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Chemistry

Mr. Hefel Mr. Berning rhefel@holyfamily.pvt.k12.ia.us tberning@holyfamily.pvt.k12.ia.us

Objectives:

Welcome to Chemistry! In this class students will be able to do the following: 1. Understand basic chemical reactions 2. Use proper laboratory techniques 3. Complete the necessary steps in problem solving 4. Relate Chemistry to religious and everyday life

Classroom Work:

The classroom work will be contained mostly in the form of a packet, which you will receive. The packet will contain daily work, laboratory work, and homework assignments. Within these packets there are places for the teacher’s initials (T.I.). The homework teacher’s initials (HW T.I.) are used to verify that the homework assigned is completed on time. The HW T.I. will be initialed at the beginning of the period on the due date.

Laboratory Work:

Work will be done in pairs that you will choose. If your partner is absent you will work alone and the person who is absent will make up the work upon his/her return. Laboratory work must be completed in class but other written work can be accomplished outside of class. The lab teacher’s initials (Lab T.I.) are used to verify that you have accomplished a laboratory experiment and must be initialed before you leave the laboratory room.

Evaluation:

During each evaluation period points are earned for homework completed on time, laboratory work, completion of the packet, and assessments. Assessments will consist of written and laboratory testing. Your grade will be determined by the percentage of points that you have accumulated compared to the total number of evaluation points available.

If a grade lower than a C- is attained on anything in this course, the student can request to retake/redo for partial credit. It is at the discretion of the teacher by what means the student will be allowed to do this. No grade higher than a C- will be granted if the student is allowed to retake/redo work.

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Grading Scale Percent % Letter Grade

100-95 A

94-92 A-

91-89 B+

88-87 B

86-85 B-

84-82 C+

81-80 C

79-78 C-

77-75 D+

74-72 D

71-70 D-

69> NC

Policies and Procedures:

Tardy Policy Students must be seated in the room when the bell stops ringing or you will be marked tardy. You will also be marked tardy if you need to go back to your locker for any materials.

Procedure for making up work when absent (excused): On the day you return from your excused absence, see your teacher to establish the due dates for homework, lab work, or assessment that you missed. The student will take the test in the assessment room during the class period or during a study hall on the appointed day, if you were present for the review this will be the day you return. This makeup assessment will be your first chance to take the assessment.

Policy for work or assessment missed due to truancy: Any schoolwork including assessments will receive a grade of zero.

Policy for students who cheat on an assessment: Anyone caught cheating on homework, test, other class work will be subject to punishment and the paper/ assignment will be torn apart.

No Food, Drink, Water, or Cell Phone unless OKAYED by Mr. Berning Materials Needed for Class: 1 to 1.5 in. Three Ring Binder Pen/Pencil Scientific Calculator College Ruled Notebook Paper Positive Attitude

Let’s have a great year

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Laboratory Equipment (not to scale)

Balances

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Safety Hazards

Accidents in the laboratory are often the result of carelessness or ignorance either by you or by your

neighbors. Stay alert and pay constant attention to your own and to your neighbors' actions. The safety

precautions outlined below will be worthless unless you plan, understand, and think through the

consequences of every operation before you perform it. The common accidents, which often occur

simultaneously, are fire, explosion, chemical and thermal burns, cuts from broken glass tubing and

thermometers, absorption of toxic, but non-corrosive chemicals through the skin, and inhalation of toxic

fumes. Less common, but obviously dangerous, is the ingestion of a toxic chemical. Each of these types is

discussed in a general way below, and more specific reference to certain hazards will be found in the

individual experiments.

1. Fire. There should never be open flames in the lab. Make it a working rule that water is the only

nonflammable liquid you are likely to encounter. Treat all others in the vicinity of a flame as you would

gasoline. Specifically, never heat any organic solvent in an open vessel, such as a test tube, Erlenmeyer flask,

or beaker, with a flame. Such solvents should be heated in a hood with a steam bath, not a hot plate. Never

keep volatile solvents, such as ether, acetone, or benzene in an open beaker or Erlenmeyer flask. The vapors

can and will creep along the bench, ignite, and flash back if they reach a flame or spark.

It is your responsibility to yourself and to your neighbors to know where the nearest safety shower and fire

extinguisher are located.

2. Explosion. Never heat a closed system or conduct a reaction in a closed system (unless specifically

directed to perform the latter process and then only with frequent venting). Before starting a distillation or a

chemical reaction, make sure that the system is vented. The results of an explosion are flying glass and

spattered chemicals, usually both hot and corrosive.

3. Chemical and Thermal Burns. Many inorganic chemicals such as the mineral acids and alkalis are

corrosive to the skin and eyes. Likewise, many organic chemicals, such as acid halides, phenols, and so forth

are corrosive and often toxic. If these are spilled on the desk, in the hood, or on a shelf, call for assistance in

cleaning them up.

Be careful with Bunsen burners to avoid burns. Always assume that iron rings are HOT.

4. Cuts. The most common laboratory accident is probably the cut received while attempting to force a cork

or rubber stopper onto a piece of glass tubing, a thermometer, or the side-arm of a distilling flask. Be sure to

make a proper-sized hole, lubricate the cork or stopper (lubrication is essential with a rubber stopper), and

use a gentle pressure with rotation on the glass part. Severed nerves and tendons are common results of

injuries caused by improper manipulation of glass tubes and thermometers. Always pull rather than push on

the glass when possible.

5. Absorption of Chemicals. Keep chemicals off the skin. Many organic substances are not corrosive, do

not burn the skin, or seem to have any serious effects. They are, however, absorbed through the skin,

sometimes with dire consequences. Others will give a serious allergic reaction upon repeated exposure, as

evidenced by severe dermatitis. Be careful about touching your face or eyes in the lab; make sure your hands

are clean first. Gloves will be available in the lab. However, gloves provide only a temporary layer of

protection against chemicals on your skin and may be permeable to some chemical reagents, without visible

deterioration. If your gloves come in contact with a chemical reagent, remove them, wash your hands, and

get a new pair immediately.

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6. Inhalation of Chemicals. Keep your nose away from chemicals. Many of the common solvents are

extremely toxic if inhaled in any quantity or over a period of time. Do not evaporate excess solvents in the

laboratory; use the hood or a suitable distillation apparatus with a condenser. Some compounds, such as

acetyl chloride, will severely irritate membranes in your eyes, nose, throat, and lungs, while others, such as

benzyl chloride, are severe lachrymators, i.e. they induce eye irritation and tears. When in doubt, use the

hood or consult with the laboratory instructor about the use of chemicals required for your work. Specific

safety information about chemicals used is included in each experiment write up. MSDS (Material Safety

Data Sheets) are available on the DCIS file server and summarize safety information about substances used

in the lab.

7. Ingestion of Chemicals. The common ways of accidentally ingesting harmful chemicals are: (1) by

pipet, (2) from dirty hands, (3) contaminated food or drink and (4) food use of chemicals taken from the

laboratory. Below are ways to avoid accidental ingestion of chemical reagents.

• Wash your hands when you leave the laboratory.

• Do not eat or drink in the laboratory. Use the water fountains for a drink--not a laboratory faucet.

• Never use chemicals (salt, sugar, alcohol, bicarbonate, etc.) from the laboratory or stockroom on food. The

source containers may be contaminated or mislabeled.

• Never use laboratory glassware as a food or drink container.

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Bunsen Burner A. The Bunsen burner Draw a diagram of the Bunsen burner in the following box.

a) Label the temperature control.

b) Label the flame size control.

c) Describe how the temperature control changes the

intensity of the flame.

Bunsen burner lighting procedure:

Twist in the temperature control and then back it off about 2

turns.

Twist in the flame size control and then back it off about 2

turns.

Light a match, then turn on the gas supply valve (the valve is

open when it points towards the gas hose), then lift the

lighted match upward from below the burner housing.

1. Adjust your burner until you have this yellow 3-finger flame.

What causes this flame to have a yellow color?

Why is this not a good flame for science experiments?

Teacher initials ______

2. Adjust your burner until you have this faint blue 3-finger flame.

The natural gas (Methane gas) used by the Bunsen burner is now “sucking in” the correct amount of air

(containing Oxygen gas) to chemically combine with the Methane gas flowing through the burner hose.

The chemical combustion is occurring just above the burner chimney (not inside the housing).

Why is this a good flame for science experiments?

. Teacher initials ______

3. A bunsen burner flame has a nearly invisible blue mantle, a light blue primary

combustion zone, and is 3-finger high.

Adjust your burner until you have this blue-coned 3-finger flame.

Teacher initials ______

4. A bunsen burner flame hisses and tries to ignite 1-2 fingers above the burner barrel

Why does this flame have difficulty igniting?

When you are not using your burner you should adjust the bunsen burner to a safety flame (adjust it so that it produces a yellow, smoky flame that is easily seen). This will help to prevent accidental burns. To extinguish the burner flame after use, close (a) the air inlet at the base of the burner chimney, (b) the gas inlet valve at the base of the burner, and (c) turn the gas supply valve off so it is at 90º to the outlet.

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Filter paper

Gravity filtration involves the use of a conical funnel and a circular piece of filter paper. The filtration

proceeds most efficiently when the stem of the funnel has a continuous column of liquid with no air bubbles.

A funnel is constructed so that the angle of the cone of the funnel (usually 60o, see below) will ideally

accomodate filter paper when it is folded exactly in half twice. This means the paper should fit snugly in the

funnel when the paper is folded in that way. Real filter paper, however, has a thickness which causes a small

deviation from the ideal 60o angle. In order to insure that the paper makes close contact with the funnel

somewhere - particularly at the top - we fold the paper so that the angle of the cone that it forms is slightly

larger than 60o. The proper folding involves the

following:

Place the filter paper in the funnel pressing the top

edge of the cone so that it makes continuous contact

with the funnel. The reason for the tear is to

maximize the ability of the top edge of the filter paper

to make contact with the funnel. (There is effectively

only one sheet of filter paper where the tear is at the

top of the paper,rather than two sheets).

Using a wash bottle filled with distilled water, wet the

filter paper and carefully press it so that it makes

maximum contact with the funnel - particularly

around the upper edge in the region of the tear.

Once the filter paper makes maximum contact with

the funnel, add an amount of water to cause a

continuous column of water to form in the stem of the

funnel (This is not always easy to accomplish, but

desirable to speed up filtrations.)

Meniscus

The meniscus is the curve seen at the top of a liquid in

response to its container. The meniscus can be either

concave or convex. A concave meniscus (e.g., water in

glass) occurs when the molecules of the liquid are

more strongly attracted to the container than to each

other. A convex meniscus (e.g., mercury in glass) is

produced when the molecules of the liquid are more

strongly attracted to each other than to the container.

In some cases, the meniscus appears flat (e.g., water in

some plastics).

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Organization of the Laboratory

Chemistry classes meet all periods of the day. Due to the large number of students the lab must be

kept clean, safe, and organized for each class. Therefore, it is crucial to know the location of the

following equipment. The equipment must be easily obtained and must be returned to the correct

storage area.

1. Label the north, south, east and west sides of the lab layout below

2. Locate where the following equipment can be found in the laboratory room.

- Fire extinguishers -Shower & Eye wash -Fire Blanket

-Fume Hood -Broken Glass Container - Clean Towels

-Dirty Towels - Extra Matches - Waste Can

- Extra Distilled Water - Disposal of empty distilled water containers

- Bunsen Burner, Squirt bottle of Distilled water, Can of iron rings and utility clamps

Windows

Hallway

DOOR

D

O

O

R

Storage

Room

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Lab Safety Agreement

Purpose Chemistry classes often involve hands-on laboratory activities. In my class you will do at least one

lab per week. Many labs will involve potentially hazardous chemicals and materials. I refer to them as

potentially hazardous because they are only hazardous if used inappropriately. There is no place in my class

for unsafe use of materials. Thus, you will need to either be safe or be out. To guide you to be safe, I am

giving you this lab safety contract. It contains guidelines for safe behavior in my class. You must read this

contract carefully, have your parents read it and you both must sign it and return it to me. Only after I have

your signed copy of this agreement will you be able to participate in any lab activities in this class. As

such, it is a good idea to print up an extra copy for you to keep in your binder for reference.

General guidelines 1. Conduct yourself responsibly at all times.

2. Follow all written and verbal instructions carefully. Ask questions if you do not understand.

3. No student is allowed in the classroom without a teacher. If there is no teacher in the room, DO NOT

ENTER!

4. Do not touch any equipment or materials before instructed to do so.

5. NO FOOD IN THE LAB!!!

6. Never start the lab unless you have received prior approval from me.

7. Always read the lab packet before you perform the lab.

8. Keep your work area neat and clean.

9. Leave your backpack under your chair at all times (never in the aisles, or in the lab area).

10. Never leave liquid-filled containers uncovered.

11. Know the location and operation of all safety equipment.

12. Do not run, shout, or throw things in the lab.

13. Notify me if an unsafe condition exists in the classroom.

14. Dispose of all chemicals properly. I will instruct you about how to dispose of specific chemicals.

15. Keep your hands away from your face while doing labs. Also, always wash your hands after the clean-

up is complete.

16. Rinse out all glassware and leave it to dry in the designated locations.

17. Stay at your lab station during labs.

18. Know what to do if there is a fire drill.

Accidents 1. Immediately report ALL injuries, no matter how minor, to me.

2. Use the eyewash or shower if you are splashed with a chemical. Always assume that the chemicals are

hazardous.

Clothing 1. Goggles, aprons and gloves must be worn.

2. Only close-toed shoes may be worn on lab days.

3. Tie long hair behind your head.

4. No loose clothing or jewelry.

Handling Chemicals 1. Consider all lab chemicals to be hazardous.

2. Double check the label before using a chemical

3. Take only the amount of chemical you will use.

4. Never return unused chemicals to their original container (see # 14 above).

5. Never let a chemical near your mouth.

6. Never remove chemicals or other materials from the lab.

7. Always hold chemical bottles with two hands when transporting them.

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Handling Glassware 1. Never handle broken glass. If a piece of glassware breaks, notify me immediately and I will dispose of

it.

2. Never use chipped glassware.

Heating Substances 1. Use caution when heating something with a Bunsen burner. Do not put any substance in the flame, and

always light the burner at arm’s length.

2. Never leave a lit burner unattended.

3. Never look into a container that is being heated.

Agreement

Student

I, , have read and understand the guidelines listed in the Lab Safety Agreement.

I promise to follow these guidelines. I understand that failure to follow these or other verbal guidelines may

result in removal from the lab, detention, failure and/or dismissal from the course.

Signature Date

Parent or Guardian

I , have read and understand the guidelines listed in the Lab Safety

Agreement. I understand that my child is expected to follow these guidelines. I also understand the

consequences of my child’s failure to abide by these guidelines.

Signature Date