lab manual electric circuit
TRANSCRIPT
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By:
Rizwan Khan
Ahmed Mohiuddin
University of Engineering & Technology (Rachna Campus)
Gujranwala, Pakistan
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EXPERIMENT#1
Verification of CURRENT DIVISION RULE (CDR)
APPARATUS
ResistorVoltmeter
Voltage source
Bread board
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM
THEORY
Current division rule (CDR) states that
current divide it self inversely Proportional to the resistanceIt means that greater the resister less will be the current and vice versa.This experiment is use to find current through resistor which are in parallel to
Each other.
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PROCEDURE
Form a circuit as shownFind currents through resistors R1, R2, R3 respectively now find source current using
Formula
Also calculate currents using formulaFinally calculate error between calculated value and experiment value
CALCULATIONS
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EXPERIMENT#2
Read color coding of carbon resistor
APPARATUS:
Four different resistors
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:
PROCEDURE
To read the resistance of particular resistor write first no of corresponding
First color band similarly write no. of second color band. In the case of third color band
Write the no. to the power of 10. In some resistors there is fourth band. This band is fortolerance. Its color may be Golden, silver having tolerance 5%, 10% respectively.
If there is no band then its tolerance will be 20%.
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EXPRIMENT#3
TO CALCULATE FREQUENCE OF WAVE USING OSCILLOSCOPE
PROCEDURE
Connect nabs wave generator with oscilloscope and form wave
On generator on time axis each big division consist of 5 small divisions.
Calculate small division and multiply it with number on voltage control nab
In this way we will
TIME PERIOD
As we know reciprocal of time period of wave is frequency so use formula
To calculate frequency
TO CALCULATE VOLTAGE OF WAVE
Calculate no of small division and
Multiply it with no. voltage control nab.
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Experiment#4
Introduction to Oscilloscope
Oscilloscopes:
When you connect an oscilloscope probe to a circuit, the voltage signal travels through
the probe to the vertical system of the oscilloscope. Figure 6 is a simple block diagram
that shows how an analog oscilloscope displays a measured signal.
Analog Oscilloscope Block Diagram
Depending on how you set the vertical scale (volts/div control), an attenuatorreduces the
signal voltage or an amplifierincreases the signal voltage.
Next, the signal travels directly to the vertical deflection plates of the cathode ray tube
(CRT). Voltage applied to these deflection plates causes a glowing dot to move. (An
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electron beam hitting phosphor inside the CRT creates the glowing dot.) A positive
voltage causes the dot to move up while a negative voltage causes the dot to move down.
What Can You Do With It?
Oscilloscopes are used by everyone from television repair technicians to physicists. Theyare indispensable for anyone designing or repairing electronic equipment.
The usefulness of an oscilloscope is not limited to the world of electronics. With the
propertransducer, an oscilloscope can measure all kinds of phenomena. A transducer is adevice that creates an electrical signal in response to physical stimuli, such as sound,
mechanical stress, pressure, light, or heat. For example, a microphone is a transducer.
An automotive engineer uses an oscilloscope to measure engine vibrations. A medical
researcher uses an oscilloscope to measure brain waves. The possibilities are endless.
How Does an Oscilloscope Work?
To better understand the oscilloscope controls, you need to know a little more about how
oscilloscopes display a signal. Analog oscilloscopes work somewhat differently thandigital oscilloscopes. However, several of the internal systems are similar. Analog
oscilloscopes are somewhat simpler in concept and are described first, followed by a
description of digital oscilloscopes.
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EXPERIMENT#5
Verification of KCL
APPARATUS:
Resistor
Voltmeter
Voltage sourceBread board
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:
THEORY:
KCL states that
Algebraic sum of all currents through node is zero .If it is assume that current loss
through wire is zero then sum of current at any node is zero
PROCEDURE:
Calculate current through each resister using ammeter and verify these equations to proveKCL
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CALCULATIONS:
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EXPERIMENT#5
Verification of KVL
APPARATUS:
Resistor
Voltmeter
Voltage sourceBread board
CIRCUIT.DIAGRAM:
THEORY:
Kirchhoffs voltage law states that
Algebraic sum of all voltages along a close path must be equal to zero. Hence anyvoltage can be found using KVL in mathematical form
PROCEDURE:
Form a circuit as shown in fig
Take voltmeter and find voltage across each resister or take ammeter and find currentusing current find voltmeter. After this verify the equations
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CALCULATIONS:
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EXPERIMENT#7
MAXIMUM POWER TRANSFOR THEOREM
APPARATUS
Resistor
Voltmeter
Voltage sourceBread board
CIRCUIT.DIAGRAM
Where R=2.2K
RL=1K, 2K, 2.2K, 2.7K
THEORY
Power will max when load resistance is equal to internal resistance of voltage source.
PROCEDURE
As we know power across RL will max when RL=RSo find current and use formula to calculate power.
CALCULATIONS:
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EXPERIMENT#8
VARIFICATION OF OHM LAW
APPARATUS:
Ammeter
Voltage source
Resistor
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:
R=2K
THEORY:
According to ohm law
Voltage across resister is directly proportional to current. Hence when voltage
increases current increases and vice versa.So It can be use to determined voltage or current.
PROCEDURE:
Calculate current using ammeter then use this formula to calculate
Voltage across the resister
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EXPERIMENT#9
Power equation verification
APPARATUS:
AmmeterVoltage source
Resistor
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:
THEORY:
As we know that in an ideal circuit power loss across connecting wires is
Zero. So all the power delivered by voltage source must be equal to the power across
Circuit because we assume that power loss across resistor is zero.
PROCEDURE:
From circuit as shown using Ammeter find out value of
Current. Using this value find Power using different formulas
P= V*I
P= (I*I)*R
P= (V*V)/R
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CALCULATIONS:
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EXPERIMENT#10
To observe the response of R-C series circuit
PURPOSE:
The main purpose is to perform this experiment is to study charging and discharging time
of a capacitor and study its waveform.
APPARATUS:
Resistor 0.1K
Capacitor 0.01
OscilloscopeFunction generator
Bread boardConnecting wires
PROCEDURE:
First o all made a circuit using resistor , capacitor , function generator in series onbread board as shown.
Now take an oscilloscope connect probes of ch1 across the unction generator and
Connect probes of ch2 across capacitorWhen signal is given to the circuit by function generator then waveform of out put
Is shown on oscilloscope then observe waveform of out put signal.
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:
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THEORY:
When input signal is given to the circuit the charging current begins to flow and
Start charging the capacitor on though the resistor an is increase slowly. Finally
Reach at maximum value
Q=CV
The voltage across the capacitor at any time is given by
V= q/c
The speed of charging and discharging depends upon the product of resistor R
And capacitance C of capacitor used in circuit .
Its unit sec an called as time constant.
GRAPH:
TIME CONSTANT:
It is defined as
The time during which capacitor is charged or discharged up to 63% of its original
value
The graph shows that charging reach to its max value sooner when time constant isSmall and it is small when time constant is small.
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EXPERIMENT#11
TO VARIFY THE PRINCIPLE OF SUPER POSITION
APPARATUS:
Resistor
VoltmeterVoltage source
Bread board
CIRCUIT.DIAGRAM:
THEORY
Super position theorem states that
In a linear circuit containing multiple sources current or voltage at any point in the
network may be calculated as sum of individual contributions of each source actingaloneHence this theorem is use to determined voltage across resistor when there areMany voltage sources.
PROCEDURE:
Form the circuit as shownDisconnect Vb1 and calculate voltages across each resistor. Now disconnect Vb2 and
Calculate voltages across each resistor now according to super position in order toGet actual voltage sum these voltages.
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CALCULATIONS:
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EXPERIMENT#12
Verification of Thevenins Theorem
APPARATUS:
ResistorVoltmeter
Voltage source
Bread board
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:
THEORY:
As we know Thevenins theorem is use to simplify complex circuit
Using this theorem we get only one resistor in series with Load and voltageSource
PROCEDURE:
Thevenins theorem states that
Entire circuit exclusive of load can be converted in to an equivalent circuit contain
voltage source in series with resistor
Calculate v using voltmeter and then calculate it theoretically
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CALCULATIONS:
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EXPERIMENT#13
Verification of Voltage Division Rule (V.D.R)
APPARATUS:
Resistor
Voltmeter
Voltage sourceBread board
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:
THEORY:
According to voltage division rule
Voltage divide itself proportional to the resistance across the resister, In other
words greater the resistance greater will be the voltage across itThis rule is use to know voltage across any resistor if they are connected in series with
Voltage source.
PROCEDURE:
Connect 3 resister in series with voltage source .Using voltmeter calculate voltage across
each resister or use formula to calculate voltages acrossResister
Where I=1, 2, 3,
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CALCULATIONS: