medium reservoir

capacity and variation in Lohit river cross section downstream of Demwe

Lower dam. The average velocity of the flood wave is about 9 km/hour due to

extensive widening of Lohit river course after 5 km downstream of proposed

Demwe Lower dam axis.

Figure 11.8: Dam break flood hydrograph due to Demwe Lower dam break

2400 1200 2400 1200 2400 1200 2400 1200 240020Sep2008 21Sep2008 22Sep2008 23Sep2008

0

10000

20000

30000

40000

50000

60000

LOHIT DEMWE-DS 0 Tim e s eries of dis charge

Tim e

FLO

W (M

3/S

)

Table 11.4: Maximum discharge, water level and flood wave travel time at different

locations of Lohit river for Demwe Lower dam break (breach width 120m, breach depth 36.8m)


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(Note: -100, -1000 etc denote the location of river cross sections 100 m, 1000 m d/s of dam axis)

River Chainage (m) d/s of Demwe Lower

dam axis Profile

Max discharge

Bed level Max.

Water level

Travel Time

(m3/s) (m) (m) (hrs)

Lohit 0 Max WS 55775 296.37 323.56 0

Lohit -100 Max WS 55770 294.87 322.68 0

Lohit -200 Max WS 55766 292.17 322.71 0

Lohit -300 Max WS 55759 288.57 321.92 0

Lohit -400 Max WS 55750 293.57 322.73 0.01

Lohit -600 Max WS 55738 299.27 321.07 0.01

Lohit -1000 Max WS 55724 291.97 316.97 0.02

Lohit -1500 Max WS 55713 290.47 313.00 0.03

Lohit -2000 Max WS 55706 292.27 307.13 0.04

Lohit -2500.* Max WS 55704 286.14 299.97 0.05

Lohit -3000 Max WS 55688 280.00 295.56 0.07

Lohit -3500.* Max WS 55682 278.00 293.21 0.09

Lohit -4000 Max WS 55656 276.00 289.60 0.11

Lohit -4500.* Max WS 53880 274.00 288.29 0.13

Lohit -5000 Max WS 52721 272.00 288.17 0.17

Lohit -5500.* Max WS 52569 269.50 287.27 0.21

Lohit -6000 Max WS 52485 267.00 284.31 0.24

Lohit -6500.* Max WS 52417 265.50 281.12 0.26

Lohit -7000.* Max WS 52372 264.00 278.01 0.29

Lohit -7500.* Max WS 52306 262.50 274.96 0.31

Lohit -8000.* Max WS 52259 261.00 271.91 0.34

Lohit -8500.* Max WS 52203 259.50 268.94 0.37

Lohit -9000.* Max WS 52142 258.00 265.79 0.40

Lohit -9500.* Max WS 52126 256.50 263.08 0.43

Lohit -10000 Max WS 52123 255.00 259.50 0.47

Lohit -10500.* Max WS 52108 250.37 254.93 0.50

Lohit -11000.* Max WS 52089 245.75 250.36 0.52

Lohit -11500.* Max WS 52081 241.13 245.72 0.55

Lohit -12000.* Max WS 52072 236.50 241.12 0.58

Lohit -12500.* Max WS 52057 231.88 236.33 0.61

Lohit -13000.* Max WS 51985 227.25 231.74 0.64

Lohit -13500.* Max WS 52025 222.63 226.47 0.67

Lohit -14000 Max WS 51513 218.00 222.87 0.71


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dam axis Profile

Max discharge

Bed level Max.

Water level

Travel Time

(m3/s) (m) (m) (hrs)

Lohit -14500.* Max WS 51224 216.69 222.00 0.76

Lohit -15000.* Max WS 50983 215.38 220.97 0.82

Lohit -15500.* Max WS 50765 214.06 219.85 0.87

Lohit -16000.* Max WS 50575 212.75 218.69 0.92

Lohit -16500.* Max WS 50396 211.44 217.50 0.97

Lohit -17000.* Max WS 50230 210.12 216.29 1.01

Lohit -17500.* Max WS 50121 208.81 215.07 1.06

Lohit -18000.* Max WS 49973 207.50 213.85 1.11

Lohit -18500.* Max WS 49827 206.19 212.62 1.15

Lohit -19000.* Max WS 49731 204.88 211.38 1.20

Lohit -19500.* Max WS 49602 203.56 210.14 1.24

Lohit -20000.* Max WS 49510 202.25 208.90 1.28

Lohit -20500.* Max WS 49386 200.94 207.66 1.33

Lohit -21000.* Max WS 49306 199.63 206.41 1.37

Lohit -21500.* Max WS 49264 198.31 205.15 1.41

Lohit -22000 Max WS 49214 197.00 203.45 1.45

Lohit -22500.* Max WS 49169 195.58 201.63 1.49

Lohit -23000.* Max WS 49124 194.17 199.82 1.53

Lohit -23500.* Max WS 49079 192.75 198.03 1.57

Lohit -24000.* Max WS 49035 191.33 196.26 1.60

Lohit -24500.* Max WS 48992 189.92 194.52 1.64

Lohit -25000.* Max WS 48964 188.50 192.80 1.68

Lohit -25500.* Max WS 48923 187.08 191.09 1.72

Lohit -26000.* Max WS 48883 185.67 189.40 1.77

Lohit -26500.* Max WS 48829 184.25 187.63 1.81

Lohit -27000.* Max WS 48815 182.83 186.06 1.86

Lohit -27500.* Max WS 48776 181.42 183.86 1.91

Lohit -28000 Max WS 48628 180.00 182.31 1.97

Lohit -28500.* Max WS 48495 178.50 181.46 2.05

Lohit -29000.* Max WS 48313 177.00 180.52 2.13

Lohit -29500.* Max WS 48147 175.50 179.42 2.19

Lohit -30000.* Max WS 47991 174.00 178.25 2.25

Lohit -30500.* Max WS 47836 172.50 177.02 2.31

Lohit -31000.* Max WS 47690 171.00 175.74 2.36


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dam axis Profile

Max discharge

Bed level Max.

Water level

Travel Time

(m3/s) (m) (m) (hrs)

Lohit -31500.* Max WS 47538 169.50 174.39 2.41

Lohit -32000.* Max WS 47428 168.00 172.99 2.46

Lohit -32500.* Max WS 47358 166.50 171.54 2.50

Lohit -33000.* Max WS 47305 165.00 170.12 2.54

Lohit -33500.* Max WS 47266 163.50 168.77 2.58

Lohit -34000.* Max WS 47228 162.00 167.41 2.62

Lohit -34500.* Max WS 47206 160.50 166.04 2.66

Lohit -35000.* Max WS 47173 159.00 164.64 2.70

Lohit -35500.* Max WS 47141 157.50 163.21 2.74

Lohit -36000.* Max WS 47111 156.00 161.73 2.77

Lohit -36500.* Max WS 47092 154.50 160.20 2.81

Lohit -37000.* Max WS 47052 153.00 158.57 2.85

Lohit -37500.* Max WS 46831 151.50 157.13 2.90

Lohit -38000 Max WS 46575 150.00 156.39 2.95

Lohit -38500.* Max WS 46367 149.50 155.81 3.02

Lohit -39000.* Max WS 46216 149.00 155.22 3.08

Lohit -39500.* Max WS 46024 148.50 154.64 3.15

Lohit -40000.* Max WS 45884 148.00 154.05 3.21

Lohit -40500.* Max WS 45704 147.50 153.46 3.27

Lohit -41000.* Max WS 45530 147.00 152.87 3.34

Lohit -41500.* Max WS 45401 146.50 152.29 3.40

Lohit -42000.* Max WS 45237 146.00 151.70 3.46

Lohit -42500.* Max WS 45122 145.50 151.13 3.52

Lohit -43000.* Max WS 45014 145.00 150.55 3.59

Lohit -43500.* Max WS 44918 144.50 149.95 3.65

Lohit -44000.* Max WS 44859 144.00 149.32 3.71

Lohit -44500.* Max WS 44783 143.50 148.66 3.77

Lohit -45000.* Max WS 44716 143.00 147.98 3.84

Lohit -45500.* Max WS 44648 142.50 147.27 3.90

Lohit -46000.* Max WS 44529 142.00 146.53 3.97

Lohit -46500.* Max WS 44215 141.50 145.81 4.03

Lohit -47000.* Max WS 43533 141.00 145.22 4.10

Lohit -47500.* Max WS 42970 140.50 144.85 4.19

Lohit -48000 Max WS 42594 140.00 144.65 4.29


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dam axis Profile

Max discharge

Bed level Max.

Water level

Travel Time

(m3/s) (m) (m) (hrs)

Lohit -48500.* Max WS 42357 139.85 144.49 4.41

Lohit -49000.* Max WS 42134 139.70 144.32 4.53

Lohit -49500.* Max WS 41880 139.55 144.15 4.64

Lohit -50000.* Max WS 41691 139.40 143.98 4.76

Lohit -50500.* Max WS 41514 139.25 143.79 4.88

Lohit -51000.* Max WS 41309 139.10 143.61 4.99

Lohit -51500.* Max WS 41158 138.95 143.41 5.11

Lohit -52000.* Max WS 41019 138.80 143.21 5.23

Lohit -52500.* Max WS 40891 138.65 143.01 5.35

Lohit -53000.* Max WS 40773 138.50 142.79 5.46

Lohit -53500.* Max WS 40638 138.35 142.57 5.58

Lohit -54000.* Max WS 40539 138.20 142.33 5.70

Lohit -54500.* Max WS 40449 138.05 142.08 5.82

Lohit -55000.* Max WS 40369 137.90 141.82 5.94

Lohit -55500.* Max WS 40296 137.75 141.54 6.06

Lohit -56000.* Max WS 40219 137.60 141.24 6.18

Lohit -56500.* Max WS 40166 137.45 140.93 6.31

Lohit -57000.* Max WS 40120 137.30 140.58 6.43

Lohit -57500.* Max WS 40093 137.15 140.19 6.56

Lohit -58000 Max WS 40084 137.00 139.74 6.68

Note: .* indicates the cross section locations interpolated by HEC-RAS Model

11.3.8.5 Time series plot of water level

The plots of time series of water level for the entire simulation period of 101

hours (from 19Jul2008 : 2400 hours to 24Sep2008 : 0500 hours) at the three

cross sections one each at starting, middle and end of the study reach, is

given in Figure 11.9. As the main concern for dam break study is the peak

segment of stage/water level time series, the same has been plotted in

Figure 11.10 at different downstream locations of Lohit river for a simulation

period of 30 hours (from 22 Sep 2008 : 0200 hours to 22 Sep 2008: 2400

hours), in order to get hourly change in water level. The same can be used for

estimating the period of inundation corresponding to a particular elevation

during the preparation of disaster management plan.


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The plots of all the cross sections of Lohit river used for the study along with

the maximum water level attained at that location due to dam break flood are

given in Figure 11.11. The above plots are appended at the end.

11.3.8.6 Dam Breach flood hydrograph

The dam break flood hydrograph just downstream of the Demwe Lower dam

for breach parameters corresponding to case-1 is also produced in tabular

form in Table 11.5.

Table 11.5: Dam break flood hydrograph

Date and Time (hour : minute) as per

HEC-RAS simulation period adopted

Time as per normal notation

(hour : minute)

Discharge (cumec)

19Sep2008 24:00 0 2000

20Sep2008 01:00 1 2488

20Sep2008 02:00 2 2700

20Sep2008 03:00 3 2840

20Sep2008 04:00 4 2948

20Sep2008 05:00 5 2956

20Sep2008 06:00 6 3000

20Sep2008 07:00 7 3034

20Sep2008 08:00 8 3068

20Sep2008 09:00 9 3100

20Sep2008 10:00 10 3108

20Sep2008 11:00 11 3110

20Sep2008 12:00 12 3121

20Sep2008 13:00 13 3143

20Sep2008 14:00 14 3177

20Sep2008 15:00 15 3224

20Sep2008 16:00 16 10982

20Sep2008 17:00 17 11353

20Sep2008 18:00 18 11265

20Sep2008 19:00 19 11205

20Sep2008 20:00 20 11171

20Sep2008 21:00 21 11165


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Date and Time

(hour : minute) as per HEC-RAS simulation period

adopted


(hour : minute)

Discharge (cumec)

20Sep2008 22:00 22 11190

20Sep2008 23:00 23 11250

20Sep2008 24:00 24 11350

21Sep2008 01:00 25 13203

21Sep2008 02:00 26 20431

21Sep2008 03:00 27 20276

21Sep2008 04:00 28 20201

21Sep2008 05:00 29 20194

21Sep2008 06:00 30 20233

21Sep2008 07:00 31 20300

21Sep2008 08:00 32 20380

21Sep2008 09:00 33 20465

21Sep2008 10:00 34 21530

21Sep2008 11:00 35 23404

21Sep2008 12:00 36 23315

21Sep2008 13:00 37 23231

21Sep2008 14:00 38 23149

21Sep2008 15:00 39 23064

21Sep2008 16:00 40 22971

21Sep2008 17:00 41 22864

21Sep2008 18:00 42 22738

21Sep2008 19:00 43 22589

21Sep2008 20:00 44 22413

21Sep2008 21:00 45 22235

21Sep2008 22:00 46 22075

21Sep2008 23:00 47 21952

21Sep2008 24:00 48 21887

22Sep2008 01:00 49 21897

22Sep2008 02:00 50 21992

22Sep2008 03:00 51 22176

22Sep2008 04:00 52 22440

22Sep2008 05:00 53 22747

22Sep2008 06:00 54 23066

22Sep2008 07:00 55 23386


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Date and Time


adopted


(hour : minute)

Discharge (cumec)

22Sep2008 07:15 55:15 23465

22Sep2008 07:30 55:30 25988

22Sep2008 07:45 55:45 28710

22Sep2008 08:00 56 55775

22Sep2008 08:15 56:15 52968

22Sep2008 08:30 56:30 50247

22Sep2008 08:45 56:45 47671

22Sep2008 09:00 57 45422

22Sep2008 09:15 57:15 43455

22Sep2008 09:30 57:30 41732

22Sep2008 09:45 57:45 40217

22Sep2008 10:00 58 38772

22Sep2008 11:00 59 34225

22Sep2008 12:00 60 31566

22Sep2008 13:00 61 29840

22Sep2008 14:00 62 23968

22Sep2008 15:00 63 23925

22Sep2008 16:00 64 24279

22Sep2008 17:00 65 24217

22Sep2008 18:00 66 23845

22Sep2008 19:00 67 23251

22Sep2008 20:00 68 19341

22Sep2008 21:00 69 19537

22Sep2008 22:00 70 19341

22Sep2008 23:00 71 16870

22Sep2008 24:00 72 16940

23Sep2008 01:00 73 15524

23Sep2008 02:00 74 15224

23Sep2008 03:00 75 14792

23Sep2008 04:00 76 13845

23Sep2008 05:00 77 13753

23Sep2008 06:00 78 12597

23Sep2008 07:00 79 11606

23Sep2008 08:00 80 11534


11-30


CISMHE

Date and Time


adopted


(hour : minute)

Discharge (cumec)

23Sep2008 09:00 81 10723

23Sep2008 10:00 82 10003

23Sep2008 11:00 83 9374

23Sep2008 12:00 84 8865

23Sep2008 13:00 85 8459

23Sep2008 14:00 86 8152

23Sep2008 15:00 87 7540

23Sep2008 16:00 88 7403

23Sep2008 17:00 89 7269

23Sep2008 18:00 90 7058

23Sep2008 19:00 91 6801

23Sep2008 20:00 92 6519

23Sep2008 21:00 93 6225

23Sep2008 22:00 94 5930

23Sep2008 23:00 95 5643

23Sep2008 24:00 96 5370

24Sep2008 01:00 97 5121

24Sep2008 02:00 98 4851

24Sep2008 03:00 99 4436

24Sep2008 04:00 100 3414

24Sep2008 05:00 101 2716

11.3.8.7 Longitudinal profile

The longitudinal profile of the Lohit river for dam break condition is given in

Figure 11.12 of the chapter.

11.3.9 Maximum water level in Lohit river due to occurrence of PMF without

dam break

In order to assess the maximum water level at different locations of Lohit river

downstream of Demwe Lower dam due to occurrence of PMF, without any

dam break, the PMF has been routed through the reservoir assuming initial

water level at FRL. Since FRL and MWL are same ie EL 424.8 m, hence no

mitigation of flood is possible as no additional flood storage is available.


11-31


CISMHE

Further, the spillway capacity is adequate to negotiate the PMF hence the

PMF can be safely passed through reservoir. In this case the spillway gate

openings has been fully synchronised with the ordinates of PMF hydrograph.


locations of the Lohit river downstream of the dam are given in Table 11.6.

The average velocity of the flood wave is about 8 km/hour.

Table 11.6: Maximum discharge, water level and flood wave travel time in Lohit river

due to occurrence of PMF without dam breach

River

Chainage (m) d/s

of Demwe Lower

dam axis

Profile Max

discharge Bed level

Max. Water level

Travel Time

(m3/s) (m) (m) (hrs)

Lohit 0 Max WS 28500 296.37 316.61 0

Lohit -100 Max WS 28497 294.87 317.04 0

Lohit -200 Max WS 28496 292.17 317.55 0

Lohit -300 Max WS 28494 288.57 316.72 0.01

Lohit -400 Max WS 28492 293.57 317.13 0.01

Lohit -600 Max WS 28489 299.27 315.67 0.01

Lohit -1000 Max WS 28482 291.97 312.04 0.02

Lohit -1500 Max WS 28486 290.47 310.19 0.04

Lohit -2000 Max WS 28485 292.27 302.59 0.05

Lohit -2500.* Max WS 28483 286.14 294.42 0.07

Lohit -3000 Max WS 28479 280.00 292.14 0.09

Lohit -3500.* Max WS 28474 278.00 289.96 0.11

Lohit -4000 Max WS 28465 276.00 286.79 0.14

Lohit -4500.* Max WS 28452 274.00 285.44 0.16

Lohit -5000 Max WS 28447 272.00 285.21 0.21

Lohit -5500.* Max WS 28435 269.50 284.46 0.26

Lohit -6000 Max WS 28433 267.00 281.65 0.3

Lohit -6500.* Max WS 28431 265.50 278.86 0.32

Lohit -7000.* Max WS 28426 264.00 276.08 0.35

Lohit -7500.* Max WS 28424 262.50 273.31 0.38

Lohit -8000.* Max WS 28421 261.00 270.48 0.41


11-32


CISMHE

River

Chainage (m) d/s

of Demwe Lower

dam axis

Profile Max

discharge Bed level

Max. Water level

Travel Time

Lohit -8500.* Max WS 28419 259.50 267.74 0.45

Lohit -9000.* Max WS 28416 258.00 264.77 0.49

Lohit -9500.* Max WS 28414 256.50 262.17 0.53

Lohit -10000 Max WS 28413 255.00 258.59 0.57

Lohit -10500.* Max WS 28410 250.37 253.99 0.6

Lohit -11000.* Max WS 28410 245.75 249.43 0.63

Lohit -11500.* Max WS 28407 241.13 244.77 0.67

Lohit -12000.* Max WS 28406 236.50 240.21 0.7

Lohit -12500.* Max WS 28404 231.88 235.39 0.73

Lohit -13000.* Max WS 28404 227.25 230.9 0.77

Lohit -13500.* Max WS 28402 222.63 225.64 0.8

Lohit -14000 Max WS 28397 218.00 221.82 0.85

Lohit -14500.* Max WS 28392 216.69 220.92 0.91

Lohit -15000.* Max WS 28387 215.38 219.84 0.98

Lohit -15500.* Max WS 28385 214.06 218.7 1.04

Lohit -16000.* Max WS 28382 212.75 217.51 1.09

Lohit -16500.* Max WS 28377 211.44 216.31 1.15

Lohit -17000.* Max WS 28374 210.12 215.09 1.2

Lohit -17500.* Max WS 28370 208.81 213.86 1.26

Lohit -18000.* Max WS 28369 207.50 212.62 1.31

Lohit -18500.* Max WS 28365 206.19 211.38 1.36

Lohit -19000.* Max WS 28362 204.88 210.14 1.41

Lohit -19500.* Max WS 28358 203.56 208.89 1.46

Lohit -20000.* Max WS 28357 202.25 207.64 1.51

Lohit -20500.* Max WS 28354 200.94 206.38 1.56

Lohit -21000.* Max WS 28351 199.63 205.13 1.61

Lohit -21500.* Max WS 28350 198.31 203.9 1.66

Lohit -22000 Max WS 28348 197.00 202.24 1.71

Lohit -22500.* Max WS 28346 195.58 200.44 1.75

Lohit -23000.* Max WS 28345 194.17 198.65 1.79

Lohit -23500.* Max WS 28343 192.75 196.9 1.84

Lohit -24000.* Max WS 28342 191.33 195.17 1.88


11-33


CISMHE

River

Chainage (m) d/s

of Demwe Lower

dam axis

Profile Max

discharge Bed level

Max. Water level

Travel Time

Lohit -24500.* Max WS 28340 189.92 193.48 1.93

Lohit -25000.* Max WS 28339 188.50 191.81 1.97

Lohit -25500.* Max WS 28337 187.08 190.16 2.02

Lohit -26000.* Max WS 28336 185.67 188.55 2.07

Lohit -26500.* Max WS 28334 184.25 186.86 2.13

Lohit -27000.* Max WS 28332 182.83 185.38 2.19

Lohit -27500.* Max WS 28331 181.42 183.32 2.25

Lohit -28000 Max WS 28329 180.00 181.78 2.32

Lohit -28500.* Max WS 28325 178.50 180.86 2.41

Lohit -29000.* Max WS 28321 177.00 179.77 2.5

Lohit -29500.* Max WS 28318 175.50 178.57 2.57

Lohit -30000.* Max WS 28313 174.00 177.27 2.63

Lohit -30500.* Max WS 28309 172.50 175.87 2.69

Lohit -31000.* Max WS 28308 171.00 174.38 2.74

Lohit -31500.* Max WS 28306 169.50 172.95 2.79

Lohit -32000.* Max WS 28304 168.00 171.59 2.84

Lohit -32500.* Max WS 28302 166.50 170.24 2.89

Lohit -33000.* Max WS 28302 165.00 168.89 2.93

Lohit -33500.* Max WS 28300 163.50 167.54 2.98

Lohit -34000.* Max WS 28299 162.00 166.19 3.02

Lohit -34500.* Max WS 28297 160.50 164.83 3.07

Lohit -35000.* Max WS 28296 159.00 163.45 3.11

Lohit -35500.* Max WS 28295 157.50 162.05 3.16

Lohit -36000.* Max WS 28293 156.00 160.62 3.2

Lohit -36500.* Max WS 28292 154.50 159.14 3.25

Lohit -37000.* Max WS 28291 153.00 157.58 3.3

Lohit -37500.* Max WS 28287 151.50 156.11 3.34

Lohit -38000 Max WS 28283 150.00 155.29 3.4

Lohit -38500.* Max WS 28279 149.50 154.71 3.48

Lohit -39000.* Max WS 28274 149.00 154.12 3.55

Lohit -39500.* Max WS 28270 148.50 153.53 3.62

Lohit -40000.* Max WS 28266 148.00 152.94 3.7


11-34


CISMHE

River

Chainage (m) d/s

of Demwe Lower

dam axis

Profile Max

discharge Bed level

Max. Water level

Travel Time

Lohit -40500.* Max WS 28262 147.50 152.35 3.77

Lohit -41000.* Max WS 28258 147.00 151.76 3.84

Lohit -41500.* Max WS 28254 146.50 151.17 3.91

Lohit -42000.* Max WS 28250 146.00 150.58 3.98

Lohit -42500.* Max WS 28246 145.50 149.99 4.05

Lohit -43000.* Max WS 28242 145.00 149.4 4.12

Lohit -43500.* Max WS 28239 144.50 148.82 4.19

Lohit -44000.* Max WS 28235 144.00 148.25 4.26

Lohit -44500.* Max WS 28232 143.50 147.67 4.33

Lohit -45000.* Max WS 28229 143.00 147.05 4.4

Lohit -45500.* Max WS 28226 142.50 146.4 4.47

Lohit -46000.* Max WS 28223 142.00 145.74 4.55

Lohit -46500.* Max WS 28216 141.50 145.07 4.62

Lohit -47000.* Max WS 28195 141.00 144.48 4.7

Lohit -47500.* Max WS 28171 140.50 144.08 4.8

Lohit -48000 Max WS 28153 140.00 143.89 4.92

Lohit -48500.* Max WS 28143 139.85 143.74 5.06

Lohit -49000.* Max WS 28127 139.70 143.59 5.2

Lohit -49500.* Max WS 28119 139.55 143.43 5.34

Lohit -50000.* Max WS 28111 139.40 143.28 5.48

Lohit -50500.* Max WS 28097 139.25 143.11 5.61

Lohit -51000.* Max WS 28090 139.10 142.94 5.75

Lohit -51500.* Max WS 28078 138.95 142.77 5.89

Lohit -52000.* Max WS 28072 138.80 142.59 6.02

Lohit -52500.* Max WS 28066 138.65 142.4 6.16

Lohit -53000.* Max WS 28056 138.50 142.21 6.3

Lohit -53500.* Max WS 28047 138.35 142 6.43

Lohit -54000.* Max WS 28043 138.20 141.79 6.57

Lohit -54500.* Max WS 28036 138.05 141.56 6.71

Lohit -55000.* Max WS 28032 137.90 141.33 6.84

Lohit -55500.* Max WS 28026 137.75 141.07 6.98

Lohit -56000.* Max WS 28023 137.60 140.8 7.12


11-35


CISMHE

River

Chainage (m) d/s

of Demwe Lower

dam axis

Profile Max

discharge Bed level

Max. Water level

Travel Time

Lohit -56500.* Max WS 28018 137.45 140.51 7.26

Lohit -57000.* Max WS 28016 137.30 140.2 7.4

Lohit -57500.* Max WS 28014 137.15 139.84 7.54

Lohit -58000 Max WS 28012 137.00 139.39 7.68

Note : .* indicates the cross section locations interpolated by HEC-RAS Model

11.3.10 Maximum water level in virgin condition of Lohit river due to

occurrence of PMF It is important to know the water level for occurrence of PMF in the virgin

condition of the Lohit river i.e., without Demwe Lower dam. This will indicate

inundation levels under virgin conditions. In this condition the PMF has been

impinged at chainage “0” of the Lohit river (location just downstream of dam)

without considering the Demwe Lower dam.


locations of the Lohit river are given in Table 11.7. The average velocity of the

flood wave in this case is also about 8 km/hour.

Table 11.7: Maximum discharge, water level and average travel time in virgin

condition of Lohit river due to occurrence of PMF

River

Chainage (m) d/s of

Demwe Lower dam

axis

Profile Max

discharge Bed level

Max. Water level

Travel Time

(m3/s) (m) (m) (hrs)

Lohit 0 Max WS 28500 296.37 316.61 0

Lohit -100 Max WS 28497 294.87 317.04 0

Lohit -200 Max WS 28496 292.17 317.55 0

Lohit -300 Max WS 28494 288.57 316.72 0.01

Lohit -400 Max WS 28492 293.57 317.13 0.01


11-36


CISMHE

River

Chainage (m) d/s of

Demwe Lower dam

axis

Profile Max

discharge Bed level

Max. Water level

Travel Time

(m3/s) (m) (m) (hrs)

Lohit -600 Max WS 28489 299.27 315.67 0.01

Lohit -1000 Max WS 28482 291.97 312.04 0.02

Lohit -1500 Max WS 28486 290.47 310.19 0.04

Lohit -2000 Max WS 28485 292.27 302.59 0.05

Lohit -2500.* Max WS 28483 286.14 294.42 0.07

Lohit -3000 Max WS 28479 280.00 292.14 0.09

Lohit -3500.* Max WS 28474 278.00 289.96 0.11

Lohit -4000 Max WS 28465 276.00 286.79 0.14

Lohit -4500.* Max WS 28452 274.00 285.44 0.16

Lohit -5000 Max WS 28447 272.00 285.21 0.21

Lohit -5500.* Max WS 28435 269.50 284.46 0.26

Lohit -6000 Max WS 28433 267.00 281.65 0.3

Lohit -6500.* Max WS 28431 265.50 278.86 0.32

Lohit -7000.* Max WS 28426 264.00 276.08 0.35

Lohit -7500.* Max WS 28424 262.50 273.31 0.38

Lohit -8000.* Max WS 28421 261.00 270.48 0.41

Lohit -8500.* Max WS 28419 259.50 267.74 0.45

Lohit -9000.* Max WS 28416 258.00 264.77 0.49

Lohit -9500.* Max WS 28414 256.50 262.17 0.53

Lohit -10000 Max WS 28413 255.00 258.59 0.57

Lohit -10500.* Max WS 28410 250.37 253.99 0.6

Lohit -11000.* Max WS 28410 245.75 249.43 0.63

Lohit -11500.* Max WS 28407 241.13 244.77 0.67

Lohit -12000.* Max WS 28406 236.50 240.21 0.7

Lohit -12500.* Max WS 28404 231.88 235.39 0.73

Lohit -13000.* Max WS 28404 227.25 230.9 0.77

Lohit -13500.* Max WS 28402 222.63 225.64 0.8

Lohit -14000 Max WS 28397 218.00 221.82 0.85

Lohit -14500.* Max WS 28392 216.69 220.92 0.91

Lohit -15000.* Max WS 28387 215.38 219.84 0.98

Lohit -15500.* Max WS 28385 214.06 218.7 1.04

Lohit -16000.* Max WS 28382 212.75 217.51 1.09


11-37


CISMHE

River

Chainage (m) d/s of

Demwe Lower dam

axis

Profile Max

discharge Bed level

Max. Water level

Travel Time

(m3/s) (m) (m) (hrs)

Lohit -16500.* Max WS 28377 211.44 216.31 1.15

Lohit -17000.* Max WS 28374 210.12 215.09 1.2

Lohit -17500.* Max WS 28370 208.81 213.86 1.26

Lohit -18000.* Max WS 28369 207.50 212.62 1.31

Lohit -18500.* Max WS 28365 206.19 211.38 1.36

Lohit -19000.* Max WS 28362 204.88 210.14 1.41

Lohit -19500.* Max WS 28358 203.56 208.89 1.46

Lohit -20000.* Max WS 28357 202.25 207.64 1.51

Lohit -20500.* Max WS 28354 200.94 206.38 1.56

Lohit -21000.* Max WS 28351 199.63 205.13 1.61

Lohit -21500.* Max WS 28350 198.31 203.9 1.66

Lohit -22000 Max WS 28348 197.00 202.24 1.71

Lohit -22500.* Max WS 28346 195.58 200.44 1.75

Lohit -23000.* Max WS 28345 194.17 198.65 1.79

Lohit -23500.* Max WS 28343 192.75 196.9 1.84

Lohit -24000.* Max WS 28342 191.33 195.17 1.88

Lohit -24500.* Max WS 28340 189.92 193.48 1.93

Lohit -25000.* Max WS 28339 188.50 191.81 1.97

Lohit -25500.* Max WS 28337 187.08 190.16 2.02

Lohit -26000.* Max WS 28336 185.67 188.55 2.07

Lohit -26500.* Max WS 28334 184.25 186.86 2.13

Lohit -27000.* Max WS 28332 182.83 185.38 2.19

Lohit -27500.* Max WS 28331 181.42 183.32 2.25

Lohit -28000 Max WS 28329 180.00 181.78 2.32

Lohit -28500.* Max WS 28325 178.50 180.86 2.41

Lohit -29000.* Max WS 28321 177.00 179.77 2.5

Lohit -29500.* Max WS 28318 175.50 178.57 2.57

Lohit -30000.* Max WS 28313 174.00 177.27 2.63

Lohit -30500.* Max WS 28309 172.50 175.87 2.69

Lohit -31000.* Max WS 28308 171.00 174.38 2.74

Lohit -31500.* Max WS 28306 169.50 172.95 2.79

Lohit -32000.* Max WS 28304 168.00 171.59 2.84


11-38


CISMHE

River

Chainage (m) d/s of

Demwe Lower dam

axis

Profile Max

discharge Bed level

Max. Water level

Travel Time

(m3/s) (m) (m) (hrs)

Lohit -32500.* Max WS 28302 166.50 170.24 2.89

Lohit -33000.* Max WS 28302 165.00 168.89 2.93

Lohit -33500.* Max WS 28300 163.50 167.54 2.98

Lohit -34000.* Max WS 28299 162.00 166.19 3.02

Lohit -34500.* Max WS 28297 160.50 164.83 3.07

Lohit -35000.* Max WS 28296 159.00 163.45 3.11

Lohit -35500.* Max WS 28295 157.50 162.05 3.16

Lohit -36000.* Max WS 28293 156.00 160.62 3.2

Lohit -36500.* Max WS 28292 154.50 159.14 3.25

Lohit -37000.* Max WS 28291 153.00 157.58 3.3

Lohit -37500.* Max WS 28287 151.50 156.11 3.34

Lohit -38000 Max WS 28283 150.00 155.29 3.4

Lohit -38500.* Max WS 28279 149.50 154.71 3.48

Lohit -39000.* Max WS 28274 149.00 154.12 3.55

Lohit -39500.* Max WS 28270 148.50 153.53 3.62

Lohit -40000.* Max WS 28266 148.00 152.94 3.7

Lohit -40500.* Max WS 28262 147.50 152.35 3.77

Lohit -41000.* Max WS 28258 147.00 151.76 3.84

Lohit -41500.* Max WS 28254 146.50 151.17 3.91

Lohit -42000.* Max WS 28250 146.00 150.58 3.98

Lohit -42500.* Max WS 28246 145.50 149.99 4.05

Lohit -43000.* Max WS 28242 145.00 149.4 4.12

Lohit -43500.* Max WS 28239 144.50 148.82 4.19

Lohit -44000.* Max WS 28235 144.00 148.25 4.26

Lohit -44500.* Max WS 28232 143.50 147.67 4.33

Lohit -45000.* Max WS 28229 143.00 147.05 4.4

Lohit -45500.* Max WS 28226 142.50 146.4 4.47

Lohit -46000.* Max WS 28223 142.00 145.74 4.55

Lohit -46500.* Max WS 28216 141.50 145.07 4.62

Lohit -47000.* Max WS 28195 141.00 144.48 4.7

Lohit -47500.* Max WS 28171 140.50 144.08 4.8

Lohit -48000 Max WS 28153 140.00 143.89 4.92


11-39


CISMHE

River

Chainage (m) d/s of

Demwe Lower dam

axis

Profile Max

discharge Bed level

Max. Water level

Travel Time

(m3/s) (m) (m) (hrs)

Lohit -48500.* Max WS 28143 139.85 143.74 5.06

Lohit -49000.* Max WS 28127 139.70 143.59 5.2

Lohit -49500.* Max WS 28119 139.55 143.43 5.34

Lohit -50000.* Max WS 28111 139.40 143.28 5.48

Lohit -50500.* Max WS 28097 139.25 143.11 5.61

Lohit -51000.* Max WS 28090 139.10 142.94 5.75

Lohit -51500.* Max WS 28078 138.95 142.77 5.89

Lohit -52000.* Max WS 28072 138.80 142.59 6.02

Lohit -52500.* Max WS 28066 138.65 142.4 6.16

Lohit -53000.* Max WS 28056 138.50 142.21 6.3

Lohit -53500.* Max WS 28047 138.35 142 6.43

Lohit -54000.* Max WS 28043 138.20 141.79 6.57

Lohit -54500.* Max WS 28036 138.05 141.56 6.71

Lohit -55000.* Max WS 28032 137.90 141.33 6.84

Lohit -55500.* Max WS 28026 137.75 141.07 6.98

Lohit -56000.* Max WS 28023 137.60 140.8 7.12

Lohit -56500.* Max WS 28018 137.45 140.51 7.26

Lohit -57000.* Max WS 28016 137.30 140.2 7.4

Lohit -57500.* Max WS 28014 137.15 139.84 7.54

Lohit -58000 Max WS 28012 137.00 139.39 7.68

Note : .* indicates the cross section location interpolated by HEC-RAS Model

11.3.11 Inundation map Taking the maximum water level given in Table 11.4, 11.6 and 11.7 for

different simulated conditions the inundation map is presented in Figure 11.13.

11.3.12 Limitations The uncertainties associated with the breach parameters, specially breach

width, breach depth and breach development time may cause uncertainty in

flood peak estimation and arrival times. Further the high velocity flows


11-40


CISMHE

associated with dam break floods can cause significant scour of channels.

This enlargement in channel cross section is neglected since the equations for

sediment transport, sediment continuity, dynamic bed form friction etc. are not

included among the governing equations of the model. The narrow channels

with minimal flood plains are subject to over estimation of water elevation due

to significant channel degradation. The dam breach floods create a large

amount of transported debris, which may accumulate at very narrow cross

sections, resulting water level variation at downstream locations. This aspect

has been neglected due to limitations in modeling of such complicated

physical process.

11.4 DISASTER MANAGEMENT PLAN

From the result it is evident that up to about 58 km d/s of the proposed Lower

Demwe dam, time required in reaching the flood wave elevation to the

maximum is of the order of 6.68 hr. It makes it very hard for rescue and

evacuation. Since the time available is very short, the Disaster Management

Plan should, therefore, concentrate on preventive actions.

Surveillance and monitoring programmes are required to be implemented

during design and investigation, construction, first reservoir filling, early

operation period and operation & maintenance phases of the life cycle of dam.

It is desirable that all gates, electricity, public announcement system, power

generator backups etc are thoroughly checked before arrival of the monsoon.

As it is clear from the results that u/s water level has significant effect on the

dam break flood, the following flood conditions may be considered for different

level of alertness:

1) If u/s water level reaches at top of the dam, it may be considered as an

emergency. At this point only a few minutes are available for taking any

action. All the staff from the dam site should be alerted to move to a safe

place. The district administration and the corporation’s head office shall be

informed about the possibility of dam failure.

2) If u/s water level rises above the dam top and dam begins to fail, it may be

considered as a disaster condition. At this stage, nothing can be done.


11-41


CISMHE

Information in this regard should be given to the head office and district

administration.

• If upstream water level is at or below FRL and flood is of the order

of 20% to 30% of PMF, it may be considered as normal flood

condition and normal routine may be maintained.

• If upstream water level is rising above FRL/MWL, it may be

considered as Level-1 emergency. In this condition at least 11

gates must be kept fully operational. All concerned officials should

be alerted so that they may reach at the dam site to take suitable

actions. Preventive actions may be carried out simultaneously. A

suitable warning and notification procedure may be laid. The local

officials should be informed about the situation.

• If upstream water level reaches at the top of the dam, it may be

considered as Level-2 emergency. At this point only a few

minutes are available for taking any action. All the staff from the

dam site should be alerted to move to a safe place. The district

level office and the corporation’s head office should be informed

about the dam overtopping.

• If upstream water level is rising above the dam top and dam has

been overtopped. It may be considered as a disaster condition.

Any information in this regard should be immediately provided to

civil administration for necessary rescue operations.

The following measures can be taken to avoid the loss of lives and property:

1) To establish an effective Dam Safety Surveillance and monitoring

program including rapid analysis and interpretation of instrumentation

and observation data; periodic inspection and safety reviews/evaluation

by an independent panel of experts.

2) To formulate and implement an Emergency Action Plan to minimize to

the maximum extent possible, the probable loss of life and damage to

property in the event of failure of dam.


11-42


CISMHE

11.4.1 Surveillance

The surveillance and monitoring programs are required to be implemented

during design and investigation, construction, early operation period and

operation and maintenance phases of the life cycle of the dam. An affective

flood forecasting system is required by establishing hourly gauge reading at

suitable upstream locations with real time communication at the top. An

effective dam safety surveillance, monitoring and observation along with

periodic inspection, safety reviews and evaluation must be put in place. These

programs will be implemented in five phases in the life cycle of a dam viz.

i) design and investigation phase,

ii) construction phase,

iii) first reservoir filling,

iv) early operation period, and

v) operation and maintenance phase.

11.4.2 Emergency Action Plan

An emergency is defined as a condition of serious nature which develops

unexpectedly and endangers downstream property and human life and

requires immediate attention. Emergency Action Plan shall include all

potential indicators of likely failure of the dam, since the primary concern is for

timely and reliable identification and evaluation of potential emergency.

This plan presents warning and notification procedures to be followed in case

of potential failure of the dam. The purpose is to provide timely warning to

nearby residents and alert key personnel responsible for taking action in case

of an emergency.

11.4.3 Administrative and Procedural Aspects The Administrative and Procedural Aspects of Emergency Action Plan

consists of a flowchart depicting the names, addresses and telephone

numbers of the responsible officials. In order of hierarchy, the following

system will usually be appropriate. In the event of potential emergency, the

observer at the site is required to report it to the Head of Project through a


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wireless system, if available, or by the fastest communication system

available. The Head of Project shall be responsible for contacting the Civil

Administration, viz. Deputy Commissioner. In order to oversee all the

operations required to tackle the emergency situations, a centralized control

room would be set up by the project authorities at Tezu/Parasuramkund.

Each person would be made aware of his/her responsibilities/ duties and the

importance of work assigned under the Emergency Action Plan. All the

villages falling under the flood prone zone or on the margins would be

connected through wireless communication system with backup of standby

telephone lines. A centralized siren alert system would be installed at all the

Village Panchayats so that in the event of a warning all villagers can be

alerted through sirens rather than informing everybody through messengers

which is not feasible in such emergency situations.

11.4.4 Preventive Action Once the likelihood of an emergency situation is suspected, action has to be

initiated to prevent a failure. The point at which each situation reaches an

emergency status shall be specified and at that stage the vigilance and

surveillance shall be upgraded. At this stage, a thorough inspection of the

dam shall be carried out to locate any visible signs of distress.

The anticipated need of equipment shall be evaluated and if these are not

available at the dam site, the exact locations and availability of these

equipments shall be identified. A plan shall be drawn on priority for inspection

of the dam. The dam, its sluices and non-overflow sections will be properly

illuminated.

11.4.5 Communication System An efficient communication system and a downstream warning system is

absolutely essential for the success of an emergency plan especially in the

present case because of inadequacy of time. The difference between a high

flood and a dam break situation shall be made clear to the downstream

people. All of the villages falling under the flooding zone or on margins are


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required to be connected through wireless system backed by stand-by

telephone lines. A centralized siren system is to be installed at Panchayats so

that in event of a warning, all villagers can be alerted, through messengers

which may not be possible in this case.

11.4.6 Merits of Satellite Communication System Keeping the disaster scenario in mind, any terrestrial system such as land

lines, etc. is likely to be the first casualty in earthquakes or floods. The

restoration of such systems is time consuming. Moreover the maintenance of

such lines becomes a great problem in emergency even for the technical

personnel who are required to reach the site of fault, which may be struck by

the disaster. So the system cannot be put back into operation soon. The fault

repairs and restoration of communication services are usually not possible for

a considerable period of time after the calamity has struck. Moreover, it is

critical that the communication systems are restored at the earliest so that

relief/medical teams and other personnel can be arranged at the earliest

possible time. All the subsidiary help depends solely on the communication

system. As this criteria is paramount, existing systems such as telephones

and telex, etc. are practically of little use in case of such events and situations.

Similarly, microwave links are expected to be down due to collapse of towers,

etc. Restoration of towers and alignment of equipment is again a time

consuming activity.

Keeping in view the urgency of services and their dependability during

emergency relevant to the disaster conditions, satellite based systems present

an ideal solution. The satellite based system usually comprises following

components.

i) A small dish of approximately one meter diameter

ii) Associated radio equipment

iii) A power source

The deployment of the system is not dependent on the restoration of land

routes. The existing satellite based communication systems are designed in

such a manner that they are able to withstand fairly high degree of demanding


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environmental conditions. Secondly, the restoration of the satellite based

system can be undertaken by carrying maintenance personnel and equipment

by helicopters at a very short notice. Even the fresh systems could be

inducted in a matter of an hour or so because most of these are designed for

transportability by air. The deployment takes usually less than an hour. The

power requirements are not large and can be met by sources such as

UPS/batteries/ generators.

11.4.7 Financial Outlay for Installation of VSAT Communication System The cost of deployment and maintenance of a telecommunication system in

disaster prone areas is not as important as the availability, reliability and quick

restoration of the system. The cost of both satellite bandwidth and the ground

components of the satellite communication system has been decreasing

rapidly like that of V-SAT (Very Small Aperture Terminal) based systems

supporting a couple of voice and data channels. Some highly superior

communication systems in VSAT without time delay are marketed by licensed

service providers/agencies like HECL, HFCL, ESSEL Shyam, Telstra V-Com,

HCL Comnet, RPG Satellite Communications, etc. There are two different

types of systems with the above mentioned capabilities available in the market

viz. TDMA and DAMA. The two alternatives for VSATs are: time designed

multiple access (TDMA) and demand assigned multiple access (DAMA). In a

TDMA network, all remote VSATs communicate with the service provider’s

central hub station. The hub station monitors and controls all VSATs in the

network and the entire customer traffic is routed through it. On the other hand,

in the DAMA network, VSATs are pre-allocated a designated frequency.

Equivalent of the terrestrial leased-line solutions, DAMA solutions use the

satellite resources constantly. Consequently, there is no call-up delay, which

makes them most suited for interactive data applications or high-traffic

volume. Single Channel per Carrier (SCPC refers to the usage of a single

satellite carrier for carrying a single channel of user traffic. In case of ‘SCPC

VSATs’, the frequency is allocated on a pre-assigned basis. DAMA network

uses a pool of satellite channels, which are available for use by any station in

that network. On demand, a pair of available channels is assigned, such that a

call can be established. Once the call is completed, channels are returned to


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the pool for being assigned to another call. Since the satellite resource is used

only in proportion to the active circuits and their holding times, it is ideally

suited for voice traffic and data traffic in batch mode.

Therefore, SCPC & DAMA has been recommended for the Lower Demwe H.E.

project. Two such systems would be installed in the upstream catchment of

Lohit River and four such systems would be installed in the downstream reach.

The estimated cost of installation of such a communication system has been

given in Table 11.8.

11.4.8 Evacuation Plans Emergency Action Plan includes evacuation plans and procedures for

implementation based on local needs. These are:

• Demarcation/prioritization of areas to be evacuated.

• Notification procedures and evacuation instructions.

• Safe routes, transport and traffic control.

• Shelter areas

• Functions and responsibilities of members of evacuation team.

The flood prone zone in the event of break of Lower Demwe dam shall be

marked properly at the village locations with adequate factor of safety. As the

flood wave takes some time in reaching these villages, its populace shall be

informed in time through wireless and sirens etc. so that people may climb on

hills or to some elevated place beyond the flood zone which has been

marked.

The Evacuation Team would comprise of:

i) D.M./ his Nominated Officer (To peacefully relocate the people to

places at higher elevation with state administration)

ii) Head of the Project (Team Leader)

iii) S.P./Nominated Police Officer (To maintain law and order)

iv) C.M.O. of the area (To tackle morbidity of affected people)

v) Sarpanch/ Affected Village Representative to execute the resettlement

operation with the aid of state machinery and project proponents

vi) Sub-committees at village level


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The Head of Project will be responsible for the entire operation including

prompt determination of the flood situation from time to time. Once the red

alert is declared the whole state machinery will come into swing and will start

evacuating people in the inundation areas delineated in the inundation map.

For successful execution, annually Demo exercise will be done. DM is to

monitor the entire operation.

11.4.9 Notifications

Notification procedures are an integral part of any emergency action plan.

Separate procedures shall be established for slowly and rapidly developed

situations and failure. Notifications will include communications of either an

alert situation or an alert situation followed by a warning situation. An alert

situation will indicate that although failure or flooding is not imminent, a more

serious situation can occur unless conditions improve. A warning situation will

indicate that flooding is imminent as a result of an impending failure of the

dam. It will normally include an order for evacuation of delineated inundation

areas. For a regular watch on the flood level situation, it is necessary that two

or more people man the flood cell so that an alternative person is available for

notification round the clock.

In addition, a few guidelines to be generally followed by the inhabitants of

flood prone areas, which form part of public awareness for disaster mitigation

include:

• Listen to the radio for advance information and advice.

• Disconnect all electrical appliances and move all valuable personal and

household goods and all clothing out of reach of flood water.

• Move vehicles, farm animals and movable goods to the highest ground

nearby.

• Move all dangerous pollutants and insecticides out of reach of water.

• Do not enter flood waters on foot, if it can be avoided.


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11.5 Cost Estimates

The estimated total cost of execution of disaster management plan including

the equipment would be Rs. 251.88 lakh and it is given in Table 11.8. Table 11.8: Estimated cost of setting up of a satellite communication system

Sl. No. Product Amount (Rs. in lakhs)

A. Setting up of V-SAT communication system

1. Product Name : SCPC & DAMA (6 sites) 108.00

@ Rs.18.00 lakhs per site

a) Antenna 1 x 2.4 M

b) RF 1 x 2 W

c) Modem 1 x 1No.

2. Generators 6 Nos. (2 KVA) 9.00

3. UPS 6 Nos. (2 KVA) 6.00

Sub-Total (A) 123.00 4. Installation and maintenance of system, maintenance 38.88

and running cost of UPS, generators, etc.

@ 12% of the total cost for 3 years (Rs. 10.8 x 3 yrs) B. Installation of alert systems, 30.00

Setting up of control room, etc.

C. Notification and publication procedures, 20.00

miscellaneous, etc.

D. Setting up Seismic Observatory 40.00

Total (A+B+C) 251.88


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Figure 11.9: Time series of water level for the entire simulation period due to Demwe Lower dam break (Note1: The date and time (hour) shown on horizontal axis of the plots are the relative dates

and time as used in the HEC-RAS Model set up)

(Note 2: LOHIT DEMWE-DS -28000 denote the Lohit river cross section 28000 m d/s of

Demwe Lower dam axis. The same way all other notations may please be read)

2400 1200 2400 1200 2400 1200 2400 1200 240020Sep2008 21Sep2008 22Sep2008 23Sep2008

300

305

310

315

320

325

LOHIT DEMWE-DS 0 Tim e s eries of discharge

Tim e

STA

GE

(MET

ERS

)

2400 1200 2400 1200 2400 1200 2400 1200 240020Sep2008 21Sep2008 22Sep2008 23Sep2008

180.0

180.5

181.0

181.5

182.0

182.5

LOHIT DEMWE-DS -28000 Tim e s eries of discharge

Tim e

STA

GE

(MET

ERS

)


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2400 1200 2400 1200 2400 1200 2400 1200 240020Sep2008 21Sep2008 22Sep2008 23Sep2008

137.0

137.5

138.0

138.5

139.0

139.5

140.0

LOHIT DEMWE-DS -58000 Tim e series of discharge

Tim e

STA

GE

(MET

ERS

)

Figure 11.10: Time series for the peak segment of water level at different cross sections of Lohit river due to Demwe Lower dam break (Note: The notation LOHIT DEMWE DS -1000 denotes river cross section located 1000m

downstream of dam axis. The same way all other notations may please be read.

0200 0400 0600 0800 1000 1200 1400 1600 1800 2000 2200 240022Sep2008

308

310

312

314

316

318

320

322

324Tim e series of discharge

Tim e

STA

GE

(MET

ERS

)

Legend

LOHIT DEMWE-DS 0

LOHIT DEMWE-DS -600

LOHIT DEMWE-DS -1000


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0200 0400 0600 0800 1000 1200 1400 1600 1800 2000 2200 240022Sep2008

290

295

300

305

310

315Tim e series of dis charge

Tim e

STA

GE

(MET

ERS

)Legend



LOHIT DEMWE-DS -2500.*

0200 0400 0600 0800 1000 1200 1400 1600 1800 2000 2200 240022Sep2008

284

286

288

290

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294


Tim e

STA

GE

(MET

ERS

)

Legend




0200 0400 0600 0800 1000 1200 1400 1600 1800 2000 2200 240022Sep2008

281

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288


Tim e

STA

GE

(MET

ERS

)

Legend





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0200 0400 0600 0800 1000 1200 1400 1600 1800 2000 2200 240022Sep2008

272

274

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284


Tim e

STA

GE

(MET

ERS)

Legend




0200 0400 0600 0800 1000 1200 1400 1600 1800 2000 2200 240022Sep2008

266

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Tim e

STA

GE

(MET

ERS)

Legend




0200 0400 0600 0800 1000 1200 1400 1600 1800 2000 2200 240022Sep2008

256

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Tim e

STA

GE

(MET

ERS)

Legend





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0200 0400 0600 0800 1000 1200 1400 1600 1800 2000 2200 240022Sep2008

244

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Tim e

STA

GE

(MET

ERS)

Legend




0200 0400 0600 0800 1000 1200 1400 1600 1800 2000 2200 240022Sep2008

230

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Tim e

STA

GE

(MET

ERS

)

Legend





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0200 0400 0600 0800 1000 1200 1400 1600 1800 2000 2200 240022Sep2008

220

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222

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Tim e

STA

GE

(MET

ERS

)

Legend




0200 0400 0600 0800 1000 1200 1400 1600 1800 2000 2200 240022Sep2008

216

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Tim e

STA

GE

(MET

ERS

)

Legend




0200 0400 0600 0800 1000 1200 1400 1600 1800 2000 2200 240022Sep2008

212

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Tim e

STA

GE

(MET

ERS

)

Legend





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0200 0400 0600 0800 1000 1200 1400 1600 1800 2000 2200 240022Sep2008

209

210

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Tim e

STA

GE

(MET

ERS

)

Legend




0200 0400 0600 0800 1000 1200 1400 1600 1800 2000 2200 240022Sep2008

205

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Tim e

STA

GE

(MET

ERS

)

Legend





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0200 0400 0600 0800 1000 1200 1400 1600 1800 2000 2200 240022Sep2008

196

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200

201


Tim e

STA

GE

(MET

ERS

)Legend




0200 0400 0600 0800 1000 1200 1400 1600 1800 2000 2200 240022Sep2008

191

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Tim e

STA

GE

(MET

ERS

)

Legend




0200 0400 0600 0800 1000 1200 1400 1600 1800 2000 2200 240022Sep2008

186

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Tim e

STA

GE

(MET

ERS

)

Legend





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0200 0400 0600 0800 1000 1200 1400 1600 1800 2000 2200 240022Sep2008

181

182

183

184

185

186


Tim e

STA

GE

(MET

ERS

)

Legend




0200 0400 0600 0800 1000 1200 1400 1600 1800 2000 2200 240022Sep2008

178.0

178.5

179.0

179.5

180.0

180.5

181.0

181.5Tim e series of dis charge

Tim e

STA

GE

(MET

ERS

)

Legend




0200 0400 0600 0800 1000 1200 1400 1600 1800 2000 2200 240022Sep2008

173

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Tim e

STA

GE

(MET

ERS

)

Legend





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0200 0400 0600 0800 1000 1200 1400 1600 1800 2000 2200 240022Sep2008

169

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Tim e

STA

GE

(MET

ERS

)

Legend




0200 0400 0600 0800 1000 1200 1400 1600 1800 2000 2200 240022Sep2008

165

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Tim e

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GE

(MET

ERS

)

Legend




0200 0400 0600 0800 1000 1200 1400 1600 1800 2000 2200 240022Sep2008

161

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GE

(MET

ERS

)

Legend





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0200 0400 0600 0800 1000 1200 1400 1600 1800 2000 2200 240022Sep2008

156

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Tim e

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GE

(MET

ERS

)

Legend




0200 0400 0600 0800 1000 1200 1400 1600 1800 2000 2200 240022Sep2008

154.0

154.5

155.0

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156.0

156.5

157.0


Tim e

STA

GE

(MET

ERS

)

Legend




0200 0400 0600 0800 1000 1200 1400 1600 1800 2000 2200 240022Sep2008

152.0

152.5

153.0

153.5

154.0

154.5

155.0


Tim e

STA

GE

(MET

ERS

)

Legend





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0200 0400 0600 0800 1000 1200 1400 1600 1800 2000 2200 240022Sep2008

150.0

150.5

151.0

151.5

152.0

152.5

153.0


Tim e

STA

GE

(MET

ERS

)

Legend




0200 0400 0600 0800 1000 1200 1400 1600 1800 2000 2200 240022Sep2008

148.5

149.0

149.5

150.0

150.5

151.0

151.5


Tim e

STA

GE

(MET

ERS

)

Legend





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0200 0400 0600 0800 1000 1200 1400 1600 1800 2000 2200 240022Sep2008

146.5

147.0

147.5

148.0

148.5

149.0

149.5


Tim e

STA

GE

(MET

ERS

)Legend




0200 0400 0600 0800 1000 1200 1400 1600 1800 2000 2200 240022Sep2008

145.0

145.5

146.0

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147.0

147.5


Tim e

STA

GE

(MET

ERS

)

Legend




0200 0400 0600 0800 1000 1200 1400 1600 1800 2000 2200 240022Sep2008

143.5

144.0

144.5

145.0

145.5


Tim e

STA

GE

(MET

ERS

)

Legend





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0200 0400 0600 0800 1000 1200 1400 1600 1800 2000 2200 240022Sep2008

143.2

143.4

143.6

143.8

144.0

144.2

144.4

144.6


Tim e

STA

GE

(MET

ERS

)

Legend




0200 0400 0600 0800 1000 1200 1400 1600 1800 2000 2200 240022Sep2008

142.6

142.8

143.0

143.2

143.4

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144.0


Tim e

STA

GE

(MET

ERS

)

Legend




0200 0400 0600 0800 1000 1200 1400 1600 1800 2000 2200 240022Sep2008

142.2

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142.6

142.8

143.0

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143.6


Tim e

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GE

(MET

ERS

)

Legend





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0200 0400 0600 0800 1000 1200 1400 1600 1800 2000 2200 240022Sep2008

141.6

141.8

142.0

142.2

142.4

142.6

142.8

143.0


Tim e

STA

GE

(MET

ERS

)

Legend




0200 0400 0600 0800 1000 1200 1400 1600 1800 2000 2200 240022Sep2008

141.0

141.2

141.4

141.6

141.8

142.0

142.2


Tim e

STA

GE

(MET

ERS

)

Legend




0200 0400 0600 0800 1000 1200 1400 1600 1800 2000 2200 240022Sep2008

139.8

140.0

140.2

140.4

140.6

140.8

141.0

141.2


Tim e

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GE

(MET

ERS

)

Legend





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0200 0400 0600 0800 1000 1200 1400 1600 1800 2000 2200 240022Sep2008

139.2

139.4

139.6

139.8

140.0


Tim e

STA

GE

(MET

ERS

)Legend




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Figure 11.11: Plots of Lohit river cross sections used in HEC-RAS set up

0 100 200 300 400 500 600250

300

350

400

450

500

550

Demwe Lower River = Lohit Reach = Demwe-ds RS = 0 c/s at Dem we Lower dam axis

Station (m )

Ele

vatio

n (m

)

Legend

WS Max WS

Ground

Bank Sta

.04

0 100 200 300 400 500 600250

300

350

400

450

500

550

Demwe Lower River = Lohit Reach = Demw e-ds RS = -100 100 m d/s of Demw e Low er dam axis

Station (m )

Ele

vatio

n (m

)

Legend

WS Max WS

Ground

Bank Sta

.04

0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700250

300

350

400

450

500

550

Demwe Lower River = Lohit Reach = Demw e-ds RS = -200 200 m d/s of Demw e Low er dam axis

Station (m )

Ele

vatio

n (m

)

Legend

WS Max WS

Ground

Bank Sta

.04

Max. water level due to dam break flood


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Note: RS = -300 denotes river cross section 300 m d/s of dam axis. The same way all other

locations may please be read. 0.04 is the Manning’s roughness coefficient used for the study

reach.

0 200 400 600 800 1000250

300

350

400

450

500

550

Dem we Lower River = Lohit Reach = Demw e-ds RS = -300 300 m d/s of Demw e Low er dam axis

Station (m)

Ele

vatio

n (m

)

Legend

WS Max WS

Ground

Bank Sta

.04

0 200 400 600 800 1000250

300

350

400

450

500

550


Station (m)

Ele

vatio

n (m

)

Legend

WS Max WS

Ground

Bank Sta

.04


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0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200 1400250

300

350

400

450

500

550


Station (m)

Ele

vatio

n (m

)Legend

WS Max WS

Ground

Bank Sta

.04

0 200 400 600 800 1000250

300

350

400

450

500

550


Station (m)

Ele

vatio

n (m

)

Legend

WS Max WS

Ground

Bank Sta

.04

0 200 400 600 800 1000250

300

350

400

450

500

550


Station (m)

Ele

vatio

n (m

)

Legend

WS Max WS

Ground

Bank Sta

.04


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0 200 400 600 800 1000290

300

310

320

330

340

350


Station (m)

Ele

vatio

n (m

)Legend

WS Max WS

Ground

Bank Sta

.04

0 1000 2000 3000 4000250

300

350

400

450

500

Demw e Low er Plan: Plan 03River = Lohit Reach = Demw e-ds RS = -3000 3000 m d/s of Demw e Low er dam axis

Station (m)

Elev

atio

n (m

)

Legend

WS Max WS

Ground

Bank Sta

.04

0 1000 2000 3000 4000 5000 6000250

300

350

400

450

500


Station (m)

Elev

atio

n (m

)

Legend

WS Max WS

Ground

Bank Sta

.04


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0 5000 10000 15000 20000250

300

350

400

450

500


Station (m)

Elev

atio

n (m

)

Legend

WS Max WS

Ground

Bank Sta

.04

0 5000 10000 15000 20000250

300

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400

450

500


Station (m)

Elev

atio

n (m

)

Legend

WS Max WS

Ground

Bank Sta

.04

0 5000 10000 15000 20000 25000 30000 35000 40000250

300

350

400

450

500

Demw e Low er Plan: Plan 03River = Lohit Reach = Demwe-ds RS = -10000 10000 m d/s of Demwe Lower dam axis

Station (m)

Elev

atio

n (m

)

Legend

WS Max WS

Ground

Bank Sta

.035


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0 10000 20000 30000 40000200

250

300

350

400

450

500

550


Station (m)

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atio

n (m

)

Legend

WS Max WS

Ground

Bank Sta

.035

0 10000 20000 30000 40000 50000150

200

250

300

350

400

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Station (m)

Elev

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n (m

)

Legend

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Ground

Bank Sta

.035

0 10000 20000 30000 40000150

200

250

300

350

400

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500


Station (m)

Elev

atio

n (m

)

Legend

WS Max WS

Ground

Bank Sta

.035


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0 5000 10000 15000 20000 25000 30000 35000 40000150

200

250

300

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400


Station (m)

Elev

atio

n (m

)Legend

WS Max WS

Ground

Bank Sta

.035

0 5000 10000 15000 20000 25000 30000140

150

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170

180

Demw e Low er Plan: Plan 03River = Lohit Reach = Demwe-ds RS = -48000

Station (m)

Elev

atio

n (m

)

Legend

WS Max WS

Ground

Bank Sta

.035


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11-73

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0 5000 10000 15000 20000 25000 30000 35000 40000135

140

145

150

155

160

Demw e Low er Plan: Plan 03River = Lohit Reach = Demwe-ds RS = -58000

Station (m)

Elev

atio

n (m

)Legend

WS Max WS

Ground

Bank Sta

.035


CISMHE

0 10000 20000 30000 40000 50000 60000100

110

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Dem we Lower

Main Channel Dis tance (m)

Ele

vatio

n (m

)

Legend

WS Max WS

Ground

-580

00-5

7000

.*-5

6000

.*-5

5000

.*-5

4000

.*-5

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.*-4

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-470

00.*

-460

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-450

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-440

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-430

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.*-3

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.*-3

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.*-3

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-270

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-230

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-220

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0000

.*-1

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.* (1

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-130

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000

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00

Lohit Dem we-ds

Figure 11.12: Bed profile, and maximum water surface Profile of Lohit river during Demwe Lower dam break



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12

COMPENSATORY AFFORESTATION SCHEME

12.1 INTRODUCTION The Forest Department of Arunachal Pradesh is responsible for Conservation

and Management of forest in the State including project area. The basic objective

of the proposed scheme for Compensatory afforestation is to make up loss of

forest land proposed to be utilized for construction of Demwe Lower HE project.

The other objectives shall include: combating soil erosion, afforestation and last

but not the least maintaining and/or improving ecological and environmental

balance.

12.2 EXISTING FOREST AND IMPACT DUE TO PROPOSED PROJECT The total land requirement for the proposed project is 1589.97 ha. The forest in

the project affected areas (the area, which will be actually acquired for the

project), is under stress due to multiple reasons, the human settlements,

agriculture activities and grazing in forest areas contribute to the degradation of

forest. No rare or endangered species are found in the forest area to be diverted

for the project purpose. There is no significant species diversity found in the

project affected forest areas. In the construction of dam, clearing of vegetation in

the submergence area, movement of earth and rock, widening of roads, stocking

of construction materials, erection of temporary labour sheds and excavation

activities disturbs the natural vegetation and forest areas. During reservoir

formation, inundation of the river and associated wetland may occur and some

species might be lost. However, in the present project area, since the species

diversity and density being low, loss in biodiversity is not much significant. Trees

and other vegetation shall be cleared from the reservoir area to avoid low oxygen

levels due to decomposition in the profoundal zones. Low oxygen level causes

growth of anoxic species in the reservoir.

Environmental Management Plan – Compensatory Afforestation Scheme

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12.3 COMPENSATORY AFFORESTATION The Indian Forest Conservation Act (1980) stipulates that:

If non-forest land is not available, Compensatory Afforestation is to be done on degraded forest land, which must be twice of the forest area affected or lost, and

If non-forest land is available, Compensatory Afforestation is to be raised

over an area equivalent to the forest area affected or lost.

In view of the mandatory provisions of the law, it is required to prepare an

appropriate management plan for compensatory afforestation scheme for the

forest land that is likely to be diverted in case of Demwe Lower HEP. As

presented earlier, the total land required for Demwe Lower HEP is 1590 ha out of

which around 1409 ha belongs to surface forest area

(Community/Reserved/Unclassified State Forest).

Considering the non-availability of non-forest land for undertaking plantation,

degraded forest land has been selected for this purpose. Therefore,

Compensatory Afforestation shall be carried out over twice of the surface forest

land involved in the project i.e. 1409 x 2 = 2818 ha. The compensatory

afforestation plan has to be systematically implemented along with other soil

conservation measures and with barbed wire fencing i.e. protection measures to

mitigate biotic interference. The species to be planted would be area specific; to

meet the basic needs of the people with respect to fuel wood, fodder, and timber

with an objective of ecological conservation.

12.4 SITES FOR COMPENSATORY AFFORESTATION The Compensatory Afforestation scheme is proposed to be undertaken on

degraded forest land identified in consultation with the State Forest Department.

Compensatory Afforestation will be raised over an area of 2818 ha of degraded

forestland selected by State Forest Department.


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12.5 METHODOLOGY AND COMPONENTS The Compensatory Afforestation scheme would be implemented as per

Integrated Afforestation Programme by the State Forest Department. This

includes activities like soil conservation works, fencing, protection, awareness,

monitoring and evaluation along with maintenance for 10 years of period and

protection of the surrounding forests in the project area. In the hills, trees and

vegetation cover have an important role for the conservation of soil and ecology.

Demand of fuel wood, fodder and grazing pressure in the project area adds to

the loss of forests due to project development. It is very essential to create more

resources for fuel wood to check further degradation in the area where most of

the human and livestock population stays. This shall provide vegetal cover to

barren slopes to check soil erosion and cater to the increasing demand of fuel

wood and fodder. Soil working and plantation along contours conserves soil and

enhances moisture regime and adverse effects of surface run-off is reduced

considerably. Trenches, pits and plants along contour reduce velocity of water,

increase moisture and seepage of water in soil and reduce loss resulting in better

growth of plants. Hence soil working and plantation shall be strictly followed

along the contours. In afforestation areas for digging trenches and pits along the

contours, it is necessary to first align contour lines with the contour template.

Trenches should be dug along the contour lines aligned with the help of contour

template and limestone powder. Generally, 20 to 30 m long trenches are dug

leaving a space of 50 cm (septa) between two consecutive trenches. Soil is dug

along the contour lines marked on ground by limestone powder. The dug up soil

is collected on lower side of the trench and after removing pebbles and weeds,

the trench is half refilled with soil and berm is made using remaining soil on lower

trench. On the berm, seed sowing of shrubs or hedges should be done to raise

vegetative barrier. The size of trench should be 30 cm x 20 cm. The contour

trenches shall be at an interval of 5 m. For digging 1600 pits per ha pits are dug

15 cm uphill from the contour trenches. The spacing of pits along contour

trenches should not be closer than 1.25 m. It is important that the filling of

trenches should not be left to be done along with plantation during rains to avoid


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soil wash. Extreme care should be taken in transporting plants to avoid any

damage. Plantation should be done well in time during rains and few species that

get leafless in winter can be planted during winter rains. Seeds of hedge like

Dodonea, Duranta, Spirea, etc. may be sown in contour terraces before onset of

monsoon. With a view to conserve soil and water, it is very important to raise the

vegetative barrier of hedge plants. When surface run-off reaches the line of

hedges its speed is checked and silt is stopped and only percolated water

passes down slowly. In the silt left behind, hedges spreads to grow and thus

making a natural terrace. The plants in the pits near contour trenches get more

moisture and grow fast. Raising vegetative barrier of hedges has been found

very useful not only for soil and water conservation but also for fuel wood

production.

12.5.1 SEEDLING REQUIREMENTS The seedlings to meet the nursery requirements are to be obtained from local

market supplemented by saplings of Forest Department and new nurseries

developed under this project in the area.

12.5.2 Plantation Guard and Protection from fire Protection of plantation is greatest challenge as villagers and their cattle may

damage the plantations before they are established. Hence protection of

plantation is of paramount importance and guards should be arranged for two to

three years. Most of the plants shall be guarded against fire, mainly in the

summer season.

12.5.3 Species for Compensatory Afforestation The species for plantation are selected after considering altitude, aspect, biotic

pressure, soil depth, moisture etc. There is great pressure of cattle grazing hence

in plantations, non-fodder fuel wood species should be planted in suitable

proportion with fodder and timber species.


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12.6 INSTITUTIONAL MECHANISM 12.6.1 Responsibility of various institutions

The Forest department shall implement the Compensatory Afforestation scheme.

The project officer of Demwe Lower HEP would liaison with the forest officials as

for the financial disbursement is concerned. The afforestation program would

evolve employment opportunities, thus people’s participation should be

encouraged and would involve mobilization of manpower for plantation activity.

Secondly development and maintenance of the nursery would be required, for

which a staffing pattern has been delineated.

12.6.2 Project Implementation, Monitoring and Reporting Procedure

Meetings may be held every three months to resolve logistic problems in scheme

implementation. The Environmental Manager with team members would meet

with forest officials to ensure the implementation of project on time to time.

The actual quantities and total provision will be finalized by the forest department

during the process of forest application. However a tentative financial provision of

around Rs. 40.00 crore has been made for Compensatory Afforestation for

Demwe Lower HEP. The total time period for implementation of Compensatory

Afforestation is 10 years out of which six years of time period will be required for

raising of plantation and maintenance of plantation will be done for next four

years. The Compensatory Afforestation will be done by State Forest Department.

This Compensatory Afforestation scheme has to be approved by competent

authority during Forest Clearance process.

12.7 SALIENT REMARKS AND RECOMMENDATIONS

Salient recommendations for smooth implementation of the compensatory

afforestation scheme are delineated below:

• Selection of species having faster growth, and helpful in Soil and Water

conservation.

• Sub-contracting of afforestation to local people should be encouraged.


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• Project authorities should ensure frequent meetings with the forest

department and executing teams to enable smooth implementation of the

Scheme and financial ensure flow.


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13

RESERVOIR RIM TREATMENT PLAN

13.1 INTRODUCTION

Demwe Lower Hydroelectric Project envisages construction of about 163.0m high

concrete gravity dam across river Lohit. Considering the reservoir FRL at EL.

424.8m, the total reservoir area is 1131 hectare. The Reservoir Length along the

Lohit river is about 23 km. (Plate 13.1). Geological mapping of the reservoir area

has been carried out on 1 : 10,000 scale (refer Plate 13.2) by taking traverses in

the approachable area of the reservoir and for the inaccessible portions by

extrapolating existing geological information collected from GSI and published

literatures. Lack of proper access and a thick canopy of vegetation & steep terrain

have been major constraints while conducting the geological mapping of the

Reservoir area.

The access to the reservoir area of Lohit is very poor due to its remoteness, lack of

human settlement, rugged topography, dense vegetation & lack of access road /

path. The reservoir area is accessible at places only through the National Highway

located on the right bank of the Lohit river, however, the left bank can be

approached during non-monsoon period upto 4 km upstream of dam site by

crossing the river with the help of rubber boat. A traverse was taken upstream of

the dam axis along the river, using the rubber boat upto the confluence of Lang and

Lohit Rivers, beyond which due to the presence of rapids it was not possible to

negotiate.

13.2 RIVER BASIN CHARACTERISTICS Lohit River is amongst the three important Rivers that constitute Brahmaputra

River; the other two being Dibang and Siang. Lohit River after traversing from Tibet

and crossing the State of Arunachal Pradesh meets Dibang near Sadia from where

the combined flow meets Siang after which the River is called Brahmaputra in the

Environmental Management Plan – Reservoir Rim Treatment Plan

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plains of Assam. The Lohit basin lies between Latitude 27° 34' N and 29° 36' N

and Longitude 95° 38' E and 97° 44' E. The snowy mountains in the upper

catchment, dense evergreen forests in the lower hills, innumerable rivers and

rivulets are major topographical characteristics of the Lohit basin. The proposed

dam site lies at Latitude 27° 52’ 48’’ N and Longitude 96° 22’ 39” E. The catchment

area of the river up to the proposed dam site of Demwe Lower is 20,174 sq. km. The Lohit River along with its turbulent tributaries (Kamlang, Tidding, Lang, Balijan,

and Kundli) flows through rugged hills with deep gorges flanked with steep valleys.

The hill ranges trend almost NW-SE & the mountain slopes are usually steep. The

Lohit River and its major tributaries primarily appear to be glacial valleys

superimposed & modified by fluvial action. The drainage pattern of the area in

general is sub parallel to dendretic and is mainly controlled by structural features

such as joints, fractures, folds, minor & major faults, and lineament etc. Therefore,

river Lohit flows mainly through major & narrow structural valleys bounded by steep

slopes. River channels are turbulent, waterfalls and rapids are common.

Geomorphologically the project area may be subdivided in to two categories, such

as, Flood Plain and Mountainous range. About 1.5km downstream of the dam axis

the Lohit river debouches in to the floodplain, characterized by the braided nature

of the river. In this reach the river changes its course frequently and forms several

distributaries having meandering course. Due to the frequent shifting of river

course, several oxbow lakes have formed in the flood plain of the Lohit river.

Upstream of the Parasuramkund bridge the river is flanked by steeply rising

mountainous terrain constituting Mishmi Hills. Mishmi Hills forms the outer or the

southernmost hill ranges in the Lohit basin, abruptly rising from the Lohit flood plain

and extending beyond the reservoir area of the Demwe Hydroelectric Project.

These are made up of metasediments- the Lohit Complex of Precambrian age with

younger mafic and acidic intrusive. The mountain ranges attain elevations of

between 500m and 3000 m and drained by the tributaries of the Lohit river.

13.3 GEOLOGY OF THE RESERVOIR AREA

Geology of the reservoir area has been described in details in baseline data under

Chapter 6 of EIA report in terms of overburden and bedrock geology.


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13.4 RESERVOIR STABILITY ANALYSIS Major part of the reservoir area of Demwe Lower Hydroelectric Project falls in

highly rugged and inaccessible terrain. To carryout the reservoir stability analysis

CARTOSAT 1 stereo image and derivation of slope parameters from 1:10,000

scale contour map for slope stability analysis was carried out. Various types of

landslides, viz., active, dormant and stabilized were delineated and studied in detail

on ground. The digital data was studied using state of the art softwares, viz.,

ERDAS and ArcGIS. The input data, data preparation and methodology for carrying

out the reservoir stability analysis are described in the following pages. 13.4.1 Input data

1. Digital contour maps of project area 1:10.000 scale and 10m contour interval 2. Cartosat1 stereo data 3. LISS 3 Multispectral Image 4. Scanned contour map of 1:15,000 scale

13.4.2 Data Preparation

I) Georeferencing of 27 scanned contour maps of 1:15,000 scale in ArcGIS.

II) Import of 1:10,000 scale contour map from AutoCAD format to ESRI shapefiles,

cleaning of the data and georeferencing based on feature mapping from

1:15,000 maps as the supplied data did not have coordinate values. This was a

very challenging work and consumed lots of time.

13.4.3 Methodology

The basic objective of the work was to map the landslides and categorize them

based on their state of activity. This was possible to achieve by visual interpretation

of high resolution CARTOSAT1 data either monoscopically or stereoscopically.

Stereo model is preferred here because it allows picking up the geometry of

landslides with much ease and accuracy, depending on the size of the landslides

and contrast of the image. But to create stereo model very accurate Digital

elevation Model (DEM) is very essential. Though DEM can be generated from


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cartosat stereo image automatically but the height accuracy of this DEM is beyond

acceptable limits (in the order of 100s of m) for the purpose of present project DEM

is used for orthorectification of the image therefore location accuracy is also a

concern. To refine the automatically generated DEM some very precise ground

control points (GCPs) were taken with the help of Differential Global Positioning

System (DGPS) and GCPs. The GCPs locations on the ground were selected

keeping in mind that these points can be identified in the Cartosat 1 image. To

have more accuracy, besides the points taken with the help of GCPs, the objective

of refining the automatically generated DEM was achieved in following steps.

Step1 Orthorectification of cartosat image using automatically generated DEM

Step2 Refinement of the orthorectified image generated in the first step by

coregistering it with the raster image of 1:15,000 contour maps.

Step3 The resulting orthorectified cartosat image was then subsetted as per the

extent of the available 1:10,000 contour map

Step4 Generation of accurate DEM for area of interest using supplied 1:10,000

contour data as mass point and drainage and area of extent as break lines.

Step5 Further refinement of the subsetted image with respect to the DEM created

from 1:10,000 scale contour map. This DEM has been referred as 10K DEM in the

subsequent part of the report.

Step6 Simulation of stereo-view for area of interest was done using the cartosat

and 10K DEM for mapping of landslides and further analysis.

Following above steps, two sets of products were generated.

a. Synoptic view of the regional terrain and landslide distribution using cartosat1

image and automatically generated DEM.

b. Detailed analysis of slope parameters and landslide inventory of smaller area

(area of interest) by refining the products with 10K DEM.

13.5 LANDSLIDE INVENTORY MAPPING

Landslides were interpreted and mapped in stereo view (anaglyph) created from

Cartosat Image and Digital elevation Model (DEM). Red and blue glass was used


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for the stereo view. Another product merging IRS LISS 3 multispectral image with

B&W cartosat image was also generated to aid the interpretation. The following

rules for interpretation of the landslides were used.

Key Rule Contents

Tone Bright white, grayish white

Vegetation Presence or absence of vegetation, pattern and density of vegetation, Location In the vicinity of ridge lines, road sides, and the cut-off side of a river channel

Shape

Criterion

cumulated as tree-shaped in river basins, or a triangular or rectangular-shape if

located near river banks

Direction The longitudinal axis is in the direction of gravity or perpendicular to flow-lines

Based on the above rules the landslides were detected and mapped. A total

number of thirty landslides (ID nos. 1 to 30) were delineated The anaglyph

prepared using 10K DEM along with location and ID number of landslides are

shown in Plate 13.2 and the corresponding analytical data related to individual

landslides are shown in Table-1. From the distribution of landslides shown in Plate

13.2 and Table 13.1 it is evident that majority of landslides are in the stretch

between the confluence of Tidding and Lang with the Lohit river (refer Plate 13.2).

After delineating the landslides the base and top of each landslide were extracted

from the 10 K DEM. Delineation of top and base of landslides allowed selecting

those landslides which are crucial for the stability of the reservoir area. The FRL of

Demwe Lower Hydroelectric Project is EL 424.8 m and MDDL is kept at EL 408 m,

therefore the proposed drawdown will be 16.8 m. Besides, the reservoir is

proposed to be drawn down to EL 365m twice in a year to flush out the sediments

accumulated. An attempt was made to select the landslides located in between

365 m to 424.8 m as these landslides may get reactivated due to the drawdown

(59.8 m). Landslides with ID nos.1, 3, 5, 8, 9, 10, 19 and 25 satisfy these criteria

(refer Plate – 13.3).


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Table 13.1: Data pertaining to landslides shown in Plate – 13.2 Slide ID Type Activity Area (sq. m) Level of Base (m) Level of Crown (m)

1 slide scar dormant 44678.84 397.80 600.00

2 debris slide dormant 18268.44 599.81 600.00


4 shallow debris slide/scree active 12904.71 491.49 600.00




8 Slide scar dormant 13396.58 400.00 591.94

9 debris slide active 8986.09 341.15 490.85







16 shallow debris slide/scree Dormant 3344.07 600.00 600.00









25 slide scar stabilised 33225.61 400.00 600.00






*The Crown level for these slides may be more that 600 m but the highest contour on 1:10,000 topographic

map is 600 m and the same number is indicated in the table.


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13.5.1 Field Checks

After preparing the landslide inventory map and locating the landslides (ID nos. 1,

3, 5, 8, 9, 10, 19 and 25) field traverses were taken to check these landslides on

ground to ascertain the geotechnical parameters responsible for the mass failure

and their remedial measures. During the course of field checks, it was found that

out of the eight critical landslides (ID nos. 1, 3, 5, 8, 9, 10, 19 and 25), three (ID

nos. 9, 10 & 19) are not landslides but near vertical scarps characterized by light

tone and no vegetation. At the same time, one active landslide (ID no. 31)

occurring about 600m upstream of the dam axis could not be identified during

landslide inventory using cartosat 1 data due to the shadow zone. Therefore, from

the point of view of reservoir rim stability six landslides (ID nos. 1, 3, 5, 8, 25 & 31)

will be critical (refer Plate 13.2), the detail of which are given in table 13.2 below.

Table 13.2: Data pertaining to landslides between 408 to 424.8 m

Slide ID

Type Activity Area (sq. m)

Level of Base (m)

Level of Crown (m)

1 Slide scar Dormant 44678.84 397.80 >=600*

3 Debris slide Dormant 11865.27 393.91 482.72

5 Shallow debris slide/

scree Active 12759.75 389.90 >=600*

8 Slide scar Dormant 21077.51 400.00 591.94

25 Slide scar Dormant 33225.61 400.00 >=600*

31 Slide scar Active 5997.43 390.00 540.00

*The Crown level for these slides may be more that 600 m but the highest contour on 1:10,000 topographic

map is 600 m and the same number is indicated in the table.

13.5.2 Relationship of landslides with Geotechnical parameters

An attempt was made to correlate the landslide occurrences with the lithological

units and general foliation trends. The area in between the confluence of Lohit &

Lang, and Lohit & Tidding is largely composed of schistose rocks and general trend

of foliation is NW-SE with gentle to moderate dip in the NE. It is a known fact that

such rocks are prone to debris slides of different magnitude and size depending on

slope of the terrain. Majority of landslides mapped in the Cartosat 1 image are

located either on the eastern & north-eastern slopes or western & south-west


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slopes exposing schistosed rocks, and the magnitude of landslides increases if the

slope failure is in carbonaceous graphite schist.

A few landslides have been noticed within predominantly gneissic terrain, but the

major cause of failure in most of the cases has resulted due to the undercut action

of the river giving rise to planar failure along the valley dipping joints. Due to the

planar failure, only landslide scars are visible and there is no distress noticed within

the slip surface. The rockmass around the scar appears to be stable (Figure 13.1).

Once the reservoir is filled up, the intensity of toe cutting action of the river will get

reduced to zero, thus eliminating the possibility of planar failure due to river action.

Besides, landslides in the area have resulted due to the cumulative effect of

various sets of discontinuities and shear zones.

Figure 13.1: Landslide scar resulted by the planar failure along the valley dipping

joints. Loc: 400m downstream of the dam axis

A brief account of the critical landslides (ID nos. 1, 3, 5, 8, 25 & 31) occurring in the

reservoir rim area and the remedial measures to stabilize them particularly in

between EL 408m and EL 424.8m Elevations are given below.


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13.5.2.1 Landslide – 1

It is a slide scar with its toe at EL 397.80 m and crown extending beyond EL 600 m

is located on the right bank of the Lohit river, about 2 km downstream of the

confluence of the Lohit and Tidding rivers. The slide scar is located over graphite

schist and has resulted due to the planar failure triggered by the undercutting

action of the river. The scar face is fresh and there is no distress noticed within the

slip surface. The rockmass around the scar appears to be stable. Once the

reservoir is filled up, the intensity of toe cutting action of the river will get

appreciably reduced, therefore eliminating initiation of planar failure due to river

action.

13.5.2.2 Landslide – 3

It is located on the right bank about 1.5 km downstream of the confluence of the

Lohit and Tidding rivers. It is an old and dormant slide with its toe at EL 393.91 m

and crown at EL 482.72 m, resulted by the failure of a gently sloping debris

accumulation, resulted by the undercutting action of the river. The slide in its major

part is sparsely vegetated and stabilized at present, and the debris comprises

admixture of big rock blocks and smaller rock fragments of quartzite. In between

FRL (EL 424.8m) and Maximum Drawdown Level (EL 408m) the debris

accumulation due to its open framework will not be subjected to pore pressure

fluctuations, therefore will remain more or less stable. No specific remedial

measure is required for this already stabilized landslide. 13.5.2.3 Landslide – 5

It is located about 2.5 km downstream of the confluence of the Lohit and Tidding

rivers, on the left bank. It is an active slide with its toe at EL 389.90 m and crown

extending beyond EL 600m, resulted by the failure of the shallow debris /scree

accumulation deposited on steeply sloping hill slope. Debris comprises admixture

of rock fragments of chlorite schist / quartzite and fine silt and sand fraction.

Remedial Measures:


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Field studies revealed that the failure of the unconsolidated slope wash material

has been initiated by the erosion in its terminal parts by an ephemeral stream. To

contain further sliding, shotcreting up to FRL (EL 424.8m) may be carried out, and

a toe wall at the bottom may be constructed. To stabilize the debris accumulation

above the FRL, a toe wall with drainage holes may be constructed above the FRL.

Even after providing toe wall and shotcrete of adequate thickness, the

unconsolidated, permeable mass behind will get charged with water, which will

increase the pore pressure. During the operation of powerhouse and more

particularly during the flushing of reservoir, once the water level goes down the

pore pressure will decrease and the debris accumulation may become unstable.

Adequate measures, such as, weep holes/ drainage holes etc are to be provided

so that the water charged mass behind remains stable. Three geological cross

sections were prepared (refer Plates 13.4a, b & c) along the longer section of the

slide, and the proposed protection measures have been shown to stabilize the

zone during draw down.

13.5.2.4 Landslide – 8 & 25

These two dormant landslides are located on the left bank, at about 300m and

400m downstream of the confluence of the Lohit and Tidding rivers respectively. In

both the cases failure of the rock mass has resulted due to the undercut action of

the river giving rise to planar failure along the valley dipping joints. Hard, compact

and high strength limestone constitutes the rockmass around the scar. Once the

reservoir is filled up, there will be no toe cutting action of the river therefore

eliminating the possibility of any rock mass failure in future. 13.5.2.5 Landslide - 31

It is an active landslide located on the left hill slope at about 600m upstream of the

dam axis (Figure 13.2), with its toe at EL 390 m and Crown at EL 540 m. The rock

mass exposed in the slide area is fine to medium grained feldspathic gneiss. The

maximum length of the landslide is 160 m, whereas its width varies from 20 m to 70

m. A 70-80 m wide zone extending from the toe to the crown portion is


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characterized by the presence of closely spaced parallel to sub-parallel shears.

The thickness of individual shear zone varies from a couple of meters to 20m with

moderate dip (50-60°) towards NE. Within the shear zone the rock mass is highly

sheared/crushed and shattered. At places due to intense shearing 1-2 m thick talc

bands/clay seams have developed rendering the rock mass more susceptible to

failure. As the shears are foliation parallel, the shear zone shows swerving nature

due to the superimposition of latter phases of deformation. The strike of the shear

zone makes an acute angle (30° to 35°) with the river course.

Detailed geological mapping of the landslide revealed that the rock mass failure

has resulted due to the cumulative effect of the three sets of discontinuities, viz.,

030°-065° / 45°-65° (S1); 210°-235° / 40°-65° (S2); 163°-185°/20°-45° (S3) and the

foliation parallel shears characterized by the presence of talc. Foliation parallel

shears are dipping upstream, however, the wedges formed by the intersection of

three sets of joints are getting disloged due to the presence of talc along the

shears. The conditions become more unfavourable during rain, as talc gets

lubricated and facilitates failure of rock mass.

Figure 13.2: Active landslide about 600m u/s of the dam axis. Note the debris cone at the base of the landslide


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Remedial Measures:

The toe of the landslide is located at EL 390m and the crown extends up to EL

540m. The debris cone occurring at the base of the landslide may be kept as it is,

and toe wall / plum concreting is to be provided at the toe (EL 390 m) of the

landslide and afterwards from up to EL 450 m, the entire slide zone has to be

treated with proper thickness of shotcrete.

Even after providing toe wall and shotcrete of adequate thickness, the rock mass

behind will get charged with water, which will increase the pore pressure and

lubricate talc occurring along the foliation parallel shears. During the operation of

powerhouse and more particularly during the flushing of reservoir adequate

measures like drainage/ weep holes will be provided so that the rock mass behind

remains stable.

The summarized description of the critical slides is tabulated below. Three

geological cross sections were prepared (refer Plates 13.5 a, b & c) along the

longer section of the slide, and the proposed protection measures have been

shown to stabilize the zone during draw down. S.

No. Slide ID No.

Coordinates Landslide Type Vegetation Type Seepage Lithology

1 1 E835707.02 N3095985.08

Slide scar on Left bank

No vegetation Dormant No

seepage Graphite

schist 2 3 E 835472.08

N 3096477.56 Debris slide Sparse vegetation Dormant No

seepage Debris

3 5 E 836527.76 N 3095618.63

Shallow debris slide/scree, gently

sloping

No vegetation Active seepage Shallow debris

& scree

4 8 E 835789.75 N 3097968.70

Slide scar on Left bank

No vegetation Dormant No Limestone

5 25 E 835852.32 N 3097845.53

Slide scar on Left bank Vegetation Dormant Seepage Limestone

6 31 E 833273.97 N 3088730.52

Wedge failure accelerated by the presence of foliation parallel

shears containing talc.

No vegetation Active No

seepage Feldspathic

gneiss


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13.6 COST ESTIMATE A total of 28 landslides of different magnitude and activity were interpreted from

cartosat1 stereo images using state-of-the art image processing techniques.

However, not all landslides are significant from the point of view of reservoir

stability of Demwe Lower H. E. Project. Landslides with ID nos. 1, 3, 5, 8, 25, and

31 are located in the critical zone between EL. 365m and EL 424.80m (FRL).

These slides will be vulnerable to the fluctuation in the water level within the live

storage as well as during the flushing out operation twice in a year. Keeping it in

view, detailed field studies of all these slides were under taken on ground by taking

arduous traverses.

It revealed that three slides scars (ID nos. 1, 8 & 25) have resulted due to the

undercut action of the river giving rise to planar failure along the valley dipping

joints. These landslides are located in the upper reaches of the proposed reservoir.

Once the reservoir is filled up, there will be no toe cutting action of the river due to

the vertical columns of water (EL 389m to EL 424.8m), thus eliminating the

possibility of any rock mass failure in future. Out of the six landslides, three slides

(ID nos. 3, 5 & 31) require treatment to make the reservoir rim stable, which is

described in brief below.

Landslide (ID no.3) in its major part is sparsely vegetated and stabilized at present,

and the debris comprises admixture of big rock blocks and smaller rock fragments

of quartzite. In between FRL (EL 424.8m) and maximum drawdown level (EL

408m) the debris accumulation due to its open framework will not be subjected to

pore pressure fluctuations, therefore will remain more or less stable. No specific

remedial measure is required for this already stabilized landslide.

Landslide (ID no. 5) has resulted due to the failure of the unconsolidated slope

wash material. To contain further sliding, toe wall in the terminal part followed by

shotcreting up to FRL (EL 424.8m) may be carried out. To stabilize the debris

accumulation above the FRL, a toe wall with drainage holes may be constructed


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above the FRL. Adequate measures such as drainage/ weep holes are to be

provided so that the water charged mass behind remains stable.

Landslide (Id no. 31) is an active landslide located on the left hill slope at about

600m upstream of the dam axis. The rock mass exposed in the slide area is fine to

medium grained feldspathic gneiss. The debris cone occurring at the base of the

landslide may be kept as it is, and toe wall / plum concreting is to be provided at

the toe (EL 390 m) of the landslide and beyond that shotcrete of adequate

thickness will be provided up to the FRL (EL 424.8m) of the reservoir. The rock

mass behind will get charged with water, which will increase the pore pressure and

lubricate talc occurring along the foliation parallel shears. During the operation of

powerhouse and more particularly during the flushing of reservoir to maintain pore

water pressure in the rock mass behind shotcrete, drainage/beep holes will be

provided so that the rock mass behind remains stable. Two landslides need to be

treated to make the reservoir rim completely stable to withstand the water level

fluctuations resulting during generation of power and flushing out operation of the

reservoir. The estimated cost for the aforesaid treatment is tabulated below.

S. No. Slide ID No. Cost of toe wall

(in Rupees) Cost of Shotcrete

(in Rupees) Total cost

(in Rupees)

1 5 2,42,72,050 59,01,705

2 31 1,23,83,820 4,15,15,245 8,40,72,820

Plate 13.1

Plate 13.2

Plate 13.3

Plate 13.4a

Plate 13.4b

Plate 13.4c

Plate 13.5a

Plate 13.5b

Plate 13.5c


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14

CONSTRUCTION METHODOLOGY AND EQUIPMENT

PLANNING 14.1 INTRODUCTION

Appropriate construction methodology and equipment planning can mitigate the

adverse impact to surrounding environment (if any) during construction phase.

The damages can be more if the project is delayed due to inadvertent planning.

Moreover, a good planning must take into account the methods and equipment

through which the project can be completed with minimal irreversible loss to the

environment.

Demwe Lower HE Project is located in the foothills of Mishmi ranges, which

receive rainfall during the monsoon months starting from May till September. The

details of construction methodology and equipment planning for the Demwe

Lower HE project are available in the DPR Demwe Lower HEP. This plan has

been prepared considering the accessibility of the region, weather condition

throughout the year and raw material availability. All the major works of the

project proposed to be executed through world class experienced contractors who

shall be selected on the basis of International Competitive bidding process. Latest

equipments are proposed to be used in avarious activities during construction.

The following sections in this chapter provide excerpts from the DPR Demwe

Lower HEP related to the construction planning proposed to achieve the goal of

commissioning the project within 61 months.

14.2 TRANSPORTATION OF MEN, MATERIAL AND EQUIPMENT The Demwe Lower Dam site is located at 692 km from Guwahati (along NH-37),

215 km from Dibrugarh, 160 km from Tinsukia, 80 km from Roing and 80 km

from Demwe Upper Dam site. The nearest Airport is at Dibrugarh.The project is

Environmental Management Plan – Construction Methodology and Equipment Planning

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at about 40 km from the district headquarters at Tezu, where a helipad is

maintained by State Govt. and where weekly helicopter services are available

connecting Dibrugarh and Itanagar. Since the Demwe Lower project site is

located on the National Highway 52 and is well connected with Tinsukia in

Assam, which is the commercial hub of Assam state and is the nearest Broad

Gauge railhead, the Construction equipment can be transported either by Rail

upto Tinsukia which is about 160 km from the project site or via road (NH 37)

from Guwahati. The mobilization of men and equipment can take place even

during the monsoon months. However the best option would be to make use of

the Tinsukia Railhead from where the men, material and equipment can be

transported economically by road.

14.3 CONSTRUCTION POWER Construction power for main works i.e. for Dam, Tunnels, Power House,

Batching and Mixing plants, Workshop, quarry etc. would be arranged by the

Contractor, while the power required for colony and offices would be arranged by

the ADPPL. It is estimated that an overall peak requirement of about 17 MW

(Table 14.1) will be required for the project.

Table 14.1: Requirement of construction power

Area Maximum Load Demand (MW) Work site for Dam/Diversion Tunnel/Pressure Shaft 12

Work site for Power House / Crushers /Sand mills 2

Central Mechanical Workshop 1

Workshop for Penstock Works 1

Colony Area 1

Total 17

The NOx, HC, CO emissions from the DG sets should be below the prescribed

limits of CPCB. The Noise from DG set is required to be controlled by providing

an acoustic enclosure or by treating the room acoustically. The acoustic

enclosure or acoustic treatment of the room shall be designed for minimum 25 dB


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(A) insertion loss or for meeting the ambient noise standards, whichever is on the

higher side. If the actual ambient noise is on the higher side, it may not be

possible to check the performance of the acoustic enclosure/acoustic treatment.

Under such circumstances the performance may be checked for noise reduction

upto actual ambient noise level, preferably, in the night time. The measurement

for insertion loss may be done at different points at 0.5 m from the acoustic

enclosure/room, and then averaged. The DG set shall be provided with proper

exhaust muffler with insertion loss of minimum 25 dB(A). These limits shall be

regulated by the State Pollution Control Board and the State Pollution Control

Committees. The manufacturer shall offer to the user a standard acoustic

enclosure of 25 dB(A) insertion loss and also a suitable exhaust muffler with

insertion loss of 25 dB(A). The project authority shall make efforts to bring down

the noise levels due to the DG set, outside its premises, within the ambient noise

requirements by proper siting and control measures. Installation of a DG set must

be strictly in compliance with the recommendations of the DG set manufacturer.

A proper routine and preventive maintenance procedure for the DG set should be

set and followed in consultation with the DG set manufacturer which would help

prevent noise levels of the DG set from deteriorating with use.

In accordance with the EPA Notification (GSR 742(E) dt. 30th Aug, 1970 and SO

8(E) dt Dec 31, 1990) the following pollution control measures are necessary for

the Crusher and Batching plant areas:

1. Dust containment cum supression system for the equipment.

2. Construction of wind breaking walls.

3. Construction of the metalled roads within the premises.

4. Regular cleaning and wetting of the ground within the premises.

5. Growing of a green belt along the periphery: Since there are good forest in

the periphery the creation of a green belt may not be required. However,

to improve the forest cover some plants can be planted.


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The suspended particulate matter level between 3 to 10 metres from any

process equipment of a stone crushing unit shall not exceed 600 µg/m.

14.4 TELECOMMUNICATION During construction of Demwe Lower HE Project, it is proposed to have a multi

channel VSAT connection at site. LDST connection from MTNL exchange, Delhi

and local radio/wireless communication are also required to be established

during the construction of the project. For better communication network, OFC

connection between BSNL telephone exchange at Tezu and project site is also

planned. LAN connectivity for inter office communication is planned for better

efficiency in office.

14.5 CONSTRUCTION METHODOLOGY 14.5.1 Infrastructure Works

The Demwe Lower HE Project site is located on the National Highway with most

of the bridges having 70R specifications. Some of the bridges, which are of lower

specifications, are being upgraded by Border Road Organisation (BRO) to 70R

loading. There is a requirement of a new 40R bailey bridge upstream of the dam

axis for crossing the river and accessing the left bank of Lohit River, where the

rock quarry is located. This bridge is expected to be completed within 18 months

time. The existing 18R bridge across Tidding River lying upstream of the Dam

site, close to the confluence of Lohit and Tidding will also need to be replaced, as

the existing bridge would come within the submergence area. Approach to the

new bridge will also be constructed. There is a requirement of constructing 23 km

of access roads on the left and right bank for reaching various sites and work

locations.

All the access roads and bridges are expected to be completed within 18 months

of the Project construction commencement date, which is 1st April-2010. The

construction of temporary and permanent buildings, offices, Guest houses and

other recreational facilities are proposed to be completed within 18 months i.e. by

Sept. 2011.


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14.5.2 Major Hydraulic Structures The Construction methodology for major hydraulic structures is discussed below.

The equipments to be used during construction of different appurtenant structures

are listed in Table 14.2.

Table 14.2: Number of equipments to be used for the purpose of construction of different

appurtenant structures of Demwe Lower HE project

Equipment

Div

ersi

on

Tunn

els

Pre

Cof

fer

Dam

s St

age

Cof

fer

Dam

Con

cret

e G

ravi

ty

Dam

Pres

sure

Sh

aft

Pow

er

Hou

se

and

Tail

Rac

e C

hann

el

25t Dumpers 24 - - - 20 -

Air Compressors (500 cfm) 4 - - - 3 -

Batching and Mixing Plant

(100/300 cum/hour) - - - - - 1

Coarse Aggregate Processing

Plants 750 TPH - - - 2 - -

Concrete Batching and Mixing

Plant (100 cum/hr) 1 - 1 - 1 -

Concrete Pump 40 cum/hr 4 - 2 - 5 -

Concrete Pumps (40 cum/hr) - - - - - 3

Concrete shutters for overt

concreting 4 - - - - -

Crawler Dozer (50 D) 1 - - - 1 -

Crawler Dozer (80 D) 1 - - - 1 -

Crawler Drilling Machine - - 2 - - -

Dewatering Pumps (20 HP, 10

HP and 5 HP) 2 each - - - 3 each -

DG Set (500 KVA) 2 - - 6 4 6

Dozer-D50 - 2 2 2 - 2

Dozer-D80 - 2 - 2 - 1

Dumpers 25 T - 20 30 40 - 20


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Equipment

Div

ersi

on

Tunn

els

Pre

Cof

fer

Dam

s St

age

Cof

fer

Dam

Con

cret

e G

ravi

ty

Dam

Pres

sure

Sh

aft

Pow

er

Hou

se

and

Tail

Rac

e C

hann

el

Electrically Operated Winches - - - - 5 -

Excavators (3 cum) - 10 10 - - -

Fine Aggregate Processing

Plants 50 TPH - - - 12 - -

Front End Loader - - - - 4 -

Hydra Mobile Crane 2 - - - 2 -

Hydraulic Excavator 0f 3/6 cum

capacity - - - - - 6

Hydraulic excavators (2 cum) 4 - - - - -

Hydraulic excavators (3 cum) - - - - 5 -

Hydraulic Excavators 6/3 cum

capacity - - - 10 - -

Jack Hammers 10 3 3 - 10 -

Jet Grouting Equipment - - 2 sets - - -

Loader Cum Excavator 4 - - - 2 -

Mobile telebelt conveyor (275

cum/hr capacity) - - - - - 1

Raise Climbers - - - - 5 -

Shortecrete machine with

Robo Arm 2 - - - 2 -

Single Boom Rockbolter 2 - - - 2 -

Three boom Drill Jumbos 2 - - - 2 -

Tippers 10 - - - - -

Transit Mixers 6 Cum Capacity - - 5 - - 10

Ventilation Fan and ducts 4 - - - 5 -

Vibratory Rollers 10/20 T - 3 4 - - -

Wagon Drills 2 - - - 2 -

Wagon Drills - 1 1 6 - 4


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14.5.2.1 Diversion Tunnels In order to cater to 1 in 25 year non-monsoon discharges in Lohit River, 5 Nos. of

diversion tunnels, each of 14 m diameter and about 1100 m of average length has

been planned. In addition to this a 6 m dia, 950 m long diversion tunnel has been

planned on the left bank to ensure continuous supply of water to Prasuramkund,

which is a holy place.

The 14.0 m dia tunnels have been planned to be excavated by Heading and

Benching method, while the 6 m dia tunnel would be done full face. For the

purpose of Heading excavation for 4 tunnels and 8 faces (14 m diameter), it is

proposed to deploy 2 three boom drill jumbos from each side. The operations in

the tunnels would be staggered in such a way that 2 drill jumbos at each side

(Outlet and Inlet) can cater to all the tunnels. The 6 m diameter tunnel shall be

excavated full face and would be completed well within the completion time of the

larger diameter and longer diversion tunnels.

The Concrete lining for the diversion tunnels are proposed to be done in two

stages. The overt lining will be done by using specially fabricated shutters and

invert lining by using templates. For the Overt concrete lining 12 m long telescopic

shutters would be fabricated for each tunnel and for each face. Thus a total of 8

numbers 12 m long telescopic shutters with hydraulic support and release system

would be fabricated and erected inside each face. Total time required for the overt

lining from the Outlet face would be about 5 months. Similarly the Overt lining

from each of the intake faces would take 3 months time. The Invert lining and

grouting would follow the overt lining and these activities would be completed

within 2-3 months of completion of the overt lining.

14.5.2.2 Coffer Dams

Pre-Coffer Dam

The Upstream cofferdam has been provided in order to divert requisite discharge

through the diversion tunnels. For constructing the upstream cofferdam, a pre-

coffer dam of dumped material is to be constructed in the lean season. The


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upstream located pre-coffer dam has been planned as a 14 m high dumped

rockfill structure. This pre-coffer dam is to be constructed by using the diversion

tunnel muck and excavated material available from the Dam abutment stripping.

Upstream Coffer Dam

The upstream cofferdam is proposed to be constructed from rockfill material,

which would be locally obtained from the Excavation of the Dam, and some

material from the tunnels. The upstream cofferdam is proposed to be

constructed in two stages.

Downstream Cofferdam The downstream coffer dam is also a dumped rockfill structure which has been

provided downstream of the 6 m diameter diversion tunnel to avoid any back

flow in the dam excavation area. Since this diversion tunnel is expected to

discharge a maximum of only 400 cumecs, the downstream coffer dam would be

a 8 m high structure only and would be constructed in a month time at the time

when the river has been diverted through the 14 m dia tunnels and the gates of 6

m dia tunnel would be closed during that period.

14.5.2.3 Concrete Gravity dam

Concrete Gravity dam, which is proposed to be 163.12 m high, is the most

important structure of the project. The construction of this structure involves i)

excavation of (37.50 lakh cum), ii) concreting in O.F and N.O.F blocks – (43.6

lakh cum)

Entire work of dam construction including excavation of abutments starting from

the date of river diversion on December 2011 is to be completed in 54 months

time that is during May 2016. However, the stripping of the abutments will

commence before the river diversion.


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Transport and Placing of Concrete in different work areas during dam construction To reach all corners of the dam and to safely top it out, it is proposed to use two

conveyor systems that will end with total of three (3) placing devices plus three

mobile units fed by trucks that will place concrete from outside of the dam in all

lifts within its reach. Two conveyor lines will include 2 x 360 m long feeder

conveyors that will feed set of total of 14 x 40 m long climber conveyors plus 3 x

30 m long link conveyors to feed total of 3 x conveyor placing device. Climber

conveyors will zigzag down and up the dam as per daily schedule requirements.

Mobile equipment will include 2 x 39 m long telescopic conveyors mounted on

truck chassis and 1 x 62 m long telescopic conveyor mounted on hydraulic crane

chassis. These units will move around and on the dam blocks to pour concrete in

all blocks within its realistic reach. Total of 8 numbers of Concrete Haulers of 6

m3 will haul concrete from mixing plants and feed mobile equipment as per daily

needs over total of three (3) mobile metering hoppers 6 m3 in size (to optimize

number of transit mixers hauling concrete and feed conveyors as per actual need

in the lift).

With the methodology mentioned above, there will be a total of five (5) different

and independent means of placing concrete in the dam at all times during the

works. The fifth is the third placing device and part of conveyor system that will

be fed by Concrete haulers as per the needs of daily work programs.

Due to placing capacity requirement of maximum 275 m3/h per conveyor line,

24” (610 mm) wide belt is selected that can do up to 275 m3/h. This size of

conveyor is lighter and much easier to set for pour and frequent reposition

throughout the works. Feeder overland conveyors will be on fixed supports made

at site and conveyors zigzagging up and down the dam will be supported at ends

by removable and reusable supports also made at site.


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Total numbers of climber conveyor enable reaching the bottom of the dam as

well as topping it out going down at maximum 25 degrees and climbing up at

+20 degrees. All conveyors will be required to reach far top corners of the dam.

That will by itself alone provide for great reserve and flexibility. Two mixing

plants will be directly feeding concrete on to two conveyor lines.

Vibration

To vibrate all concrete in lifts on the dam it is proposed to use total of 5 x 8 x 150

mm vibrator gangs attached to the excavator on crawlers (approx. 16-22T) plus

3 x 4x150 mm vibrator gangs attached to excavator on crawlers (approx. 7-10T).

Service Cranes

All service works such as moving equipment for raising forms, vibration, steel

reinforcement and all other services needed at site like this including

repositioning of conveyors and placing devices, will be done with tower cranes of

20T capacity at 65 m with the maximum reach being not less than 85 m.

14.5.2.4 Pressure Shaft

Five numbers of 10 m diameter pressure shafts of 571 m average length has

been provided to feed the five Vertical Francis turbines.

The work of Pressure shaft includes open excavation at the Intake and

powerhouse end, portal construction at both the faces for each tunnel and

construction of inclined drop shafts. Tunneling shall be carried out by drilling and

blasting method using heading and benching approach. The tunnel from the

outlet portal can be started after excavation necessary for portal opening from

that face (which will also cover the part excavation for powerhouse pit). The

excavation would be done in Heading and Benching by using 3 boom drill

jumbos. A cycle time of about 14 hours for the Heading excavation for each

pressure shaft has been assumed. This would mean a monthly progress of

about 125 m from each of the face, considering 25 working days in a month and

each pull of 3.0 m. The drop shaft excavation has been planned to be carried out


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simultaneously from the top and the bottom. While the excavation from the top

would be done by the conventional drilling-blasting method, the excavation from

the bottom shall be done by using Raise climber and by making a smaller

diameter pilot shaft of about 3 m diameter for this purpose. After the bottom pilot

shaft meets the already completed shaft from the top, the excavation shall be

continued from the top by slashing and mucking would be done from the bottom.

The erection of steel liners can be done after the completion of excavation of the

entire pressure shaft.

14.5.2.5 Power house and Tailrace channel

The surface powerhouse of Demwe Lower HE Project is located on the right

bank of the Lohit River housing 5 vertical Francis turbines of 342 MW each and

one unit of 40 MW. Part of the powerhouse pit excavation would be completed

along with the excavation for portal opening of the 5 pressure shafts. The

excavation of a part of the tail race channel lying between the maximum flood

level of the river and the tailrace channel’s powerhouse end would be left as a

natural flood protection for the powerhouse pit.

14.6 CONSTRUCTION MATERIAL 14.6.1 Required Construction Material

Based on the DPR stage designs and drawings various construction materials

and their estimated requirements for the construction of the project are i)Coarse

aggregate for concreting (54.5 lakh cum), ii) Sand for concreting (27.30 lakh

cum), iii) Cement (16.4 lakh MT), and iv) Steel Reinforcement (1,05,866 MT).

These quantities of major construction materials are exclusive of hydro-

mechanical works, steel liners and E&M equipment, switchyard steel structures

etc. In addition to this many other minor items like steel fibre reinforcement, wire

mesh, admixtures for concreting / grouting, bentonite, silica fume, bricks and

other items related to building architecture, water supply and sewage works

including fittings and fixtures would be required.


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14.6.2 Availability of Construction Material The surveys for the construction material have been carried out and quarries

have been identified. The principal construction material like aggregate, rock etc.

are available in sufficient quantity in and around project areas from the identified

locations.

River bed deposits along the river Lohit and two shoals constituting the terrace

(T0) on the right bank, continuing for about 2 km length in the downstream of the

Dam Axis contain more than 14 lac m3 of natural aggregate (coarse and fine)

including boulder and cobbles. Excavated material from the Power House and Tail

Race Channel excavations is the additional source of construction material, which

will contribute about 8.0 Lac m3 of usable material as coarse and fine aggregate.

A rock quarry located about 2 km upstream of the Dam Axis on the right bank of

the Lohit river is the other potential source of construction material. From this rock

quarry at least 81.8 lakh m3 of usable material will be extracted for the production

of coarse and fine aggregates.

The RBM deposited along the course of the Lohit River is well sorted and

homogeneous in nature. The RBM exposed in the river bed and adjacent shoals

can be classified mainly into three categories, viz., boulders with minor amount

of cobbles, pebbles and sand; admixture of boulders, cobbles, pebbles and

sand; predominantly sand with minor amount of cobbles, pebbles and gravels.

The boulders predominantly comprise granite, granite gneiss, porphyritic granite,

leucocratic granite, ultramafics and pegmatite in order of decreasing abundance.

Various constituents of the RBM appear to have been transported from the

upper reaches of the Lohit catchment, mainly from the granodioritic complex

exposed upstream of the confluence of the Lohit and Tidding rivers. The RBM

lying along the Lohit river course appears suitable for construction of the

Concrete Gravity Dam and its appurtenant structures.

In addition, huge amount of construction material are available in six terraces (T0

to T5) on the right bank of Lohit river. The boulders comprise granite, granite


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gneiss, porphyritic granite, leucocratic granite, ultramafics and pegmatite in order

of decreasing abundance.

As the Surface Powerhouse is proposed in the area occupied with the terrace

material on the right bank, suitable excavated material may be utilized for civil

construction works during excavation. In addition, the excavation down to 30m

depth for founding dam and spillway structure will contribute significantly as

aggregate material.

The requirement of cement for the project will be procured from the reputed

manufacturers/stockyards in the adjoining states of West Bengal, Bihar, Orissa,

Madhya Pradesh etc. This will involve carriage by Railway upto Tinsukia, Assam

and by Roadways upto the Project Site.

The required quantity of steel for reinforcement, structural steel, rock bolting etc.

shall be procured from Steel Authority of India Ltd. (SAIL) and other Agencies

like TISCO etc. This will involve carriage by Railway upto Tinsukia (Assam) and

by Roadways upto the Project Site.


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15

ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING PROGRAMME

15.1 INTRODUCTION

Environmental Monitoring is an essential tool in relation to environmental

management as it provides the basis for rational management decisions

regarding impact control. Monitoring shall be performed during all stages of the

project (namely: construction, commissioning, and operation) to ensure that the

impacts are no greater than predicted, and to verify the impact predictions. The

monitoring program will indicate where changes to procedures or operations are

required, in order to reduce impacts on the environment or local population. The

monitoring program for the Demwe Lower Hydropower Project will be undertaken

to meet the following objectives:

• To monitor the environmental conditions of the Lohit River and the reservoir

as impacted by the Demwe Lower Hydropower Project;

• To check on whether mitigation and benefit enhancement measures have

actually been adopted, and are proving effective in practice;

• To provide information on the actual nature and extent of key impacts and the

effectiveness of mitigation and benefit enhancement measures which,

through a feedback mechanism, can improve the planning and execution of

future, similar projects.

15.2 AREAS OF CONCERN From the monitoring point of view, the important parameters are water quality, air

quality, noise, erosion and siltation, landuse, afforestation, etc. An attempt is

made to establish early warning of indicators of stress on the environment.

Suggested monitoring details are outlined in the following sections.

Environmental Management Plan – Environmental Monitoring Programme 15-1


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15.2.1 Water Quality Construction Phase

It is proposed to monitor the effluent before and after treatment from sewage

treatment plant. The frequency of monitoring could be once per month. The

sampling sites shall be Colony area, Power house site, Dam site; 3 km down

stream of dam site, Confluence point of Tidding river. A total of 60 samples need

to be analyzed every year. The parameters to be monitored include pH, Bio-

chemical Oxygen Demand (BOD), Total Suspended Solids (TSS) and Total

Dissolved Solids (TDS). The cost of treatment of one sample is expected to be

about Rs, 2000/-. Thus, total cost for analysis over a period of 5 years including

10% escalation every year works out to Rs.6.60 Lakhs. The monitoring is

proposed to be done over a period of 5 years.

Operation phase The surface water quality of the proposed reservoir and river Lohit can be

monitored thrice a year (summer, pre and post-monsoon seasons). The

proposed parameters to be monitored include; pH, temperature, electrical

conductivity, turbidity, total dissolved solids, calcium, magnesium, total hardness,

chlorides, Sulphates, Nitrates, DO, COD, BOD, Iron, Zinc and Manganese.

The sampling sites shall be: Confluence Point of Tidding river and Lang river with

Lohit river, Reservoir water, Parasuram- Kund, and downstream of the

confluence of the tail race discharge.

The total cost of analysis will be Rs.1.50 Lakhs per year (3 times x 5 sites

@10000 per sample) . During project operation phase, a Sewage Treatment

Plant (STP) is proposed to be set up to treat the effluent from the project colony.

Once every month, it is envisaged to analyze a sample each before and after

treatment from the STP. The parameters to be analyzed include pH, Biochemical

Oxygen Demand (BOD), Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD), Total Suspended

Solids (TSS) and Total Dissolved Solids (TDS). The cost of analysis of 24



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samples @ Rs.2500/sample works out to Rs 0.6 Lakhs/year. Thus, total cost for

analysis in project operation works out to (1.50+.60) Rs.2.10 Lakhs/year.

15.2.2 Air Quality Construction Phase The ambient air quality monitoring during construction phase will be carried out

by the self established an environmental lab or as per requirement by the

external agency, approved by State Pollution Control Board. Every year

monitoring is to be done for the following three seasons:

• Winter

• Summer

• Post-monsoon

The frequency of monitoring could be twice a week for four consecutive weeks at

each station for each season. The parameters to be monitored are Respirable

Particulate Matter (RPM) and Suspended Particulate Matter (SPM), Sulphur-

dioxide (SO2) and Nitrogen Oxides (NOx).

Every year, ambient air quality is to be monitored for (4 stations x 2 days/week x

4 weeks x 3 seasons) 96 days. A total cost of Rs. 2.9 Lakhs/year @ Rs.

3000/day can be earmarked for this purpose. For a construction phase of 5 years

the total cost works out to Rs. 17.7 Lakhs considering 10% escalation every year.

15.2.3 Noise Construction Phase Noise emissions from vehicular movement, operation of various construction

equipment may be monitored during construction phase at major construction

sites. The frequency of monitoring could be once every three months. For

monitoring of noise generators an Integrating Sound Level Meter will be required

for which an amount of Rs. 5.0 Lakh can be earmarked.



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15.2.4 Meteorological Aspects and Environmental Lab It is recommended that a meteorological laboratory be set up with the

environmental laboratory at site to monitor various meteorological parameters,

Instruments for continuous monitoring of following parameters need to be

commissioned:

• Temperature

• Rainfall

• Humidity

• Cloud cover

• Wind speed

• Wind direction

An amount of Rs. 101.5 Lakh can be earmarked for commissioning of laboratory

for monitoring various meteorological and environmental aspects. The break up

of cost for Environmental Division is shown in table 15.1.

15.2.5 Erosion and Siltation

Project Construction Phase Silt analysis is proposed to be carried out for project construction phase. The

frequency of monitoring could be done once per month from two different sites.

The various parameters to be monitored include soil erosion rates, stability of

bank embankment, etc. The cost of analysis of 24 samples @ Rs.1500/sample

works out to Rs 0.18 Lakhs/year. The total cost for Silt analysis shall be 1.98 lakh

with escalation charge @ 10% for 5 years.

Project Operation Phase Soil erosion rates, slope stability of embankments of dam, efficacy of soil

conservation measures, need to be closely monitored ones a month. The Demwe

Lower Hydropower Project staff at the site can do the study. The study should be

undertaken throughout the life of the project so as to design the soil erosion

prevention measures and also for the rehabilitation of the project. The various

parameters to be monitored include soil erosion rates, stability of bank Environmental Management Plan – Environmental Monitoring Programme 15-4


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embankment, etc. The total cost of monitoring will be .36 lakhs/year @

Rs.1500/sample (12x2).

15.2.6 Ecology Project Construction Phase During construction phase monitoring of various management measures

proposed under the environment management plan like CAT, Forest protection

plan, Wildlife Management Plan and to monitor and prevent the illegal pouching

of Wildlife, Collect and record information on new ecological habitants if any etc.

Project Operation Phase Status of afforestation programmes, changes in migration patterns of the aquatic

and terrestrial fauna species should be studied. The study could be undertaken

with a frequency of 5 years till the entire design life of the dam. A provision of

Rs.5.0 lakh per study can be kept for this purpose. Thus, the annual expenditure

can be taken as Rs.1.0 lakh/year. Forest Department can conduct the study.

15.2.7 Fisheries Project Construction Phase A monitoring programme has been suggested during the project construction

phase to avoid illegal fishing activity and monitor the minimum flow requirements

and to monitor the aquatic ecology. The cost of analysis of 12 samples @

Rs.1500/sample works out to Rs 0.18 Lakhs/year. The total cost for aquatic

monitoring shall be 0.99 lakh with escalation charge @ 10% for 5 years.

Project Operation Phase Monitoring of fisheries in the reservoir will be essential to achieve sustainable

yield of fish. Some of the parameters to be monitored are phytoplanktons,

zooplanktons, benthic life and fish composition, etc. Based on human resources

and facilities available, monthly observations in time and space need to be made.

The parameters can be monitored twice at the water sampling sites given above.

The monitoring can be conducted by Fisheries Department or the



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environmentalist who will be on the site. The total cost for monitoring will be 1.80

lakh/year (2times in month, 5 different sites @1500/-)

15.2.8 Incidence of Water-Related Diseases During project construction phase, the incidence of various water-related

diseases can be monitored. The various parameters to be covered include

various diseases cause and control measures. The monitoring can be conducted

once in a year by the medical staff posted at the dispensary near construction

site. The monitoring can be done in project colony and settlements within 2-3 km

of the project site.

15.2.9 Minimum Releases It is proposed to continuously monitor release of minimum discharge from the

dam through an electronically operated system. An amount of Rs. 15 Lakhs is

proposed to be earmarked for this purpose.

15.3 TOTAL BUDGET FOR ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING PROGRAMME Total cost estimated for environmental monitoring programme and laboratory

establishment is 148.77 Lakhs during construction phase and 5.26 lakhs during

operational phase.

Table 15.1: Cost of Environment Division

S.No. Items Cost (Rs.)

1 Capital cost

Office building including laboratory 150sqm @ 9,00,000 Office furnishing including computer etc 15,00,000 Laboratory equipment 50,00,000 Vehicle 1 no. 6,00,000

2 Recurring cost for 5 years Manpower (1 engineer, 1 T.A.,2 Assistants) @ 30,60,000 Vehicle running cost @ Rs 1,30,000/year 6,50,000 Office maintenance and consumables @ Rs 10,00,000 3 Services of Environmental Advisor @ Rs. 5,00,000 Grand Total 101,50,000



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Table 15.2: Cost estimates for Environmental Monitoring Programme

Cost estimate During Construction Phase

Particulars Cost (Lakhs)

Water quality 6.6

Air quality 17.7

Noise 5.0

Meteorological Laboratory & Environmental Division 101.5

Minimum release of water 15.0

Erosion and Siltation 1.98

Fisheries 0.99

Total 148.77

Cost estimate during Operation Phase

Particulars Cost (Lakhs)/year

Water quality 2.10

Erosion and Siltation 0.36

Ecology 1.0/year for five year

Fisheries 1.80

Total 5.26

15.4 SUMMARY OF ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING PROGRAMME The summary of environmental monitoring programmes during construction

phase and operational phase are given in Tables 15.3 and 15.4 respectively.

Table 15.3: Summary of Environmental Monitoring Programme during construction

Phase S. No.

Items to be monitored

Parameters Frequency Location

1. Effluent from STPs pH, BOD, COD, TSS,

TDS

Once every month Before and after

treatment from the

SPTs at various

labour camps

2. Water-related

diseases

Identification of

water related

Three times a

year

Labour camps

and colonies




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S. No.



diseases, adequacy

of local control and

curative measure,

etc.

3. Air quality SPM, RPM, SO2 and

Nox

Once every

season

At major

construction sites

4.

Noise Equivalent noise

level (Leq)

Once in three

months

At major

construction sites.

Table 15.4: Summary of Environmental Monitoring Programme during Project Operation

Phase

S. No.



1. Water pH, Temperature, EC,

Turbidity, Total Dissolved

Solids, Calcium,

Magnesium, Chlorides,

Sulphates, Nitrates, DO.

COD, BOD, Iron, Zinc,

Manganese.

Thrice a

year

Confluence Point of

Tidding River and Lang

River, Reservoir water,

Parasuramkund, and

downstream of the

confluence of the tail race

discharge.

2. Effluent from

STP

pH, BOD, COD, TSS, TDS Once

every

month

Before and after treatment

from STP

3. Erosion &

Siltation

Soil erosion rates, stability

of bank embankment, etc.

Twice a

year

(Summer &

post-

monsoons)

-

4. Ecology Status of afforestation

programmes

Once in 5

years

-

5. Fisheries Phytoplanktons,

zooplanktons, benthic life,

Twice a

year

Confluence Point of

Tidding River and Lang



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S. No.



fish composition River, Reservoir water,

Parasuram Kund, and

downstream of the

confluence of the tail race

discharge.

6. Incidence of

water-related

diseases

Cause and control

measures for various

diseases.

Once in a

year

Project colony settlements

within 2-3 km of the

project site.

7 Meteorological

aspects

Temperature, rainfall,

humidity, cloud cover, wind

speed and direction

Continuous Project office

8 Flow

monitoring

Discharge in river Lohit Continuous Just downstream of dam

site


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16

COST ESTIMATES 16.1 COST FOR IMPLEMENTING ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT PLAN

The total amount to be spent for implementation of Environmental Management

Plan (EMP) is Rs. 26770.26 Lakhs. The details are given in Table 16.1. The cost

is excluding of the following costs:

• Land compensation as per the provisions of Land Acquisition Act

• NPV towards forest land diversion

• Cost of trees in forest area to be diverted

Table 16.1: Cost for Implementing Environmental Management Plan

S. No. Item of work Cost in Lakhs

1 Catchment Area Treatment Plan 3312.00

2 Reservoir Rim Treatment Plan 840.73

3 Bio-diversity Conservation Plan 892.41

4 Greenbelt Development Plan 91.45

5 Landscaping & Restoration Plan 240.89

6 Muck Disposal Plan 7000.00

7 Fish Management Plan 456.33

8 Rehabilitation &Resettlement Plan and Local Area

Development Plan including Public Health Delivery 9146.96

9 Public Health Delivery Plan Booked under R&R

and LADP (1186.76)

10 Subsidized Fuel Management Plan 229.00

11 Solid waste management and sanitation facilities 128.58

12 Disaster management plan 251.88

13 Environmental Monitoring Plan 154.03

14 Compensatory Afforestation 4000.00

Grand Total 26744.26

Environmental Management Plan – Cost Estimates

16-1

lakhwar hydroelectric project - ministry of environment and forests

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