lab. instruments
TRANSCRIPT
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Section 1Section 1
Laboratory Laboratory equipmentequipment
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Laboratory equipmentLaboratory equipment BasicBasic
MicroscopeMicroscope CentrifugeCentrifuge ColorimeterColorimeter SpectrophotometerSpectrophotometer BalanceBalance pH meter (pH pH meter (pH
paper)paper) DistillerDistiller Temperature Temperature
controllerscontrollers
AccessoryAccessory Coulter counterCoulter counter AutoanalyzerAutoanalyzer Flame photometerFlame photometer Ion selective Ion selective
electrodeelectrode Blood gas analyzerBlood gas analyzer T.S. refractometerT.S. refractometer Electrophoresis Electrophoresis
equipment & equipment & DenistometerDenistometer
VortexVortex
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Basic equipmentBasic equipment
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MicroscopeMicroscopeLight microscopeLight microscope
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Basic equipmentBasic equipmentMicroscopeMicroscope
Object ex:: slide
Lens system
Illumination system
Micro = small
Scope = to see
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Basic equipmentBasic equipmentMicroscopeMicroscope
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Short QuizShort QuizIdentify these pointsIdentify these points
9-……………
3-……………
4-……………
5- ……………
7- ……………
8- ……………Magnification = …....... x …........
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AnswerAnswer
9-Ocular lens
3-Objective lens (Medium = 20 X)
4-Objective lens (High = 40 X)
5-Objective lens (Oil immersion = 100 X)
7- Condenser & Diaphragm
8- Light source
Magnification = ocular x objective
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MicroscopeMicroscopePractical note !Practical note !
Wet preparationWet preparation
(Reduce the light)(Reduce the light) ex: fecal smearex: fecal smear DiaphragmDiaphragm
Semi-closedSemi-closed CondenserCondenser
Down positionDown position
Stained Stained preparationpreparation
(Increase the (Increase the light)light) ex: blood filmex: blood film DiaphragmDiaphragm
Widely openWidely open CondenserCondenser
Upward positionUpward position
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Monocular microscope
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Binocular microscope
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Trinocular microscope
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How to use a light How to use a light microscope ?microscope ?
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CentrifugeCentrifuge
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Basic equipmentBasic equipmentCentrifugeCentrifuge
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Basic equipmentBasic equipmentCentrifugeCentrifuge
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Basic equipmentBasic equipmentCentrifugeCentrifuge
Used for:Separation or Sedimentation(Blood) (Urine)
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Basic equipmentBasic equipmentCentrifugeCentrifuge
CONSIDER ! ! !CONSIDER ! ! ! Speed: RPM Revolution Per Minute Speed: RPM Revolution Per Minute
(rpm)(rpm) TimeTime TemperatureTemperature
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Basic equipmentBasic equipmentCentrifugeCentrifuge
Speed: RPM Revolution Per Minute (rpm)Speed: RPM Revolution Per Minute (rpm) Centrifuge can be:Centrifuge can be:
Ordinary Ordinary (maximum 6000 rpm),(maximum 6000 rpm), High speed High speed (12,000 to 15,000 rpm) or(12,000 to 15,000 rpm) or Ultra spedd Ultra spedd (50,000 to 100,000 rpm)(50,000 to 100,000 rpm)
TimeTime TemperatureTemperature
The force of centrifugation results in extreme The force of centrifugation results in extreme heat that may results in denaturation of some heat that may results in denaturation of some biological substances like hormones, so the biological substances like hormones, so the cooling centrifuge was invented .cooling centrifuge was invented .
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How to use the How to use the centrifuge ?centrifuge ?
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ColorimeterColorimeter
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Basic equipmentBasic equipmentColorimeterColorimeter
Uses:Uses:
Estimation of different chemical Estimation of different chemical constituents in different body fluids constituents in different body fluids with the concept of with the concept of ColorimetryColorimetry
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ColorimetryColorimetry
PrinciplePrinciple
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ColorimetryColorimetry
I0: Original light
I: Light absorbed
= OD = Absorbance
I1: Light transmitted
↑ Colour of the solution → ↑ the Optical Denisty (Absorbance)
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Colorimeter & Colorimeter & SpectrophotometerSpectrophotometer
InfraRed
UltraViolet
Visible LightColorimeter
Spectrophotometer
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How to use the How to use the spectrophotometer ?spectrophotometer ?
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BalanceBalance
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Basic equipmentBasic equipmentBalanceBalance
Single pan balanceSingle pan balance Double pan balanceDouble pan balance
are used for weighing materials in the labare used for weighing materials in the lab
Digital balance
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pH paperpH paperandand
pH meterpH meter
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Basic equipmentBasic equipmentpH paperpH paper
Used for measurement of pH of Used for measurement of pH of different solutions in the lab.different solutions in the lab.
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Basic equipmentBasic equipmentpH meterpH meter
Used for measurement of pH of Used for measurement of pH of different solutions in the lab.different solutions in the lab.
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Water distillerWater distiller
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Basic equipmentBasic equipmentWater distillerWater distiller
Used for distillation of water to obtain Used for distillation of water to obtain distilled waterdistilled water
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Temperature Temperature controllerscontrollers
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Basic equipmentBasic equipmentTemperature controllersTemperature controllers
Liquid nitrogen (-Liquid nitrogen (-196°c)196°c)
Deep freezerDeep freezer (-70°c : -20°c)(-70°c : -20°c) Refrigerator (0 : 5°)Refrigerator (0 : 5°)
Water bath or Water bath or incubator (37°c : 65°c)incubator (37°c : 65°c)
Boiling water bath (100°c)Boiling water bath (100°c) Hot air oven & AutoclaveHot air oven & Autoclave
(> 100°c)(> 100°c)
• Room Temperature : 15°c : 25°c
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B. Accessory equipmentsB. Accessory equipments
1.1. Coulter counterCoulter counter
2.2. AutoanalyzerAutoanalyzer
3.3. FlamephotometerFlamephotometer
4.4. Ion selective electrodeIon selective electrode
5.5. Blood gas analyzerBlood gas analyzer
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6. T.S. refractometer6. T.S. refractometer
7. Electrophoresis unit7. Electrophoresis unit
8. Vortex8. Vortex
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Coulter counterCoulter counter
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Coulter counterCoulter counter
Sensing zone
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Coulter counterCoulter counter
When the blood cell passes through the When the blood cell passes through the sensing zone aperture, it impedes the sensing zone aperture, it impedes the current flow from the cathode to the current flow from the cathode to the anodeanode
The number of deflection in current The number of deflection in current voltage is the number of cells counted voltage is the number of cells counted when passed through the sensing zone.when passed through the sensing zone.
The magnitude of deflection is The magnitude of deflection is proportional to the cell volume.proportional to the cell volume.
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Flame photometer Flame photometer
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Flame photometer: is used to Flame photometer: is used to measure certain metals based on measure certain metals based on the fact that metallic elements the fact that metallic elements burn on hot flame emits light of burn on hot flame emits light of characteristic wave length characteristic wave length specific for each one. E.g. Na, K, specific for each one. E.g. Na, K, and sometimes lithium.and sometimes lithium.
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Electrophoresis unitElectrophoresis unit
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+ -
Tray
Supporting medium
Application site
Buffer controls pH
Electrophoresis
Proteins are amphoteric in nature , contain both NH3+ end and COO- end and only the pH in which it is contained control the protein net charge, in electrophoresis buffer, plasma proteins are negatively charged migrates from the cathode to the anode. Their migration depends on the protein net charge , size , and shape.
Cellulose acetate or agarose gel
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Cellulose paper with the separated serum protein stained with Ponseu s stain
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Normal serum protein electrophoresis diagram
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Polyacrylamide Gel electrophoresis
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T.S. RefractometerT.S. Refractometer
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T.S. RefractometerT.S. Refractometer
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T.S. RefractometerT.S. Refractometer
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BeakersBeakers
Beaker Mug, easily handled
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Glass funnelsGlass funnels
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FlasksFlasks VolumetricVolumetric
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Conical flasksConical flasks
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Cylinders Cylinders
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Pipettes Pipettes
Glass pipettes:
1.Volumetric pipettes2.Graduated pipettes3.Pipettes with air pulp.
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Pump for glass pipettesPump for glass pipettes
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Pasteur pipettes Pasteur pipettes
Plastic Pasteur pipettes
Glass Pasteur pipettes
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Automatic Automatic and and
micropipettemicropipettess
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