Lake Victoria RegionWater and Sanitation Initiative

Supporting Secondary Urban Centres in the Lake Victoria

Region to Achieve the Millennium Development Goals

UN-HABITAT

UNITED NATIONS HUMAN SETTLEMENTS PROGRAMME (UN-HABITAT)

A Regional Programme of

The UN-HABITAT Water and Sanitation Trust Fund

Supporting

Secondary Urban Centres in the Lake Victoria Region

to Achieve the Millenium Development Goals.

Lake Victoria Region Water and Sanitation Initiative(LVWATSAN)

The Problem 1

Why is the LVWATSAN Intiative Unique? 3

Objectives of the Programme 5

Linkages with other Ongoing Initiatives 6

The Guiding Principles of Programme Design 7

Ensuring Programme Sustainability

11

Implementation Strategy 16

Monitoring and Evaluation Framework 17

8

Environmental Impact Assessment

Progress so Far 12

Contents

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VI

VII

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The rapid urbanization of many smalltowns bordering Lake Victoria has had asevere impact on the lake's water qualityand its ecosystem, in addition to placingenormous pressure on the capacity of thetowns to provide adequate water andsanitation services for their growingpopulations. The gap between supplyand demand in the provision of water andsanitation services in these towns willcontinue growing unless urgent andconcerted action is taken by thedevelopment community, national, andlocal governments in the Lake Victoriaregion.

A key objective of the second phase of theUN-HABITAT Water for African CitiesProgramme (WAC II), which waslaunched with the full support of theAfrican Ministerial Conference on Water(AMCOW), is to promote pro-poorinvestment in water and sanitation inAfrican cities. UN-HABITAT will help toimprove local capacity in these cities andprepare the ground for follow-upinvestments.

In the smaller towns in Africa, however, adifferent approach is required. In manyof these towns the infrastructure is oftenin disuse because of poor maintenanceand low human resource capacity forefficient management, operation andmaintenance. With relatively modestsupport, the water, sanitation, solid wastemanagement and drainage services inthese towns could be drasticallyimproved. UN-HABITAT intends toprovide grant support to these townsmainly to rehabilitate existing facilitiesand to strengthen local capacity form a n a g e m e n t , o p e r a t i o n a n dmaintenance.

The Lake Victoria Region Water andSanitation Initiave (LVWATSAN) is aconcrete step taken by UN-HABITAT tooperationalize the WAC Programme inthe Lake Victoria sub-region. Launchedin collaboration with Governments ofKenya, Tanzania and Uganda, and inclose partnership with the Secretariat ofthe East African Community, theLVWATSAN initiative aims atsupporting small towns in the LakeVictoria region to meet the MillenniumDevelopment Goals in water andsanitation. Its key objectives are twofold:first, to improve the water supply andsanitation coverage for the poor in thesetowns; and secondly, to arrest theincreasing pollution of Lake Victoriafrom these towns. The Lake VictoriaWater and Sanitation Initiative will workclosely with other ongoing initiatives andbuild on previous UN-HABITATprogrammes in the Lake Victoria region.

I extend our sincerest gratitude to theMinisters from the Partner States, Hon.Martha Karua of Kenya, Hon. EdwardLowassa of Tanzania, and Hon. MariaMutagamba of Uganda for theirenthusiastic support.

Executive DirectorUnited Nations Human SettlementsProgrammeUN-HABITAT

Anna Kajumulo Tibaijuka

Foreword

LVWATSAN UN-HABITAT

LVWATSAN UN-HABITAT1

The Problem

I

The rapidly growing urban centres in theLake Victoria basin are playing anincreasingly important role in theeconomic development of the region. Butmost of these towns are experiencingunplanned, spontaneous growth. Therun-down and often non-existent basicinfrastructure and services in most ofthem poses a major threat to theirsustainability.

The poor populations of these urban andperi-urban areas, most of who remainoutside the reach of municipal services,are the most affected. Official statistics areoften misleading and do not reveal thetrue extent of the problem. Theunplanned urban development andintense pressure on basic infrastructurehave had a significant negative impact onliving conditions, natural environment,and the fragile ecosystem of the Lake.

These secondary towns are yet to reap thebenefits of upstream reforms taking placein the water and sanitation sector in thethree East African countries.

The local authorities, overwhelmed bythe rapid and unplanned development ofthese towns, lack the capacity orresources to address the wideningd e m a n d - s u p p l y g a p . U n l e s s acoordinated effort is made by theinternational community as well asnational and local authorities, the supply-demand gap will continue to increase,significantly curtailing the prospects ofthese towns achieving the MillenniumDevelopment Goals for water andsanitation.

UN-HABITATLVWATSAN 2

Socio Economic Data on the Lake Victoria Region

Lake Victoria is the world’s second largest fresh-water lake and the largest inAfrica, with a surface area of 68,800 Km . It has a volume of 2,760km and anaverage depth of 40m. The maximum depth is 80m.

The lake is shared between Kenya (6 percent), Tanzania (51 ) and Uganda(43 ). The lake catchment area covers 193,000 km with Tanzaniaoccupying 44 percent, Kenya 22 percent, Uganda 16 percent, Burundi 7 percentand Rwanda 11 percent.

This area, invariably described as the Lake Victoria Basin has a gross domesticproduct in the order of US$5 billion annually, and supports an estimatedpopulation of 30 million people at incomes in the range of US$ 90-270 per capita.

The lake catchment thus provides for the livelihood of about one third of thecombined populations of the three countries.

It is estimated that more than 80% of the populations in the lake basin areengaged in agricultural production, the majority as small scale farmers andlivestock owners producing maize and cash crops such as sugar, tea, coffee andcotton.

The fish resources of the lake sustain - directly or indirectly - livelihood for about3 million people engaged in subsistence and commercial fishing. Fishing is animportant source of foreign exchange earnings with an annual landed value ofUS$ 300-400 million, though little of that revenue ends up in the pockets of thefishermen.

The 30 million people living within the Lake’s basin are still largely afflicted bypoverty. It is estimated that 50 percent of the Lake Victoria basin population livesbelow the poverty line.

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percentpercent

UN-HABITAT3

The Lake Victoria Region Water andSanitation Initiative (LVWATSAN) isdesigned to demonstrate that the MDGtargets for water and sanitation in thesetowns can be met with modestinvestments targeted primarily atrehabilitation of existing infrastructure,with due emphasis on capacity buildingat local level to ensure the sustainabilityof these services.

Achieving the MDG targets for water andsanitation in these towns would providean important entry point for addressingother MDGs related to povertyalleviation and integrated waterr e s o u r c e s m a n a g e m e n t . T h einterventions in a few selected townsshould also serve as a model to inspireother towns and national authorities toreplicate these interventions in order tocreate a basin-wide impact.

With a clear pro-poor focus, the Initiativeis intended to generate desirableoutcomes with a lasting impact on the

Why is the LVWATSANInitiative Unique?

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lives of the poor. These outcomes includeimproved access to water, sanitation,solid waste management and drainageservices in the project areas; functionaland gender focused strategies forsustainable management and monitoringof rehabilitated systems; institutionalisedcapacity building; and a contribution tothe reduction in pollutant loads enteringLake Victoria.

LVWATSAN

UN-HABITAT4

It is envisaged that in an environment ofongoing sector reforms, the Lake VictoriaRegion Water and Sanitation Initiativerepresents a real opportunity to improvethe living conditions of nearly one millionp e o p l e b y c o m b i n i n g p h y s i c a linvestments in infrastructure provision,with targeted capacity-building. It willalso ensure that the lake environment onwhich the region depends for survival isprotected.

LVWATSAN

Objectives of the Programme

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UN-HABITAT5

The objectives of the Lake Victoria RegionWater and Sanitat ion Init iat ive(LVWATSAN) are:

To support secondary urban centres inthe Lake Victoria Region to achieve thewater and sanitation related MDG's andto contribute to equitable and sustainableeconomic, social and environmentaldevelopment of the Lake Victoria Region,to the benefit of the inhabitants of theregion.

Development Objective

Support pro-poor water and sanitation investments in the secondary urbancentres in the Lake Victoria Region

Build institutional and human resource capacities at local and regional levelsfor the sustainability of improved water and sanitation services

Facilitate operationalisation of upstream water sector reforms at the locallevel in the participating urban centres

Reduce the environmental impact of urbanisation in the Lake Victoria Basin

Specific Objectives

LVWATSAN

UN-HABITAT6

Linkages with otherOngoing Initiatives

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The Lake Victoria Water and SanitationInitiative will work closely with two on-going programmes coordinated by theEast African Community Secretariat, theL a k e V i c t o r i a E n v i r o n m e n t a lManagement Programme and the NileBasin Initiative.

It will also establish collaborativelinkages with the NEPAD Water Agendafor the region facilitated by the AfricanDevelopment Bank, and other regionalinitiatives.

Major Regional Programmes with Potential for Complementarity withthe LVWATSAN

Nile Basin Initiative

East African Communities Organization for the Management of LakeVictoria - ECOVIC

Lake Victoria Environmenal Management Programme (LVEMP)

Lake Victoria Regional Local Authorities Co-operation - LVRLAC

Sustainable Cities Programme (SCP)

UN-HABITAT Initiatives in Kisumu

Water and Sanitation Program - WSP (World Bank)

LVWATSAN

UN-HABITAT7

The Guiding Principles ofProgramme Design

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A Model for Achieving MDGTargets and Fostering RegionalCooperation

The rapidly growing smaller urbancentres in the Lake region arecontributing increasingly to the economicdevelopment of the region and toregional cooperation. Their sustainabilityis critical to development of the region.

Demonstrating an integrated approach tothe provision of basic services in thesetowns and enhancing capacity at locallevels for the towns to managethemselves will provide a model fornational authorities and donors(including international financinginstitutions) to replicate in other towns inthe region.

The initiative will also foster regionalcooperation by sharing of experiencesand exchange of expertise among thethree East African countries.

Despite the ongoing sector reforms,development in the region has largely bypassed poor communities. This is largelydue to the lack of a governance structurethat incorporates poor communities inthe decision-making process. A coherentpro-poor focus would therefore requirethat partnerships are promoted betweenall levels of civil society, market andgovernment and that these communitiesa r e i n v o l v e d i n p l a n n i n g a n dimplementing the various phases andcomponents of the Initiative.

Special attention will also be given tosupporting the small-scale independentservice providers who currently accountfor most of the service provision to thepoor communities in secondary towns.

Community Involvement

LVWATSAN

LVWATSAN UN-HABITAT8

Ensuring Programme Sustainability

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T h e f o l l o w i n g s u s t a i n a b i l i t yconsiderations are of critical importancein the Programme design:

To encourage ownership at local level,multi-stakeholder fora bringing togetherrepresentatives of municipal authorities,service providers, NGOs, and CBOs willbe formed to get continuous feedbackfrom the grassroots on the outcomes andimpact of the initiative. To avoid creationof new structures and duplication ofresponsibilities, existing structuresconstituted by representatives of keystakeholders will be used.

Promoting Ownership at Local Level

Training and Capacity BuildingInterventions

Region-wide Training and CapacityBuilding Activities will Include:

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UN-HABITAT's Training and CapacityBuilding Branch will assist in overseeingboth the development of trainingcurricula and the implementation oftraining activities. The capacity-buildinginterventions will continue throughoutthe lifetime of the project, as new tools aredeveloped based on feedback from fieldimplementation.

The Water, Sanitation and InfrastructureBranch of UN-HABITAT will also drawupon experience from its on-goingTraining and Capacity BuildingProgramme for utilities and otherprofessionals in the sector. This approachwill make the capacity-building efforthighly cost effective.

Enhancing training capacity atregional and local training centres

Training of Trainers

Evaluation of training results andfollow-up

UN-HABITAT9

Training will be Conducted at FourLevels:

Capacity Building Efforts will beFocused in the Following Areas:

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National policy and decision makers

Local authority officials - middle-leveland senior managers

Local service providers

Community groups e.g. NGOs, CBOs,water user associations, e tc.

Advocacy and awareness raising at alllevels

Local service providers in businessp l a n d e v e l o p m e n t , f i n a n c i a lmanagement (including tariff setting),technical management (including,O&M and demand management)

NGOs and CBOs in communitymobilization and partnership-buildingwith local authorities

Local Authorities in solid wastemanagement , drainage , heal thand hygiene education in schools andcommunities

W a t e r r e s o u r c e m a n a g e m e n tauthorities at local and regional level inwater quality management

Regional water service boards inregulation, management of localservice providers, etc.

Developing Sustainable Structuresat Local Level: Clustering of Towns

Flexibility in Project Planning,Design and Implementation at TownLevel

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Most of the urban centres are relativelysmall (less than 50,000 inhabitants). Toexploit economies of scale, it isconsidered important to cluster operationand maintenance in these smaller townsinto larger units comprising severaltowns to reach a critical mass with aminimum customer base of 100,000inhabitants . This wil l fac i l i tateemployment of well-qualified staff toensure sustainability of the serviceproviders.

It is necessary to retain a certain amountof flexibility in the planning, design andimplementation phases of the projects attown level. The programme will beimplemented in stages beginning withtwo towns in each country. This willallow the second stage of implementationto benefit from the experience gained inthe implementation of the first phase.

Flexibility in setting service levels is alsoimportant as user preferences (andwillingness to pay) are likely to vary overtime (and with economic development ofthese towns, some of which should betriggered by the project itself). In terms oftechnological choices, a mix of designsmay be preferable in many towns thatcombine low-tech solutions withstandard engineering designs (e.g. on-sitesanitation and water-borne systems).

LVWATSAN

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Integrating Physical Planning withWater and Sanitation, Solid WasteManagement and Drainage

The initiative will provide a goodopportunity to integrate physicalplanning with water, sanitation, solidwaste management and drainage.Furthermore, in many of the urbancentres the water and sanitation serviceproviders are different from the suppliersof services for solid waste collection anddrainage. For higher income areas theseparation of these services is commonpractice. However, in low income areas,

the integration of sanitation, solid wasteand drainage is important in order toachieve marked improvement in the localenvironment and in the lives of poorcommunities.

Gender responsiveness (both analysisand approach) will be critical to therealisation of the objectives of theLVWATSAN. A gender mainstreamingstrategy is being developed focusing ongender analysis, gender responsiveplanning, and gender strategic planning.

Gender Mainstreaming

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Within the framework of the LakeVictoria Initiative, the environmentalimpact assessment will serve to:

Ensure that environmental assessmentconsiderations are integrated in theproject cycle management

Ascertain that potential environmentalconsequences are foreseen andaddressed early in the Initiative, so thatthe results can influence project designand provide support to decision-makers

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Improve future project performance,by analyzing how the environment hasbeen affected by implementedprojects and ensure lessons learnt arefed into future project design

Ensure that the Initiative complies withcommitments under multilateralenvironmental agreements and isconsistent with best practices insustainable development.

The environmental impact assessmentwill cover both the existing situation andthe likely impact of the programmeinterventions.

LVWATSAN

Environmental Impact Assessment

VII

UN-HABITAT12

Progress So Far

VIII

Programme Launch

The Executive Director of UN-HABITAT,Dr. Anna Kajumulo Tibaijuka, chaired aspecial session to launch the

at the 2004 Stockholm WaterWeek. Hon. Martha Karua, Kenya'sM i n i s t e r f o r W a t e r R e s o u r c eManagement and Development, Hon.Edward Lowassa, Minister for Water andLivestock Development in Tanzania, andHon. Maria Mutagamba, Uganda'sMinister of State for Water, jointlylaunched the initiative. A representativeof the Secretary General of the EastAfrican Community, and the interimDirector of the African Water Facility atthe African Development Bank were alsoin attendance.

LakeVictoria Region Water and SanitationInitiative

The three Ministers appealed toDevelopment Partners to support theinitiative as it will help increase theeconomic potential of the trans-boundaryLake Victoria region which is currentlyundergoing rapid urbanisation. TheMinisters stated that the initiativec o m p l e m e n t s n a t i o n a l p r i o r i t yprogrammes in the water and sanitationsectors of the three East African countries

As an initial activity of the programme, aseries of Town Hall meetings were heldfrom 23-25 November, 2004 in Bukobaand Muleba in Tanzania, Mutukula andKyotera in Uganda, and Kisii and HomaBay in Kenya. Hon. Martha Karua, Hon.Maria Mutagamba and Hon. AnthonyDiallo, Deputy Minister for Water andLivestock Development in Tanzaniajoined the United Nations Under-Secretary General and Executive Directorof UN-HABITAT, Dr. Anna Tibaijuka fordiscussions with stakeholders of the LakeVictoria Region Water and SanitationInitiative (LVWATSAN).

Town Hall Meetings

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The implementation has beendeveloped in close consultation with allproject partners. An initial plan wasdeveloped with national governmentfocal points responsible for water sectorreforms in the three countries. This wasfurther discussed with local authorityrepresentatives and key communityleaders. The plan will be refined furtherduring stakeholder consultations toensure the broadest participation atcommunity level, and establishment ofpro-poor governance structures.

A phased approach to programmeimplementation is planned as follows:

The following preparatory activities willbe undertaken in the 15 selected townsfrom January 2005 and are expected to becomplete within six months.

Review and conclusion of the initialassessment

Conduct baseline surveys

Environmental Impact Assessment

Stakeholder consultations

Development of communicationsstrategy

Establishment of programmemanagement structures

Signing of MOUs with countryGovernments

Establishment of coordinationmechanisms with other ongoinginitiatives

plan

Preparatory Phase

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(January 2005 - June 2005)

Implementation Strategy

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Implementation Phase

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(June 2005 - December 2007)

Implementation of the LVWATSANInitiative will be in two stages. Twotowns in each country will be included inthe first phase. The objective is to use theimplementation experience gained in thefirst phase to refine the implementationmethodology in the second stage. Thefollowing activities will be undertaken ineach of the towns in the implementationphase:

Establishment of multi-stakeholderfora

Establishment of a monitoring andevaluation framework

Detailed project design

Tendering and contracting

Training and capacity-buildinginterventions

Implementation of communicationsstrategy

Physical infrastructure interventions

Monitoring and Evaluation

LVWATSAN

UN-HABITAT15LVWATSAN

Review and Conclusion of InitialAssessment

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In close consultation with countrygovernments and local stakeholders,UN-HABITAT undertook an initialassessment to identify water, sanitation,solid waste management and drainageinvestment and related capacity buildingneeds in 30 preliminarily selectedsecondary towns in the Lake region. Thiswas done using questionnaires, one-on-one interviews, and town hall meetingswhich were carefully designed to captureinformation in the following areas:

National policies, strategies anddevelopment plans and priorities(including PRSPs) and how theyimpact on town-level provision ofwater and sanitation services, for boththe served and the unservedpopulations

The extent of current service coverage( w a t e r , s a n i t a t i o n a n d w a s t emanagement) in each urban centre

Existing and planned donor-supportedprojects and investment plans

Present governance structures in thewater and sanitation sector

Capacity of selected towns to manageinvestment projects

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Baseline Surveys

Infrastructure needs for water andsanitation provision in selectedtowns

Physical interventions required andestimates of costs for both physicalinterventions and capacity buildingrequirements to achieve MDGs

I n f o r m a t i o n o n t h e m a i nenvironmental problems resultingf r o m r a p i d u r b a n i z a t i o n a n dinsufficient service provision and theirimpact on the Lake Victoria basin.

Baseline surveys to be carried out in the15 towns selected for intervention willfacilitate development of socio-economicprofiles, including gender-disaggregateddata on location of poor communities,security of tenure, employment, health,education, and source of livelihood. Acomprehensive set of MDG indicatorswill also be generated through thebaseline surveys.

The baseline data to be mapped throughthe GIS, will support the development ofcapacity among multiple stakeholders.The Global Urban Observatory ofUN-HABITAT will provide technicalassistance for conducting the survey.

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Stakeholder Consultations

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Stakeholder consultations will be carriedout in all participating towns, bringingtogether key stakeholders from amongthe public and private sectors and thebeneficiary communities to identify keypriority issues, and build consensus onaction priorities through transparentnegotiations.

The Stakeholder consultations will drawupon the experience of the UN-HABITATSustainable Cities Programme indeveloping an Environmental Planningand Management Process. Key issues andpriorities identified in the stakeholderworkshops will feed into strategies forimplementation developed in multi-stakeholder fora working through focusgroups.

Specific objectives of the consultationswill be to:

Incorporate the voices of the poorcommunities with regard to theirpriorities and preferences into thedecision making process, includingpreferred technological options and thelevel of service that the poor can affordand are willing to pay for

Promote partnerships between alllevels of civil society, market andgovernment and ensure from theonset that accountabi l i ty andtransparency are built into theInitiative and that investment istargeted to poor communities

Discuss local capacity buildingrequirements to support the planned

physical interventions

Develop an strategyfor poor communities through thep r o v i s i o n o f s e r v i c e s t o b edeveloped by the Initiative

Build consensus on locational andservice priorities requiring programmeintervention

Determine technological options andservice levels

Establish affordability and willingnessto pay

Define roles and responsibilities ofvarious stakeholders

Develop local working plans

Establish modalities for stakeholderinvolvement in monitoring andevaluation.

The stakeholder workshops will also seekto build partnerships with community-based organizations (CBOs) and Non-Governmental Organizations (NGOs) topromote community-led water andsanitation initiatives.

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Communications Strategy

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Programme Management Structure

It will be necessary to establish existingperceptions about the level and quality ofwater, sanitation and waste managementservice delivery on the ground, assessexisting levels of knowledge, attitudesand practices in these areas, anddetermine communities' perceptionsabout possible solutions, and theirrespective roles in implementing thesesolutions. Only then can appropriatemessages be designed that adequatelyaddress the role of each target group ofbeneficiaries and stakeholders.

At the regional level, the three WaterMinisters, the Secretariat of the EastAfrican Community (EAC) andUN-HABITAT will provide policyguidance to the initiative. The technicalcommittee of the EAC has already fullyendorsed and given its full support to theInitiative. In each country, three levels ofprogramme management are envisaged:

The LVWATSAN communicationsstrategy will focus on:

High level advocacy and promotion ofthe programme to influence nationalpolicy and gain political buy- in

Awareness campaigns to sensitize localcommunities and mobilize theirparticipation in, and support for theprogramme

F a c i l i t a t i o n o f i n f o r m a t i o nexchange among participating townst o e n c o u r a g e f e e d b a c k o nimplementation

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Policy Advisory Committee (countrylevel)

Programme co-ordination team (sub-national and regional level)

Joint Implementation Team (townlevel)

A will bef o r m e d i n e a c h c o u n t r y w i t hrepresentatives from the Ministry ofWater, Local Government, Health,Environment and Housing.

The asub-national body will be responsible foroversight of project implementation andwill ensure sustainability of the assetsand services created by the initiative.

The willfunction principally at town level andwill work in close collaboration with theUN-HABITAT Project Manager forproject implementation, ensuring activeinvolvement of local stakeholders.

Policy Advisory Committee

Programme Management Unit

Joint Implementation Teams

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UN-HABITAT18

Building upon the results of the Baselinesurvey, UN-HABITAT will develop anurban knowledge database usingoutcome and impact indicators tomonitor shelter and basic services;security of tenure; water, sanitation, solidwaste disposal; education, health,economic and social development; andgood governance.

The UN-HABITAT monitoring andevaluation framework will include fourmain components:

Community profiling baseline surveys(already undertaken in the PreparatoryPhase)

GIS and Remote Sensing to developspatial and quantitative databases

Urban Inequities Household Surveysto develop analytical indicators anddata

Capacity building and establishment oflocal urban observatories anchoringcapacity in the region.

In line with the established procedures ofthe Water and Sanitation Trust Fund ofUN-HABITAT, a Resul ts BasedMonitoring (RBM) framework has beendeveloped. This Framework is intendedto assist the Project CoordinatingCommittee of LVWATSAN to:

Ensure clear and logical design thatties resources to expected outcomes

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RBM Monitoring Framework

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Track progress, measure o u t c o m e s ,s u p p o r t s u b s e q u e n tevaluation work, learn and makeadjustments to measures to improveimplementation on an ongoing basis

Ensure regular and adequate reportingon outputs and outcomes.

The RBM framework provides a set ofindicators to faci l i tate ongoingperformance monitoring with indicationsof the levels of attainment of plannedresults. The RBM framework may beamended by the co-ordinating committeedepending on the outcomes of thestakeholder consultations and the multi-s t a k e h o l d e r m e e t i n g s , a n d a simplementation activities evolve overtime.

LVWATSAN

Monitoring and EvaluationFramework

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For Further Information Contact:

Dr Graham AlabasterProgramme ManagerLake Victoria Region Water and Sanitation Initiative (LVWATSAN)United Nations Human Settlements Programme (UN-HABITAT)P.O. Box 30030, Nairobi, KenyaTel: (254-20) 623054Fax: (254-20) 623588Email: graham.alabaster@unhabitat.org

lakevictoria@unhabitat.orgWebsite: www.

www.unhabitat.orgun-urbanwater.net

UN-HABITAT

UNITED NATIONS HUMAN SETTLEMENTS PROGRAMME

P.O. Box 30030, GPO Nairobi 00100, Kenya

Email: info@unhabitat.org

Website: http//www.unhabitat.org