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Laboratory Manual for Comparative Anatomy and Physiology

Neuron

Nervefibers

Myelinsheath

Process ofoligodendrocyte

Microglial cell NeuronCapillary

Fluid-filled cavity

Ependymalcells

Brain or spinalcord tissue

Astrocyte

Figure 15.1 Transparency Master 114


Dendrite

Nucleus ofcell body

Nissl bodies

Neurofibrils

Axon hillock

Neurilemma(sheath of Schwann)

Axoncovered

with myelinsheath andneurilemma

Collateralbranch

Myelinsheath

Schwanncell

Node ofRanvier

Axonalterminals



Cell body

Dendrites

Triggerzone

Axon

Cell body

Dendrite

Triggerzone

Axon

Axonterminal

Axonterminal

Bipolar neuron Unipolar neuronMultipolar neuron

Cell body

Dendrites

Triggerzone

Axon

Axon terminal



Synaptic cleft

Presynaptic membrane

Vesicles containingneurotransmitter chemicals

Membrane ofpostsynapticneuron

Directionof nerveimpulse

Axon Axonalterminal Mitochondrion



0

−10

−20

−30

−40

−50

−60

−70

+10

+20

+30

Threshold

Restingmembranepotential

Stimulus

Depolarizationphase

Repolarizationphase

After-hyperpolarizing phase

a b c d e

Mem

bran

e po

tent

ial i

n m

illiv

olts

(m

V)

Time in milliseconds (msec)



Schwann cells that make up the myelin sheath

Neurilemma

Schwann cellcytoplasm

Nucleus

Myelin sheath

Axon at nodeof Ranvier

Plasmamembrane



11

12

13

1L

2

3

4

5

6

71S23

Dorsal root n. 11T

Dura mater

N. 1L

Segment 1Cy

Segment 5Cy

N. 1Cy

N. 5Cy

Caudal ligament Cy6

Cy5

Cy4

Cy3

Cy2

Cy1

S1, 2, 3

L7

L6

L5

L4

L3

L2

L1

T13

T12

T11

N. 7L

N. 1SCauda equina

Ventral br.Dorsal br.



Peripheral nervous system

Sympatheticneuron

Somaticmotor neuron

Skeletal muscle

Parasympatheticneuron

Smooth muscle, cardiacmuscle, organs, and glands

Smooth muscle,cardiac muscle,

organs, and glands

Preganglionicneuron

Synapse inganglion orsympatheticchain

Postganglionicneuron

Acetylcholine

Acetylcholine

Acetylcholine

Acetylcholine

Norepinephrine Synapse attarget tissue

Autonomic nervous system

Figure 15.15A Transparency Master 121


C1

CN III

CN VII

CN VII

CN IX

CN X

C7T1

T13L1

L7S1S3

S2

Sympatheticchain

Medulla

Neck

Ciliary ganglionEye, tear glands,and salivary glands

PARASYMPATHETIC SYMPATHETIC

Zygomatic gland

Sublingualsalivary gland

Mandibularsalivary gland

Lungs

Heart

Diaphragm

LiverSpleen

Parotidsalivary gland

Mandibularganglion

Pterygopalatineganglion

Otic ganglion

Forelimb

Body wall

Hindlimb

Perineum

Pons

Midbrain

Intestines

Kidney

Bladder

Pancreas

Caudal mesenteric ganglionCranial mesenteric ganglionCeliac ganglion

Preganglionic neuronsPostganglionic neurons

Stomach

Spleen

Pancreas

Largeintestine

Smallintestine

Kidney

Bladder

Stomach

Liver

Lungs

Heart

Figure 15.15B Transparency Master 122


Occipital lobe

Cerebellum

Medulla oblongata

Frontal lobePrefrontal

area

Olfactorybulb

Olfactorytract

Piriform lobeTemporal lobe

Temporal lobe

Parietal lobe

Occipital lobe Parietal lobe Frontal lobe



Integument

Cranium

Superior sagittal sinus

Arachnoid membrane

Subarachnoid space

Vena

Arteria

Pia mater

Cortex

Medulla

Dura mater



Gyrus(gyri (pl.))

Sulcus(sulci (pl.))

Longitudinalfissure

Cerebralhemisphere

Pineal gland

Rostralcolliculus

Caudalcolliculus

Transversefissure

Cerebellum

Vermis of thecerebellum

Medullaoblongata



Spinal accessorynerve (CN XI)

Hypoglossalnerve (CN XII)

Olfactory bulb

Tuber cinereum

Cerebralpeduncle

Pons

Trigeminal nerve(CN V)

Facial nerve(CN VII)

Vestibulocochlearnerve (CN VIII)

Pyramids

Medullaoblongata

Basilar artery

Olfactory tract(CN I)

Optic nerve(CN II)

Optic chiasm

Infundibulum

Mammillarybody

Olfactorynerve (CN III)

Trochlearnerve (CN IV)

Abducensnerve (CN VI)

Glossopharyngealnerve (CN IX)

Vagus nerve (CN X)



Cerebrum

Corpus callosum

Olfactory bulb

Massa intermediaof the thalamus

Optic chiasm

Third ventricle

Infundibulum

Pituitary gland

Mamillary body

Cerebral pedunclePonsFourth

ventricle

Medullaoblongata

Cerebral aqueduct(aqueduct of sylvius)

Pineal gland

Rostral colliculi

Caudal colliculi

Cerebellum

Centralcanal

Spinalcord

Arbo vitae ofcerebellum

Septum pellucidum(divides left and rightlateral ventricles)Fornix



Dorsalfuniculus

Dorsal medial sulcus

Ventral medial sulcus

Dorsal root

White matter

Central canal

Gray matter

Ventral root

Ventralspinal artery

Lateralfuniculus

Ventralfuniculus

Whitecolumns



1. Stretching stimulates sensory receptor (muscle spindle)

2. Sensory neuron excited

4. Motor neuron excited

5. Effector (same muscle,

the agonist muscle) contracts and relieves the stretching

3. Within the integrating center (spinal cord) the sensory neuron activates the motor neuron to the agonist muscle via an excitatory interneuron, while an inhibitory interneuron prevents an impulse to the antagonist muscle

Agonistmusclecontracts

Antagonistmuscle relaxes

Motor neuron toantagonistmuscle is inhibited

Dorsal rootganglion

Dorsal root To brain

Ventral rootInhibitory interneuron

Spinalnerve

Excitatory interneuron


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