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Lab Measurement Catalog Introduction Chikyu and its capabilities for scientific expeditions IODP Measurements and expedition core flows onboard Chikyu Laboratory Measurements and Equipment Specifications Appendix

• Table A1. Existing instruments onboard Chikyu. •

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Introduction

The Integrated Ocean Drilling Program (IODP) is an international marine research

program that explores the Earth's history and structure as recorded in seafloor sediments

and rocks, and monitors subseafloor environments. IODP builds upon earlier successes

of the Deep Sea Drilling Project (DSDP) and Ocean Drilling Program (ODP), which

revolutionized our view of Earth history and global processes through ocean basin

exploration. IODP greatly expands the reach of these previous programs by using

multiple drilling platforms, including riser, riserless, and mission-specific, to achieve its

scientific goals. The program's principal themes are outlined in the Initial Science Plan

http://www.iodp.org/isp/: "Earth, Oceans and Life: Scientific Investigations of the Earth

System Using Multiple Drilling Platforms and New Technologies."

Co-lead by Japan and the United States, this program has 21 member participation,

associate membership of 16 European countries and Canada as European Consortium,

China, Korea. Three different drilling platforms, riser, riserless and mission specific

platform, are operated by Japan, US and European Consortium. As an operator of the

riser ship, Center for Deep Earth Exploration (CDEX) maintains the state-of-the art

laboratory instruments onboard D/V Chikyu to serve best to scientists. This service

catalog focuses on the measurement and lab equipment set up in the laboratories aboard

Chikyu.

Figure. 1 Drilling Vessel CHIKYU

http://www.iodp.org/index.php?option=com_docman&task=doc_download&gid=2

http://www.iodp.org/isp/

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Chikyu and its Capabilities for scientific expeditions

“Chikyu” (Japanese for “the Earth”) is the largest scientific drilling vessel in the world,

with a length of 210 m, width of 16 m, draft of 8.9 m and 57,500 metric tons. Chikyu is

one of the world’s deepest drilling vessels, and has been fitted-out with technology

developed by the oil industry that will allow it to bore through 7000 meters of crust below

the seabed while floating in 2500 meters of water. Laboratories, crew accommodations

and navigation facilities (with a heliport on the bow) occupy one-third of the vessel, and

the rest comprises the drilling area and drilling equipment. Total area of the lab is about

2300 m2 in four different decks. A total of 150 people, roughly 50 scientists and

technicians, and 100 marine and drilling crew members, can work for months-long

expeditions.

The biggest difference between Chikyu and two other platforms in the IODP is riser-

drilling capability, first-ever in the scientific ocean drilling history, and some other coring

systems that are modified from previous ODP coring systems. The core is extracted by

using coring tools and the Wireline method, which has been adapted for use in a riser

drilling ship for the first time. Using this method, a core barrel is placed inside the drill

pipe, four types of which are carried aboard Chikyu. These systems are used for different

geological conditions to allow efficient and uninterrupted core collection. More

information about Chikyu can be accessed at

http://www.jamstec.go.jp/Chikyu/eng/CHIKYU/data.html and for Chikyu’s coring system

http://www.jamstec.go.jp/Chikyu/eng/Science/drilling.html.

http://www.jamstec.go.jp/chikyu/eng/CHIKYU/data.html

http://www.jamstec.go.jp/chikyu/eng/Science/drilling.html

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Figure 2. Riser drilling system

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Table 1. The core sampling system aboard Chikyu.

Core sampling system Formation Remarks

Hydraulic Piston Coring System (HPCS) Soft formation

Modified from Advanced Piston Corer (APC)

Extended Shoe Coring System (ESCS)

Soft to moderately hard formations

Modified from Extended Core Barrel (XCB)

Extended Punch Coring System (EPCS)

Soft to moderately hard formations Newly developed

Rotary Core Barrel (RCB) Medium to hard formations Standard

Small Diameter Rotary Core Barrel (SDRCB)

Tool for drilling deeper/ larger core diameter Newly developed

Laboratories

The 10-year anniversary of D/V Chikyu’s launch has ended with a 3-month refit and

refurbishment at dock in Yokohama in 2015. Several new equipment is settled and

facilities are improved. Chikyu’s laboratories are spread out over four decks, Lab Roof

Deck, Core Processing Deck, Lab Street Deck and Lab Management Deck, in total area

of 2300 m2 (Fig. 3).

Figure 3. Laboratory structure.

Each deck consists of a specialized rooms for specific purposes. An elevator connects

all the lab floor levels and is used to transport cores and supplies. Laboratory technicians

are trained and assigned to assist in the use of all measurement instruments. Specific

Lab. Roof Deck

Core Cutting Area

Core Processing Deck

Lab. Street Deck

Lab. Management Deck

Catwalk

Downhole Measurement Lab

Core Cutting Area

X-ray CT Scanner Lab.

QA/QC Lab.

Microbiology Lab.

Paleomagnetics Lab. (with Magnetic Shield Room)

Offices

Computer Room

Library

Conference Room

Thin Section Lab.

Paleontology/Petrology Lab.

Geochemistry Lab. (with Semi Clean Room)

Sample Preparation Room

ET Shop

Lab Storage

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instruments for each lab are listed in Table A1 in the appendix.

The Lab Roof Deck at the top of the vessel is where the core comes in through the cat

walk for cutting 1.5m sections, sampling from core catcher and safety gas analyses, and

downhole measurement data processing and integration offices. Curated core sections

are moved by elevator to the Core Processing Deck, where onboard scientists work in

two shifts throughout the day for measurement and analysis of whole and splitted core

sections with 3D X-ray CT scanner, various physical properties, miobiology

measurements, and paleomagnetism laboratory with a magnetically shielded chamber

that blocks out 99% of the Earth’s magnetic field. The Lab Street Deck facilitates the

Geochemistry Lab with ICP-MS and ICP-AES and all other instruments for Interstatial

Water (IW) analysis, and major and trace element analyses. The Electric work shop, Gas

bottle storage and Chemical storage rooms are also located on this level. Expedition and

Lab management offices, library and computer center and conference room are located

on the Lab Management Deck. More details are available in the appendix.

Figure 4. Core lab on the Core Processing Deck.

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Chikyu Measurements and Expedition Workflows in the

Laboratory

Measurements conducted in IODP expeditions are based on the IODP measurement

policy and expedition objectives. Expedition workflows in the laboratory are necessary

to be planned before expedition and after receiving sample requests from the science

party. This workflow is used to be referred as core flow previously as only riserless drilling

was done, however Chikyu will have additional cutting flow from the riser drilling.

For the onboard science party members, Lab Measurement Manuals are only reference

for each measurement/instrument regarding its operation on safety, procedure, work flow,

data evaluation, quality control and archiving, maintenance and trouble shooting.

All expedition data are stored in the J-CORES database, a scientific data management

system built to store and distribute science data taken during Chikyu expeditions, and is

installed aboard Chikyu and the onshore CDEX data center. Visual core description

(VCD) is also taken in J-CORES to edit VCD data in depth. All the applications are

available to collect data taken onboard. Details can be found at

http://sio7.jamstec.go.jp/j-cores/.

There are four required IODP measurement categories which every IO is fully

responsible for collecting during IODP expeditions.

1. Minimum measurements- defined as measurement that shall be conducted in all

boreholes and on all core in IODP. This statement does not preclude the taking

of whole-round core samples on an as-needed basis to achieve science

objectives and/or obtain legacy samples.

2. Standard measurements- defined as standard measurement that shall, whenever

practicable and appropriate, be carried out across all platforms and/or shore-

based labs.

3. Supplemental measurements- defined as measurements that if are needed to

satisfy expedition objectives should be made available to IODP.

4. Measurements for safety- expedition specific as implemented by IOs with advice

from Environmental Protection and Safety Panel (EPSP)

http://sio7.jamstec.go.jp/j-cores/

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Details can be found at IODP web site <http://www.iodp.org/program-policies/5/>.

http://www.iodp.org/program-policies/5/

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Example Expedition Workflows Here two types of example expedition workflows aboard Chikyu (Fig. 6) are shown and

explained briefly. Sampling and measurements are flexible depending on the expedition

objectives and onboard scientists’ sample requests.

Core is brought to the cutting area (Lab Roof Deck) from the catwalk using a conveyor

belt to prevent straining the core. As soon as the core is in the cutting area, head space

and void gases are measured by using a plug and immediately analyzed in the

Geochemistry Lab for safety and to prevent deterioration of fresh gases. The sample in

the core catcher at the bottom of the core barrel is used for micropaleontology sampling.

Figure 5. Core cutting area on the Lab Roof Deck.

Microfossil extraction and age determination are also performed onboard.

As soon as all the gases are taken at the Core Cutting Area, the 9.5 meter long core

inside plastic core-liner is cut into 7 sections of 1.5 meters in length. Each core section

is given a barcode ID (indicating the expedition number, drill hole number, core number,

and section number) by lab technicians and curator records the core sections together

with operation geologist. Core sections are moved to the Core Processing Deck, one

floor below Lab Roof Deck, by elevator to make various whole core measurements with

X-CT and multi-sensor core logger measurements. All nondestructive tests are taken at

this point. Interstitial water and microbiology sampling are carried out after the X-ray CT

scanner, and before the core’s condition is affected by exposure to air. After the cores

have been equilibrated to room temperature, the cores are split into working and archive

halves. The core holder cuts hard cores with diamond blades, while soft core samples

are split with a thin wire.

The working half is distributed to researchers as discrete samples for on-board and

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onshore analyses. The archive half of the core is stored in a core case for permanent

archiving after multi-sensor core logger image (MSCL-I), Visual core description, multi-

sensor core logger color (MSCL-C) and Cryogenic Magnetometer (SQUID) are

completed. X-ray fluorescence core logger (XRFCL) and multi-sensor core logger split

(MSCL-S) are taken as required.

Discrete samples are taken from the working half core to purify each analysis by

centrifugal separation and/or filtering. Non-destructive physical property measurements

(moisture, density, magnetic susceptibility), X-ray diffraction and geochemical analysis

can be measured. Microscopic observations are performed for paleontological and

petrological studies such as fossil age determination.

All these data from the working and archive cores are stored in the J-CORES database.

All data including core analytical results, core images (including X-ray CT scan images),

downhole logging data, and mud logging data are stored onboard database which is

shared to all scientists. Responsible CDEX personnel and related scientists can work in

the Data Integration Center for additional processing, integration/analysis/interpretation.

During the riser drilling, rock cuttings coming out from the hole with drilling mud returns

are sampled and make measurements and analyses in the lab. Due to the size and

shape limits of the cuttings, workflow in the lab has less choice than regular core

workflows. (Fig. 6B)

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3D X -ray CT Imaging

Non-destructive petrophysical

property core logging

Core Splitting

Cutting core into sections (9.5m →1.5m)

Microscopy Observation

Working halfArchive half

Carbon (TOC, IC, TC)

Nitrogen Analysis

Sulfur

Interstitial Water Measurement

Cold Core Storage

XRFCL, MSCL -S (optional)

Thermal Conductivity

Discrete Sampling

Moisture & Density

XRD Measurement

Making thin sections

Penetration Strength

Shear Strength

Sampling for micropaleo from Core Catcher

Sampling for safety monitoring

(Void Gas/ Headspace Gas)

Sampling for hydrates (as needed)

Contamination Test

Sampling for Microbiology

IW Extraction and Measurement (Salinity Index)

VCD (Visual Core Description)

Cryogenic Magnetometer (SQUID)

MSCL -I (Image)

Gas Analysis

Lab. Roof Deck

Core Processing Deck

Lab. Street Deck

Core Flow

Discrete Sample Flow

Legend

Whole -Round Sampling

MSCL-C (Color)

Microfossil Preparation

Solid Element Analysis

(Major and Trace)

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Figure 6. Examples of the (a) core workflow and (b) cuttings workflow.

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Core flow time estimate Sample measuring time obtained from Exp.315 and 316 to estimate preparation and analyzing time. Time may differ from samples, expeditions, and many of other conditions. This estimation time is only a guide for a suggestion. Please see Appendix.

Laboratory measurements and equipment specifications Infrared Core Imaging Infrared Imaging Camera Model: FLIR Systems, ThermaCAM SC640, T620 http://www.flirthermography.com/cameras/camera/1101/ Model: FLIR Systems, T620 http://www.flir.com/uploadedFiles/Thermography_USA/Products/Product_Literature/flir-t620-datasheet.pdf These cameras are to measure and image the emitted infrared radiation between 7.5-

13 μm from the core to see the methane hydrate existence. Data and images taken by

T620 are available to send to tablet (ipad) via onboard Wi-Fi connecting.

3D X-ray CT Scanning 3D X-ray CT Scanner Model: GE Medical System Discovery CT 750HD X-ray CT Scanner has been replaced to new model of Discovery CT 750 HD. The biggest

difference from the prior system is that new machine equips 64 slices Gemstone Detector

to visualize the images as four times number of image taking in one rotation.

The 3D X-ray CT images for whole-round core sections are the first measurement to be

performed on board. Whole-core photography and X-ray imaging provide information

about surface features and internal structure. The resolution of CT scanning is under

0.63 mm and allows 5 mm depth for beam width. The computed tomography (CT) scan

provides 3D evidence of fractures, vugs, fault structure, sedimentary structure and

methane hydrates without disturbing the sample. This scanner can scan 1.5m section in

2.5 minutes, and provide scan images with 0.63 mm thickness.

Sample: core

Sample preparation: -

Specification: Scanning time for core, 1.5h

Core Logging

http://www.flirthermography.com/cameras/camera/1101/

http://www.flir.com/uploadedFiles/Thermography_USA/Products/Product_Literature/flir-t620-datasheet.pdf

http://www.flir.com/uploadedFiles/Thermography_USA/Products/Product_Literature/flir-t620-datasheet.pdf

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Multi Sensor Core Logger (MSCL) (MSCL-W (whole)) Model: Geotek Ltd.

http://www.geotek.co.uk/site/index.php The Multi Sensor Core Logger is used to measure physical properties of the core,

including: core diameter, P-wave velocity (PWV), Gamma-ray attenuation density (GRA),

magnetic susceptibility (MS), non-contact resistivity (NCR) and natural gamma-ray

radiation (NGR) sensors. Gamma rays from the radio active source of the FRA sensor

are emitted in a lateral direction, and p-wave travel time is also measured in that direction

for every 16 cm. MSCL-S is used for half split, 4 inch and employs GRA, PWV, NCR, MS

and NGR sensors. It can handle core sections between 50 to 150 mm in diameter and

1.5 m long and can sample at intervals of 1 mm or greater. Until system has added to

MSCL system to shorten the measuring time and to upgrade GEOSCAN III and IV

camera to save about 2000 scan data. These measurements are required as minimum

and standard measurements in IODP. MSCL is also available to obtain color

spectrophotometer and digital images of the core surface.

Thermal Conductivity Analysis Thermal Conductivity Meter (Whole core and pieces) Model: Teka Berlin TK04 http://www.te-ka.de/en/tk04/thermal-conductivity-overview.html Thermal conductivity is measured on the archive half of split core pieces, and can be

also measured in rock samples, cores or cuttings, or sediments. Sediment cores must

stand for more than three hours to be equilibrated to room temperature and then

measured through a small hole drilled through the core liner for the probe. Two proves

are available, one for soft sample (VLQ probe) and one for hard (HLQ probe). Macor is

used for standard sample to check the quality of the instrument. Investigators should

select as large rock samples from the cores as possible (minimum of 70 mm in diameter

and 20 mm in thickness) from the split core. It’s recommended to flatten the rock’s

surface by polishing with sandpaper to obtain better measurements.

Parameter Range

LET >/= 50

No >/= 100

CV (contact value)variation +/-5% of the mean value

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Start </= 35

Length >/= 25

TC (Thermal Conductivity) variation VLQ probe: 1.591-1.655 [W/mK]

HLQ probe: 1.619-1.685 [W/mK]

Split-core Digital Photography Multi Sensor Core Logger-Image (MSCL-I) Model: Geotek Ltd.

http://www.geotek.co.uk/site/index.php

MSCL-I scans the surface of split core and creates the digital images. The line scan

camera equips three charge coupled devices (CCD), and each CCD has 1024 arrays.

Light reflection from the sample surface passes through the lens and is split into three

paths (red, green and blue) by a beam splitter inside the line scan camera. Black and

white calibration it taken each in every scan to adjust effect of lighting and color.

Split-core Color Reflectance Analysis Multi Sensor Core Logger-Color (MSCL-C) Model: Geotek Ltd. http://www.geotek.co.uk/site/index.php A color spectrometer (Konica-Minolta, CM-2600d) and point-type magnetic susceptibility

sensor (Bartington, MS2E/1) are equipped to the system. Maximum of seven core

sections are available on the XYZ type aluminum frame and laser sensor distance

measurer move over surface of each section core. Both Zero and White balance

calibrations are performed at first in every core. Measurement interval is 4cm.

Natural Remanent Magnetization Analysis w/ Stepwise Demagnetization Cryogenic magnetometer Model: 2G enterprises, 760 RF (SQUID) Superconducting rock magnetometers http://www.2genterprises.com/ The cryogenic magnetometer system is upgraded from using of liquid He for cooling to

He free system . This is divided into three units: magnetometer, controlling unit and

cryocooling unit placed in the magnetic shield room. It allows to measure a very low

noise level of less than 10-5flux unit (= 2x10-8 G/m2). When couples to a pickup coil that

transfer the rock magnetism signal to the sensor, the sensor has a total magnetic

moment noise level of less than 10-9 emu (10-12 Am2).

http://www.geotek.co.uk/site/index.php

http://www.2genterprises.com/

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Labeled Intensity 8.01x10-4 mAm2 9.65x10-5 mAm2

Standard Deviation 0.04E-04 0.07E-05

Standard Error 0.53 0.76

X-ray Fluorescence Scanning X-ray Fluorescence Core Logger (XRFCL) Model: JEOL JSX-3600CA1, TATSCAN-F2 (customized design) http://www.jeol.co.jp/ The XRFCL is designed for continuous non-destructive and semi-quantitative elemental

analysis of split sediment/rock core section. The water content in fresh cores decreases

over time and therefore affects data measured with the XRFCL. To measure under

certain condition, core need to be wrapped with thin films transparent to with X-rays to

avoid dryness. Sedimentary cores have high moisture content, which may affect the

content of elements in total; therefore, when scanning with XRFCL it is necessary to

cover the core with a thin 4 µm thick ultralene film (CHEMPLEX) or prolene film (SPEX)

cover sheet (these covers are highly recommended by engineers and scientists). No film

cover is needed for rock cores, since they contain less moisture. High-resolution

measurements with the XRFCL provide major elements from the surface of split core,

and analysis allows the user to specify time periods, to approach climate change, and to

identify small-scale features in the sediments. This instrument allows us to analyze the

elements Na, Mg, Al, Si, P, S, K, Ca, Ti, Mn and Fe.

JB1b

Time (s) Na2O MgO Al2O3 SiO2 K2O

200 SD (wt%) 0.4 0.2 0.2 0.3 0.03

RSD (%) 15.9 2.9 0.9 0.6 1.8

40 SD (wt%) 1.2 0.3 0.2 0.8 0.03

RSD (%) 49.6 4.6 0.9 1.5 2.0

Time (s) CaO TiO2 MnO Fe2O3

200 SD (wt%) 0.1 0.02 0.01 0.1

RSD (%) 1.3 1.8 9.1 1.5

40 SD (wt%) 0.2 0.05 0.01 0.3

RSD (%) 2.2 3.7 11.2 2.8

http://www.jeol.co.jp/

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SD: Standard deviation (2 RSD: Relative standard deviation (2

Measurement setting

Tube voltage/current 30kV/0.17mA

Collimator 7mm

PHA mode T2

Moisture and Density Penta-pycnometer Model: Quantachrome Instruments Moisture and density measurements are obtained by using a Penta-pychnometer and

an electric balance system. Volume is measured by the Penta-pychnometer which

employs Archimedes’ principle of fluid displacement to determine the volume of solid

objects. Up to five specimens can be analyzed automatically in sequence with no

operator involvement. The mass and volume of the evaporated pore-water salts are

calculated for a standard seawater salinity (0.035) and seawater density (1.024 g/cm3).

The total mass in wet weight and dry weight, as well as dry volume, are measured based

on gas pycnometry (method C in ODP tech note No. 26). Although this method works

only for dry samples, due to large differences in measurements when using gas

pycnometry for wet samples, it can be used to measure a small portion of a “wet” sample.

Knowing the exact volume of the pycnometer, the density of the unknown fluid can be

determined.

Cell Size (cc) 7.07 28.96

Relative standard deviation 0.4 0.1

Error Range (%) 0.5 0.2

Electric balance Model: OHTI (Ocean High Technology Institute) http://www.ohti.co.jp/ This mass balance was made specifically for the lab aboard Chikyu. Mass is determined

with an original OHTI electric balance to compensate for the ship’s motion. Two balances

are used to measure mass to avoid influences of gravitational acceleration due to the

ship’s motion and vibration. To achieve the accuracy the electronic balance provides,

routine calibrations and verifications using precision calibration weights are required. A

http://www.ohti.co.jp/

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set of mass standard weights (from 3 to 20 g) is used for calibration and on the reference

balance during measurements.

Accuracy ±0.00004

Relative standard deviation 0.009% (60 seconds)

Error Range <1.0 % RSD (1 )

X-ray Diffraction Analysis X-ray Diffraction Model: Spectris, CubiX PRO http://www.spectris.co.jp/ XRD analysis is a non-destructive technique that identifies minerals based on their

crystallographic atomic structure. During XRD analysis, X-ray beams reflect off parallel

atomic layers within a mineral over a range of diffraction angles. Because the X-ray beam

has a specific wavelength, there are only specific angles that the detectors will detect to

count the exiting rays. Since every substance has a unique diffraction pattern that can

be used for identification, scientists can evaluate the mineralogical composition of

sediments and the alteration products of ocean crust material. XRD analyses aboard

Chikyu are performed on powdered samples.

Setup Condition

Voltage 45kV

Current 40 mA

Scan mode Continuous

Start angle (2 Theta) 2

End angle (2 Theta) 60

Step size (2 Theta) 0.01

Time per step (s) 0.1

Elastic Resistivity Analysis Impedance Analyzer Model: Agilent Technology, 4294A

http://www.home.agilent.com/agilent/product.jspx?nid=-536902439.536879654.00&cc=US&lc=eng The 4294A precision impedance analyzer is an integrated solution for efficient

impedance measurement and analysis of components and circuits. The 4294A covers a

http://www.spectris.co.jp/

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broader test-frequency range (40 Hz to 110 MHz) with Basic impedance accuracy: +/-

0.08 %. Excellent High Q/Low D accuracy enables analysis of low-loss components. The

wide signal-level ranges enable device evaluation under actual operating conditions. The

test signal level range is 5m V to 1 Vrms or 200 uA to 20m Arms, and the DC bias range

is 0 V to +/-40 V or 0m A to +/-100m A. Advanced calibration and error compensation

functions eliminate measurement error factors when performing measurements on in-

fixture devices. The 4294A is a powerful tool for design, qualification and quality control,

and production testing of electronic components. Circuit designers and developers can

also benefit from the performance/functionality offered.

Elastic Wave Velocity Analysis P-wave Velocity Measurement System for Discrete Samples Model: Marui, MIS-235-1-075-055 (customized design) This is an original instrument, jointly-developed with Marui Corporation. The system

consists of two rolling transducers, one transmitter and one receiver. The active element

is a piezoelectric crystal mounted on the central spindle of the rolling transducer,

surrounded by a caster-oil filled soft epoxy sheath. This configuration provides a good

acoustic coupling between the transducer and the core. A short P-wave pulse is

produced at the transmitter at about 230 Kh that propagates through the core and is

detected by the receiver. The distance traveled is measured as the outside core diameter.

Temperature corrections are performed for processing the P-Wave velocities. Using

velocity and bulk density it is possible to estimate the acoustic impedance and provide a

synthetic seismogram for seismic correlation.

Pressurization Elastic Wave Velocity Measurement System Model: Elastic wave velocity measurement system (customized), Ocean High Technology Institute (OHTI) Hydraulic high-pressure vessel system (customized), MARUI Compressional wave velocity (Vp) and shear wave velocity (Vs) can be determined by

send and receive an ultrasonic wave to sample by the transducers made with

piezoelectric ceramics attached on the both side of sample. Received compressional

and shear waves through the samples are converted into electric signals and the signals

are amplified by the amplifier.

Particle Size Analysis Multi-Wavelength Particle Analyzer with Micro Volume Module (MVM) System

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Model: Beckman Coulter, LS 13 320 http://www.beckmancoulter.com/eCatalog/CatalogItemDetails.do?productId=18480 This instruments can measure the size distribution of particle suspended wither in a liquid

or in dry powder from by using the principles of light scattering. The expecting

advantages of analysis with this instrument are; Wideness of the measurement range,

0.04 m to 2 mm, Quickness and easiness of the measurement, and High reproducibility

of the measurement. This equipment is based on theories of light scattering and measure

the sizes of samples with four kinds of modules; Aqueous liquid Module (ALM), Micro

Liquid Module (MLM), Tornado Dry Powder System (DPS), and Universal Liquid Module

(ULM).

Module Particle Size Range Sample Requirement

ALM 0.04 m to 2 mm 10 mg to 100g

MLM 0.04 m to 2 mm 1 mg to 50 mg

DPS 0.04 m to 2 mm 5 cc to 30 cc

ULM 0.04 m to 2 mm 1 mg to 10 g

Vane Shear Strength and Penetration Tests Vane Sear Apparatus Model: Geotester, Geotest Instruments corp. Vane shear testing is one of the common methods for the estimation of the undrained

sear strength of the core. The shear strength of the core is calculated from the Torque

by divided by a constant K which depends on the dimensions and the shape of the vane.

Penetrometer Model: Geotester, Geotest Instruments corp. The penetrometer provides a measure of the unconfined compressive strength of the

sediment in units of kg/cm2.

Anysteretic Remanent Magnetization (ARM) & Isothermal Remanenet Magnetization (IRM) Analysis w/ Stepwise Acquisition & Demaganetization Spinner Magnetometer Model: SMD-88, Natsuhara Giken Co., Ltd.

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The spinner magnetometer used for measuring the remanent magnetization of discrete

samples (7 cc plastic cube samples and mini-core samples). Although this measurement

with the spinner magnetometer is not included in the Integrated Ocean Drilling Program

(IODP) measurement plan, this equipment may be used upon request by the scientific

party (e.g. magnetic intensity of sample is too high for the Superconducting Rock

Magnetometer (SRM).

Std piece (mAm2) 8.453 E-2 6.615E-3 8.010 E-4 9.650 E-5

Average 8.396 E-2 6.583 E-2 7.969 E-4 9.607 E-5

Max 8.455 E-2 6.637 E-3 8.042 E-4 9.708 E-5

Min 8.347 E-2 6.533 E-3 7.911 E-4 9.538 E-5

Std. Dev. 0.035 E-2 0.032 E-3 0.037 E-4 0.051 E-5

RSD (%) 0.42 0.48 0.47 0.53

Partial Anhysteric Remanence Magnitizer Model: ASC Scientific, Dtech D-2000 http://www.ascscientific.com/ This is designed for high-performance rock magnetic work. Standard features include

2000 gauss (0.2T) peak demagnetization field intensity, buit-in ARM and partial ARM

(pARM), and a computerized operator interface.

Alternating Field Demagnetizer Model: Natsuhara Giken, DEM-95 A.F. Demagnetizer is electric demagnetizer, which is developed paleomagnetism. This

system allows demagnetizing samples under various by adjusting the current to coil and

decay time. The demagnetizer consists of a DEM95C controller, a power amplifier 7001,

a coil and a condenser. The DEM95C controller is built into a modular and a motor

controller, and connects with the power amplifier 7001 to amplify. The current to coil can

be observed by an ammeter on the DEM95C controller.

Thermal Demagnetizer Model: Ntsuahra Giken, TDS-1 The electric furnace of this equipment is consisted of the permalloy of the high

permeability metal in three layers (shield case), and the internal space is less than 10nT.

The heating part in the electric furnace is in the part of ±125 mm from the center of the

furnace, and the uniformity of the temperature in the part is ±1°C. The electric furnace

http://www.ascscientific.com/

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can be used within the range of the temperature between from room temperatures to

800°C. The temperature in the furnace is cooled with the water-cooling jacket and the

cooling fan. The temperature inside the furnace is semi-automatically controlled.

Pulse Magnetizer Model: Magnetic Measurement, MMPM10 http://www.magnetic-measurements.com/mmtpm.html This instrument is to give a sort duration high magnetic field pulse to sample. The

amplitude of the pulse is adjustable from weak fields to 9 Tesla with 7 ms pulse duration

with minimum fields of 20 to 30 mT. Magnetic fields of sediments and cutting in a plastic

cube of 7ml and rock samples of shape of 2.54 cm x 2 cm in height are available to

measure.

Magnetic Susceptibility Analysis Magneitc Susceptibility System (MS2B) Model: Bartington Instruments Ltd. http://www.bartington.com/ Magnetic susceptibility measurements are a non-destructive and cost-effective method

of determining the presence of iron-bearing minerals within sediments. The whole core,

or individual sediment samples, is exposed to an external magnetic field which causes

the sediments to become magnetized in relation to the amount of Fe-bearing minerals

present in the samples. Three types of magnetic susceptibility sensors are available

aboard Chiyku: MS2C, MS2E and MS2B. MS2C is loop type equipped with MSCL-W

(whole round) and used for the magnetic susceptibility measurement of whole core.

MS2E is a point type equipped with MSCL-S (split) and C (color reflectance) for split core

measurement. MS2B is suitable for discrete samples. Each sensor is connected with

MS2 meter and controlled by MSCL software. The EPM (expedition project manager)

should be contacted regarding the status of this instrument.

Kappabridge Model: AGICO, Inc., KLY-3S http://www.agico.com/ Magnetic Susceptibility (MS), Anisotropy of Magnetic Susceptibility and temperature

variation of MS are available with sample in 7cc plastic cube or mini core from the

magnetization from three dimensions.

Susceptibility Error (%)

Standard Deviation 0.012E-4 0.02

http://www.magnetic-measurements.com/mmtpm.html

http://www.magnetic-measurements.com/mmtpm.html

http://www.bartington.com/

http://www.agico.com/

23


Close-up Micro Imaging Close-up Photo System Model: Canon, EOS-5D http://web.canon.jp/imaging/eosd/eos5dm2/index.html There are two types of camera systems to take the close-up photography of samples.

One is close-up type system consisting of single rigid frame with strobe light to take the

images of sediment, rock and cutting samples. The other is camera stand type fixed on

the table with flexible arm to take an entire section image of working half core.

Digital Microscope Model: Keyence, VHX-900 http://www.keyence.co.jp/index.jsp The Digital Microscope provides a depth of field at least 20 times larger than optical

microscopes. The VHX-900 can accurately observe a sample that conventional

microscopes cannot not focused on. The number of steps required for observation

including focus adjustment can also be reduced considerably. Samples can be observed

with the lens unit from any angle, by hand, or when mounted on a stand.

Scanning Electron Microscope w/ Energy Dispersive Spectroscopy (SEM-EDS) Model: JEOL, JCM-5700LV http://www.jeol.co.jp/ Scanning electron microscopes (SEM) focus a very fine beam of electrons, in a ‘raster’

pattern of parallel lines, at the surface of specimens within the microscope. A number of

phenomena occur at the surface under electron impact: most important for scanning

microscopy is the emission of secondary electrons with energies of a few tens kv and re-

emission or reflection of the high-energy backscattered electrons from the primary beam.

The emission intensity of both secondary and backscattered electrons is very sensitive

to the angle at which the electron beam strikes the surface, i.e. to topographical features

on the specimen. The emitted electron current is collected and amplified; variations in

the resulting signal strength as the electron probe is scanned across the specimen are

used to vary the brightness of the trace of a cathode ray tube being scanned in synch

with the probe. There is thus a direct positional correspondence between the electron

beam scanning across the specimen and the fluorescent image on the cathode ray tube.

A scanning electron microscope has a high resolution of 5.0 nm with magnification from

8x to 30,000x. The main focus of MES-EDS is geological research and analysis of the

core samples.

http://web.canon.jp/imaging/eosd/eos5dm2/index.html

http://www.keyence.co.jp/index.jsp

http://www.jeol.co.jp/

24

Chemical analysis (microanalysis) in the scanning electron microscope (SEM) is

performed by measuring the energy or wavelength and intensity distribution of X-ray

signal generated by a focused electron beam on the specimen. With the attachment of

the energy dispersive spectrometer (EDS), the precise elemental composition of

materials can be obtained with high spatial resolution.

Contamination Testing Gas Chromatograph w/ Electron Capture Detector (GC-ECD) Model: Agilent Technology, 6890N http://www.chem.agilent.com/en-US/Products/Instruments/gc/6890ngc/Pages/6890N.aspx The electron capture detector (ECD) is highly sensitive detector capable of detecting

pictogram amounts of specific types of compounds and is carrying for the contamination

of artificial drilling effects with chemical tracer such as the perfluorocarbon tracer (PFC).

To determine the level of artificial effects on drilling, the chemical tracer has to be injected

in adequate rate into drilling system but this test has not been carried out onboard Chikyu.

Head Space Gas Analysis Gas Chromatograph Model: Agilent Technologies, 7890B Flame ionization detector (FID)- Agilent Technologies Natural Gas Analysis (NGA)- Wasson-ECE Instrumentation w/ Thermal Conductive & Frame Ionization Detectors (GC-TCD/FID) w/ Pulsed discharge helium ionization detector (GC-PDHID) http://www.chem.agilent.com/en-US/Products/Instruments/gc/6890ngc/Pages/6890N.aspx

Headspace Gas Analysis refers to the determination of interstitial light hydrocarbon

gases including methane, ethane, propylene, propane, butanes, iso-butane and n-

butane by Gas Chromatography/ Flame Ionization Detection (GC/FID). The light

hydrocarbon gases are not very soluble in water, so they can be extracted from a

sediment and water sample into a gas such as nitrogen by partitioning procedure.

Sediment samples of ~5 cm3 are collected immediately from the bottom side of the

freshly cut section 1 using a calibrated borer tool after the core retrieval for headspace

gas determinations, replaced in 20 ml glass vial, and sealed immediately with a septum

and metal crimp cap. When consolidated or lithified samples are encountered, chips or

materials are taken in the vial and sealed. If the interstitial water (IW) sample is taken

from the core, gas should be collect and separated from the water immediately. The

computer software automatically integrates analyte peaks based on their retention times

http://www.chem.agilent.com/en-US/Products/Instruments/gc/6890ngc/Pages/6890N.aspx




25

and analysts visually confirm that the software integrates each analyte peak correctly.

Head space and vacutainer gas sample are also analyzed with the natural gas analyzer

(NGA) when high concentrations of C2+ hydrocarbons and nonhydrocarbons gases such

as H2S or CO2 are anticipated. The NGA is equipped with two detectors; FID and TCD

(thermal conductivity detector). The FID measures hydrocarbons from methane to

hexane using a capillary column. Thermal conductivity detector measures non-

hydrocarbon such as CO2, H2S, O2, N2 and CO. Prior to the analysis of samples, a

calibration curve is established for each analyte to determine the sensitivity and confirm

the linear range of the GC/FID and NGA system. New PDHID detector uses a non-

radioactive pulsed high voltage discharge source for generation of electrons and pulsed

collection of these electrons. A calibrations curve is obtained using 4 different types of

gases in disposal cans such as methane (99.9%), ethane (99.5%) and calibration gas

mixture diluted with nitrogen. Gas concentrations are reported as parts per million by

volume (ppmv) relative to the standard volume (5 cm3) of the headspace sample that is

injected into the gas chromatograph.

Standard gas injected Relative standard deviation (%)

Components Concentration (%)

GC-FID (n=5)

GC-NGA (FID, n=3)

GC-NGA (TCD, n=3)

Methane (C1) 1.07 0.08 0.02 0.30

Ethane (C2) 0.998 0.15 0.09 0.19

Propane (C3) 0.984 0.18 0.22 -

iso- Butane (C4) 0.967 0.18 0.25 -

n- Butane (C4) 0.953 0.16 0.23 -

Carbon dioxide (CO2)

0.957 - - 0.30

Interstitial Water Chemistry and Whole Rock Elements (major and minor) Salinity Refractometer Model: Atago, RX5000α http://www.atago.net/USA/products_rx.php#01 Salinity is measured with Refractometer onboard Chikyu. It provides a reliable refractive

index and salinity of total dissolved solids of aqueous solutions. Temperature is

automatically adjusted when temperature of sample varies from 20 °C (68 °F). IAPSO is

applied to use for reference material with a relative standard deviation of 0.008%.

http://www.atago.net/USA/products_rx.php#01

26

Accuracy ±0.000006

Relative standard deviation 0.09% (20°C, Sodium D-line)

Refractive index 1.333 and 1.3395

pH, alkalinity and Chloride Titrator Model: Metrohm, Titrino 794, Photo D-1 http://www.titration-news.com/products/01/titrino/794/794.html Titrator is a method of determine activity if the hydrogen ions by potentiometric

measurement using a standard hydrogen electrode and reference electrode. Automatic

titrator requires 3ml of Interstitial water (IW) for ph and alkalinity determination. For

Chloride, two methods, Mohr method and potentiometric, are available onboard,

however the titration method is preferred due to reduction of artificial error.

pH (n=3) IAPSO Na2CO3

Standard deviation 0.01 0.09


Alkalinity (n=3) Reagent IAPSO Na2CO3



Chloride (n=10) Method Mohr Method Potentiometric titration

Reagent IAPSO IAPSO



Sulfate Ion Chromatography Model: Dionex, ICS 1500 http://www1.dionex.com/en-us/ic/ICS15/lp39040.html Determination of sulfate is carried out by a method of Ion chromatograph after pH-

Alkalinity measurement is distributed. Sample is filtered using a 0.45µm membrane filter

and stored in 4 ml HDPE bottle in dark at 4 °C. The ion chromatography system on board

http://www.titration-news.com/products/01/titrino/794/794.html

http://www1.dionex.com/en-us/ic/ICS15/lp39040.html

27

Chikyu consists of three instruments: an ion chromatograph (ICS 1500), autosampler

(AS 50) and operation PC.

Accuracy ±0.00004

Relative standard deviation 0.0008% (20 °C, Sodium D-line)

Error Range 1.5%

Silicate and cations

Inductively Coupled Plasma - Atomic Emission Spectrophotometry (ICP-AES) Model: Horiba Jobin-Yvon, Ultima 2 http://www.horiba.com/scientific/products/atomic-emission-spectroscopy/icpoes/ultima-2/ultima-2-556/ The inductively couples plasma atomic emission spectrometer (ICP-AES) is designed to

measure various metals in a sample liquid by using ICP to produce excited atoms that

emit a radiation at a wavelength characteristics of a particular elements. Eight inorganic

element concentrations of boron (B), calcium (Ca), potassium (K), magnesium (Mg),

sodium (Na), sulfur (S), silicon (Si), and strontium (Sr) are carried out by ICP-AES

onboard Chikyu. Yttrium (Y) is applied as an internal standard measurement. IAPSO

standard seawater is used as a reference material.

Error Range: ±3.0% (7.0% for K)

Trace cations Inductive Coupled Plasma Mass Spectroscopy with High Matrix Introduction (ICP-MS w/ HMI) Model: Agilent Technology, 7500CE ICP-MS is to quantify the minor elements contained in the core samples and interstitial

waters in ppm to ppt order. Only the liquid samples are available to measure onboard.

The conventional method of sample introduction for ICP-MS is by aspiration, via

nebulizer, into a spray chamber. Aqueous samples are introduced by way of nebulizer,

which aspirates the sample with high velocity argon, forming a fine mist. The hot

plasma removes any remaining solvent and causes sample atomization followed by

ionization. In addition to being ionized, sample atoms are excited in the hot plasma, a

phenomenon that is used in ICP-atomic emission spectroscopy. Ionized elements are

induced to the mass spectrometer by a high voltage detector applied to detect the ions.

28

At this moment, Cr, Mn, Co, Cu, Zn, Mo, Pb and U in interstitial water are available to

measure with a confident value. IAPSO is used for a standard reference to evaluate the

interference effects. Rare earth elements (REEs) and rare earth metals in solid samples

are also measured in liquid solution with GSJ JA-3, JB-3, JG-2 and JR-3 as evaluation

interference. Approximately 1 ml of sample is required per analytical run.

Ammonium, phosphate, and silicate Spectrophotometer (UV-Vis) Model: Shimadzu, UV-2550PC

Concentrations of ammonium, phosphate and silicate in interstitial water (IW) can be

measured with UV-Vis onboard Chikyu. The spectrophotometer measures the intensity

of light passing through the sample and compares it to the intensity of light before it

passes through sample. silicate and ammonium; dissolved silicate concentrations in

interstitial water can be highly influenced due to biological opal, smectite and volcanic

ash. Ammonium concentrations dissolved in interstitial water (IW) of ocean sediment

generally increase with depth. This trend is the result of organic matter diagenesis in the

sediment. The analytical method for determining ammonium concentrations using

indophenol blue is detected at 640 nm with a light path of 1 cm. Relative standard

deviations of the analytical results are within 3%.

Ammonium

Relative standard deviation <3.0%

Reagents phenol and chlorox

Absorbance 640nm (1cm light path)

Phosphate

Relative standard deviation <3.0%

Reagents ammonium molybdate and antimony

potassium


Silicate

Relative standard deviation ±1.0%

Reagents ammonium molybdate and oxalic acid

29


Hydraulic Press & Squeezer Model: Carver Inc., 30-12 (manual); AUTOFOUR/30 (automatic) Titanium jackets holds sediments sample with available two types of the inner

diameter depends on sample volume; 55 mm for ca. 300ml of sediments and

90 mm for ca. 300ml.

Two hydraulic presses are available with one manual and one automatic press.

The maximum pressurization power is 30 US tons for both press.

Whole Rock Chemistry Analysis X-ray Fluorescence Analyzer (XRF) (for major elements) Model: Rigaku, Supermini http://www.rigaku.com/xrf/supermini.html XRF spectroscopy is widely used in qualitative and quantitative elemental analysis of

samples. It has the advantage of being non-destructive, multi-elemental, fast and cost-

effective. Furthermore, it provides a fairly uniform detection limit across a large portion

of the Periodic Table, and is applicable to a wide range of concentrations, from a 100%

to few parts per million (ppm). The XRF Supermini is a fully automated, wavelength-

dispersive spectrometer using a 200 W rhodium X-ray tube as excitation for both major

oxides and trace elements.

Na2O MgO Al2O3 SiO2 P2O5 K2O CaO TiO2 MnO Fe2O3

JA-1

Average 3.86 1.52 15.15 64.27 0.16 0.78 5.66 0.85 0.16 7.08

SD 0.04 0.02 0.03 0.06 0.004 0.009 0.008 0.008 0.002 0.01

RSD 1.1 1.5 0.2 0.1 2.3 1.1 0.1 0.9 1.3 0.2

JB-3

Average 2.83 5.19 17.23 50.83 0.29 0.78 9.67 1.43 0.18 11.86

SD 0.06 0.03 0.03 0.07 0.004 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.002 0.02

RSD 2.0 0.6 0.2 0.1 1.4 1.3 0.1 0.9 1.3 0.2

Bead Sampler Model: Tokyo Kagaku, TK-4100 http://www.tokyo-kagaku.co.jp/products/e_tk-4100_4200.htm Powder sample for analyzing with XRF such as sediment, rock and cuttings is

automatically fused with Spectromelt A12 (Li2B4O7: 66%, LiBO2: 34%) and

molded to glass bead.

http://www.rigaku.com/xrf/supermini.html

30

Microwave Sample Preparation System Model: Perkin Elmer Precisely, Multiwave3000 Sample can be digested by high-pressure acid digestion

Micro Region Chemistry Analysis Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometer with Laser Ablation (LA-ICP-MS) Model: Agilent Technology, Ultima 7500ce Laser Ablation Module:

Length 25" (64cm);

Width 18" (46cm);

Height (to eyepiece) 22" (56cm)

Weight 130 lbs (59 kg).

100 110VAC, 3A, 50/60Hz

220 240VAC, 2A, 50/60Hz

Laser Power Supply:

Length 19" (48cm)

Width 8.6" (22cm)

Height 15" (38cm)

Weight 55 lbs (25 kg)

100 110VAC, 10A, 50/60Hz

220 240VAC, 5A, 50/60Hz

The Laser Ablation (LA) ICP-MS facility uses ICP-MS systems dedicated to Laser

Ablation work to perform direct analyses of metals. The LA-ICP-MS technique is

particularly useful for in-situ analyses of trace elements and for applications requiring

understanding of the spatial variation of elemental content within the sample. The Chikyu

lab currently uses the ICP-MS Agilent 7500 and LA UP-213. The high energy Nd:YAG

UV (213 nm) laser ablation system produces a fine particle distribution. The LA system

is fully computer controlled with a real time imaging system capable of reflected and

transmitted light (polarized light available) viewing. The system can be programmed to

ablate continuous lines, spots or variety of more complex ablation patterns.

Bulk Carbon-Nitrogen-Hydrogen-Sulfur Analysis CHNS/O Analyzer Model: Thermo Finnigan, FlashEA1112 CHNS-O analyzer is an elemental analyzer dedicated to the simultaneous determination

of the amount (%) of Carbon, Hydrogen, Nitrogen, Sulfur and Oxygen contained in

organic and inorganic samples of core and in solid, liquid and gaseous samples. The

31

method is based on sample combustion in an oxygen atmosphere at 900 ºC and

measure produced gas of CO, CO2, N2, NO, and N2O with detector. The determination

of the mass percentage of CHN elements in the sample is based upon the direct weight

of the material sample. Samples need to be freeze-dried over-night, crushed and

carefully weighed.

Accuracy: <1%

Relative standard deviation: C: 0.05, N: 0.008, S: 0.004

Carbonate Analysis

Carbonate Analyzer (Coulometer) Model: UIC & JANS Total carbon (TC) is determined using a coulometer and is calculated as the difference

between TC and IC:

TOC (wt%) = TC (wt%) – IC (wt%)

Coulometer provides an accurate determination of carbon in a carbon dioxide containing

gas stream and can detect carbon in the range of 0.01 g to 100 mg. It is used routinely

with the acidification module for the analysis of carbonate in the core samples. Samples

taken for carbon analysis are freeze-dried for 24 hours, crushed and carefully weighed.

The sample is mixed with acid to convert the carbonate to CO2 before analysis in the

coulometer. All measurement data are automatically exported to the connected PC as a

text file to avoid manual entry error.

Hydrocarbon Maturity Monitoring Rock Eval Model: Vinci Technologies, Rock-Eval 6 Standard http://www.vinci-technologies.com/ The Rock-Eval 6 analyzer is designed to increase the domain of application of the

method, in the field of source rock characterization (improved kerogen analysis and

kinetic parameters) and in reservoir studies (tarmat location). The instrument is a

completely automated device consisting of two micro-ovens which can be heated up to

850°C controlled by a thermocouple located in contact with the sample. An FID detector

measures the H/C gas released during the pyrolysis while an on-line infrared cell is used

32

to measure the quantity of CO and CO2 generated during pyrolysis and oxidation of

samples. A new integrated software (Rocksix), supervises the analyzer and allows an

easy interpretation of the data.

Rock-Eval is used to identify the type and maturity of organic matter and to detect

petroleum potential in sediments. Samples chosen to be measured on the Rock-Eval are

also taken for analysis on the TOC, CNS and the oil potential. This method consists of

automated heating of a small sample in an inert atmosphere to quantitatively and

selectively determine the free hydrocarbons contained within the sample, and the

hydrocarbon- and oxygen- containing compounds (CO2) that are volatilized during the

cracking of the unextractable organic matter in the sample. The EPM (expedition project

manager) should be contacted regarding the status of this instrument.

Volatile and Soluble Organic Compound Analysis High-performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC) Model: Agilent Technology, 1100 High performance liquid chromatograph (HPLC) system in one of the instruments used

for liquid chromatographic analysis and equipped two detectors; diode array detector

(DAD) and fluorescence detector (FLD). Separated compound continuously pass DAD

and FLD, and DAD measure wave length of ultraviolet/visible area, while FLD measure

the fluorescence of sample in the solvent. This system is not currently used as a routine

measurement. The EPM (expedition project manager) should be contacted regarding

the status of this instrument.

Accelerated Solvent Extractor (ASE) Model: DIONEX, ASE200

Organic compounds extraction from a solid sample is performed with chemical

interaction between solvent and solid surface. Accelerated Solvent Extractor

(ASE) is an automated system for extracting organic compounds from a variety

of solid and semisolid samples. This instrument accelerates the traditional

extraction process by using solvent in a liquid state during the extraction.

Weighing

Motion Compensated Shipboard Balance System

33

Motion Compensated Shipboard Micro-Balance System

Microscopic Observation

Polarized Microscope Model: Axioskop 40 Pol, AxioImager Pol Stereoscopic Microscope Model: SreREO Lumar V12, Stemi SV-11, SteREODiscovery V12

Fluorescence Microscope Model: Axioplan2 Imaging, Axiovert 25 Portable Clean Bench KOKEN, Table KOACH T 500 http://www.koken-ltd.co.jp/english/koach/ Available to provide ISO class 1 clean air in open space. Portable and easy setting. Freezing System ABI Co. Ltd., Cell Alive System (CAS) http://casfresh.trustpass.alibaba.com/productlist.html CAS is a technology which keeps cell membrane and tissue structure intact while freezing.

General Sample Preparation & Experimental Equipment:

Beaker and flasks

PTFE beaker, graduated, 100mL

PTFE beaker, graduated, 50mL

TPX beaker with handle, graduated, 1000ml



Glass beaker, graduated, 1000mL





http://www.koken-ltd.co.jp/english/koach/

http://casfresh.trustpass.alibaba.com/productlist.html

34




Glass conical beaker, graduated, 100mL

Glass conical beaker, graduated, 200mL

Polypropylene volumetric flask, 1000ml

Glass volumetric flask, 1000ml








Glass volumetric flask with cap, 10ml

Glass volumetric flask with cap, 50ml

Glass conical flask, graduated, 2000ml

Polypropylene beaker with handle, 1000mL





Bottles

PFA Bottle, narrow-mouth, 100ml

PFA Bottle, 500ml

Polypropylene bottle, wide-mouth, 1000ml

Polypropylene bottle, wide-mouth, 250ml

Polypropylene bottle, narrow-mouth, 1000ml



Glass bottle, narrow-mouth, brown, 1000ml

Glass bottle, narrow-mouth, brown, 500ml

35

Polypropylene screw top vial, 20ml

Glass screw top bottle, 20ml

Glass screw top bottle, 4ml

Polypropylene screw top bottle, blue cap, 1000ml

Polypropylene screw top bottle, red cap, 1000ml







Glass square bottle, blue cap, 100ml

Glass square bottle, blue cap, 500ml

Glass square bottle, brown, 1000ml

Glass square bottle, brown, 500ml

Glass vial, 24.3 x 55mm, 12ml

Glass vial, 27.0 x 55mm, 15ml

Glass vial, 20ml

LDPE bottle, narrow-mouth, 1000ml

Polyethylene bottle, narrow-mouth, 1000ml

Teflon bottle, narrow-mouth, 1000ml

HDPE bottle, narrow-mouth, 100ml


HDPE bottle, narrow-mouth, amber, 125ml









36




Equipment

Anaerobic Glove Box, Coy Laboratory Products AALC

Anemometer, testo425

Autoclave, TOMY BS-325

Autoclave, TOMY BS-325N

Balance, OHTI (customized)

Centrifuge, HITACHI CT4D

Centrifuge, KOKUSAN H-103n

Clean Bench, AIRTECH APC-41

Clean Bench, HITACHI PCV-1305BNG3

Clean Bench, HITACHI PCV-750APG

Constant Oven, Yamato DKN602

Constant Oven, Yamato DNF44

Core Picker, MARUTO B23SH

Core Splitter, SANADA Customized

Deep Freezer, SANYO MDF-1155AT (-150 degree C)



Diluter, Hamilton ML503A

Discrete Analyzer, Seal Analytical AQ2+

Drying Sterilizer, SANYO MOV-112S

Freeze Drier, LABCONCO, FZ4.5CL

Fume Hood, YAMATO RFB-120S L-12






Glassware Washer, SANYO MJW-9020

37

Ice Maker, HOSHIZAKI FM-340AF(C-1)

Incubator (High Temp), Iwashiya MLU-2-HGT-16

Incubator (Low Temp), Iwashiya MLU-3-MR-16

Incubator (Mid Temp), Iwashiya MLU-2-HGT-16

Medical Refrigerator, SANYO MPR-414FRS

Medical Showcase, SANYO MPR-513R

Motorized Hydraulic Press

Muffle Furnace, KDF Denken KDF S80

Muffle Furnace, KDF Denken KDF007EX (1010J)

Multi Beads Shocker (milling machine), Yasui Kikai Corporation

PV1003(s)

Parallel Saw, MARUTO MC442SS

Penetrometer, GEOTEST ST315

Planetary Ball Mill, FRITCH

Portable Spectrophotometer, HACH DR2800

Safety cabinet, HITACHI SCV

Squeezer (auto), CARVER 3894 4DIOB00

Squeezer (manual), CARVER 3970

Ultrapure Water System, Millipore Academic-A10

Ultrapure Water System, Millipore Element

Ultrapure Water System, Millipore Gradient

Ultrapure Water System, Millipore Synthesis

Water bath, SHIBATA CW-301

X-Press, SPEX

Filter paper

Membrane filter, 0.025μm, 25mm diameter



Membrane filter cellulose acetate, 0.45μm, 25mm diameter

Membrane filter cellulose acetate, 0.45μm, 47mm diameter

Membrane filter, black, 0.22μm

Circular filter paper, 15cm diameter

38

Circular filter paper, 55mm diameter





Syringe filter, 0.2μm, 25mm diameter

Omnipore Membrane Filter, 0.2μm, 97mm diameter

Omnipore Membrane Filter, 1.0μm, 90mm diameter

Generator

Liquid Nitrogen Generator, Iwatani International Gases NL-100A-S

Nitrogen Gas Generator, KURARAY CHEMICAL MY9-S

Hydrogen Gas Generator, Parker Balston H2-90JA-100

Hydrogen Gas Generator, Parker Chromgas A915000JA-100

Measuring Cylinders

Glass measuring cylinder, graduated, 1000mL

TPX measuring cylinder, graduated, 1000ml

Glass measuring cylinder, graduated, 100ml








Pipettes and tips

Komagome pipette, glass, 5ml



Komageme pipette, LDPE, 1ml


Komagome pipette, LDPE, 10ml

Micro pipette, 500μL

39

Micro pipette, 100μL

Micro pipette, 50-250μL






Micro pipette, 0.5-10μL

Micro pipette, 0.1-2.5μL


Syringes and Needles

Syringe, Teflon, Luer Lock, 3φ, 36mm

Syringe, Teflon, Luer Lock, 3φ, 29mm

Syringe, Polypropylene, Gamma exposed, 2.5ml

Syringe, Polypropylene, Gamma exposed, 10ml

Syringe, Polypropylene, with Needle, 1ml

Syringe, Polypropylene, 20ml

Syringe, Polypropylene, Luer tip, Gamma exposed, 30ml

Syringe, Polypropylene, Gamma exposed, 3ml

Syringe, Plastic, disposable, 24ml




Syringe, Plastic, Lock, disposable, 10ml

Syringe, Plastic, Lock, disposable, 20ml

Needle, for Luer Lock, 10 gauge, 5 cm length



Test tubes

TPX, 10ml

TPX, 6ml

Polypropylene, with Cap, 10ml

40

Centrifuge Tube, Polypropylene, 15ml

Centrifuge Tube, Polypropylene, 120 x 17mm, 15ml

Centrifuge Tube, Polypropylene, 50ml

Centrifuge Tube, Polypropylene, 115 x 30mm, 15ml

Centrifuge Tube with Cap, Black, graduated, Polypropylene, 10ml

Centrifuge Tube with Cap, Brown, graduated, Polypropylene, 10ml

Centrifuge Tube with Cap, Black, graduated, Polypropylene, 50ml

Centrifuge Tube with Cap, Brown, graduated, Polypropylene, 50ml

Self-standing Tube, Polypropylene, 50ml

Thin Section Equipments

Cut-off Saw, MARUTO MC452S

Discotom, Struers

Epovac, Struers

Auto Polishing System

Precision Cutting &Grinding System

Vacuum Impregnator

Isomet, BUEHLER

Minilabo cutter, MARUTO MC-110

Rotopol-35, Struers

Please contact EPM (Expedition Project Manager) for other than those above. CDEX make every effort to keep the equipment in top running condition. Lab technicians will be on hand to provide instrument training and help with measurements.

41

Table A1. Existing instruments onboard Chikyu. Measurement Instrument Location

Infrared Core Imaging Infrared Imaging Camera Core Lab/ Core Processing Deck

X-ray CT Scanning 3D X-ray CT Scanner X-ray CT Scanner Room/ Core Processing Deck

Core Logging

Multi Sensor Core Logger (MSCL) -Gamma-ray Attenuation Density -Magnetic Susceptibility -P-wave Velocity -Non-contact Elastic Resistivity -Natural Gamma Radiation

Core Lab/ Core Processing Deck

Thermal Conductivity Analysis Thermal Conductivity Meter Core Lab/ Core Processing Deck

Split-core Digital Photography Multi sensor core logger (MSCL) -MSCL-I (Image)


Split-core Color Reflectance Analysis Multi sensor core logger (MSCL) -MSCL-C (Color)


Natural Remanent Magnetization Cryogenic Magnetometer System Paleomagnetics Lab./ Core Processing Deck

X-ray Fluorescence Scanning X-ray Fluorescence Core Logger (XRFCL) Core Lab/ Core Processing Deck

Moisture and Density

Penta-pychnometer Core Lab/ Core Processing Deck

Electric Balance Core Lab/ Core Processing Deck

X-ray Diffraction Analysis X-ray Diffractiometer Core Viewing Room/ Core Processing Deck

Elastic Resistivity Analysis Impedance Analyzer Core Lab/ Core Processing Deck

Elastic Wave Velocity Analysis

P-wave velocity measurement system for discrete samples Core Lab/ Core Processing Deck

Pressurization Elastic Wave Velocity Measurement System Core Lab/ Core Processing Deck

42

Measurement Instrument Location

Particle Size Analysis Muti-wavelength particle size analyzer with micro volume module (MVM) system


Vane Shear Strength and Penetration Tests

Vane Shear Apparatus Core Lab/ Core Processing Deck

Penetrometer Core Lab/ Core Processing Deck

ARM & IRM Rock Magnetism Analysis with Stepwise acquisition and demagnetization

Spinner Magnetometer Paleomagnetics Lab./ Core Processing Deck

Partial Anhysteric Remanence magnetizer Paleomagnetics Lab./ Core Processing Deck

Alternating Field Demagnetizer Paleomagnetics Lab/ Core Processing Deck

Thermal Demagnetizer Paleomagnetics Lab/ Core Processing Deck

Pulse Magnetizer Paleomagnetics Lab/ Core Processing Deck

Magnetic Susceptibility Analysis

Magnetic Susceptibility Systme (MS2B) Core Lab/ Core Processing Deck

Kappabridge Core Lab/ Core Processing Deck

Close-up and Micro Imaging

Close-up Photo System Core Lab/ Core Processing Deck

Digital Microscope Lab Street Deck

Scanning electron Microscope with Energy Dispersive Spectroscopy Paleontology Petrology Lab/ Lab Street Deck

Contamination Testing Gas Chromatograph with Electron Capture Detector (GC-ECD) QA/QC Sampling Room/ Core Processing Deck

Head Space Gas Analysis Gas Chromatograph (GC) -with Frame Ionization Detector (GC-FID) -Natural Gas Analyzer (GC-NGA) -with Thermal Conductive and Frame Ionization Detectors (GC-TCD/FID)

Geochemistry Lab/ Lab Street Deck

Interstitial Water Chemistry Analysis

Refractometer (Salinity) Geochemistry Lab/ Lab Street Deck

Titrator (pH, alkalinity, Chloride) Geochemistry Lab/ Lab Street Deck

43


Ion Chromatograph (for sulfate, sulfurous, nitrate, nitrite, other halogens) Geochemistry Lab/ Lab Street Deck

Ion Chromatograph (for silicate and cations) Geochemistry Lab/ Lab Street Deck

ICP-AES (major cation, silicate, major elements) Semi-Clean Room/ Lab Street Deck

ICP-MS with high Matrix Introduction (trace cations) Semi-Clean Room/ Lab Street Deck

UV-VIS Spectrophotometer (ammonium, silicate) Geochemistry Lab/ Lab Street Deck

Hydraulic Press and Squeezer QA/QC Sampling Room/ Core Processing Deck

Whole Rock Chemistry Analysis

X-ray Fluorescence Analyzer (XRF) (for major elements) Core Viewing Room/ Core Processing Deck

Bead Sampler Thin Section Room/ Lab Street Deck

Microwave Sample Preparation System Sample Preparation Room/ Lab Street Deck

Micro Region Chemistry Analysis Inductively-coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometer Semi-Clean Room/ Lab Street Deck

Bulk Carbon-Nitrogen-Hydrogen-Sulfur Analysis

CHNS/O Analyzer Geochemistry Lab/ Lab Street Deck

Hydrocarbon Maturity Monitoring Rock Eval Geochemistry Lab/ Lab Street Deck

Volatile and Soluble Organic Compound Analysis

Gas Chromatograph/ Mass Spectrometer (GC-MSD) Geochemistry Lab/ Lab Street Deck

Liquid Chromatograph (HPLC) Geochemistry Lab/ Lab Street Deck

Accelerated Solvent Extractor (ASE) Geochemistry Lab/ Lab Street Deck

Weighing

Motion Compensated Shipboard Balance System Core Lab/ Core Processing Deck

Motion Compensated Shipboard Micro-Balance System Core Lab/ Core Processing Deck

Microscopic Observation Polarized Microscope Paleontology Petrology Lab/ Lab Street Deck

44


Stereoscopic Microscope Paleontology Petrology Lab/ Lab Street Deck

Fluorescence Microscope Paleontology Petrology Lab/ Lab Street Deck

General Sample Preparation and Experimental Equipment

Liquid Nitrogen Generator Lab Storage/ Lab Street Deck

Nitrogen Gas Generator Lab Storage/ Lab Street Deck

Hydrogen Gas Generator Distributed in 7 places

Ultrapure Water System Distributed in 4 places

Core Splitter Core Splitting Room/ Core Processing Deck

Short Core Splitter Core Splitting Room/ Core Processing Deck

Parallel saw Core Sampling Room/ Core Processing Deck

Core Picker Core Splitting Room/ Core Processing Deck

Thin Section Equipment -Cut-off Saw -Auto Polishing System -Precision Cutting and Grinding System -Vacuum Impregnator

Thin Section Room/ Lab Street Deck

Diluter Geochemistry Lab/ Lab Street Deck

Centrifuge Sample Preparation Room/ Lab Street Deck Core Viewing Room/ Core Processing Deck

Freeze Drier Microbiology Lab/ Core Processing Deck Geochemistry Lab/ Lab Street Deck

Planetary Ball Mill Core Viewing Room/ Core Processing Deck

Motorized Hydraulic Press Core Sampling Room/ Core Processing Room

Fume Hood In 5 Lab/Room

45


Clean Bench Distributed in 5 places

Anaerobic Glove Box Microbiology Lab/ Core Processing Deck

Incubator Microbiology Lab/ Core Processing Deck

Autoclave Microbiology Lab/ Core Processing Deck QA/QC Sampling Room/ Core Processing Deck

Drying Sterilizer Core Lab/ Core Processing Deck

Ultrasonic Bath Sample Preparation Room/ Lab Street Deck

Constant Oven Geochemistry Lab/ Lab Street Deck Thin Section Room/ Lab Street Deck

Muffle Furnace Geochemistry Lab/ Lab Street Deck Sample Preparation Room/ Lab Street Deck

Deep Freezer Distributed in 6 places

Ice Maker Sample Preparation Room/ Lab Street Deck

Medical Refrigerator Sample Preparation Room/ Lab Street Deck

Table KOACH

Discrete Analyzer Microbiology Lab/ Core Processing Deck

Multi Beads Shocker Sample Preparation Room/ Lab Street Deck

46

Measurement/ Preparation

Instrument Operation time for Total Minimum

Requirement Time

Remarks Instrument Manufacture Model

Warming-up Sample

preparation Measurement/

Work

X-ray CT scanning

X-ray CT scanner

GE Discovery

750HD 30-50m _ 1.5h (1 core)

1h-1h30m (1 core)

QC sample measurement required in regular interval (10m, every 24h)

Core logging (NGR, GRA, MS, PWV for whole & split core)

MSCL-W, MSCL-S

Geotek _ 24-48h Calibration:

3h

2h (1 core, NGR: 16cm

int, GRA, MS,

PWV & NCR: 4cm int)

29h-53h


Thermal conductivity (whole core and pieces)

Thermal conductivity

system Teka Berlin TK04 10m

Sediment 1m

Rock 1h20m

30m (1point, 1sample)

Sediment 41m (1 point)

Rock 2h (1sample)


Split-core digital photography

MSCL-I Geotek _

stabilization:6h

warm-up: 30m

Calibration: 10m

(every 12h) 2h (1 core)

8h40m (1 core)

Color reflectance

MSCL-C Geotek _ 1h Calibration:

10m (every 12h)

2h (1 core, 4cm int)

3h10m (1 core, 4cm int)

QC sample measurement required in regular

47

interval (3m, every 1 core)

Natural remanent magnetization (step-wise demagnetization)

Cryogenic Magnetometer

System

2G Enterprises

760 1h _ 30m (1core,

5cm int)

1h30m (1 core, 5cm int)

X-ray fluorescence scanning

XRFCL JEOL JSX-3600CA1 (TATSSCAN-

F2)

start-up: 2 days

core: 10m (1core,

2cm int.) cuttings:

26h (8sample)

30h (1core, 2cm int.)

cuttings: 40m (8 sample)

core: 48h40m (1 core, 2cm int) cuttings: 74h40m

(8 sample)

QC sample measurement required in regular interval (3m, every 1 core)

Moisture and density/porosity

Penta- pycnometer

Quantachrome PPYC-KU 30m

26h (8 samples)

Calibration 1.5h

(every 12h)

1.5h (8 samples)

(4 samples X 2 instruments)

28h (8 samples) (4 samples x

2 intruments)

Electric balance

OHTI _ 2h

26h (8 samples)

Calibration 10m

10m (8 samples)

28h10m (8 samples)

X-ray diffraction XRD Spectris PW3800 30m 26h (8

samples) 20m (1 batch:

8 samples)

26h50m (1 batch: 8

samples)

QC sample measurement required in regular interval (2m, every 1 batch)

Electric Resistivity Analysis

Impedance Analyzer

Agilent Technology

4294A

48

Elastic Wave Velocity Analysis

P-wave Velocity

Measurement System for

Discrete Samples

Marui MIS-235-1-

075-055

Pressurization Elastic Wave

Velocity Measurement

System

Particle Size Analyzer

Multi-Wavelength

Particle Analyzer with Micro Volume Module (MVM)

System

Beckman Coulter

LS13320, S/N AL38627

Vane Shear Strength and Penetration Tests

Vane Shear Apparatus

_ _ >30 sec >30 sec

Penetrometer _ _ >30 sec >30 sec

ARM & IRM Rock magnetism experiments

Partial An hysteric

Remanence Magnetizer

ASC Scienctific

Dtech D-2000 10m

hard rock: 10m

(1 sample) other: 2m (1 sample)

5m (1 sample)

hard rock: 25m

(1 sample) other: 17m (1 sample)

AF demagnetizer

Natsuhara Giken

DEM-95 10m 10m

(1 sample) 5m (1 sample)

25m (1 sample)

49

Thermal demagnetizer

Natsuhara Giken

TDS-1 10m 10m

(1 batch: 6 samples)

5h (1 batch: 6 samples)

5h20m (1 batch: 6 samples)

Spinner Magnetometer

Natsuhara Giken

SMD-88 10m

hard rock: 10m

(1 sample) sediments:

2m (1 sample)

5m (1 sample)

hard rock: 25m

(1 sample) sediments:

17m (1 sample)

QC sample measurement required in regular interval

Pulse Magnetizer

Magnetic Measurement

MMPM10 _ _ _ _

Magnetic Susceptibility Analysis

Kappabridges AGICO KLY-3S

Kappabridges 30m

12m (1 sample)

5m (1 sample) 47m

(1 sample)


MS2B Bartington MS2 5m 10m

(1 sample) 1m (1 sample)

16m (1 sample)


Close-up and Micro Imaging

Close-up Photo System

Canon WFT-E1 _ _ _ _

Digital Microscope

Keyence VHX-900 _ _ _ _

SEM-EDS JEOL JCM-5700LV

Contamination testing

Gas Chromatograph

(ECD)

Agilent Technology

6890N 24h

Calibration: 5h

sample: 40m

(1 sample)

10m (1 sample)

29h50m (1 sample)


50

Fluorescence microscope

Carl Zeiss _ Calibration:

10m _ 10m

Head space gas analysis

Gas Chromatograp

h (NGA)

Agilent Technology

6890N 5h Calibration:

5h 40m (1 sample)

10h40m (1 sample)

QC sample measurement required in regular interval TMRT does not contain sample prep time such as sample heating. 90 minutes measurement with reference gas every 24hr.

Gas Chromatograph

(FID)

Agilent Technology

6890N 5h Calibration:

5h 15m

(1 sample) 10h15m

(1 sample)

QC sample measurement required in regular interval TMRT does not contain sample preparation time such as sample heating. 30 minutes measurement with reference gas every 24hr.

Squeezing Squeezer Carver Inc. AUTOFOUR/

30 setup: 3h 30-60m _ 3h30m-4h

Pore water chemistry (refractive index)

Refractometer Atago RX-5000a 30m 0m 2m (1 sample) 32m

(1sample)


51

Pure water measurement every 24hr.

Pore water chemistry (NH3)

Spectrophotometer (UV-Vis)

Shimadzu UV-2550PC 1h 4h30m (15 samples)

30m (1 batch: 15 samples)

6h (1batch: 15 samples)

QC sample measurement required in regular interval TMRT does not include reagent preparation.

Pore water chemistry (PO4)






Pore water chemistry (Si) supplemental measurement




6h (1batch: 15 samples)


Pore water chemistry (pH, alkalinity)

Titrator Metrhom Basic Titrino Model 794

24h 0m 30m

(1 sample) 24h30m

(1 sample)


Pore water chemistry (sulfate)

Ion Chromatograp

h Dionex ICS1500 4h

1h (30 samples)




52

Pore water chemistry (chlorinity)

Titrator Metrhom Basic Titrino Model 794

2h 0m 10m

(1 sample) 2h10m

(1 sample)


Pore water chemistry (major element)

ICP-AES Horiba Ultima2 1h 2h (30

samples) 8h (1 batch: 30 samples)



Pore water chemistry (minor element)




Pore water chemistry (trace element)

ICP-MS Agilent

Technology 7500ce 4h30m

2h (30 samples)


10h30m (1 batch: 30

samples)


Whole rock and major elements

X-Ray Fluorescence

Rigaku Supermini




56h (1 batch: 30

samples)


ICP-MS Agilent

Technology 7500ce 4h30m

48h (30 samples)


56h30m (1 batch: 30

samples)


Laser Ablation New Wave Research

UP-213

Bead Sampler Tokyo Kagaku TK-4100

53

Bulk Carbon-Nitrogen (CN) analysis

CHNS/O Analyzer

ThermoFinigan FlashEA1112

NC 4h

5h (35 samples)

5h (1 batch: 35 unknown

samples + 14 reference samples)

14h (1 batch: 35 unknown

samples +14 reference samples)


Bulk Sulfur (S) analysis

CHNS/O Analyzer

ThermoFinigan FlashEA1112

NC 4h

4h (20 samples)

3h (1 batch: 20 unknown samples +10

reference samples)

11h (20 unknown

samples +10 reference samples)


Hydrocarbon monitoring

Rock Eval Vinch

Technologies Rock-Eval 6 "Standard"

1h30m-3h 24h (1

sample) 1h20m (1 sample)

26h50m-28h20m (1

sample)


Volatile and Soluble Organic

Compound Analysis

Liquid Chromatograph

(HPLC)

Agilent Technology

1100 30m Calibration:

2h

10m (Depending on target)

2h40m (Depending on target)

Gas Chromatograph

(MSD)

Agilent Technology

5973N 30m Calbration:

2h

20m (Depending on target)

3h (Depending on target)

Biostratigraphy Microscopes Carl Zeiss _ Calibration:

10m _ 10m

Smear slide / Thin section

Cut off saw Struers _

_

hard rock: 48h

(1 batch: 6 samples) altered,

weathered: 4days

(1 batch: 6

_

hard rock: 48h (1

batch: 6 samples) altered,

weathered: 4days (1 batch: 6 samples)

Thin section equipments

Struers _

Vacuum Impregnation

Struers _

54

Polishing system

Struers _

samples) soft

sediments: 1week

(1 batch: 6 samples)

soft sediments: 1

week (1 batch: 6 samples)

Micro Cutter BUEHLER Isomet Low Speed Saw

_ _ _ depend on

sample

Microscopes Carl Zeiss _ Calibration:

10m _ 10m

Microbiology (phospholipid and cell counts)

Gas Chromatograph (TCD/FID)

Agilent Technology

6890N 30m Calibration:

2h 20m Not available

Carbonate analysis

Carbonate analyzer

(coulometer) UIC & MWJ CM5012 2h

5h (30 samples)




Non-contact resistivity (NCR)

MSCL-W, MSCL-S

Geotek _ 24-48h _

2h (1 core, NGR: 16cm

int, GRA, MS,

PWV & NCR: 4cm int)

26h-50h (1 core,

NGR: 16cm int,

GRA, MS, PWV &

NCR: 4cm int)


Core Splitting Core splitter Maruto MC-904 _ _ 3h (1 core) 3h (1 core,

HPCS) Need 2 person

Core Cutting _ _ _

_ 20-30m (1

core) 20-30m (1

core) Need 3-4 person

55

NOTICE: Estimated time is a rough guide based on experience during Exp. 315 & 316, and it will change depending on measurement interval, sample condition, instrument condition, technician’s number, etc. “1 core” is assumed that it is composed of seven sections. Chemistry analysis is generally conducted using auto-sampler equipped instrument, therefore measurement time is estimated for 1 batch measurement. And, this measurement time does not include the time for QC sample measurement and calibration between sample measurements. Required time is for 1 person for 1 instrument at certin condition. Time may change depend on sample, analytical procedure and measurement condition except MSCL-I and X-ray CT scanning.

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