labor forces mcgraw-hill/irwin international business, 11/e copyright © 2008 the mcgraw-hill...
TRANSCRIPT
Labor Forces
McGraw-Hill/IrwinInternational Business, 11/e Copyright © 2008 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
chapter twelve
12-3
Learning Objectives
Identify forces beyond management control that affect the
availability of labor
Explain the reasons that cause people to leave their home
countries
Discuss the reasons that some countries have guest
workers
Explain factors associated with employment policies,
including social roles, gender, race, and minorities.
12-4
Learning Objectives
Discuss differences in labor unions among
countries
12-5
Labor Quality and Quantity
Quality, quantity, and composition of labor force are of great importance to an employer Labor Quality
The skills, education, and attitudes of available employees
Labor Quantity
The number of available employees with the skills required to meet an employer’s business needs
12-6
Worldwide Labor Conditions and Trends
Overall Size and Sector of the Work Force
International Labor TrendsAging of Populations
Rural to Urban Shift
Unemployment
Immigrant Labor
Child Labor
Forced Labor
Brain Drain
Guest Workers
12-7
Primary Occupation of National Labor Force
Source: https://www.cia.gov/cia/publications/factbook/fields/2048.html (July 25, 2006).
12-8
Aging Of Population
Source: U.S. Census Bureau, International, “Midyear Population, by Age and Sex,” www.census.gov/cgi-bin/ipc/idbagg (July 27, 2006
12-9
Rural to urban Shift
Source: World Urbanization Prospects: The 2003 Revision (New York: United nations, 2003), pp. 3-4.
12-10
Unemployment
• 192 million overall unemployed– Middle East and North Africa (13.2%)– Sub-Saharan Africa (9.7%)– Central and Eastern Europe (9.7)– Latin America and Caribbean (7.7)– Developed economies (6.7%)– Southeast Asia and the Pacific (6.1%)– South Asia (4.7%)– East Asia (3.8%)
12-11
Labor Mobility
Labor Mobility The movement of people from country to country or
area to area to get jobs Immigration
Refers to the process of leaving one’s home country to reside in another country
Foreign-bornPopulation comprises those immigrants whose
move is permanent and may include taking citizenship
ForeignPopulation who are guest workers
12-12
Foreign and Foreign-Born Population in Selected OECD Countries
12-13
Labor
• Child Labor– The labor of children below 16 years of age
who are forced to work in production and usually receive little or no formal education• Primarily found in developing nations• Existent in developed countries• 70% is in agriculture
• Forced Labor– Most common in South and East Asia
12-14
Brain Drain
• Brain Drain– The loss by a country of its most intelligent and
best-educated people
– Record numbers of immigrants are moving to OECD countries in search of jobs
– When skilled workers migrate from developing countries they do so for professional opportunities and economic reasons
• Reverse Brain Drain– The growth of outsourcing and the movement of
highly educated, technologically skilled employees and research scientists to other countries
12-15
Brain Drain: Countries with the Highest Percentage of Their College-Educated Citizens
Living in Other Countries
12-16
Guest Workers
• People who go to a foreign country legally to perform certain types of jobs
• Guest workers provide the labor host countries need– Guest workers are desirable as long as the
economies are growing– When economies slow, fewer workers are needed
and problems appear
12-17
Considerations in Employment Policies
• Social Status– Important with respect to labor force, especially in some
cultures– Caste: the group to which people belong in a system under
which people’s place or level in a multilevel society is established at birth as being the same level as that of their parents
• Sexism – Acceptability of women as full and equal participants in the
work force ranges widely
12-18
Women’s Education
• Studies show a direct correlation between women’s education and– Birthrates
– Child survival rates
– Family health
– A nation’s overall prosperity
12-19
Female Illiteracy
12-20
Ratio of Wages, Woman versus Men, Selected OECD Countries
12-21
Racism
• Black and White conflict– U.S., South Africa, Great Britain and
elsewhere
• Arab-, Indian-, or Pakistani and Black conflict– Africa
• Tamils and Sinhalese Conflict– Sri Lanka
12-22
Minorities
Traditional Societies Tribal peoples before they turn to organized
agriculture or industry; traditional customs may linger after the economy changes
Minorities A relatively smaller number of people
identified by race, religion, or national origin who live among a larger majority
12-23
Employer-Employee Relationships
Labor Market The pool of available potential employees with
the necessary skills within commuting distance from an employer
A company must study the labor market when considering whether to invest in a country
Sources includeForeign Labor Trends
Handbook of Labor Statistics
Yearbook of Labor Statistics
12-24
Country Strike Rates, Selected OECD Nations
Source: Rachel Beardsmore, "International Comparisons of Labour Disputes in 2004," in Office for National Statistics (U.K.), Labor Market Trends, April 2006, p. 119, http://www.statistics.gov.uk. c Crown Copyright. Reproduced under the terms of the Click-Use License.
12-25
Labor Unions
• Organizations of workers• European labor
– Identified with political parties and socialist ideology• United States labor
– Laborers already have many civil rights– Collective bargaining
• The process in which a union represents the interests of a bargaining unit (which sometimes includes both union members and nonmembers) in negotiations with management
12-26
Labor Unions
• Japanese unions are enterprise-based rather than industry wide– As a result, unions tend to identify strongly
with company interests– However, Japanese workers are reported
least satisfied with jobs in developed world
12-27
Labor Union Membership Trends
• Employers have made efforts to keep their businesses union-free
• More woman and teenagers have joined the work force, low loyalty to unions
• The unions have been successful in raising wages, which leads to offshoring
• In the knowledge economy, industrial jobs that have formed the core of union membership are declining
12-28
Multinational Labor Activities
• Internationalization of companies creates opportunities for them to escape the reach of unions
• In response, unions have begun to– Collect and disseminate information about
companies– Consult with unions in other countries– Coordinate with those unions’ policies and tactics– Encourage international companies’ codes of
conduct• Multinational unionism is developing
12-29
Multinational Labor Activities
International Labor Organization (ILO) Purpose is to promote social justice and
internationally recognize human and labor rights worldwide
Trade Union Advisory Committee to the OECD Consults on trade union issues in global markets