lab 9 (reaction stoichiometry)
DESCRIPTION
Chemistry Lab (USC CHEM 115a) on stoichiometry of chemical reactions.TRANSCRIPT
Lab 9: Reaction Stoichiometry from Heat of Reaction
Jeffrey Wang05 November 2013
Abstract
Samples of potassium thiocyanate (KSCN) and of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) with a combined
volume of 100 mL were mixed in a Styrofoam cup, causing an exothermic reaction. The change in
temperature was measured, and the volume for which the highest temperature change would
theoretically be observed was found. This volume was approximately 69 mL, yielding an H2O2-to-KSCN
ratio of 2.22 to 1. These findings suggest that the coefficient of hydrogen peroxide in the unbalanced
chemical equation KSCN + H2O2 products + q is 2.22.
Introduction
The purpose of this experiment was to determine the stoichiometry (i.e. the ratio of reactants)
of a reaction from the amount of heat evolved by the reaction. The reaction examined involved
potassium thiocyanate (KSCN) and hydrogen peroxide (H2O2). Stoichiometric coefficients may be
determined by noting how the mixture’s properties (in this case, heat) change depending on the ratios
in which the reactants are mixed, since the change should be at its maximum when the reactants are
combined in proportions equal to that of their coefficients in the chemical equation (Parr). Knowledge
of coefficients is crucial in understanding chemical interactions, and this particular method of calculating
them—via calorimetry—is a versatile system with applications in, for example, enzymology (Sturtevant).
Experimental
This experiment required the following equipment: two Styrofoam cups, two 50-mL graduated
cylinders (100-mL graduated cylinders, which the lab manual called for, were unavailable), two 400-mL
beakers, one glass stirring rod, and the PASCO system with temperature probe. Chemicals required
were as follows: 0.50 M KI, 0.50 M H2O2 in 1.0 M HCl, 0.50 M Na2SO3, 0.50 M Na2S2O3, and 0.50 M KSCN
in 0.1 M NaOH. Only the KSCN and the H2O2 were used in this particular experiment.
Standard lab safety equipment (lab coat, gloves, goggles) was worn. Contact with chemicals was
scrupulously avoided.
To measure temperature changes, samples of KSCN and H2O2 measuring approximately 300 mL
each were obtained in separate beakers (the lab manual called for 600-mL samples, but the limitation of
beaker size meant that two 300-mL samples of each substance had to be obtained over the course of
the experiment instead). Using the graduated cylinders, samples of KSCN and H2O2 were measured out
in volumes that were multiples of 10 and totalled 100 mL, starting with 90 mL of KSCN and 10 mL of
H2O2, for a total of nine trials. For each trial, the temperature of the KSCN was taken in the graduated
cylinder; the H2O2 was poured into the Styrofoam cup (two were used, one inside the other, for extra
insulation) and stirred while its temperature was taken. The temperature probe was held in place by a
clamp attached to a ring stand and lowered into the Styrofoam cup such that its tip was approximately
an inch from the bottom of the cup. The KSCN was then poured into the cup and the mixture was
stirred consistently. The maximum temperature reached was recorded, and the temperature change
was calculated, using the average of the KSCN and H2O2 temperatures prior to mixing as the initial
temperature.
The change in temperature (ΔT) was then plotted against the volume of H2O2 used, with ΔT on
the y-axis and H2O2 volume on the x-axis. Best-fit lines were drawn for the two distinct regions, and the
x-value at the intersection was taken as the stoichiometrically correct volume of H2O2 solution required.
Results
Table 1: Measuring Temperature ChangesKSCN:H2O2 90:10 80:20 70:30 60:40 50:50 40:60 30:70 20:80 10:90
KSCN temp. (°C)
23.5°C 23.3°C 23.7°C 23.5°C 23.3°C 24.0°C 23.6°C 23.8°C 23.5°C
H2O2 temp. (°C) 21.6°C 21.8°C 22.1°C 22.3°C 22.4°C 22.4°C 22.6°C 22.7°C 22.2°C
Tinitial (°C) 22.55°C 22.55°C 22.9°C 22.9°C22.85°
C23.2°C 23.1°C 23.25°C 22.85°C
Tfinal (°C) 24.6°C 29.8°C 34.7°C 38.4°C 42.2°C 45.0°C 46.1°C 41.5°C 32.5°C
ΔT (°C) 2.05°C 7.25°C 11.8°C 15.5°C19.35°
C21.8°C 23.0°C 18.25°C 9.65°C
Figure 1: ΔT (°C) vs. Volume of H2O2 (mL)
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 1000
5
10
15
20
25
30
Volume of H2O2 (mL)
T (°C) Δ
The mixture was found to rise in temperature until H2O2 volume had reached 70 mL and
decreased after that point (Table 1). The perceived stoichiometrically correct volume of H2O2—that is,
the point of intersection of the two best-fit lines—appears to be slightly less than 70 mL, perhaps at
approximately 69 mL. From this the ratio can be calculated to be 0.0345 moles of H2O2 to 0.0155 moles
of KSCN, or about 2.22, implying that the (unbalanced) chemical equation is as follows:
KSCN + 2.22H2O2 aKH + bCO2 + cSO2 + dNH3 + q,
where a, b, c, and d are the unknown coefficients of the products.
However, this is not necessarily accurate; as is evident in Figure 1, the data point at 70 mL H2O2
is a clear outlier, fitting neither with the left or right side’s best-fit lines yet influencing both. This may
be due to experimental error (e.g. recording the temperature too soon, or mixing inaccurate amounts of
each solution), but a more likely explanation is that the insulation was insufficient. As the temperature
increased, it deviated further and further from room temperature, reaching a maximum recorded
temperature of 46.1°C (Table 1). Hot air rises, and the cup was uncovered; furthermore, the act of
stirring would have constantly exposed new molecules to the air above the cup, thus facilitating the
cooling process and leading to a slight reduction in the observed temperature change. Indeed, the value
of ΔT at 60 mL H2O2 had already begun to deviate from the best-fit line, and the three values of ΔT from
50 to 70 mL H2O2 form an unmistakable curve, indicating a downward trend in the rate of ΔT’s increase.
65 70 75 80 85 90 950
5
10
15
20
25
30
Volume of H2O2 (mL)
T (°C) Δ
Moreover, error may also arise from the lack of data; only nine points of data were acquired,
and the right-hand best-fit line is based off of only three points. The accuracy of this experiment would
have benefited from additional trials focused on the H2O2 volumes between 60 and 80 mL.
Discussion
The calculated ratio of H2O2 to KSCN was approximately 2.22 to 1, although a number of flaws in
the experimental procedure may have produced some error in this result.
When determining the stoichiometric ratio, it was important to maintain the total volume of the
reacting solutions at a constant value because the temperature change is a result of the amount of
reactants consumed in the reaction. Varying the total volume of reacting solutions would have
introduced inconsistencies and disparities in other aspects of the reaction, such as reaction speed (since
amount of reactants affects reaction rate); keeping the total volume the same removes these variables
from consideration and ensures that the temperature change is, for the most part, a direct result of the
volume of reactants consumed.
If the reaction occurred with the absorption of heat, the graph of ΔT vs. volume of H2O2 would
be shaped like the letter ‘V’, like so:
ΔT would be a negative quantity, since the reaction would cause the mixture’s temperature to drop.
The mixture must have a sufficiently low freezing point, however, because observation would become
significantly more difficult if it cooled down to the point that it froze over; moreover, results past this
point would have a larger degree of error because the energy required to freeze would have to be
accounted for.
References
Parr. Advanced General Chemistry 115a Lab Manual, Fall 2013.
Sturtevant, J. M. “Calorimetry”. Methods Enzymol. 1972, 26, 227.