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ENERGY CONVERSION ENGINEERING LABORATORY

MANUAL

V Semester (10MEL58)

DAYANANDA SAGAR COLLEGE OF ENGINEERINGAccredited by National Assessment & Accreditation Council (NAAC) with ’A’ Grade

(An Autonomous Institution affiliated to Visvesvaraya Technological University, Belagavi &

ISO 9001:2008 Certified)MECHANICAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT

SHAVIGE MALLESWARA HILLS, KUMARASWAMY LAYOUTBENGALURU-560078

Image related to Lab (Department wise and lab wise)

Name of the Student :

Semester /Section :

USN :

Batch :

Energy Conversion Engineering Laboratory/10ME58 [2016]

(Backside of cover page)

Vision of the Institute

To impart quality technical education with a focus on Research and Innovation emphasising on Development of Sustainable and Inclusive Technology for the benefit of society.

Mission of the Institute

To provide an environment that enhances creativity and Innovation in pursuit of Excellence.

To nurture teamwork in order to transform individuals as responsible leaders and entrepreneurs.

To train the students to the changing technical scenario and make them to understand the importance of Sustainable and Inclusive technologies.

ME Dept., Dayananda Sagar College of Engineering Bengaluru

ENERGY CONVERSION ENGINEERING LABORATORY MANUAL

V Semester (10MEL58)

DAYANANDA SAGAR COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING(An Autonomous Institution affiliated to Visvesvaraya Technological University, Belagavi)

MECHANICAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENTSHAVIGE MALLESWARA HILLS

KUMARASWAMY LAYOUTBENGALURU-560078

Name of the Student :

Semester /Section :

USN :

Batch :




DAYANANDA SAGAR COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING(An Autonomous Institution affiliated to Visvesvaraya Technological University, Belagavi)

DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING, BENGALURU-560078

VISION OF THE DEPARTMENT

MISSION OF THE DEPARTMENT

PROGRAMME EDUCATIONAL OBJECTIVES [PEOs]PEO-1:

PEO-2:

PEO-3:

PEO-4:

PROGRAMME SPECIFIC OUTCOMES [PSOs]

PSO-1:

PSO-2:



DAYANANDA SAGAR COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING, BENGALURU-560078.(An Autonomous Institution affiliated to Visvesvaraya Technological University, Belagavi)

DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING.

ENERGY CONVERSION ENGINEERING LABORATORYSYLLABUS

COURSE OBJECTIVES

C508.1Students will be learning the testing procedures of fuel and lube oils, their standards and its

importance.

C508.2Students will be given an insight to the Transesterification process used for bio-fuel

preparation.

C508.3Students will be learning the practical aspects of dismantling and assembling of various

types of engines.

C508.4Students will be equipped with testing procedure of various types of engines for its

performance characteristics.

Subject Code 10MEL58 IA Marks 25Hours/Week 03 Exam Hours 03Total Hours 42 Exam Marks 50

PART – A1. Determination of Flash point and Fire point of lubricating oil using Abel Pensky and

Marten’s (Closed) / Cleavland’s (Open Cup) Apparatus.2. Determination of Calorific value of solid, liquid and gaseous fuels.3. Determination of Viscosity of lubricating oil using Redwoods, Saybolt and Torsion

Viscometers.4. Valve Timing/Port opening diagram of an I.C. engine (4 Stroke/ 2 Stroke).5. Use of planimeter

21 HoursPART – B

1. Performance Tests on I.C. Engines, Calculations of IP, BP, Thermal efficiencies, Volumetric efficiency, Mechanical efficiency, SFC, FP, A:F Ratio

Heat balance sheet for (a) Four stroke Diesel Engine (b) Four stroke Petrol Engine (c) Multi Cylinder Diesel/Petrol Engine, (Morse test) (d) Two stroke Petrol Engine (e) Variable Compression Ratio I.C. Engine.

21 Hours



Scheme for Examination:

One Question from Part-A 15 Marks [05 Writeup+10]One Question from Part-B 25 Marks [05 Writeup+20]

Viva Voce 10 MarksTotal 50 Marks

COURSE OUTCOMES

C508.1 Students will develop the fuel testing skills for any given fuel/lube samples.

C508.2 Students will have an idea about various fuel blending techniques.

C508.3 Students will apply the knowledge learnt to trouble shoot any faulty engine.

C508.4Students will be able to practically assess the performance characteristics of any

given engine in real time.

CO-PO MAPPING

CO PO1 PO2 PO3 PO4 PO5 PO6 PO7 PO8 PO9 PO10 PO11 PO12

C508.1 3 3 3 2 - 1 1 - 1 - - 1

C508.2 3 3 3 2 - 1 1 - 1 - - 1

C508.3 3 3 3 2 - 1 1 - 1 - - 1

C508.4 3 3 3 2 - 1 1 - 1 - - 1

C508.5 3 3 3 2 - 1 1 - 1 - - 1



DAYANANDA SAGAR COLLEGE OF ENGINEERINGDEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

BENGALURU – 560078

Experiment No:________ Date:____________

Introduction to Foundry

Experiment No: __________ Date: ____________


DO’S:

Lab Dress code with Student’s Identity card should be strictly adhered to,

Ensure proper ventilation by keeping the doors and windows open,

Take the guidance of the faculty and the instructors concerned before starting the

experiments,

Take utmost care while cranking the engine,

Ensure that, water is circulated for Engine cooling and for the Exhaust Gas

Calorimeter,

Ensure that Exhaust Valve of the engine under operation is in OPEN position,

Ensure that the electric supply to the heating devices for the experimental

setups/Test Rigs are Switched OFF once the concerned Experiments are

completed,

Keep sufficient distance from the rotating parts,

In case of fire even of small magnitude, alert the concerned lab authorities and know the usage of a Fire Extinguisher and use the sand kept in case of emergencies.

DONT’S:

Never bring any flame in the vicinity of the inflammable fuels,

Never rest your hands on the equipment or on the display board, because it has fragile

measurement devices like thermometers, manometers, etc…

Do not touch/ handle the experimental setups/Test Rigs without their prior knowledge,

Never overcrowd the experimental setup/Test Rig, Leave sufficient space for the person

cranking the engine to start,

Any unsafe conditions like exposed electrical wires, fuel spilling, fuel leakage, etc…

should be brought to the notice of the concerned lab authorities.


CONTENTS

EXPT NO

NAME OF THE EXPERIMENT

1. FLASH & FIRE POINT OF A GIVEN SAMPLE BY ABEL’S APPARATUS

2 FLASH & FIRE POINT OF A GIVEN SAMPLE BY PENSKY MARTIN APPARATUS

3 FLASH & FIRE POINT OF A GIVEN SAMPLE BY CLEAVLAND OPEN CUP APPARATUS

4. VISCOSITY OF OIL USING REDWOOD VISCOMETER

5. VISCOSITY OF OIL USING SAYBOLT VISCOMETER

6. VISCOSITY OF OIL USING TORSION VISCOMETER

7. CALORIFIC VALUE OF SOLID FUEL- LEWIS THOMSON CALORIMETER

8 CALORIFIC VALUE OF LIQUID FUEL-BOMB CALORIMETER

9. CALORIFIC VALUE OF GASEOUS FUEL-JUNKER’S GAS CALORIMETER

10. VALVE TIMING DIAGRAM-FOUR STROKE ENGINE

11. PORT TIMING DIAGRAM-TWO STROKE ENGINE

12. PLANIMETER

13. PERFORMANCE TEST ON A TWO STROKE PETROL ENGINE

14. PERFORMANCE TEST ON A FOUR STROKE, SINGLE CYLINDER PETROL ENGINE WITH A DC GENERATOR

15PERFORMANCE TEST AND HEAT BALANCE CALCULATIONS ON A FOUR STROKE, SINGLE CYLINDER DIESEL ENGINE WITH MECHANICAL ROPE BRAKE LOADING ARRANGEMENT

16 PERFORMANCE TEST ON VARIABLE COMPRESSION RATIO MULTI FUEL ENGINE

17 MORSE TEST ON A FOUR STROKE, FOUR CYLINDER PETROL ENGINE TEST RIG WITH A.C ALTERNATOR [MPFI-VERSION ENGINE]



EXPERIMENT NO: 01 Date:

ABEL’S FLASH & FIRE POINT APPARATUSAim: To determine the flash and fire points of kerosene oil.Apparatus Required:

1. Abel’s apparatus, 2. Thermometer,3. Sample Oil.

Procedure:1. Oil cup is cleaned and then kerosene(light oil) is poured into it up to

the filling mark,

2. The oil cup is placed in a container, which contains water up to a

certain level,

3. Now, the oil under test is heated and heating process is accompanied

with continuous stirring which ensures uniform distribution of heat,

4. The test flame is introduced for 5°C rise in temperature. No stirring is

done during the application of test flame,

5. If a distinct flash is visible in the two observation parts, record the

temperature .This corresponds to flash point,

6. Heating is continued and test flame is introduced by opening the lid

for temperature rise of every 5°C. Oil ignites and continues to burn for

atleast 5 seconds .This temperature corresponds to fire point,

7. Heating is stopped after obtaining fire point.



Observation Table:

Result:Flash Point of given Sample is _____OC,Fire Point of given Sample is _____OC.

Applications:

Remarks:

Signature of Staff In-charge with date


S.NO Temperature of Oil InferenceUnits (°C)

1.2.3.4.5.6.7.8.9.10.


EXPERIMENT NO: 02Date:

PENSKY MARTIN FLASH & FIRE POINT APPARATUS

Aim: To determine the flash and fire points of SAE-40 lubricating oil.

Apparatus Required:1. Pensky Martin apparatus, 2. Sample Oil, 3. Thermometer.

Procedure:1. Oil cup is cleaned and then SAE Oil (Heavy Oil) is poured into it up

to the filling mark,

2. The oil under test is heated and heating process is accompanied with

continuous stirring which ensures uniform distribution of heat,


done during the checking of test flame,



5. Heating is continued and test flame is introduced by opening the lid

for temperature rise of every 5°C. Oil ignites and continues to burn for

atleast 5 seconds .This temperature corresponds to fire point,

6. Heating is stopped and the apparatus is allowed to cool.



Sketch:

Figure-1: Pensky Martin ApparatusObservation Table:


Applications:

Remarks:




1.2.3.4.5.



CLEAVELAND (OPEN CUP) FLASH & FIRE POINT APPARATUS

Aim: To determine the flash and fire points of diesel oil.

Apparatus Required:1. Cleaveland Open Cup apparatus, 2. Sample Oil, 3. Thermometer.

Procedure:1. Oil cup is cleaned and then diesel oil is poured into it up to the filling

mark,

2. The oil under test is heated and heating process is accompanied with

continuous stirring which ensures uniform distribution of heat,


done during the checking of test flame,



5. This is a open type heating and hence for every 2°C temperature rise,

test flame is introduced and point at which all oil ignites is called fire

point.

6. Heating is stopped and the apparatus is allowed to cool.



Sketch:

Figure-2: Cleaveland open cup apparatusObservation Table:


Applications:

Remarks:




1.2.3.4.5.



REDWOOD VISCOMETER

Aim:To determine the viscosity of the given specimen oil (Diesel Oil) at different temperatures.

Apparatus Required:1. Redwood Viscometer,

2. Thermometer,

3. Collecting Flask (50 ml),

4. Stop Clock,

5. Diesel oil.

PROCEDURE:

1. The weight balance is set to zero reading,

2. The specimen oil is poured into the flask and its initial temperature is found

out, also the mass of the flask with the oil is noted down,

3. Time taken by the specimen oil to fill 50ml flask is noted down. During the

flow the stop wire is lifted up,

4. Set the voltage to 150V and start reading the heated oil. Note down the time

taken to collect 50ml of oil for every 10°C rise in temperature. Also weigh

the flask with oil,

5. Then determine kinematic, dynamic viscosity and redwood number.



Sketch:

Figure-3: Redwood viscometer apparatusFormulae Used:

1. Kinematic Viscosity

2. Redwood Number

3. Specific gravity,

Where, W1 = Weight of empty flask, W2 = Weight of flask with oil.

4. Density of Fuel = Specific gravity x Density of Water,

5. Dynamic viscosity,



S.NO Temp of Oil

Time for Collecting oil ‘T’

Weight of Oil in Flask ‘W2’

Specific Gravity‘S’

Redwood Number

Kinematic

Viscosity

Dynamic

Viscosity

Units °C Sec Gm Ns/

1234

TABULAR COLUMN:

GRAPHS:

1. Kinematic Viscosity vs Temperature,

2. Dynamic viscosity vs Temperature.

. RESULT: The Kinematic Viscosity and Dynamic Viscosity of the given

Specimen oil are determined.

Applications:

Remarks:





SAYBOLT VISCOMETER

Aim: To determine the viscosity of the given specimen oil (Lubricating Oil) at different temperatures.

Apparatus Required:1. Saybolt Viscometer,

2. Thermometer,

3. Collecting Flask (60 ml),

4. Stop Clock,

5. Lubricating Oil.

PROCEDURE:

1. The balance is set to zero reading. Weigh the empty flask and note down

the weight (W1).

2. The specimen oil is poured into the container and its initial temperature is

found out, also the voltage in the regulator is set to 230V.

3. Now the stop wire is lifted up and the time taken by the oil to fill 60 cc of

the flask is noted and then it is weighed (W2).

4. Now start heating the oil in the container.

5. For every 10 degree rise in temperature, find out the time taken by the oil

to fill 60 cc of the flask and then weigh the flask with oil (W2).

6. Tabulate the readings and find out kinematic and dynamic viscosity using

the formulae.



Sketch:

Figure-4: Saybolt viscometer ApparatusFormulas Used:


,

2. Specific gravity,

Where, W1 = Weight of empty flask, W2 = Weight of flask with oil.

3. Density of Fuel = Specific gravity x Density of Water, 4. Dynamic Viscosity,



S.NO Temperature

of Oil

Time for

Collecting oil ‘T’

Weight of Oil

in Flask ‘W2’

Specific

Gravity‘S’

Kinematic

Viscosity

Dynamic

Viscosity

Units °C Sec Gm m2/Sec Ns/

1234

TABULAR COLUMN:

GRAPHS:

1. Kinematic Viscosity vs Temperature,

2. Dynamic viscosity vs Temperature.

. RESULT:

The Kinematic Viscosity and Dynamic Viscosity of the given

Specimen oil are determined.

Applications:

Remarks:




EXPERIMENT NO: 06DATE:

TORSION VISCOMETERAim:

To determine the viscosity of the given specimen oil (SAE-40) at different temperatures.

Apparatus Required:1. Torsion Viscometer,

2. Thermometer,

3. Stop Clock,

4. Lubricating Oil.

PROCEDURE:1. The oil SAE-40 is filled in the oil cup so that the cylinder at the end of

the side gets completely immersed inside the oil. It is then placed on the

stand. The initial temperature of the oil is noted down.

2. The indent on the side of the circular disk is made to coincide with the

needle point using the rotating rod.

3. Now the torsion disk is rotated by 3600 and then to rotate freely. Then the

degree (angle) at the mark coincides and stops, then it reverses its

direction.

4. The value of Redwood seconds (t) is noted down from the chart provided

for the given angle.

5. The experiment is repeated for every 10°C rise in temperature of the oil.

6. Kinematic viscosity is then calculated using the formulae.



Sketch:

Figure-5: Torsion viscometer ApparatusFORMULAS USED:




TABULAR COLUMN:

GRAPHS:

1. Kinematic Viscosity vs Temperature.

RESULT: Thus the Kinematic Viscosity of the given Specimen oil is determined.

Applications:

Remarks:



S.NO Temperature of Oil

Angle of Torsion

Redwood Seconds

Kinematic Viscosity

Units °C Deg Sec123



LEWIS THOMSON CALORIMETER AIM:

To determine the calorific value of the given Solid fuel (Coal).APPARATUS:

1. Lewis Thomson calorimeter,

2. Glass jar,

3. Beaker,

4. Thermometer.

OBSERVATION TABULAR COLUMN:Symbol Particulars Quantity

M Mass of fuel burnt, KgWm Weight of water in calorimeter, KgWC Weight of copper calorimeter, KgCPW Specific heat of water, KJ/Kg.K CPC Specific heat of Copper Calorimeter , KJ/Kg.K t1 Initial temperature of water, °Ct2 Final temperature of water, °C

KCLO3 Potassium ChlorateKNO3 Potassium Nitrate

FORMULA USED:1. Calorific Value of Solid Fuel (Coal )

PROCEDURE:1. Coal (1gm), Potassium Chlorate (8.25gm), Potassium Nitrate (2.75gm) are

separately weighed, mixed together and they are grinded in a crucible to

obtain a smoother uniform mixture,

2. This powdered mixture is poured into a small cylindrical metal container,

with a few match sticks vertically inserted, with their burning side projected

out of a mixture side.



3. Water is filled in the beaker up to the marked level which constitutes 2000

cc of water. The initial temperature is noted.

4. The fuel mixture is ignited and the container is immediately covered by the

cylinder of calorimeter. The whole apparatus is immersed in the beaker.

5. The metal container liberates the hot gases. The gas gets accumulated in the

beaker, while the heat increases the temperature of water. The final

temperature is then noted.

6. Heat liberated by coal = Heat absorbed by water. This is then used to

calculate the evaporative value of coal.

RESULT:

The calorific value of solid fuel (Coal) is _________________KJ/Kg

Applications:

Remarks:





BOMB CALORIMETER AIM:

To determine the calorific value of the given Liquid fuel (Diesel).APPARATUS:

1. Bomb Calorimeter,

2. Oxygen Cylinder with regulator and accessories,

3. Pellet Press,

4. Crucible,

5. Beckmann’s Thermometer,

6. Ignition Wire,

7. Fuel Sample.


‘m1’ Weight of the empty Stainless Steel crucible ‘m1’= ___gm‘m2’ Weight of the Benzoic Acid Sample ‘m2’=___gm‘m3’ Weight of benzoic acid sample pellet and weight

of the crucible‘m3’=___gm

M Actual weight of the sample ‘M’ =___gmT1 Initial Temperature of water before firing ‘T1’=_______OCT2 Final Temperature of water after firing ‘T2’=_______OC

NOMENCLATURE USED:Calorific Value of Standard Benzoic used (H) = 6319 Cal/gm,

Heat liberated by Nichrome Wire,

(E1) = 0.335 Cal/mg X Weight of Nichrome Wire,

Heat liberated by cotton thread,

(E2) = 4.180 Cal/mg X Weight of Cotton Thread,

Rise in temperature due to combustion of fuel sample, (T) = T2 – T1,

Water Equivalent of the calorimeter = W Cal/OC,



Weight of the nichrome wire taken,

(33 Gauge, 0.25mm diameter, 10cm Std Length) = 18.4 mg,

Weight of cotton thread taken (10cm Std Length) = 5 mg.

FORMULA USED:

Calorific Value of Liquid Fuel (Diesel )

PROCEDURE:1. About one gram of the fuel is weighed in the crucible; a piece of firing wire

is stretched between the electrodes in such a manner that it is in close

contact with the fuel so that it can be ignited,

2. Often solid fuel made in to pellets can also be determined for its calorific

value,

3. The cap is screwed down on the bomb and oxygen is filled in the cup to a

pressure of about 20atm. The bomb is then placed in a weighed amount of

water taken in the calorimeter,

4. Electrical connections are made, stirring is started and temperature reading is

taken with a thermometer reading to 0.01OC,

5. When the thermometer shows a steady temperature the fuel is made to fire

and temperature readings are continued for few minutes after the maximum

temperature is attained,

6. The water is stirred during the experiment,

7. The bomb is then removed and allowed to stand so that the acid mist may

settle down. The pressure is slowly released and the contents of the bomb

are carefully washed,

8. In actual practice correction needs to be made for the heat of fuse wire.

9. Heat liberated by Fuel = Heat absorbed by water.



RESULT:

The calorific value of Liquid fuel (Diesel) is _________________Cal/gm.

Applications:

Remarks:




EXPERIMENT NO: 09 DATE:

JUNKER’S GAS CALORIMETERAIM:

To determine the calorific value of the given Gaseous fuel (LPG).APPARATUS:

1. Junkers gas calorimeter,

2. Collecting Jar,

3. Thermometer,

4. Sample gas (LPG).


mw Mass of water taken, KgCPW Specific heat of water, KJ/Kg.K

t1 Initial temperature of water, °Ct2 Final temperature of water, °C

Gas flow meter reading, LPMTime taken for 2000 cc of water collected, Sec

Vg Volume of gas flow,m3 = Time Taken x Gas Flow Meter Reading

FORMULA USED:1. Calorific Value of Gaseous Fuel (LPG )

PROCEDURE:1. Ensure the continuous flow of water through the water jacket and pass the

measured volume of gas through the gas meter,

2. Adjust the pressure regulator for uniform flow of gas and record the

manometer reading,

3. Record the inlet gas temperature and cooling water temperature at the inlet,



4. Ignite the gas using the burner ensuring complete combustion and record the

amount of gas taken to heat the 2000 cc of water,

5. Note down the final temperature of water.

RESULT:The calorific value of the Gaseous fuel (LPG) is_______________KJ/m3

Applications:

Remarks:





VALVE TIMING DIAGRAM-FOUR STROKE CUT SECTION DIESEL ENGINE

AIM:To draw the valve timing diagram for a four stroke, cut section Diesel

Engine.APPARATUS:

1. Cut Section Model of a Four stroke Diesel Engine,

2. Paper Strips,

3. Torch Light,

4. Measuring Tape.

SPECIFICATIONS OF THE MODEL:Four Stroke Cut Section Diesel Engine Specification

Brake Power 3.7 KWSpeed 1500 rpmCompression Ratio 16:1Circumference of Fly Wheel 1240 mmDiameter of Fly Wheel, m 395 mm

PROCEDURE:1. Keep the de-compression lever in the vertical position,

2. Bring the TDC mark to the pointer level,

3. Rotate the flywheel till the Inlet Valve moves down (Inlet Valve Opens).

4. Draw a line on the flywheel in front of the pointer. Take the reading.

5. Continue to rotate the flywheel till the inlet valve goes down and comes to

the horizontal position. Take the reading.

6. Continue to rotate the flywheel till the Exhaust Valve Opens, take down the

reading.

7. Similarly flywheel is rotated until the Exhaust Valve closes. Tabulate the

readings and draw the actual valve timing diagram.



FORMULA USED:-1. Angle,

Where, S= Arc Length in mm, r = Radius of Fly Wheel in mm

OBSERVATION TABULAR COLUMN:

S.NO Valve Position Arc Length (S) Angle

Units Events-Valve Position cm mm Degrees1 Inlet Valve Opens -Before TDC2 Inlet Valve Closes -After BDC3 Exhaust Valve Opens -Before BDC4 Exhaust Valve Closes -After TDC

VALVE TIMING DIAGRAM OF FOUR STROKE DIESEL ENGINE:

Figure-6: Valve timing diagram-4 stroke diesel engine



RESULT:Thus the actual valve timing diagram is drawn based on the angles obtained

from the four stroke, cut section diesel engine.

Applications:

Remarks:





PORT TIMING DIAGRAM-TWO STROKE CUT SECTION PETROL ENGINE

AIM:To draw the port timing diagram for a two stroke, cut section petrol Engine.

APPARATUS:1. Cut Section Model of a Two Stroke Petrol Engine,

2. Paper Strips,

3. Torch light,

4. Measuring Tape.

OBSERVATION TABULAR COLUMN:Two Stroke Cut Section Petrol Engine

Make Bajaj ChetakNumber of Strokes TwoNumber of Ports 3 [Inlet Port, Transfer Port, Exhaust Port]Bore x Stroke 56.7 mm x 56.7mmSpeed 3,500 rpmCubic Capacity 145.45 CCFuel Used Petrol

PROCEDURE:1. Mark the TDC and BDC on the flywheel,

2. Rotate the flywheel provided,

3. Observe the position of the piston so that you know the port opening /

closing,

4. When the piston reaches the TDC position, the light provided at the TDC

begins to glow, which is an indication of piston reaching the TDC,

5. Measure the angle at which the port opens / closes with respect to TDC /

BDC with the help of circular protractor provided on the flywheel, so that

the angle is obtained directly,

6. With the angles available, draw the actual Port Timing diagram,



7. This Port Timing Diagram can be drawn for Ports in Just Open Position and

for ports in Fully Opened Position.

TABULAR COLUMN:

S.NO Port Position Reference to Dead Centers

Angle

Units Events-Port Position Before/After Degrees

1. Exhaust Port Opens (EPO) After TDCBefore BDC

2. Transfer Port Opens(TPO) After TDCBefore BDC

3. Transfer Port Closes(TPC) Before TDCAfter BDC

4. Exhaust Port Closes (EPC) Before TDCAfter BDC

PORT TIMING DIAGRAM OF TWO STROKE PETROL ENGINE:

Figure-7: Port timing diagram-2 stroke petrol engine



RESULT:Thus the actual port timing diagram is drawn based on the angles obtained

from the Two stroke, Cut section Petrol Engine.

Applications:

Remarks:





PLANIMETERAIM:

To determine the area of irregular figure by using Planimeter.APPARATUS:

1. Planimeter,

2. White Sheet,

3. Regular Surface (Drawing Board).

PROCEDURE:1. Fix the figure whose area is to be determined on a smooth surface,

preferably on a drawing board,2. Choose the proportion to be 1:100 as the scale ratio. Now the tracer is set to

12:11 using vernier scale,3. To start with the lever is kept 90 degrees to the tracer scale and is fixed on

the table,4. Initial values on the scale may be set to zero or can be taken as it is,5. Using the tracer point the lever is moved on irregular surface to trace the

area in clockwise direction and then it is brought back to initial position,6. The final reading is noted down and the difference between the two readings

is multiplied by the proportion chosen to get the area,

7. The percentage error of planimeter is then calculated using the formula given.

SKETCH:

Figure-8: Planimeter



FORMULAE USED:1. % Error of Planimeter,

,

2.

3.

TABULAR COLUMN:

S.NO Area of the Given Figure

Initial Reading

Final Reading Final Reading-Initial Reading

Planimeter Area

%Error

Unit cm2 cm2 cm2 cm2 cm2

1. Square Area

2. Irregular Area

RESULT:The area of the irregular figure is determined using planimeter.

Applications:

Remarks:




EXPERIMENT NO: 13 DATE:

PERFORMANCE TEST ON A TWO STROKE PETROL ENGINEAIM:

To conduct a Performance Test on a Two Stroke Petrol Engine and to draw the performance characteristics.APPARATUS:

1. Two Stroke Petrol Engine Test Rig,

2. Stop Watch.

TEST RIG SPECIFICATIONS:I. Engine Specifications

Engine : BajajBHP : 2.5 HPRPM : 2800 RPMFuel : PetrolNo Of Cylinders : SingleBore : 56.7mmStroke Length : 56.7mmStarting : Kick start/ Self startWorking Cycle : Two strokeMethod of Cooling : Air CooledMethod of Ignition : Spark IgnitionOrifice Diameter : 20mm

II. DC Generator Specification1. Type : Self Excited, DC Compound Generator.2. Power : 2.2kW3. Speed : 3000 RPM (Max)4. Rated Voltage : 220V DC

III. Resistance Load Bank Specifications

1. Rating : 2.5kW, 1 (Single Phase)

2. Variation : In 5 steps by DC switches

3. Cooling : Air cooled.



PROCEDURE: 1.) Connect the instrumentation power input plug to a 230V, 50 Hz AC single phase AC

supply. Now all the digital meters namely, RPM indicator, temperature indicator

display the respective readings,

2.) Fill up the petrol to the fuel tank mounted behind the panel,

3.) Start the engine with the help of kicker provided at the rear end of the engine,

4.) Allow the engine to stabilize the speed i.e. 2800 RPM by adjusting the accelerator

knob,

5.) Apply ¼ loads up to 2kW (500W – 2kW),

6.) Note down all the required parameters mentioned below

a) Speed of the engine in RPM.

b) Load from ammeter in amps.

c) Burette reading in cc.

d) Manometer reading in mm.

e) Time taken for consumption of Xcc petrol in seconds.

f) Exhaust gas temperature in 0C.

7.) Load the engine step by step with the use of DC switches provided on the load bank

panel.

FORMULAE USED:

1. Brake Power = ………. kW

2. Mass of fuel, ,

3.

4. ,

5. Height of Air Column, ,



6. Actual volume of air through orifice,

,

7. Theoretical volume of air,

,

8. .

OBSERVATION TABULAR COLUMN:S. NO LOAD VOLTS

VCURRENT

IT1 T2 TIME

TMANOMETER

READINGUnits kW Volts Amps oC oC sec mm

1 02 0.53 14 1.55 2

CALCULATED TABULAR COLUMN:

S. NO LOAD B.P mf SFC VActual VTheoretical ηBth ηVol

Units kW kW Kg/hr Kg/kW.hr m3/sec m3/sec % %1 02 0.53 14 1.55 2

GRAPHS: 1. Brake Thermal Efficiency VS Load,

2. Specific Fuel Consumption VS Load,

3. Volumetric Efficiency VS Load.



RESULT: Thus the performance test on a Two Stroke Petrol engine is conducted under different loading conditions, readings tabulated and the characteristics curves are drawn.

Applications:

Remarks:




Experiment No: 14DATE:

PERFORMANCE TEST ON A FOUR STROKE, SINGLE CYLINDER PETROL ENGINE WITH A DC GENERATOR

AIM:To conduct a Performance Test on a Four Stroke, Single Cylinder Petrol

Engine with DC Generator and to draw the performance characteristics.APPARATUS:

1. Four Stroke Petrol Engine Test Rig,

2. DC Generator Loading Arrangement.

TEST RIG SPECIFICATIONS:Engine Make, Type, Fuel Used, Starting and Cooling

Greaves, Four Stroke, Single Cylinder, Petrol Engine, Rope and Air Cooling

Diameter of Cylinder X Stroke Length 70mm X 66.7mmBrake Power, Speed 2.2 KW, 3000rpm

Compression Ratio 4.67:1

Loading Arrangement, Type, Efficiency DC Generator, Self Excited, 3000rpm, 2.2KW, 220V DC, 80%.

Resistance Load Bank Specifications 2.5 KW, 1Φ, Air Cooled

Orifice Diameter, Co-efficient of Discharge of Orifice

20 mm, 0.62

PROCEDURE:1) Connect the instrumentation power input plug to a 230v, 50 Hz AC single

phase AC supply. Now all the digital meters namely, RPM indicator,

temperature indicator display the respective readings,

2) Fill up the petrol to the fuel tank mounted behind the panel,

3) Check the lubricating oil level in the oil sump with the dipstick provided,

4) Start the engine with the help of self-starter arrangement OR with rope and

pulley arrangement,


Fuel SpecificationsCalorific Value of Fuel 43, 500 KJ/KgDensity of Fuel (Petrol) 720 Kg/m3

Density of Air 1.293 Kg/m3


5) Allow the engine to stabilize the speed i.e., 3000 RPM by adjusting the

accelerator knob provided on the table,

6) Apply ¼ load (500W heater),

7) Note down all the required parameters such as Speed of the engine, Load

from ammeter, Manometer reading, Time taken for consumption of fuel,

Temperatures at various points,

8) Load the engine step by step with the use of DC switches provided on the

load bank such as,

(i.). 1/2 load (1000W),

(ii.). 3/4 load (1500W),

(iii.).Full load (2000W),

(iv.) 20% overload (2500W).

FORMULAE USED:

1. ,

2. Mass of fuel, ,

3. ,


5. Actual volume of air, ,

6. Swept Volume of air, ,



7.

8. ,



NOMENCLATURE: V = DC Voltage in volts,

I = DC Current in Amps,

η GENE = Generator Efficiency,

T1 = Ambient Temperature OC,

T2 = Exhaust gas outlet from the engine OC.


OPERATING CONDITIONS EMPLOYED:

CALCULATED RESULTS:

S.NO Brake Power

Brake Thermal

Efficiency

Specific Fuel Consumption

Actual Volume

Swept Volume

Volumetric Efficiency

Units KW % Kg/KW.hr m3/sec m3/sec %1.2.3.4.5.

GRAPHS: 1.) Brake Thermal Efficiency VS BP in KW,2.) Specific Fuel Consumption VS BP in KW,


S.NO Load Voltage Current Speed Height of

H2O

Column

Time for 10

CC of Fuel

Consumption

T1 T2

Units KW Volts Amps RPM ‘mm’ Sec 0C 0C

1.

2.

3.

4.

5.


RESULT:Thus the performance test on a four stroke, single cylinder petrol engine is conducted under different loading conditions, readings are tabulated, calculations are done and the characteristics curves are drawn.

Applications:

Remarks:





PERFORMANCE TEST AND HEAT BALANCE CALCULATIONS ON A FOUR STROKE, SINGLE CYLINDER DIESEL ENGINE WITH

MECHANICAL ROPE BRAKE LOADING ARRANGEMENT AIM:

To conduct a Performance Test and Heat Balance Calculations on a Four Stroke, single Cylinder Diesel Engine with mechanical rope brake loading arrangement and to draw the performance characteristics.

APPARATUS:1. Four Stroke Diesel Engine Test Rig,

2. Mechanical Loading Arrangement.

TEST RIG SPECIFICATIONS:

Engine Make, Type and Fuel Used Kirloskar, Four Stroke, Single Cylinder, Diesel Engine

Method of Cooling Water CooledDiameter of Cylinder X Stroke Length 80 mm X 110 mm

Brake Power 3.7 KW

Speed 1500 rpm

Brake Drum Diameter (Mechanical Loading Setup)

280 mm

Diameter of Rope 15 mm

Compression Ratio 16:1

Circumference of Fly Wheel 1240 mm


20 mm, 0.62

PROCEDURE:1. Keep the de-compression valve in the vertical position and start

rotating the flywheel,


Fuel SpecificationsCalorific Value of Fuel 42,500 KJ/KgDensity of Fuel (Diesel) 840 Kg/m3

Density of Air 1.293 Kg/m3


2. Bring the valve to the horizontal position, after 3 to 4 rotations, start

the engine,

3. Open the brake drum coolant valve,

4. Attach the weight to the weight hanger of brake drum and note down

the spring balance reading,

5. Note the inlet and outlet temperature of the cooling water along with

the manometric readings,

6. Note down the time taken for 10 CC fuel consumption using stop

watch,

7. Measure the speed of the engine using tachometer,

8. Repeat the procedure with different weights and tabulate the readings.

CALCULATION OF FRICTION POWER:Friction Power of a Single Cylinder Diesel engine can be calculated by

many methods. Willian’s Line method is the one which is commonly used for

determination of FP. In this method, BP (KW) is plotted along the positive ‘x’ axis

and Mass of fuel consumed (Kg/Sec) is plotted along ‘y’ axis. The extrapolation of

fuel consumed to negative ‘x’ axis denotes the measure of FP (KW) of the engine.

FORMULAE USED:

1. ,

2. Heat Equivalent to BP, ,

3. Mass of fuel, ,

4. ,



5.

6.

7. ,



,

10. Swept Volume of air,

,

11. ,

12.

NOMENCLATURE: N = Speed rpm, D = Diameter of Brake drum (330mm),

d = Diameter of Rope m, W = Weights added Kg,

S = Spring Balance Reading N,

T1 = Inlet water temperature of engine jacket,

T2= Outlet water temperature of engine jacket,

T3 = Outlet water temperature from calorimeter,



T4 = Exhaust gas temperature from the engine,

T5 = Exhaust gas temperature from calorimeter.

FORMULAE FOR HEAT BALANCE CALCULATIONS:

1. Heat Input,

2. Heat Loss to Cooling Water,

3. Heat Loss from Exhaust Gases = Heat gained by Calorimeter Water,

Heat Loss from Exhaust Gases

4. Heat Unaccounted ,




S.NO Load Speed Height of

H2O

Column

Time for 10

CC of Fuel

Consumption

T1 T2 T3 T4 T5 Volume of Water

Circulated

W S Engine Calorimeter

Units Kg Kg RPM ‘mm’ Sec 0C 0C 0C 0C 0C CC/sec CC/sec

1.

2.

3.

4.

5.

CALCULATED RESULTS:

S.NO Torque mfuel BP FP[Willian’s Line]

IP ηBTH ηMECH SFC Actual Volume

Swept Volume

ηVOL

Units Nm Kg/Sec KW KW KW % % Kg/KW.hr m3/sec m3/sec %1.2.3.4.

HEAT BALANCE TABULATIONS:

HEAT BALANCE SHEET in kJ/minOPERATING CONDITION EMPLOYED =

SL. NO. PARTICULARS INPUT % OUTPUT %

UNITS VARIOUS PARTICULARS kJ/min % kJ/min %

1 HEAT INPUT2 HEAT EQUIVALENT TO BP3 HEAT LOSS TO WATER 4 HEAT LOSS TO EXHAUST 5 HEAT UNACCOUNTED6 TOTAL

GRAPHS: 1.) Brake Thermal Efficiency, Indicated Thermal Efficiency, Mechanical

Efficiency, SFC VS BP in KW,

2.) Willian’s Line Plot.

RESULT:Thus the performance test and heat balance calculations on a four stroke diesel engine is conducted under different loading conditions, readings tabulated and the characteristics curves are drawn.



Applications:

Remarks:





PERFORMANCE TEST ON A VARIABLE COMPRESSION RATIO MULTI FUEL ENGINE

AIM:To conduct a Performance Test and Heat Balance Calculations on a Variable

Compression Ratio, Four Stroke, Single Cylinder Multi-Fuel Engine Coupled to an Eddy Current Dynamometer.APPARATUS:

1. Four Stroke, Single Cylinder Multi fuel Engine Test Rig,

2. Mechanical Loading Arrangement.

TEST RIG SPECIFICATIONS:Engine Make, Type and Fuel Used Kirloskar, Four Stroke, Single

Cylinder, Diesel & Petrol EngineMethod of Cooling Water CooledDiameter of Cylinder X Stroke Length 80 mm X 110 mm

Brake Power 3.7 KW

Speed 1500 rpm

Compression Ratio for CI Engine 12 to 16

Compression Ratio for SI Engine 6 to 10

Calorific Value of Diesel, Density of Diesel 42,500 KJ/Kg, 840 Kg/m3

Calorific Value of Petrol, Density of Petrol 43,500 KJ/Kg, 720 Kg/m3


20 mm, 0.62

PROCEDURE:1) Fill up the required quantity of Diesel/Petrol to the fuel tank kept

behind the panel,

2) Plug the mains cord and Switch ON the control panel so that all the

Indicators will display their respective readings,



3) Allow sufficient quantity of soft water to the Exhaust gas calorimeter

and Pressure sensor cooling adopter and also to engine cooling jacket,

4) Make sure that the temperature sensors are in their respective

pockets,

5) Start the engine by cranking with the use of handle,

6) Allow it to stabilize the rated speed ie, 1500 rpm. (±25 rpm),

7) Set the compression ratio to the desired level respectively for

petrol/diesel fuel,

8) Digital Indicators indicate the respective displays,

9) log the data for zero load, then one complete Zero load cycle data will

be acquired,

10) Repeat the same for different load like ¼, ½, ¾ and full load.

Maximum load is 24N-m,

11) Now bring back the load to zero and stop the engine by pulling the

stop lever,

12) Shut-off the water supply after about 15 minutes, so that the pressure

sensor should not get heated,



CALCULATION OF FRICTION POWER:Friction Power of a Single Cylinder Diesel engine can be calculated by

many methods. Willian’s Line method is the one which is commonly used for

determination of FP. In this method, BP (KW) is plotted along the positive ‘x’ axis

and Mass of fuel consumed (Kg/Sec) is plotted along ‘y’ axis. The extrapolation of

fuel consumed to negative ‘x’ axis denotes the measure of FP (KW) of the engine.

FORMULAE USED:

1. Heat Equivalent to BP, ,

2. Mass of fuel, ,

3. ,

4.

5.

6. ,



,

9. Swept Volume of air,

,

10. ,



11.

FORMULAE FOR HEAT BALANCE CALCULATIONS:

1. Heat Input,

2. Heat Loss to Cooling Water,

3. Heat Loss to Exhaust Gases,

4. Heat Unaccounted ,

OBSERVATION TABULAR COLUMN:Type of Fuel Used: Diesel/Petrol, Compression Ratio:______________

S.NO Torque Speed Height of

H2O Column

Time for 10

CC of Fuel

Consumption

T1 T2 T3 T4 T5 Volume of Water

Circulated

Engine Calorimeter

Units N.m RPM ‘mm’ Sec 0C 0C 0C 0C 0C CC/sec CC/sec

1.

2.

3.

4.

5.

CALCULATED RESULTS:S.NO Torque BP mFuel FP

[Willian’s Line]

IP ηBTH ηMECH SFC Actual

Volume

Swept Volume

ηVOL

Units Nm kW Kg/Sec kW kW % % Kg/kW.hr m3/sec m3/sec %1.2.



3.4.5.HEAT BALANCE TABULATIONS:

HEAT BALANCE SHEET in kJ/minOPERATING CONDITION EMPLOYED =

SL. NO. PARTICULARS INPUT % OUTPUT %

UNITS VARIOUS PARTICULARS kJ/min % kJ/min %

1 HEAT INPUT2 HEAT EQUIVALENT TO BP3 HEAT LOSS TO WATER 4 HEAT LOSS TO EXHAUST 5 HEAT UNACCOUNTED6 TOTAL

GRAPHS: 1.) Brake Thermal Efficiency, Indicated Thermal Efficiency, Mechanical

Efficiency, SFC VS BP in KW,

2.) Willian’s Line Plot.

RESULT: Thus the performance test and heat balance calculations on a VCR Multi-Fuel Engine is conducted under different operating conditions and Fuels.

Applications:

Remarks:




Experiment No: 17 Date:

MORSE TEST ON A FOUR STROKE, FOUR CYLINDER PETROL ENGINE TEST RIG WITH A.C ALTERNATOR

[MPFI-VERSION ENGINE]

AIM:To conduct a Morse test on a four stroke, four cylinder petrol engine, to

determine the Indicated Power of the engine.

APPARATUS REQUIRED:1. Multi-cylinder petrol Engine Test Rig,2. AC Alternator Loading Arrangement.

ENGINE SPECIFICATION:Engine HM-50 MPFI VersionMaximum Power 75 BHP @ 5000 rpmMaximum Torque 13.3 kg-m @ 3000 rpmCapacity 1817 CCFuel PetrolNo of cylinders FourBore x Stroke Length 84 mm x 82 mmStarting Self startWorking stroke Four strokeCooling Water cooledIgnition Spark IgnitionLoading Arrangement AC AlternatorBattery 12V, 45AAlternator 12V, 45A



PROCEDURE:1.) Morse test is conducted to find out Indicated Power of the engine. It can be

conducted both on a multi cylinder diesel or a petrol engine. The step by step

procedure to conduct Morse test on the given multi cylinder petrol engine is

detailed below,

2.) The engine is made to run at 1500 rpm at maximum load. Morse test can be

conducted by disconnecting the power of the individual fuel point one by

one with the use of knife switches provided on the panel,

3.) Cut off first fuel injecting point by disconnecting first knife switch, then the

engine speed and load will drop, and then bring back the speed to 1500rpm

by reducing the load with use of knife switches provided on the load bank,

4.) Now connect the first fuel injecting point and disconnect 2nd point, then there

will not be much difference in the speed and load readings, note down the

corresponding speed and the load,

5.) Repeat the above procedure for 3rd and 4th points. (At a time only one point

should be cut off),

6.) After taking all the readings, while connecting back the 4th point switch the

speed may increase beyond the limit, to avoid that reduce the speed with use

of accelerator wheel and also reduce the load to its initial position.



OBSERVATION TABULAR COLUMN:S.NO Cylinder

Running Condition

3 Phase Voltage Average Voltage

V

3 Phase Current

Average Current

I

Load

Speed

RY YB BR

R Y B

Units

Volts Volts Amps Amps KW RPM

1. All Cylinders Firing[1,2,3,4]

2. First Cylinder Cut-off[2,3,4]

3. Second Cylinder Cut-off[3,4,1]

4. Third Cylinder Cut-off[4,1,2]

5. Fourth Cylinder Cut-off[3,2,1]

CALCULATED TABULAR COLUMN:S.NO Cylinder Running Condition BP of Running

CylinderIP of Cut-off

Cylinder

Units KW KW1. All Cylinders Firing [1,2,3,4] BPTOTAL = ____

2. First Cylinder Cut-off [2,3,4] BP2,3,4 = IP1 = 3. Second Cylinder Cut-off [3,4,1] BP34,1= IP2 = 4. Third Cylinder Cut-off [4,1,2] BP4,1,2= IP3 = 5. Fourth Cylinder Cut-off [1,2,3] BP1,2,3= IP4 =



NOMENCLATURE IN MORSE TEST:

BP(TOTAL) = Brake Power when all the cylinders are working KW,

BP2,3& 4 = Brake Power when the First Cylinder is Cut-off KW,

BP3,4&1 = Brake Power when the Second Cylinder is Cut-off KW,

BP4,1&2 = Brake Power when the Third Cylinder is Cut-off KW,

BP1,2&3 = Brake Power when the Fourth Cylinder is Cut-off KW.

IP1 = Indicated Power of the First Cylinder KW,

IP2 = Indicated Power of the Second Cylinder KW,

IP3 = Indicated Power of the Third Cylinder KW,

IP4 = Indicated Power of the Fourth Cylinder KW.

FORMULAE FOR CALCULATION OF FRICTIONAL POWER:

BRAKE POWER,

IP1 = BP(TOTAL) – BP2,3& 4

IP2 = BP(TOTAL) – BP3,4&1



There fore, IP(TOTAL) = IP1 + IP2 + IP3 +IP4.

There fore, Frictional power, FP = IP(TOTAL) - BP(TOTAL)

RESULT:Thus the MORSE Test is conducted on the four stroke, four cylinder petrol

engine.

Applications:

Remarks:




VIVA QUESTIONS1. Define the term Flash and Fire Point.

2. Name the apparatus commonly used for measuring Flash and Fire Point?

3. Define Newton’s Law of Viscosity.

4. Write the equivalent of one centistoke in SI units?

5. Define Kinematic Viscosity and Dynamic Viscosity.

6. Define Calorific Value

7. What is the purpose of using a Planimeter?

8. Define Compression Ratio. What is its range in S.I and C.I Engine?

9. What is the thermodynamic cycle that a Petrol engine operates?

10. Define Indicated Thermal Efficiency and Brake Thermal Efficiency.

11. Define Air-Fuel ratio.

12. What is Pre-Ignition and Auto-Ignition?

13. Define Knocking.

14. What are the factors that affect Knocking?

15. What are the different types of mixtures?

16. What is meant by heating value of fuel?

17. What are the variables that affect engine performance?

18. What is meant by Super Charging?

19. What is the thermodynamic cycle that a diesel engine operates?

20. Why cranking the diesel engine by hand is very difficult?

21. Define Octane Number.

22. Define Cetane Number.

23. What do you mean by a heat balance sheet?

24. What do you mean by Morse Test?

25. Give the relationships between viscosity and temperature.

26. What is the significance of valve timing diagram?

27. What is the purpose of valve overlap?



28. What do you mean by scavenging?

29. What are the methods of cooling IC Engine?

30. What is the purpose of using a Fin in an engine? In which engine it is employed?

31. What is the purpose of using a Thermostat in a Radiator?

32. Differentiate between two stroke and four stroke engine.

33. Name any methods of determining Indicated Power of a Multi Cylinder Engine?

34. Define Indicated Power, Brake Power and Friction Power.

35. What is the purpose of using a William’s Line Method?

36. What do you mean by Turbo Charging?

37. What do you mean by Ignition Delay?

38. What do you mean by Rating of Fuels?

39. What is the difference between Motor Octane Number and Research Octane

Number?

40. What do you mean by sensitivity?

41. Define Rich Mixture, Lean Mixture and Stoichiometric Mixture.

42. What is the difference between Knocking and Detonation?

43. How will you calculate the misfiring that occurs in an IC engine?

44. What is the purpose of using additives in fuel?

45. What are oxygenators? Give Examples.

46. Classify the family of fuels.

47. How is refining of petroleum products done?

48. What do you mean by Bio-Diesel?

49. What do you mean by blending of fuels?

50. What are the various alternate fuels available to run an IC Engine?

51. What do you mean by HCCI Technology?

52. What do you mean by Transesterification?

53. What are the various Blending Techniques available for fuel?


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