LAB SAFETY AND FIRST AIDDr.Harini

CONTENT

Definition Code of conduct for medical personnel Basic lab safety Physical hazards( fire and electrical) Chemical hazards Biological hazards First aid kit First aid in laboratory accidents Universal work precaution

DEFINITION: Effective control of hazards that exist in the clinical laboratory

at any time.

Hazard containment is the system of routine control process that keeps the incidence of accident and injury within reasonable expectations.

SAFETY AWARENESS FOR CLINICAL LABORATORY PERSONNEL

Safety management in the laboratory should start with a written safety policy.

EMPLOYER’S RESPONSIBILITIES

Establish laboratory work methods and safety policies.

Provide supervision and guidance to employees.

Provide safety information, training, personal protective

equipment, and medical surveillance to employees.

Provide and maintain equipment and laboratory

facilities that are adequate for the tasks required.

EMPLOYEE’S RESPONSIBILITIES

Know and comply with the established laboratory work safety

methods.

Have a positive attitude toward supervisors, coworkers,

facilities, and safety training

Give prompt notification of unsafe conditions or practices to

the immediate supervisor and ensure that unsafe conditions

and practices are corrected.

Engage in the conduct of safe work practices and use of

personal protective equipment

LABORATORY SAFETY AND REGULATIONS Federal occupational safety and health act in 1970

Health and safety at work act in 1974

Occupational safety and health administrator(OSHA) has

mandated 3 programs to ensure safety of laboratory and health

care personnel

1)deals with occupational exposure to chemical hazards-Jan 1991

2)deals with occupational exposure to blood borne pathogens-

Mar 1992

3)concerned with use of safer needle device-April 2001

BASIC LAB SAFETY

Use only certified safe equipment in the laboratory.

Decontaminate all the equipment regularly and before

their serving or maintenance, use appropriate

disinfectants correctly.

As far as possible , use disposable plastic ware to avoid

contamination( chemical , biological etc) and breakages

with ensuing dangers

Regularly test and service biological safety cabinets and

fume cupboards.

LABORATORY BUILDING AND SPACE Ample working space is absolutely essential. Hygiene is of utmost importance. Whole facility should be

absolutely clean, uncrowded and devoid of hindrances to movement.

Scratch proof matt finish vitrified floor( slip resistant). Walls should have white ceramic tiles(resistant to chemicals & disinfectants).

All benches should be 2½ feet high and those to be used while standing should be at least 3 feet high. The bench surface should be solvent and acid proof.

Every lab and/or its section must have at least 1 sink and 1 hand wash basin.

PHYSICAL ASPECTS OF A LABORATORY

The ambient temperature should be within comfort zone of a

human body (21-27 °C).

A Good exhaust system is a must for all laboratories.

Adequate ventilation is also essential but without strong

currents of air.

Lighting should be more than adequate and places where very

delicate or fine processes are being conducted should have

additional lighting provision.

The ambient temperature should be within comfort zone of a

human body (21-27 °C).

A Good exhaust system is a must for all laboratories.

Lighting should be more than adequate places with fine processes

Windows that are exposed to bright sunlight can be internally fitted

with reflective films or blinds.

There should be sufficient running water for the laboratory.

Sufficient power load must be available to the lab, as most

machines consume a lot of electricity.

PROVISIONS AND PRECAUTIONS CHEMICALS AND RADIOACTIVE SUBSTANCES: Label all bottles with proper names of contents and affix

warning signs and symbols as applicable to them. Clearly display the warning charts(both chemical and

radioactive) next to such containers. A stringent record of stocks should be maintained of all

persons and radioactive substances being used in the lab.

Ensure that container should not fall or spill under any circumstances. This can be done by placing most dangerous chemical at the bottom or at the floor level.

SIGNAGE AND LABELLING National Fire Protection Association (NFPA) developed a

standard hazards-identification system (diamond-shaped,

color coded symbol)

Health hazards -blue quadrant

flammable hazards-red quadrant

reactivity/stability hazards –yellow

other special information -white quadrant

STAFF SAFETY AND FACILITIES Hot and cold running water with soap and disinfectants

should always be provided. A clean toilet for use by staff members is mandatory as are

the changing rooms. Tie back long hairs. Biomedical wastes and non-biomedical wastes should be

discarded properly and safely. Designate a room or space meant exclusively for retiring or

resting and consuming food stuffs. Each room/cabin must have a first aid box kept at an

identified place that is easily accessible. All members should be immunized as relevant to the

laboratory work.

SAFETY EQUIPMENT Chemical fume hoods Biosafety cabinets Chemical storage equipment PPE and Personal Hygiene

BIOLOGICAL SAFETY CABINET Designed to protect the

operator, the laboratory environment and work materials from exposure to infectious aerosols and splashes that may be generated when manipulating materials containing infectious agents, such as primary cultures, stocks and diagnostic specimens.

TYPES OF LABORATORY ACCIDENTS Physical injury(Electric ,fire injury , glass ware) Exposure to dangerous chemicals Exposure to radioactive chemicals Biological hazard

PHYSICAL HAZARDS Electrical equipment , open flames , laboratory

instruments and glassware can all be hazardous if improperly used.

ELECTRIC SAFETY WHO has listed following as the most common cause of

electrical hazard , which lab staff should be aware of: Wet or moist surface near electrical equipment. Long flexible electrical connecting cable. Poor and perished insulation on cables. Overloading of circuits by use of adapters. Sparking equipment near flammable substances and

vapors Electrical equipment left switched on and unattended.

ELECTRIC SAFETY Lab should be surveyed at least once a year as part of an

electrical safety inspection. The safety training program should anticipate electrical

accidents. First response is to disconnect power to the arcing or

burning equipment if it can be performed without personal risk.

FIRE HAZARDS Fire is a potential danger in the work place. Make sure loose clothing and long hair do not catch wire. Store flammable chemicals in a flameproof cabinet, away

from heat sources and well ventilated area. Instead of open flames, use hot plates, microwave ovens,

electric incinerators and slide warmers. All lab workers must know about escape route and

procedure to follow if that exit is blocked. All workers should know the location of fire extinguishers

and how to use them. Inspect all fire extinguishers periodically and log the date

of inspection.

CAUSES OF FIRE IN THE LABORATORY Naked flames Electric overloading. Poor electric maintenance Leaving equipments switched when not in use. Deteriorated gas tubing. Smoking in the lab. Misusing match box. Storing flammable and explosive chemicals in an

ordinary refrigerator.

DO’S IN CASE OF FIRE Raise alarm or shout ‘FIRE’ ‘FIRE’ at the peak of your voice, if

you notice a fire. Approach the scene as early as possible to get information

about the source of fire. Try to get help from others as early as possible by shouting

for help. If you are the first to reach, make sure that no life is trapped. Try to put off the fire with the nearest appropriate type of

extinguisher. Foam extinguishers must be used for fires on flammable

liquids. Arrange to put off the supply, in case of electrical fire.

DO’S IN CASE OF FIRE Arrange to inform the safety/security dept. as early as

possible. Keep all the doors open only when safe. If you are reaching the scene of fire, better to carry an

extinguisher on your route. If you are a first aider, attend to the injured first.

DON'TS IN CASE OF FIRE

Don’t run in panic. Don’t take undue risk. Don’t tamper with any machinery during fire fighting.

Leave them for the proper people to handle. Don’t tamper with the scene of fire. Don’t tamper with the equipment, if you don’t know its

operation. Keep away or ask some one nearby. Don’t throw sand on any machinery parts. Use carbon-

dioxide or DCP extinguisher. Don’t use foam extinguisher on electrical fires.

DON'TS IN CASE OF FIRE Don’t flood the affected area with water unless

required. Don’t crowd the scene of fire. Don’t use water on electrical and metal fires. Don’t delay to call the fire brigade, if the fire is too big

for you.

CLASSIFICATION OF FIRES Fires have been divided into four classes based on the

nature of the combustible material and requirements for extinguishment

Class A: ordinary combustible solid materials, such as paper, wood, plastic, and fabric

Class B: flammable liquids/gases and combustible petroleum products

Class C: energized electrical equipment Class D: combustible/reactive metals, such as

magnesium, sodium, and potassium

FIRE OUTBREAK For small outbreaks- water, sand and a fire blanket can be

used. For large fire outbreak - fire extinguisher can be used. Easy access to safety shower is essential. Escape via fire exit route. Stay close to the floor, cover your mouth and nose with a

damp cloth to filter out some of the harmful fumes. Location of fire extinguisher, fire alarms and maps of

evacuation routes are dictated by local fire marshal. Inform fire fighting department of your area if you feel

the fire can go out of hand. Medium to large fire should be reported.

EQUIPMENT RELATED HAZARDS Hypodermic needles: Accidental inoculation, aerosol or

spillage. Centrifuge: Aerosols, splashing or tube bridge. Culture stirrers, shakers , agitators: Aerosols, splashing

and spillage. Refrigeration: if flammable chemicals are stored within

them ; the light switches, thermostats etc can provide sparks to ignite them.

Water baths: provide ground for micro-organismal growth.

( The risk of acquiring hepatitis B from needle stick injury is 30%, hepatitis C is 2-10% and HIV is 0.3%)

GLASS WARE

Use glassware that is free of chips and cracks. Damaged glassware is weakened and may break, resulting in injury.

Broken glass should be cleaned with a brush and dustpan and not with bare hand.

Glass should not be discarded into regular trashcans, but into rigid cardboard or plastic containers.

Wherever possible, replace glassware with plastic ware.

CHEMICAL SAFETY Hazard communication Material Safety data sheet OSHA laboratory Standard Toxic effects from hazardous chemicals Storage and handling of chemicals

Product name and identification Hazardous ingredients Permissible exposure limit (PEL) Physical and chemical data Health hazard data and carcinogenic potential Primary routes of entry Fire and explosion hazards Reactivity data Spill and disposal procedures PPE recommendations Emergency and first aid procedures Storage and transportation precautions manufacturer’s name, address, and telephone number Special information section

SAFETY OF CHEMICALS /REAGENTS Almost all chemicals/reagents used are Lethal poisons if

consumed by anyone. There is an appropriate way of handling and storage of

hazardous chemicals to avoid injury and damage to self and others.

LABELLING OF HAZARDOUS REAGENTS/ CHEMICALS

FLAMMABLE CHEMICALS: Ether, xylene, toluene, methanol, ethanol, glacial

acetic acid, acetic acid, acetone, acetic anhydride, alcoholic Romanowsky stains , acid alcohol etc….

storage: stored in a fireproof metal box at ground level, in a cool place.

A container well lined with tin foil can also be used. Store small quantities on the shelves.

Safe use: ensure no open flame nearby while opening a bottle containing flammable solvent. Nearest flame should be at least 10 feet away. Use a water bath or electric hot plate.

control of fire: best by smothering. Use sand, thick blanket or fire extinguishers.

(water should not be used)

LABELLING OF HAZARDOUS REAGENTS/ CHEMICALS CORROSIVE CHEMICALS: strong acids like conc. Sulphuric acid, hydrochloric acid,

nitric acid, glacial acetic acid, trichloroacetic acid, orthophosphoric acid and strong alkali's like sodium hydroxide, potassium hydroxide.

storage: at a low level. safe Use: Never attempt mouth pipetting .Always pour a

corrosive chemical at below eye level, slowly and with great care to avoid splashing. Wearing protective eye glasses/ eye shields while opening such containers. Always add corrosive substance to water and that too slowly.

LABELLING OF HAZARDOUS REAGENTS/ CHEMICALS TOXIC, HARMFUL AND IRRITATING CHEMICALS: potassium cyanide, mercuric nitrate, sodium azide, sodium

nitroprusside, formaldehyde solution, chloroform, barium chloride, methanol, Iodine , sulphanilic acid. Skin & mucous membrane irritants are Xylene, formaldehyde & ammonia vapors.

Storage: stored in a locked cupboard. Safe Use: Always wear protective gloves & after working

with them immediately lock them up. Always wash your hands after using a toxic or harmful chemicals. Keep fume forming

chemicals in a fume cupboard. Never mouth pipette them.

LABELLING OF HAZARDOUS REAGENTS/ CHEMICALS OXIDISING CHEMICALS: chlorates, perchlorates, strong peroxides, potassium

dichromate, chromic acid.. storage: keep them away from organic materials &

reducing agents. Safe use: keep them away from organic materials and

reducing agents. They can produce much heat when in contact with other chemicals( flammable chemicals).

LABELLING OF HAZARDOUS REAGENTS/ CHEMICALS

EXPLOSIVE: picric acid, ammonium azide…. These chemicals can explode on being heated or on

getting exposed to flame or friction. Picric acid must be stored under water. If picric acid is

allowed to dry, it can explode.

LABELLING OF HAZARDOUS REAGENTS/ CHEMICAL CARCINOGENS: Benzidine, O- toludine, O- dianisidine, Alpha and Beta

naphthylamine, nitrosamines, nitrosophenols, nitronaphthalenes, selenite….

These chemicals can cause cancer by ingestion, inhalation or by skin contact.

The carcinogenic risk is directly proportional to the length & frequency of exposure & concentration of the chemicals.

Storage: label their containers “ CARCINOGENIC” & handle with special precautions.

Safe use: Must wear protective or rubber gloves, a face mask & eye shields when handling carcinogens.

RADIATION HAZARD

Ionizing radiations one of the most toxic sources of exposure to personnel in laboratory. Extended exposure can cause irreversible damage to the body.

Sources: Medical devices & Reagent materials. Pregnant women must not work with radioactive substances. Technicians must always wear badges while handling

radioactive chemicals and these should be screened at regular intervals.

Work areas must be checked regularly for contaminating radiation.

Gloves should be worn when handling radioactive materials & hand washing after glove removal to be emphasized.

During spills and clean ups of radioactive materials, personnel

engaged in decontamination must wear gowns or coats,

aprons, gloves & eye protection.

The contaminated areas should be scrubbed with water &

detergents.

All disposable materials involved in clean up must be

discarded as radioactive waste unless survey proves.

Document all incidents of spill & decontamination.

Warning signs(presence of radioactive materials) should be

posted in all areas where radioactive chemicals are stored,

used or discarded.

INCOMPATIBLE CHEMICALS

THE CHEMICAL HYGEINE PLAN

Elements of a Chemical Hygiene Plan:

1.Description of a standard operating procedure

2.Material safety data sheets(MSDS)

3.List of chemicals in the Inventory

4.Information on the appropriate chemical storage

5.Labelling requirements

6.Description of required engineering tools

7.List of required personal protective equipment

8.Information on waste removal and disposal

9.Information on mandated environmental monitoring where

appropriate

10.Housekeeping requirements

11.Requirements for employee physicals and medical consultations

12.Training requirements

13.Record keeping requirements

14.Designation of a chemical hygiene officer and committee

15.Other information deemed necessary for safety assurance

PERSONAL PROTECTIVE EQUIPMENT (PPE)

Laboratory Apron Biological safety cabinet Splatter shields Pipetting aid( bulb or electromechanical devices) Goggles Face shields Shoes

WASTE DISPOSAL Divide waste into 3 parts at source: Household type noninfectious waste Not to be decontaminated. To be disposed off as such. Infected sharp waste disposables(needles/surgical

instruments) Place in puncture proof container containing disinfectant(1%

bleach) Final disposal Infected non sharp waste Is to be decontaminated. Placed in disinfectant(5-10% bleach).

WASTE DISPOSAL All the segregated wastes will be taken by an authorized

company/body which deals with waste disposal daily.

ACCIDENTS IN THE LABORATORY

Acids/Alkali’s: splashes on the skin, eye/swallowing. Toxic substances Heat : open flames, hot liquids, inflammable liquids,

explosions. Broken glass Needle stick injury Contamination by infected material. Electric shock

FIRST AID KIT

Sterile cotton or cotton wool & gauze Medicinal adhesive tapes. Roller bandage of various widths. A pair of scissors Ammonia Sodium carbonate(aqueous, 5% solution) Sodium carbonate (aqueous, 2% solution) in an eye

dropper bottle. Acetic acid(aqueous, 5% solution) Boric acid( saturated) in an eyedropper bottle. Soap powder solution( 5g per liter of water) in a small

bottle/

FIRST AID IN ACID BURNS Nitric, sulphuric, hydrochloric and trichloroacetic acid. In all cases: wash immediately with large quantities of water.Acid splashes on the skin: Wash thoroughly and repeatedly with water. Bathe the affected skin with cotton wool soaked in 5%

aqueous sodium carbonate.Acid splashes in the eye: wash the eye immediately with large quantity of water

sprayed from a wash bottle or rubber bulb. Spray the water into the corner of the eye near the nose.

( alternatively, hold the eye under the running tap) After washing, put 4 drops of 2% aqueous sodium

bicarbonate into the eye.

FIRST AID IN ALKALI BURNS Sodium, potassium and ammonium hydroxide In all cases: wash immediately with large quantities of water. Imp: Alkali burns are more serious than, acid burns. Alkali splashes on the skin: Wash thoroughly and repeatedly with water. Bathe the affected skin with cotton soaked in 5% acetic

acid( or undiluted vinegar) Alkali splashes in the eye: Wash immediately with large quantities of water sprayed

from a wash bottle or rubber bulb. Spray the water into the corner of the eye near the nose.

After this, wash the eye with a saturated solution of boric acid(apply drops repeatedly).

Refer the patient to a physician.

FIRST AID IN ALKALI BURNS

Swallowing Alkalis: Make the patient drink at once:5% solution of acetic acid or lemon juice or dilute vinegar( 1

part vinegar to 3 parts water) Make them gargle with the same acid solution. Give them 3 -4 glasses of ordinary water. If the lips and tongue are burned by the alkali: Rinse thoroughly with water. Bathe with acetic acid. Send for physician consultation.

FIRST AID IN POISONING Caused by : Inhaling toxic vapors or gases( e.g.: chloroform) Accidental swallowing while pipetting a poisonous

solution. In all cases: Send to a physician or emergency, specifying the toxic

substance involved. Place the victim in the open air while waiting for the

physician.

FIRST AID IN BURNS CAUSED BY HEAT Severe burns: affecting large areas of skin. e.g.: burns caused when burning ether or boiling water is spilled

over the victim. Minor burns: affecting a small area of skin, e.g.: burns caused by hot glassware or a Bunsen flame.Severe burns: If the victim is on the fire, e.g.: if splashed with burning ether

or other inflammable solvent, roll them in a blanket or over to smother the flames.

Inform the physician on duty immediately. Lay the victim on ground. Do not remove the clothing. Cover

them. Do not apply any treatment to the burns, this must be left to

the physician.

FIRST AID IN BURNS CAUSED BY HEAT Minor burns: Plunge the affected part into cold water or ice-water to

soothe the pain. Apply antibiotic(mercurochrome/acriflavine) ointment

to the burn. Apply a dry gauze dressing loosely. If the burn becomes infected or does not heal, refer the

patient to a physician/plastic surgeon.

FIRST AID IN INJURIES CAUSED BY BROKEN GLASS

Wash the wound immediately to remove any glass pieces.

Apply mercurochrome/acriflavine ointment to the wound.

Cover with gauze & adhesive tape. If the cut bleeds profusely, stop the bleeding by

pressing down on it with a compress. Refer the patient to a physician.

If the cut bleeds heavily with blood spurting out at intervals, try to stop the bleeding with a compression and call a surgeon/physician.

Continue compression while waiting for surgeon/physician’s arrival. He /she will decide for further action.

FIRST AID IN CONTAMINATION BY INFECTED MATERIAL Wounds caused by broken glassware containing stool,

pus etc.. Wash the wound immediately with water. Check whether the cut is bleeding. If not, squeeze hard

to make it bleed for several minutes. Bathe the whole area, i.e. the edges of the cut & inside

the cut , with antiseptic lotion. Wash thoroughly with soapy water. Bathe again with antiseptic lotion. Refer the patient to a physician if the material involved

is known to be very infective, e.g. pus.

FIRST AID IN BODILY DAMAGE CAUSED BY ELECTRIC SHOCK A low- voltage alternating electric current(220V) is

usually used in lab and electric shocks are rare. They may occur when faulty equipment is being handled, particularly with wet hands. The symptoms are fainting & asphyxia.

Before doing anything else, put off the main switch. Begin CPR( cardio-pulmonary resuscitation) if not

breathing /no pulse. Immediately shift the patient to emergency.

BIOLOGICAL SAFETY

Spills Biosafety levels Needle stick injury

NEEDLE STICK INJURY Recapping Transferring a body fluid between containers Failing to properly dispose of used needles in puncture-

resistant sharps containers HOW TO PREVENT?? Avoid use of needles when and where safe and effective

alternatives are available Plan for safe handling and disposal of needles. Report all needle stick injuries and ensure you receive

appropriate follow-up care. Participate in blood borne pathogen training and follow

recommended infection prevention practices.

WHAT TO DO WHEN YOU SUSTAIN A NEEDLE STICK INJURY? FIRST AID:

Encourage bleeding and wash with soap and running

water.

Clean the site with disinfectant like 70% alcohol.

Report incident and discuss with supervisor.

Consult medicine OPD or Emergency

Document the incident on the forms available at the

offise of CMS/nursing superintendant.

Investigations: Virology of technician and patient

Follow up: Vaccination status Unknown /cannot be obtained Give Hep B Immune globulin Hep B Vaccine

Vaccinated No further hep B vaccine is reqired.

Follow up HIV serology 6weeks ,3 months,6 months and 12 months.

DISINFECTANTS USED IN LAB Chlorine compounds- 1% sodium hypochlorite 70-90% alcohol Phenolic compunds-Lysol and Sterol Quaternary Ammonium compunds

SPLASHES OF BLOOD/BODY FLUIDS OR SPILLSFirst aid for exposure

Contaminated wound: Encourage bleeding from skin wound and wash the injured area

with copius soapy water,disinfectant,scrub solution or water.Contaminated intact skin: Wash the area with soap and waterContaminated eyes: Gently rinse with eyes open with saline or water for a minimum

of 15minutesContaminated mouth: Spit out any fluid-rinse the mouth with water and spit out again

BASIC SPILL RESPONSE KIT

Disinfecting solution appropriate disinfectants. Solutions should be freshly prepared.

A bottle for solutions of disinfectant. Forceps or tongs, broom & dustpan, or other mechanical

device for handling sharps. Paper towels or other suitable absorbent. Biohazard bags for the collection of contaminated spill clean-up

items. Water proof utility gloves & latex or plastic examination gloves. Face protection( face shield/ splash goggles). Disposable scrubs. Spill sign to post on door of the room.

BIOSAFETY LEVEL I Infectious agents that are not transmitted through aerosols. Notify others in the area to limit potential for further

contamination Remove any contaminated clothing and lab coats. Wash

exposed skin with antiseptic soap and water. Launder contaminated clothing lab coats in hot water with

bleach or send it to CSSD with proper instructions Wear appropriate Personal protective equipment. Cover spill with paper towels Pour sodium hypochlorite solution containing 5000-6000ppm

on the towel allowing it to mix with the material Allow contact time for 20minutes

Using forceps or tongs, pick up any pieces of broken glass and

place them in sharps container.

Place forceps in discard can for autoclaving

Carefully pick up absorbent towels and bulk of the spill material

and discard into BIO HAZARD BAG.

Use fresh toweling to wipe any residual material and discard

along with the other.

Clean the surface with detergent or disinfectant and allow air

dry, followed with an application of 500 to 600ppm

Remove disposable gloves and discard as biohazardous waste

Follow waste disposal protocol

BIOSAFETY LEVEL 2A. Spill outside a Biosafety cabinet Don't use bleach solutions on iodinated material. Use an alternative disinfectant –IODOPHOR /PHENOLIC

Evacuate the room. avoid inhaling airborne material while quickly leaving the room.

Notify others Post warning sign for no entry Allow a minimum of 30minutes for the air. Remove contaminated clothing Wash all exposed skin with antiseptic soap and water. Flush eyes for minimum 15minutes. Follow as per the Biosafety level 1 spill protocol.

B.Spill in a Biosafety Cabinet: Don't use sodium hypochlorite solutions on the metal surfaces

in the cabinet because of the corrosive nature of these solvents.

Use –PHENOLIC /IODOPHOR Alcohol is not recommended because of its explosive

potential. Leave the Biosafety cabinet turned on and begin clean up

immediately Cover the spill area with plastic backed towels or disinfectant

soaked towels Don’t place your head inside to clean Spray or wipe cabinet walls, work surfaces and front view Autoclave all clean up material

BIOSAFETY LEVEL 3 Spill outside of Biosafety cabinet Or any incident which generated aerosols . Evacuate the room. avoid inhaling airborne material

while quickly leaving the room. Notify others Post warning sign for no entry Allow a minimum of 30minutes for the air. Remove your PPE in the access zone Wash any exposed area Wear proper PPE and follow Biosafety Spill 1 protocol

UNIVERSAL WORK PRECAUTIONS(UWP) Health care personnel(HCP) can acquire certain illnesses

beyond those acquired by all others who live and work in our society.

Components of UMP: Hand washing Barrier precautions( mask, cap, plastic apron & protection of

feet) Careful handling of all kinds of sharps & needles. Effective infection control Sterilization Correct disposal of different kinds of wastes generated in a

health care facility.

THANK YOU!