l’~~‘“( technical information a collection of monographs ...€¦ · the effects of impact...
TRANSCRIPT
![Page 1: L’~~‘“( Technical Information A Collection of Monographs ...€¦ · The Effects of Impact Opening Misalignment on the Value of the Type-S Pitot Tube Coefficient by Robert F](https://reader034.vdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022042201/5ea14d393c74112a430c8822/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
United States Environmental Protection Agency
Air
Office of Air Quality Planning and Standards Research Triangle Park NC 27711
EPA-450/2-78-042b October 1978
I
Stack Sampling GQ$\\, ~~L’~~‘“(
Technical Information A Collection of Monographs and Papers Volume II
l
![Page 2: L’~~‘“( Technical Information A Collection of Monographs ...€¦ · The Effects of Impact Opening Misalignment on the Value of the Type-S Pitot Tube Coefficient by Robert F](https://reader034.vdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022042201/5ea14d393c74112a430c8822/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
EPA-450/Z-78-042b
Stack Sampling Technical Information A Collection of Monographs and Papers
Volume II
Emission Standards and Engineering Division
US. ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY Office of Air, Noise, and Radiation
Office of Air Quality Planning and Standards Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27711
October 1978
![Page 3: L’~~‘“( Technical Information A Collection of Monographs ...€¦ · The Effects of Impact Opening Misalignment on the Value of the Type-S Pitot Tube Coefficient by Robert F](https://reader034.vdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022042201/5ea14d393c74112a430c8822/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
This report has been reviewed by the Emission Standards and Engineering Division, Office of Air Quality Planning and Standards, Office of Air, Noise and Radiation, Environmental Protection Agency, and approved for publica- tion. Mention of company or product names does not constitute endorsement by EPA. Copies are available free of charge to Federal employees, current contractors and grantees, and non-profit organizations - as supplies permit - from the Library Services Office, MD-35, Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC 27711; or may be obtained, for a fee, from the National Technical Information Service, 5285 Port Royal Road, Springfield, VA 22161.
Publication No. EPA-450/2-78-042b
ii
![Page 4: L’~~‘“( Technical Information A Collection of Monographs ...€¦ · The Effects of Impact Opening Misalignment on the Value of the Type-S Pitot Tube Coefficient by Robert F](https://reader034.vdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022042201/5ea14d393c74112a430c8822/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
PREFACE
-:
The Clean Air Act of 1970 requires the Administrator of the Environmental Protection Agency to establish national emission standards for new stationary sources (Section 111) and hazardous air pollutants (Section 112). The development of these emission standards required the concurrent development of reference test methods and procedures. The reference test methods and procedures are published in the Federal Register along with the appropriate regulations.
From time to time, questions would surface concerning the methods and procedures. In many cases, informed, objective answers.
specific studies would be needed to provide The papers and monographs resulting from these
studies were usually distributed to people involved in emission measurement; a major method of distribution has been the Source Evaluation Society Newsletter.
To provide a readily available resource for new and experienced personnel, and to further promote standardized reference methods and procedures, it has been decided to publish the papers and monographs in a single compendium. The compendium consists of four volumes. The Table of Contents for all four volumes is reproduced in each volume for ease of reference.
Congratulations and sincere appreciation to the people who did the work and took the time to prepare the papers and monographs. For the most 2i part the work was done because of personal commitments to the development of objective, standardized methodology, and a firm belief that attention to the details of stack sampling makes for good data. The foresight of Mr. Robert L. Ajax, the former Chief of the Emission Measurement Branch and now the Assistant Director, Emission Standards and Engineering Division, in providing the atmosphere and encouragement to perform the studies is gratefully-acknowledged. Tbe skill and dedication of Mr. Roger Shigehara, in providing personal supervision for most of the work, is commended.
Don R.‘Go'odwin Director
Emission Standards and Engineering Division
iii
![Page 5: L’~~‘“( Technical Information A Collection of Monographs ...€¦ · The Effects of Impact Opening Misalignment on the Value of the Type-S Pitot Tube Coefficient by Robert F](https://reader034.vdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022042201/5ea14d393c74112a430c8822/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
VOLUME I
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Method for Calculating Power Plant Emission Rate
by R. T. Shigehara, R. M. Neulicht, and I*!. S. Smith
1
Emission Correction Factor for Fossil Fuel-Fired Steam Generators (CO2 Concentration Approach)
by R. M. Neulicht
10
Derivation of Equations for Calculating Power Plant Emission Rates (02 Based Method - Wet and Dry Measurements)
by R. T. Shigehara and R. M. Neulicht
20
Summary of F Factor Methods for Determining Emissions from Combustion Sources
29
by R. T. Shigehara, R. M. Neulicht, W. S. Smith, and J. W. Peeler
Validating Orsat Analysis Data from Fossil-Fuel-Fired Units
by R. T. Shigehara, R. M. Neulicht, and W. S. Smith
44 .a_ ^ ';‘
A Guideline for Evaluating Compliance Test Results (Isokinetic Sampling Rate Criterion)
by R. T. Shigehara
56
![Page 6: L’~~‘“( Technical Information A Collection of Monographs ...€¦ · The Effects of Impact Opening Misalignment on the Value of the Type-S Pitot Tube Coefficient by Robert F](https://reader034.vdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022042201/5ea14d393c74112a430c8822/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
VOLUME II
TABLE OF CONTENTS
A Type-S Pitot Tube Calibration Study
by Robert F. Vollaro
The Effect of Aerodynamic Interference Between a Type-S Pitot Tube and Sampling Nozzle on the Value of the Pitot Tube Coefficient
by Robert F. Vollaro
The Effects of the Presence of a Probe Sheath on Type-S Pitot Tube Accuracy
by Robert F. Vollaro
An Evaluation of Single-Velocity Calibration Technique as a Means of Determining Type-S Pitot Tube Coefficients
by Robert F. Vollaro
24
30
48
Guidelines for Type-S Pitot Tube Calibration 63 z
by Robert F. Vollaro ~.
The Effects of Impact Opening Misalignment on the Value of the Type-S Pitot Tube Coefficient
by Robert F. Vollaro
89
Establishment of a Baseline Coefficient Value for Properly Constructed' Type-S Pitot Tubes
by Robert F. Vollaro
95
A Survey of Commercially Available Instrumentation for the Measurement of Low-Range Gas Velocities
by Robert F. Vollaro
104
The Use of Type-S Pitot Tubes for the Measurement of Low Velocities
by Robert F. Vollaro
122 _
vi
![Page 7: L’~~‘“( Technical Information A Collection of Monographs ...€¦ · The Effects of Impact Opening Misalignment on the Value of the Type-S Pitot Tube Coefficient by Robert F](https://reader034.vdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022042201/5ea14d393c74112a430c8822/html5/thumbnails/7.jpg)
VOLUME III
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Thermocouple Calibration Procedure Evaluation
by Kenneth Alexander
Procedure for Calibrating and Using Dry Gas Volume Meters As Calibration Standards
by P. R. Westlin and R. T. Shigehara
Dry-Gas Volume Meter Calibrations
by Martin Wortman, Robert Vollaro, and Peter Westlin
Calibration of Dry Gas Meter at Low Flow Rates
by R. T. Shigehara and W. F. Roberts
Calibration of Probe Nozzle Diameter
by P. R. Westlin and R. T. .Shigehara
Leak Tests for Flexible Bags
by F. C. Biddy and R. T. Shigehara
Adjustments in th e EPA Nomograph for Different Pitot Tube Coefficients and Dry Gas Molecular Weights
, by R. T. Shigehara
Expansion of EPA Nomograph (Memo) 60
by R. T. Shigehara
EPA Nomograph Adjustments (Memo)
by R. T. Shigehara
Graphical Technique for Setting Proportional Sampling Flow Rates
by R. T. Shigehara
1
10
24
33
41
45.;. ':
48
63
65
vii
![Page 8: L’~~‘“( Technical Information A Collection of Monographs ...€¦ · The Effects of Impact Opening Misalignment on the Value of the Type-S Pitot Tube Coefficient by Robert F](https://reader034.vdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022042201/5ea14d393c74112a430c8822/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
VOLUME IV
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Recommended Procedure for Sample Traverses in Ducts Smaller Than 12 Inches in Diameter
by Robert F. Yqllaro
Guidelines for Sampling in Tapered Stacks
by T. J. Logan and R. T. Shigehara
Considerations for Evaluating Equivalent Stack Sampling Train Metering Systems
by R. T. Shigehara
Evaluation of Metering Systems for Gas-Sampling Trains
by M. A. Wortman and R. T. Shigehara
An Evaluation of the Current EPA Method 5 Filtration Temperature-Control Procedure
by Robert F. Vollaro
Lsboratxry Evaluation of Silica Gel Collection Efficiency Under Varying Temperature and Pressure Conditions
by Peter R. Westlin and Fred C. Biddy
. Spurious Acid Mist Results Caused by Peroxides in Isopropyl Alcohol Solutions Used in EPA Test Method 8 (Memo)
by Dr. Joseph E. Knoll
Determination of Isopropanol Loss During Method 8 Simulation Tests (Memo)
by Peter R. Westlin
Comparison of Emission Results from In-Stack Filter Sampling and EPA Method 5 Sampling
by Peter R. Westlin and Robert L. Ajax
EPA Method 5 Sample Train Clean-Up Procedures
by Clyde E. Riley
1
24
28
40
49
67
79
80
82
98
viii
![Page 9: L’~~‘“( Technical Information A Collection of Monographs ...€¦ · The Effects of Impact Opening Misalignment on the Value of the Type-S Pitot Tube Coefficient by Robert F](https://reader034.vdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022042201/5ea14d393c74112a430c8822/html5/thumbnails/9.jpg)
Mnher 15, 1975
A TYPE-S PITOT TUBE CALIBRATION STUDY
Robert F. Vollaro
INTRODUCTION I
A study in which 51 Type-S pitot tubes were calibrated against a standard
(Type-P) pitot tube was recently undertaken in response to growing concern over
reports of pitot calibration work in which certain observers had obtained Type-S
pitot coefficient values consistently below the range 0.83 to 0.87.' The 51
Type-S tubes selected for calibration varied a great deal in physical condition
and geometry. Some of the tubes were commercial models, representing various
manufacturers; the rest had been made within the U. S. Environmental Protection
Agency. This paper discusses the calibration study, its results, and its signi-
ficance.
PRELIMINARY CONSIDERATIONS
The following things were done prior to calibration:
1. Each Type-S pitot tube was assigned a permanent identification number.
2. Each pitot tube was assigned an "A" side and a "B" side. Both the A
and B sides were calibrated (see Figure 1).
3. The physical condition of each Type-S pitot tube was evaluated. The
appearance of each tube was described in detail and, when necessary,
sketches were made to supplement the verbal description.
Figure 1. Type-S pitot tube, top view, with A and B sides marked.
![Page 10: L’~~‘“( Technical Information A Collection of Monographs ...€¦ · The Effects of Impact Opening Misalignment on the Value of the Type-S Pitot Tube Coefficient by Robert F](https://reader034.vdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022042201/5ea14d393c74112a430c8822/html5/thumbnails/10.jpg)
2
4. The following dimensions of each tube were measured and recorded:
a. Tube length, in inches, measured from the center of the impact
openings to the quick-disconnect fittings (Figure 2, dimension a);
b. Distance between the A-side and B-side impact openings*, expressed
in inches (Figure 2, dimension b);
Figure 2. Measurement of Type-S.pitot tube length (dimension “#at,“) and impact-plane separation distance (dimension “b“).
C. Length and width, in inches, of A-side and B-side elliptical impact
openings. Since some of the tubes were made of thin-walled stainless
steel and others of heavy-walled material, impact opening dimensions
were measured as shown in Figures 3a (thin-walled) and 3b (heavy-
walled).
Figure 3a. Measurement of Type-S pitot Figure 3b. Measurement of Type-S pitot tube impact-opening dimensions (thin- tube impact-opening dimens/&&(heavy- wailed tube). walled tube).
* Measured with a digital micrometer.
![Page 11: L’~~‘“( Technical Information A Collection of Monographs ...€¦ · The Effects of Impact Opening Misalignment on the Value of the Type-S Pitot Tube Coefficient by Robert F](https://reader034.vdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022042201/5ea14d393c74112a430c8822/html5/thumbnails/11.jpg)
3
5. The alignment of the A-side and B-side impact openings of each tube
view to determine whether its
the transverse tube axis (see
and M2 in Figure 4b, below)
was checked, as follows:
a. First, the tube was examined in end
impact planes were perpendicular to
Figure 4a). Micrometer readings (M 1 were taken to confirm the visual observations.*
I e IMPACT -A
I PLANES 1
Figure 4a. Type-S pitot tube, end ~._._ __ viiGj.itipact-opening planes per- pendicular to transverse tube axis.
Figure 4b. Micrometer readings Ml and Nl&~aken to check i%jjact-plane alignment w7G-1 respect td~ransveise axis.
b. Second, the.tube was examined in top view to determine whether its
impact planes were parallel to the longitudinal tube axis (see
Figure 5a). Micrometer readings (M, and M4 in Figure 5b) were taken .I
to confirm the visual observations.**
AmtiE PLANE
B-SIDE’ PLANE
Figure 5a. Type-5 tube, top view; impact-open- ing planes parallel to longitudinal tube axis.
Figure 5b. Micrometer readings Ma and M4, taken to check impact- plane alignment with respect to longitudinal axis.
* Note that M across the i
and M readings were taken approximately halfway lliptl al * ? impact openings (points 1 and 2, Figure 3b).
** M and M readings were taken halfway down the elliptical openings ~~~~~~sz4,",",di"a,n~~~~~e 3b) - Note that M3 and dimension b in
.
![Page 12: L’~~‘“( Technical Information A Collection of Monographs ...€¦ · The Effects of Impact Opening Misalignment on the Value of the Type-S Pitot Tube Coefficient by Robert F](https://reader034.vdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022042201/5ea14d393c74112a430c8822/html5/thumbnails/12.jpg)
4
C. Third, the tube was examined in side view (from both sides), for two
specific types of misalignment: (1) length misalignment (A and B
tubes of unequal length) and (2) planar misalignment (impact opening
center-lines noncoincident). Figures 6a, 6b, and 6c illustrate pro-
perly aligned openings, length misalignment, and planar misalignment,
respectively.
Figure 6a. Type-S pitot tube, side view; impact-openings properly aligned.
Figure 6b. Type-S pitot tube, side view, showing length misalignment (dimension “X”).
Figure 6c. Type-S pitot tube, side view; show- ing planar misalignment (dimension “‘f”).
EXPERIMENTAL SET-UP
The calibrations were done in a wind tunnel (see Figure 7) consisting of a cen-
trifugal blower with adjustable speed drive unit , a surge tank, and a long, straight
duct section made of 12 in. i.d. smooth-walled polyvinyl chloride (PVC). The pur-
pose of the surge tank was to dampen pulsations in the blower discharge; the long
straight run of pipe was necessary to ensure the presence of stable, well-developed
flow profiles in the test section. Test section velocities during calibration ranged
from approximately 1500 ft/min to 3500 ft/min; the A and B sides of each Type-S pitot
tube were calibrated at six different velocities within this range, spaced at approxi-
mately equal intervals.
![Page 13: L’~~‘“( Technical Information A Collection of Monographs ...€¦ · The Effects of Impact Opening Misalignment on the Value of the Type-S Pitot Tube Coefficient by Robert F](https://reader034.vdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022042201/5ea14d393c74112a430c8822/html5/thumbnails/13.jpg)
-FLOW __)L ‘f;;; VARIABlESPEED
Figure 7. Pitot tube calibration system.
Two test ports were cut in the test section of the PVC duct, 90" apart.*
One port was cut slightly upstream of the other, to ensure that the impact open-
ings of both the standard pitot tube and the Type-S tube would be in the same plane
during calibration (see Figure 8). To minimize misalignment of the pitot tubes
with respect to the flow (yaw and pitch angles), the tubes were not hand-held;
instead, special holders, properly aligned with the ductwork, were used.
* Figure 7, for illustrative purposes only, shows the ports 180" apart.
![Page 14: L’~~‘“( Technical Information A Collection of Monographs ...€¦ · The Effects of Impact Opening Misalignment on the Value of the Type-S Pitot Tube Coefficient by Robert F](https://reader034.vdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022042201/5ea14d393c74112a430c8822/html5/thumbnails/14.jpg)
6
STANDARD PITOT TUBE
-Flown
Figure 8. Experimental se$-up.
An inclined-vertical gage-oil manometer (Dryer Model 421-10) was used to
read all AP values. The inclined part of the manometer scale had a range of
0 to 1.0 in. of water, graduated in divisions of 0.01 in. H20. All of the cali-
bration data were within this 0 to 1 in. range; AP readings falling in between
two divisions were read to the nearest 0.005 in. H20, as shown in Figure 9.
The "Experimental Error Considerations" section of the Appendix discusses the
![Page 15: L’~~‘“( Technical Information A Collection of Monographs ...€¦ · The Effects of Impact Opening Misalignment on the Value of the Type-S Pitot Tube Coefficient by Robert F](https://reader034.vdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022042201/5ea14d393c74112a430c8822/html5/thumbnails/15.jpg)
7
0.298 in. 0.303 in. 0.308 in. 0.313 in.
I
I I I I 0.300 in. I
! 1 ,
0.310 in. I
I I I I I I I I
”
I I I READ -+- READ -& READ-d
AS 0.300 in.
1 AS 0.305 in. 1
AS 1 0.310 in.
Figure 9. Reading of pP to the nearest 0.005 in. H20.
implications of reading AP this way.
For convenience, the Tygon lines from both the Type-S and standard pitot
tubes were connected to a pair of panel-mounted Z-way valves, which, in turn,
were connected to the manometer. By opening these valves to the correct posi-
tion, either APT or ~~~~~ could be read without disconnecting any pitot lines.
The calibration standard used in these tests was a Prandtl-type pitot tube,
meeting certain design criteria that ensure its coefficient to be 0.99 + 0.01
(for velocities above 600 ft/min). 2,4
CALIBRATION PROCEDURES
The following procedures were used to perform the A and 6 side calibrations
of each Type-S pitot tube:
a. The manometer was cleaned, filled, leveled, and zeroed. All pitot
lines and fittings were leak-checked.
b. The standard pitot tube was inserted into the duct, with its im-
pact opening at the duct center.
C. The valves were opened to the AP,~~ position.
![Page 16: L’~~‘“( Technical Information A Collection of Monographs ...€¦ · The Effects of Impact Opening Misalignment on the Value of the Type-S Pitot Tube Coefficient by Robert F](https://reader034.vdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022042201/5ea14d393c74112a430c8822/html5/thumbnails/16.jpg)
d.
e.
f.
g*
h.
i.
j.
k.
Steps d
8
The fan was turned on to setting #l; the flow was allowed to
stablilize.
The value of ~~~~~ was read and recorded.
The standard pitot tube was withdrawn from the duct.
The Type-S pitot tube was inserted into the duct, with its im-
pact opening at the duct center.
The valves were positioned to read aPs.
The value of hPs was read and recorded.
The Type-S pitot tube was withdrawn from the duct.
The standard pitot tube was reinserted into the duct; the valves
were re-positioned to read APHID.
through k above were repeated at fan settings #2 through #6.
CALCULATIONS
The following formula was used to determine the coefficients of the Type-S
pitot tubes:
J &P Cp = Cp (Standard) fl
S (Equation 1)
where:
Cp = Type-S pitot tube coefficient
Cp(Standard) = coefficient of standard pitot tube = 0.99
AP std = standard pitot tube reading (in. H20)
ApS = Type-S pitot tube reading (in. H20)
![Page 17: L’~~‘“( Technical Information A Collection of Monographs ...€¦ · The Effects of Impact Opening Misalignment on the Value of the Type-S Pitot Tube Coefficient by Robert F](https://reader034.vdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022042201/5ea14d393c74112a430c8822/html5/thumbnails/17.jpg)
9
For each calibration (A or B side), six values of Cp were computed using
the above formula, i.e., one at each fan setting. From these six Cp values, an
average coefficient was determined, as follows:
6 c c 1p cp (A or B side) = 6 (Equation 2)
$JMMARY OF RESULTS
A. Preliminary Considerations - The results of the preliminary examinations
and measurements of the 51 Type-S pitot tubes are presented in Table I (see Appendix).
From Table I, it is evident that there was considerable dimensional variation among
the tubes; for example, their lengths varied from 29 in. to 113 in., their impact
plane separation distances (Figure 2, dimension b) ranged from 0.679 in. to 1.079 in.,
and their impact opening sizes ranged from 0.43 in. to 0.59 in. in length and from
0.26 in. to 0.39 in. in width. Table I also shows that 39 of the 51 tubes had seen
at least some field use; 22 of 51 had been used extensively. Finally,Table I shows
that nearly all of the tubes were imperfect geometrically. The four most frequently
observed types of geometric misalignment were as follows:
1. Minor impact-plane misa'lignemnt (one or both planes) with respect
to the transverse tube axis (88 percent of the tubes).
2. Minor impact-plane misalignment (one or both planes) with respect
to the longitudinal tube axis (61 percent of the tubes).
3. Length misalignment (16 percent of the tubes).
4. Planar misalignment (16 percent of the tubes).
Sixty-seven percent of the tubes exhibited two or more of the above types of misalign-
, ment.
![Page 18: L’~~‘“( Technical Information A Collection of Monographs ...€¦ · The Effects of Impact Opening Misalignment on the Value of the Type-S Pitot Tube Coefficient by Robert F](https://reader034.vdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022042201/5ea14d393c74112a430c8822/html5/thumbnails/18.jpg)
10
B. Calibrations - The results of the calibrations are also presented in
Table I. One hundred-two values of cp were obtained (i.e., 51 A-side and 51 B-
side coefficients), ranging from 0.805 to 0.880, with a mean value of 0.848 and
an average deviation of 0.008 (see "Statistical Considerations" section in the
Appendix). Ninety-four of the 102 coefficients (92 percent) fell within the
range 0.83 to 0.87, which is cited in the literature as "normal" for the Type-S
instrument. 3 The average A-to-B-side coefficient difference was 0.005, and 46
of 51 tubes (90 percent) had an A-to-B-side difference of 0.010 or less.
CONCLUSIONS
A recent study in which 51 isolated (i.e., not attached to sample probes)
Type-S pitot tubes were calibrated against a standard pitot tube has demonstrated
the following:
1. It is highly probable that a given Type-S pitot tube will have A-side and
B-side coefficients within the range 0.83 to 0.87 and an A-to-B-side coef-
ficient difference of 0.010 or less. Therefore, in reference to the pre-
viously mentioned studies in which Cp values consistently below the range
0.83 to 0.87 were obtained (see Introduction), it appears unlikely that
the pitot tubes themselves were responsible for the low coefficient values;
other factors were probably involved. It has recently been learned that
when a Type-S pitot tube is used in the presence of a sampling nozzle,
there must be adequate separation distance between the tube and nozzle, or
they will interfere aerodynamically, causing a reduction in the value of C . P
In the studies reporting low coefficients, calibration was done in the
presence of a nozzle; hence, aerodynamic interference is a possible explana-
tion for the consistent departure of the Cp values from the 0.83 to 0.87 range.
![Page 19: L’~~‘“( Technical Information A Collection of Monographs ...€¦ · The Effects of Impact Opening Misalignment on the Value of the Type-S Pitot Tube Coefficient by Robert F](https://reader034.vdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022042201/5ea14d393c74112a430c8822/html5/thumbnails/19.jpg)
9
For each calibration (A or B side), six values of Cp were computed using
the above formula, i.e., one at each fan setting. From these six Cp values, an
average coefficient was determined, as follows:
b c c 1p Cp (A or B side) = --6- (Equation 2)
SUMMARY OF RESULTS
A. Preliminary Considerations - The results of the preliminary examinations
and measurements of the 51 Type-S pitot tubes are presented in Table I (see Appendix).
From Table I, it is evident that there was considerable dimensional variation among
the tubes; for example, their lengths varied from 29 in. to 113 in., their impact
plane separation distances (Figure 2, dimension b) ranged from 0.679 in. to 1.079 in.,
and their impact opening sizes ranged from 0.43 in. to 0.59 in. in length and from
0.26 in. to 0.39 in. in width. Table I also shows that 39 of the 51 tubes had seen
at least some field use; 22 of 51 had been used extensively. Finally,Table I shows
that nearly all of the tubes were imperfect geometrically. The four most frequently
observed types of geometric misalignment were as follows:
1. Minor impact-plane misalignemnt (one.or both planes) with respect
to the transverse tube axis (88 percent of the tubes).
2. Minor impact-plane misalignment (one or both planes) with respect
to the longitudinal tube axis (61 percent of the tubes).
3. Length misalignment (16 percent of the tubes).
4. Planar misalignment (16 percent of the tubes).
Sixty-seven percent of the tubes exhibited two or more of the above types of misalign-
ment.
![Page 20: L’~~‘“( Technical Information A Collection of Monographs ...€¦ · The Effects of Impact Opening Misalignment on the Value of the Type-S Pitot Tube Coefficient by Robert F](https://reader034.vdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022042201/5ea14d393c74112a430c8822/html5/thumbnails/20.jpg)
10
B. Calibrations - The results of the calibrations are also presented in
Table I. One hundred-two values of cp were obtained (i.e., 51 A-side and 51 B-
side coefficients), ranging from 0.805 to 0.880, with a mean value of 0.848 and
an average deviation of 0.008 (see "Statistical Considerations" section in the
Appendix). Ninety-four of the 102 coefficients (92 percent) fell within the
range 0.83 to 0.87, which is cited in the literature as "normal" for the Type-S
instrument. 3 The average A-to-B-side coefficient difference was 0.005, and 46
of 51 tubes (90 percent) had an A-to-B-side difference of 0.010 or less.
CONCLUSIONS
A recent study in which 51 isolated (i.e., not attached to sample probes)
Type-S pitot tubes were calibrated against a standard pitot tube has demonstrated
the following:
1. It is highly probable that a given Type-S pitot tube will have A-side and
B-side coefficients within the range 0.83 to 0.87 and an A-to-B-side coef-
ficient difference of 0.010 or less. Therefore, in reference to the pre-
viously mentioned studies in which Cp values consistently below the range
0.83 to 0.87 were obtained (see Introduction), it appears unlikely that
the pitot tubes themselves were responsible for the low coefficient values;
other factors were probably involved. It has recently been learned that
when a Type-S pitot tube is used in the presence of a sampling nozzle,
there must be adequate separation distance between the tube and nozzle, or
they will interfere aerodynamically, causing a reduction in the value of C P
.
In the studies reporting low coefficients, calibration was done in the
presence of a nozzle; hence, aerodynamic interference is a possible explana-
tion for the consistent departure of the Cp values from the 0.83 to 0.87 range.
![Page 21: L’~~‘“( Technical Information A Collection of Monographs ...€¦ · The Effects of Impact Opening Misalignment on the Value of the Type-S Pitot Tube Coefficient by Robert F](https://reader034.vdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022042201/5ea14d393c74112a430c8822/html5/thumbnails/21.jpg)
11
2. Generally speaking, the value of the Type-S pitot tube coefficient
(Cp) seems to be relatively unaffected by the following: (a) variations
in tube dimensions (length, impact opening size, etc.), (b) various types
of minor imperfections in tube geometry, and (c) deterioration in the
physical condition of the tube, resulting from field use. It is not
readily apparent, however, why 8 percent of the tubes calibrated in this
study had coefficients outside the range 0.83 to 0.87, or why 10 percent
of them had A-to-B-side coefficient differences greater than 0.010. Im-
pact-opening misalignment may have been a factor, but this cannot be as-
certained without further study. Therefore, although it is likely that
the coefficient of a given Type-S pitot tube will be between 0.83 and
0.87 and that its A-to-B-side coefficient differe will be 0.010 or
less, these points are by no means certain and should not be assumed with-
out calibration.
REFERENCES
1. tierrick, R..General Environments Corporation. Springfield, Virginia.
(Unpublished data). 1973.
2. Fluid Meters, Their Theory and Application. Published by the American
Socity of Mechanical Engineers. 5th Edition. New York, 1959.
3. Smith, W. S., W. F. Todd, and R. T. Shigehara. Significance of Errors
in Stack Sampling Measurements. Presented at the Annual Meeting of APCA.
St. Louis, Missouri. June 14-19, 1970.
4. Perry, Robert H., Cecil H. Chilton, and Sidney D. Kirkpatrick. (editors).
Chemical Engineers' Handbook. Fourth Edition. McGraw-Hill Book Company.
New York, 1963.
![Page 22: L’~~‘“( Technical Information A Collection of Monographs ...€¦ · The Effects of Impact Opening Misalignment on the Value of the Type-S Pitot Tube Coefficient by Robert F](https://reader034.vdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022042201/5ea14d393c74112a430c8822/html5/thumbnails/22.jpg)
![Page 23: L’~~‘“( Technical Information A Collection of Monographs ...€¦ · The Effects of Impact Opening Misalignment on the Value of the Type-S Pitot Tube Coefficient by Robert F](https://reader034.vdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022042201/5ea14d393c74112a430c8822/html5/thumbnails/23.jpg)
![Page 24: L’~~‘“( Technical Information A Collection of Monographs ...€¦ · The Effects of Impact Opening Misalignment on the Value of the Type-S Pitot Tube Coefficient by Robert F](https://reader034.vdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022042201/5ea14d393c74112a430c8822/html5/thumbnails/24.jpg)
![Page 25: L’~~‘“( Technical Information A Collection of Monographs ...€¦ · The Effects of Impact Opening Misalignment on the Value of the Type-S Pitot Tube Coefficient by Robert F](https://reader034.vdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022042201/5ea14d393c74112a430c8822/html5/thumbnails/25.jpg)
![Page 26: L’~~‘“( Technical Information A Collection of Monographs ...€¦ · The Effects of Impact Opening Misalignment on the Value of the Type-S Pitot Tube Coefficient by Robert F](https://reader034.vdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022042201/5ea14d393c74112a430c8822/html5/thumbnails/26.jpg)
![Page 27: L’~~‘“( Technical Information A Collection of Monographs ...€¦ · The Effects of Impact Opening Misalignment on the Value of the Type-S Pitot Tube Coefficient by Robert F](https://reader034.vdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022042201/5ea14d393c74112a430c8822/html5/thumbnails/27.jpg)
![Page 28: L’~~‘“( Technical Information A Collection of Monographs ...€¦ · The Effects of Impact Opening Misalignment on the Value of the Type-S Pitot Tube Coefficient by Robert F](https://reader034.vdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022042201/5ea14d393c74112a430c8822/html5/thumbnails/28.jpg)
![Page 29: L’~~‘“( Technical Information A Collection of Monographs ...€¦ · The Effects of Impact Opening Misalignment on the Value of the Type-S Pitot Tube Coefficient by Robert F](https://reader034.vdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022042201/5ea14d393c74112a430c8822/html5/thumbnails/29.jpg)
![Page 30: L’~~‘“( Technical Information A Collection of Monographs ...€¦ · The Effects of Impact Opening Misalignment on the Value of the Type-S Pitot Tube Coefficient by Robert F](https://reader034.vdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022042201/5ea14d393c74112a430c8822/html5/thumbnails/30.jpg)
![Page 31: L’~~‘“( Technical Information A Collection of Monographs ...€¦ · The Effects of Impact Opening Misalignment on the Value of the Type-S Pitot Tube Coefficient by Robert F](https://reader034.vdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022042201/5ea14d393c74112a430c8822/html5/thumbnails/31.jpg)
![Page 32: L’~~‘“( Technical Information A Collection of Monographs ...€¦ · The Effects of Impact Opening Misalignment on the Value of the Type-S Pitot Tube Coefficient by Robert F](https://reader034.vdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022042201/5ea14d393c74112a430c8822/html5/thumbnails/32.jpg)
![Page 33: L’~~‘“( Technical Information A Collection of Monographs ...€¦ · The Effects of Impact Opening Misalignment on the Value of the Type-S Pitot Tube Coefficient by Robert F](https://reader034.vdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022042201/5ea14d393c74112a430c8822/html5/thumbnails/33.jpg)
![Page 34: L’~~‘“( Technical Information A Collection of Monographs ...€¦ · The Effects of Impact Opening Misalignment on the Value of the Type-S Pitot Tube Coefficient by Robert F](https://reader034.vdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022042201/5ea14d393c74112a430c8822/html5/thumbnails/34.jpg)
![Page 35: L’~~‘“( Technical Information A Collection of Monographs ...€¦ · The Effects of Impact Opening Misalignment on the Value of the Type-S Pitot Tube Coefficient by Robert F](https://reader034.vdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022042201/5ea14d393c74112a430c8822/html5/thumbnails/35.jpg)
![Page 36: L’~~‘“( Technical Information A Collection of Monographs ...€¦ · The Effects of Impact Opening Misalignment on the Value of the Type-S Pitot Tube Coefficient by Robert F](https://reader034.vdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022042201/5ea14d393c74112a430c8822/html5/thumbnails/36.jpg)
![Page 37: L’~~‘“( Technical Information A Collection of Monographs ...€¦ · The Effects of Impact Opening Misalignment on the Value of the Type-S Pitot Tube Coefficient by Robert F](https://reader034.vdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022042201/5ea14d393c74112a430c8822/html5/thumbnails/37.jpg)
![Page 38: L’~~‘“( Technical Information A Collection of Monographs ...€¦ · The Effects of Impact Opening Misalignment on the Value of the Type-S Pitot Tube Coefficient by Robert F](https://reader034.vdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022042201/5ea14d393c74112a430c8822/html5/thumbnails/38.jpg)
![Page 39: L’~~‘“( Technical Information A Collection of Monographs ...€¦ · The Effects of Impact Opening Misalignment on the Value of the Type-S Pitot Tube Coefficient by Robert F](https://reader034.vdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022042201/5ea14d393c74112a430c8822/html5/thumbnails/39.jpg)
![Page 40: L’~~‘“( Technical Information A Collection of Monographs ...€¦ · The Effects of Impact Opening Misalignment on the Value of the Type-S Pitot Tube Coefficient by Robert F](https://reader034.vdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022042201/5ea14d393c74112a430c8822/html5/thumbnails/40.jpg)
![Page 41: L’~~‘“( Technical Information A Collection of Monographs ...€¦ · The Effects of Impact Opening Misalignment on the Value of the Type-S Pitot Tube Coefficient by Robert F](https://reader034.vdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022042201/5ea14d393c74112a430c8822/html5/thumbnails/41.jpg)
![Page 42: L’~~‘“( Technical Information A Collection of Monographs ...€¦ · The Effects of Impact Opening Misalignment on the Value of the Type-S Pitot Tube Coefficient by Robert F](https://reader034.vdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022042201/5ea14d393c74112a430c8822/html5/thumbnails/42.jpg)
![Page 43: L’~~‘“( Technical Information A Collection of Monographs ...€¦ · The Effects of Impact Opening Misalignment on the Value of the Type-S Pitot Tube Coefficient by Robert F](https://reader034.vdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022042201/5ea14d393c74112a430c8822/html5/thumbnails/43.jpg)
![Page 44: L’~~‘“( Technical Information A Collection of Monographs ...€¦ · The Effects of Impact Opening Misalignment on the Value of the Type-S Pitot Tube Coefficient by Robert F](https://reader034.vdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022042201/5ea14d393c74112a430c8822/html5/thumbnails/44.jpg)
![Page 45: L’~~‘“( Technical Information A Collection of Monographs ...€¦ · The Effects of Impact Opening Misalignment on the Value of the Type-S Pitot Tube Coefficient by Robert F](https://reader034.vdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022042201/5ea14d393c74112a430c8822/html5/thumbnails/45.jpg)
![Page 46: L’~~‘“( Technical Information A Collection of Monographs ...€¦ · The Effects of Impact Opening Misalignment on the Value of the Type-S Pitot Tube Coefficient by Robert F](https://reader034.vdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022042201/5ea14d393c74112a430c8822/html5/thumbnails/46.jpg)
![Page 47: L’~~‘“( Technical Information A Collection of Monographs ...€¦ · The Effects of Impact Opening Misalignment on the Value of the Type-S Pitot Tube Coefficient by Robert F](https://reader034.vdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022042201/5ea14d393c74112a430c8822/html5/thumbnails/47.jpg)
![Page 48: L’~~‘“( Technical Information A Collection of Monographs ...€¦ · The Effects of Impact Opening Misalignment on the Value of the Type-S Pitot Tube Coefficient by Robert F](https://reader034.vdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022042201/5ea14d393c74112a430c8822/html5/thumbnails/48.jpg)
![Page 49: L’~~‘“( Technical Information A Collection of Monographs ...€¦ · The Effects of Impact Opening Misalignment on the Value of the Type-S Pitot Tube Coefficient by Robert F](https://reader034.vdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022042201/5ea14d393c74112a430c8822/html5/thumbnails/49.jpg)
![Page 50: L’~~‘“( Technical Information A Collection of Monographs ...€¦ · The Effects of Impact Opening Misalignment on the Value of the Type-S Pitot Tube Coefficient by Robert F](https://reader034.vdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022042201/5ea14d393c74112a430c8822/html5/thumbnails/50.jpg)
![Page 51: L’~~‘“( Technical Information A Collection of Monographs ...€¦ · The Effects of Impact Opening Misalignment on the Value of the Type-S Pitot Tube Coefficient by Robert F](https://reader034.vdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022042201/5ea14d393c74112a430c8822/html5/thumbnails/51.jpg)
![Page 52: L’~~‘“( Technical Information A Collection of Monographs ...€¦ · The Effects of Impact Opening Misalignment on the Value of the Type-S Pitot Tube Coefficient by Robert F](https://reader034.vdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022042201/5ea14d393c74112a430c8822/html5/thumbnails/52.jpg)
![Page 53: L’~~‘“( Technical Information A Collection of Monographs ...€¦ · The Effects of Impact Opening Misalignment on the Value of the Type-S Pitot Tube Coefficient by Robert F](https://reader034.vdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022042201/5ea14d393c74112a430c8822/html5/thumbnails/53.jpg)
![Page 54: L’~~‘“( Technical Information A Collection of Monographs ...€¦ · The Effects of Impact Opening Misalignment on the Value of the Type-S Pitot Tube Coefficient by Robert F](https://reader034.vdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022042201/5ea14d393c74112a430c8822/html5/thumbnails/54.jpg)
![Page 55: L’~~‘“( Technical Information A Collection of Monographs ...€¦ · The Effects of Impact Opening Misalignment on the Value of the Type-S Pitot Tube Coefficient by Robert F](https://reader034.vdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022042201/5ea14d393c74112a430c8822/html5/thumbnails/55.jpg)
![Page 56: L’~~‘“( Technical Information A Collection of Monographs ...€¦ · The Effects of Impact Opening Misalignment on the Value of the Type-S Pitot Tube Coefficient by Robert F](https://reader034.vdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022042201/5ea14d393c74112a430c8822/html5/thumbnails/56.jpg)
![Page 57: L’~~‘“( Technical Information A Collection of Monographs ...€¦ · The Effects of Impact Opening Misalignment on the Value of the Type-S Pitot Tube Coefficient by Robert F](https://reader034.vdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022042201/5ea14d393c74112a430c8822/html5/thumbnails/57.jpg)
![Page 58: L’~~‘“( Technical Information A Collection of Monographs ...€¦ · The Effects of Impact Opening Misalignment on the Value of the Type-S Pitot Tube Coefficient by Robert F](https://reader034.vdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022042201/5ea14d393c74112a430c8822/html5/thumbnails/58.jpg)
![Page 59: L’~~‘“( Technical Information A Collection of Monographs ...€¦ · The Effects of Impact Opening Misalignment on the Value of the Type-S Pitot Tube Coefficient by Robert F](https://reader034.vdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022042201/5ea14d393c74112a430c8822/html5/thumbnails/59.jpg)
![Page 60: L’~~‘“( Technical Information A Collection of Monographs ...€¦ · The Effects of Impact Opening Misalignment on the Value of the Type-S Pitot Tube Coefficient by Robert F](https://reader034.vdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022042201/5ea14d393c74112a430c8822/html5/thumbnails/60.jpg)
![Page 61: L’~~‘“( Technical Information A Collection of Monographs ...€¦ · The Effects of Impact Opening Misalignment on the Value of the Type-S Pitot Tube Coefficient by Robert F](https://reader034.vdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022042201/5ea14d393c74112a430c8822/html5/thumbnails/61.jpg)
![Page 62: L’~~‘“( Technical Information A Collection of Monographs ...€¦ · The Effects of Impact Opening Misalignment on the Value of the Type-S Pitot Tube Coefficient by Robert F](https://reader034.vdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022042201/5ea14d393c74112a430c8822/html5/thumbnails/62.jpg)
![Page 63: L’~~‘“( Technical Information A Collection of Monographs ...€¦ · The Effects of Impact Opening Misalignment on the Value of the Type-S Pitot Tube Coefficient by Robert F](https://reader034.vdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022042201/5ea14d393c74112a430c8822/html5/thumbnails/63.jpg)
![Page 64: L’~~‘“( Technical Information A Collection of Monographs ...€¦ · The Effects of Impact Opening Misalignment on the Value of the Type-S Pitot Tube Coefficient by Robert F](https://reader034.vdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022042201/5ea14d393c74112a430c8822/html5/thumbnails/64.jpg)
![Page 65: L’~~‘“( Technical Information A Collection of Monographs ...€¦ · The Effects of Impact Opening Misalignment on the Value of the Type-S Pitot Tube Coefficient by Robert F](https://reader034.vdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022042201/5ea14d393c74112a430c8822/html5/thumbnails/65.jpg)
![Page 66: L’~~‘“( Technical Information A Collection of Monographs ...€¦ · The Effects of Impact Opening Misalignment on the Value of the Type-S Pitot Tube Coefficient by Robert F](https://reader034.vdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022042201/5ea14d393c74112a430c8822/html5/thumbnails/66.jpg)
![Page 67: L’~~‘“( Technical Information A Collection of Monographs ...€¦ · The Effects of Impact Opening Misalignment on the Value of the Type-S Pitot Tube Coefficient by Robert F](https://reader034.vdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022042201/5ea14d393c74112a430c8822/html5/thumbnails/67.jpg)
![Page 68: L’~~‘“( Technical Information A Collection of Monographs ...€¦ · The Effects of Impact Opening Misalignment on the Value of the Type-S Pitot Tube Coefficient by Robert F](https://reader034.vdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022042201/5ea14d393c74112a430c8822/html5/thumbnails/68.jpg)
![Page 69: L’~~‘“( Technical Information A Collection of Monographs ...€¦ · The Effects of Impact Opening Misalignment on the Value of the Type-S Pitot Tube Coefficient by Robert F](https://reader034.vdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022042201/5ea14d393c74112a430c8822/html5/thumbnails/69.jpg)
![Page 70: L’~~‘“( Technical Information A Collection of Monographs ...€¦ · The Effects of Impact Opening Misalignment on the Value of the Type-S Pitot Tube Coefficient by Robert F](https://reader034.vdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022042201/5ea14d393c74112a430c8822/html5/thumbnails/70.jpg)
![Page 71: L’~~‘“( Technical Information A Collection of Monographs ...€¦ · The Effects of Impact Opening Misalignment on the Value of the Type-S Pitot Tube Coefficient by Robert F](https://reader034.vdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022042201/5ea14d393c74112a430c8822/html5/thumbnails/71.jpg)
![Page 72: L’~~‘“( Technical Information A Collection of Monographs ...€¦ · The Effects of Impact Opening Misalignment on the Value of the Type-S Pitot Tube Coefficient by Robert F](https://reader034.vdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022042201/5ea14d393c74112a430c8822/html5/thumbnails/72.jpg)
![Page 73: L’~~‘“( Technical Information A Collection of Monographs ...€¦ · The Effects of Impact Opening Misalignment on the Value of the Type-S Pitot Tube Coefficient by Robert F](https://reader034.vdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022042201/5ea14d393c74112a430c8822/html5/thumbnails/73.jpg)
![Page 74: L’~~‘“( Technical Information A Collection of Monographs ...€¦ · The Effects of Impact Opening Misalignment on the Value of the Type-S Pitot Tube Coefficient by Robert F](https://reader034.vdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022042201/5ea14d393c74112a430c8822/html5/thumbnails/74.jpg)
![Page 75: L’~~‘“( Technical Information A Collection of Monographs ...€¦ · The Effects of Impact Opening Misalignment on the Value of the Type-S Pitot Tube Coefficient by Robert F](https://reader034.vdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022042201/5ea14d393c74112a430c8822/html5/thumbnails/75.jpg)
![Page 76: L’~~‘“( Technical Information A Collection of Monographs ...€¦ · The Effects of Impact Opening Misalignment on the Value of the Type-S Pitot Tube Coefficient by Robert F](https://reader034.vdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022042201/5ea14d393c74112a430c8822/html5/thumbnails/76.jpg)
![Page 77: L’~~‘“( Technical Information A Collection of Monographs ...€¦ · The Effects of Impact Opening Misalignment on the Value of the Type-S Pitot Tube Coefficient by Robert F](https://reader034.vdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022042201/5ea14d393c74112a430c8822/html5/thumbnails/77.jpg)
![Page 78: L’~~‘“( Technical Information A Collection of Monographs ...€¦ · The Effects of Impact Opening Misalignment on the Value of the Type-S Pitot Tube Coefficient by Robert F](https://reader034.vdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022042201/5ea14d393c74112a430c8822/html5/thumbnails/78.jpg)
![Page 79: L’~~‘“( Technical Information A Collection of Monographs ...€¦ · The Effects of Impact Opening Misalignment on the Value of the Type-S Pitot Tube Coefficient by Robert F](https://reader034.vdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022042201/5ea14d393c74112a430c8822/html5/thumbnails/79.jpg)
![Page 80: L’~~‘“( Technical Information A Collection of Monographs ...€¦ · The Effects of Impact Opening Misalignment on the Value of the Type-S Pitot Tube Coefficient by Robert F](https://reader034.vdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022042201/5ea14d393c74112a430c8822/html5/thumbnails/80.jpg)
![Page 81: L’~~‘“( Technical Information A Collection of Monographs ...€¦ · The Effects of Impact Opening Misalignment on the Value of the Type-S Pitot Tube Coefficient by Robert F](https://reader034.vdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022042201/5ea14d393c74112a430c8822/html5/thumbnails/81.jpg)
![Page 82: L’~~‘“( Technical Information A Collection of Monographs ...€¦ · The Effects of Impact Opening Misalignment on the Value of the Type-S Pitot Tube Coefficient by Robert F](https://reader034.vdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022042201/5ea14d393c74112a430c8822/html5/thumbnails/82.jpg)
![Page 83: L’~~‘“( Technical Information A Collection of Monographs ...€¦ · The Effects of Impact Opening Misalignment on the Value of the Type-S Pitot Tube Coefficient by Robert F](https://reader034.vdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022042201/5ea14d393c74112a430c8822/html5/thumbnails/83.jpg)
![Page 84: L’~~‘“( Technical Information A Collection of Monographs ...€¦ · The Effects of Impact Opening Misalignment on the Value of the Type-S Pitot Tube Coefficient by Robert F](https://reader034.vdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022042201/5ea14d393c74112a430c8822/html5/thumbnails/84.jpg)
![Page 85: L’~~‘“( Technical Information A Collection of Monographs ...€¦ · The Effects of Impact Opening Misalignment on the Value of the Type-S Pitot Tube Coefficient by Robert F](https://reader034.vdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022042201/5ea14d393c74112a430c8822/html5/thumbnails/85.jpg)
![Page 86: L’~~‘“( Technical Information A Collection of Monographs ...€¦ · The Effects of Impact Opening Misalignment on the Value of the Type-S Pitot Tube Coefficient by Robert F](https://reader034.vdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022042201/5ea14d393c74112a430c8822/html5/thumbnails/86.jpg)
![Page 87: L’~~‘“( Technical Information A Collection of Monographs ...€¦ · The Effects of Impact Opening Misalignment on the Value of the Type-S Pitot Tube Coefficient by Robert F](https://reader034.vdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022042201/5ea14d393c74112a430c8822/html5/thumbnails/87.jpg)
![Page 88: L’~~‘“( Technical Information A Collection of Monographs ...€¦ · The Effects of Impact Opening Misalignment on the Value of the Type-S Pitot Tube Coefficient by Robert F](https://reader034.vdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022042201/5ea14d393c74112a430c8822/html5/thumbnails/88.jpg)
![Page 89: L’~~‘“( Technical Information A Collection of Monographs ...€¦ · The Effects of Impact Opening Misalignment on the Value of the Type-S Pitot Tube Coefficient by Robert F](https://reader034.vdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022042201/5ea14d393c74112a430c8822/html5/thumbnails/89.jpg)
![Page 90: L’~~‘“( Technical Information A Collection of Monographs ...€¦ · The Effects of Impact Opening Misalignment on the Value of the Type-S Pitot Tube Coefficient by Robert F](https://reader034.vdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022042201/5ea14d393c74112a430c8822/html5/thumbnails/90.jpg)
![Page 91: L’~~‘“( Technical Information A Collection of Monographs ...€¦ · The Effects of Impact Opening Misalignment on the Value of the Type-S Pitot Tube Coefficient by Robert F](https://reader034.vdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022042201/5ea14d393c74112a430c8822/html5/thumbnails/91.jpg)
![Page 92: L’~~‘“( Technical Information A Collection of Monographs ...€¦ · The Effects of Impact Opening Misalignment on the Value of the Type-S Pitot Tube Coefficient by Robert F](https://reader034.vdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022042201/5ea14d393c74112a430c8822/html5/thumbnails/92.jpg)
![Page 93: L’~~‘“( Technical Information A Collection of Monographs ...€¦ · The Effects of Impact Opening Misalignment on the Value of the Type-S Pitot Tube Coefficient by Robert F](https://reader034.vdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022042201/5ea14d393c74112a430c8822/html5/thumbnails/93.jpg)
![Page 94: L’~~‘“( Technical Information A Collection of Monographs ...€¦ · The Effects of Impact Opening Misalignment on the Value of the Type-S Pitot Tube Coefficient by Robert F](https://reader034.vdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022042201/5ea14d393c74112a430c8822/html5/thumbnails/94.jpg)
![Page 95: L’~~‘“( Technical Information A Collection of Monographs ...€¦ · The Effects of Impact Opening Misalignment on the Value of the Type-S Pitot Tube Coefficient by Robert F](https://reader034.vdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022042201/5ea14d393c74112a430c8822/html5/thumbnails/95.jpg)
![Page 96: L’~~‘“( Technical Information A Collection of Monographs ...€¦ · The Effects of Impact Opening Misalignment on the Value of the Type-S Pitot Tube Coefficient by Robert F](https://reader034.vdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022042201/5ea14d393c74112a430c8822/html5/thumbnails/96.jpg)
![Page 97: L’~~‘“( Technical Information A Collection of Monographs ...€¦ · The Effects of Impact Opening Misalignment on the Value of the Type-S Pitot Tube Coefficient by Robert F](https://reader034.vdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022042201/5ea14d393c74112a430c8822/html5/thumbnails/97.jpg)
![Page 98: L’~~‘“( Technical Information A Collection of Monographs ...€¦ · The Effects of Impact Opening Misalignment on the Value of the Type-S Pitot Tube Coefficient by Robert F](https://reader034.vdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022042201/5ea14d393c74112a430c8822/html5/thumbnails/98.jpg)
![Page 99: L’~~‘“( Technical Information A Collection of Monographs ...€¦ · The Effects of Impact Opening Misalignment on the Value of the Type-S Pitot Tube Coefficient by Robert F](https://reader034.vdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022042201/5ea14d393c74112a430c8822/html5/thumbnails/99.jpg)
![Page 100: L’~~‘“( Technical Information A Collection of Monographs ...€¦ · The Effects of Impact Opening Misalignment on the Value of the Type-S Pitot Tube Coefficient by Robert F](https://reader034.vdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022042201/5ea14d393c74112a430c8822/html5/thumbnails/100.jpg)
![Page 101: L’~~‘“( Technical Information A Collection of Monographs ...€¦ · The Effects of Impact Opening Misalignment on the Value of the Type-S Pitot Tube Coefficient by Robert F](https://reader034.vdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022042201/5ea14d393c74112a430c8822/html5/thumbnails/101.jpg)
![Page 102: L’~~‘“( Technical Information A Collection of Monographs ...€¦ · The Effects of Impact Opening Misalignment on the Value of the Type-S Pitot Tube Coefficient by Robert F](https://reader034.vdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022042201/5ea14d393c74112a430c8822/html5/thumbnails/102.jpg)
![Page 103: L’~~‘“( Technical Information A Collection of Monographs ...€¦ · The Effects of Impact Opening Misalignment on the Value of the Type-S Pitot Tube Coefficient by Robert F](https://reader034.vdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022042201/5ea14d393c74112a430c8822/html5/thumbnails/103.jpg)
![Page 104: L’~~‘“( Technical Information A Collection of Monographs ...€¦ · The Effects of Impact Opening Misalignment on the Value of the Type-S Pitot Tube Coefficient by Robert F](https://reader034.vdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022042201/5ea14d393c74112a430c8822/html5/thumbnails/104.jpg)
![Page 105: L’~~‘“( Technical Information A Collection of Monographs ...€¦ · The Effects of Impact Opening Misalignment on the Value of the Type-S Pitot Tube Coefficient by Robert F](https://reader034.vdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022042201/5ea14d393c74112a430c8822/html5/thumbnails/105.jpg)
![Page 106: L’~~‘“( Technical Information A Collection of Monographs ...€¦ · The Effects of Impact Opening Misalignment on the Value of the Type-S Pitot Tube Coefficient by Robert F](https://reader034.vdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022042201/5ea14d393c74112a430c8822/html5/thumbnails/106.jpg)
![Page 107: L’~~‘“( Technical Information A Collection of Monographs ...€¦ · The Effects of Impact Opening Misalignment on the Value of the Type-S Pitot Tube Coefficient by Robert F](https://reader034.vdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022042201/5ea14d393c74112a430c8822/html5/thumbnails/107.jpg)
![Page 108: L’~~‘“( Technical Information A Collection of Monographs ...€¦ · The Effects of Impact Opening Misalignment on the Value of the Type-S Pitot Tube Coefficient by Robert F](https://reader034.vdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022042201/5ea14d393c74112a430c8822/html5/thumbnails/108.jpg)
![Page 109: L’~~‘“( Technical Information A Collection of Monographs ...€¦ · The Effects of Impact Opening Misalignment on the Value of the Type-S Pitot Tube Coefficient by Robert F](https://reader034.vdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022042201/5ea14d393c74112a430c8822/html5/thumbnails/109.jpg)
![Page 110: L’~~‘“( Technical Information A Collection of Monographs ...€¦ · The Effects of Impact Opening Misalignment on the Value of the Type-S Pitot Tube Coefficient by Robert F](https://reader034.vdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022042201/5ea14d393c74112a430c8822/html5/thumbnails/110.jpg)
![Page 111: L’~~‘“( Technical Information A Collection of Monographs ...€¦ · The Effects of Impact Opening Misalignment on the Value of the Type-S Pitot Tube Coefficient by Robert F](https://reader034.vdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022042201/5ea14d393c74112a430c8822/html5/thumbnails/111.jpg)
![Page 112: L’~~‘“( Technical Information A Collection of Monographs ...€¦ · The Effects of Impact Opening Misalignment on the Value of the Type-S Pitot Tube Coefficient by Robert F](https://reader034.vdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022042201/5ea14d393c74112a430c8822/html5/thumbnails/112.jpg)
![Page 113: L’~~‘“( Technical Information A Collection of Monographs ...€¦ · The Effects of Impact Opening Misalignment on the Value of the Type-S Pitot Tube Coefficient by Robert F](https://reader034.vdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022042201/5ea14d393c74112a430c8822/html5/thumbnails/113.jpg)
![Page 114: L’~~‘“( Technical Information A Collection of Monographs ...€¦ · The Effects of Impact Opening Misalignment on the Value of the Type-S Pitot Tube Coefficient by Robert F](https://reader034.vdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022042201/5ea14d393c74112a430c8822/html5/thumbnails/114.jpg)
![Page 115: L’~~‘“( Technical Information A Collection of Monographs ...€¦ · The Effects of Impact Opening Misalignment on the Value of the Type-S Pitot Tube Coefficient by Robert F](https://reader034.vdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022042201/5ea14d393c74112a430c8822/html5/thumbnails/115.jpg)
![Page 116: L’~~‘“( Technical Information A Collection of Monographs ...€¦ · The Effects of Impact Opening Misalignment on the Value of the Type-S Pitot Tube Coefficient by Robert F](https://reader034.vdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022042201/5ea14d393c74112a430c8822/html5/thumbnails/116.jpg)
![Page 117: L’~~‘“( Technical Information A Collection of Monographs ...€¦ · The Effects of Impact Opening Misalignment on the Value of the Type-S Pitot Tube Coefficient by Robert F](https://reader034.vdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022042201/5ea14d393c74112a430c8822/html5/thumbnails/117.jpg)
![Page 118: L’~~‘“( Technical Information A Collection of Monographs ...€¦ · The Effects of Impact Opening Misalignment on the Value of the Type-S Pitot Tube Coefficient by Robert F](https://reader034.vdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022042201/5ea14d393c74112a430c8822/html5/thumbnails/118.jpg)
![Page 119: L’~~‘“( Technical Information A Collection of Monographs ...€¦ · The Effects of Impact Opening Misalignment on the Value of the Type-S Pitot Tube Coefficient by Robert F](https://reader034.vdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022042201/5ea14d393c74112a430c8822/html5/thumbnails/119.jpg)
![Page 120: L’~~‘“( Technical Information A Collection of Monographs ...€¦ · The Effects of Impact Opening Misalignment on the Value of the Type-S Pitot Tube Coefficient by Robert F](https://reader034.vdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022042201/5ea14d393c74112a430c8822/html5/thumbnails/120.jpg)
![Page 121: L’~~‘“( Technical Information A Collection of Monographs ...€¦ · The Effects of Impact Opening Misalignment on the Value of the Type-S Pitot Tube Coefficient by Robert F](https://reader034.vdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022042201/5ea14d393c74112a430c8822/html5/thumbnails/121.jpg)
![Page 122: L’~~‘“( Technical Information A Collection of Monographs ...€¦ · The Effects of Impact Opening Misalignment on the Value of the Type-S Pitot Tube Coefficient by Robert F](https://reader034.vdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022042201/5ea14d393c74112a430c8822/html5/thumbnails/122.jpg)
![Page 123: L’~~‘“( Technical Information A Collection of Monographs ...€¦ · The Effects of Impact Opening Misalignment on the Value of the Type-S Pitot Tube Coefficient by Robert F](https://reader034.vdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022042201/5ea14d393c74112a430c8822/html5/thumbnails/123.jpg)
![Page 124: L’~~‘“( Technical Information A Collection of Monographs ...€¦ · The Effects of Impact Opening Misalignment on the Value of the Type-S Pitot Tube Coefficient by Robert F](https://reader034.vdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022042201/5ea14d393c74112a430c8822/html5/thumbnails/124.jpg)
![Page 125: L’~~‘“( Technical Information A Collection of Monographs ...€¦ · The Effects of Impact Opening Misalignment on the Value of the Type-S Pitot Tube Coefficient by Robert F](https://reader034.vdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022042201/5ea14d393c74112a430c8822/html5/thumbnails/125.jpg)
![Page 126: L’~~‘“( Technical Information A Collection of Monographs ...€¦ · The Effects of Impact Opening Misalignment on the Value of the Type-S Pitot Tube Coefficient by Robert F](https://reader034.vdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022042201/5ea14d393c74112a430c8822/html5/thumbnails/126.jpg)
![Page 127: L’~~‘“( Technical Information A Collection of Monographs ...€¦ · The Effects of Impact Opening Misalignment on the Value of the Type-S Pitot Tube Coefficient by Robert F](https://reader034.vdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022042201/5ea14d393c74112a430c8822/html5/thumbnails/127.jpg)
![Page 128: L’~~‘“( Technical Information A Collection of Monographs ...€¦ · The Effects of Impact Opening Misalignment on the Value of the Type-S Pitot Tube Coefficient by Robert F](https://reader034.vdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022042201/5ea14d393c74112a430c8822/html5/thumbnails/128.jpg)
![Page 129: L’~~‘“( Technical Information A Collection of Monographs ...€¦ · The Effects of Impact Opening Misalignment on the Value of the Type-S Pitot Tube Coefficient by Robert F](https://reader034.vdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022042201/5ea14d393c74112a430c8822/html5/thumbnails/129.jpg)
![Page 130: L’~~‘“( Technical Information A Collection of Monographs ...€¦ · The Effects of Impact Opening Misalignment on the Value of the Type-S Pitot Tube Coefficient by Robert F](https://reader034.vdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022042201/5ea14d393c74112a430c8822/html5/thumbnails/130.jpg)
![Page 131: L’~~‘“( Technical Information A Collection of Monographs ...€¦ · The Effects of Impact Opening Misalignment on the Value of the Type-S Pitot Tube Coefficient by Robert F](https://reader034.vdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022042201/5ea14d393c74112a430c8822/html5/thumbnails/131.jpg)
![Page 132: L’~~‘“( Technical Information A Collection of Monographs ...€¦ · The Effects of Impact Opening Misalignment on the Value of the Type-S Pitot Tube Coefficient by Robert F](https://reader034.vdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022042201/5ea14d393c74112a430c8822/html5/thumbnails/132.jpg)
![Page 133: L’~~‘“( Technical Information A Collection of Monographs ...€¦ · The Effects of Impact Opening Misalignment on the Value of the Type-S Pitot Tube Coefficient by Robert F](https://reader034.vdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022042201/5ea14d393c74112a430c8822/html5/thumbnails/133.jpg)
![Page 134: L’~~‘“( Technical Information A Collection of Monographs ...€¦ · The Effects of Impact Opening Misalignment on the Value of the Type-S Pitot Tube Coefficient by Robert F](https://reader034.vdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022042201/5ea14d393c74112a430c8822/html5/thumbnails/134.jpg)
![Page 135: L’~~‘“( Technical Information A Collection of Monographs ...€¦ · The Effects of Impact Opening Misalignment on the Value of the Type-S Pitot Tube Coefficient by Robert F](https://reader034.vdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022042201/5ea14d393c74112a430c8822/html5/thumbnails/135.jpg)
![Page 136: L’~~‘“( Technical Information A Collection of Monographs ...€¦ · The Effects of Impact Opening Misalignment on the Value of the Type-S Pitot Tube Coefficient by Robert F](https://reader034.vdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022042201/5ea14d393c74112a430c8822/html5/thumbnails/136.jpg)
![Page 137: L’~~‘“( Technical Information A Collection of Monographs ...€¦ · The Effects of Impact Opening Misalignment on the Value of the Type-S Pitot Tube Coefficient by Robert F](https://reader034.vdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022042201/5ea14d393c74112a430c8822/html5/thumbnails/137.jpg)
![Page 138: L’~~‘“( Technical Information A Collection of Monographs ...€¦ · The Effects of Impact Opening Misalignment on the Value of the Type-S Pitot Tube Coefficient by Robert F](https://reader034.vdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022042201/5ea14d393c74112a430c8822/html5/thumbnails/138.jpg)
![Page 139: L’~~‘“( Technical Information A Collection of Monographs ...€¦ · The Effects of Impact Opening Misalignment on the Value of the Type-S Pitot Tube Coefficient by Robert F](https://reader034.vdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022042201/5ea14d393c74112a430c8822/html5/thumbnails/139.jpg)
![Page 140: L’~~‘“( Technical Information A Collection of Monographs ...€¦ · The Effects of Impact Opening Misalignment on the Value of the Type-S Pitot Tube Coefficient by Robert F](https://reader034.vdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022042201/5ea14d393c74112a430c8822/html5/thumbnails/140.jpg)
![Page 141: L’~~‘“( Technical Information A Collection of Monographs ...€¦ · The Effects of Impact Opening Misalignment on the Value of the Type-S Pitot Tube Coefficient by Robert F](https://reader034.vdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022042201/5ea14d393c74112a430c8822/html5/thumbnails/141.jpg)
![Page 142: L’~~‘“( Technical Information A Collection of Monographs ...€¦ · The Effects of Impact Opening Misalignment on the Value of the Type-S Pitot Tube Coefficient by Robert F](https://reader034.vdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022042201/5ea14d393c74112a430c8822/html5/thumbnails/142.jpg)
![Page 143: L’~~‘“( Technical Information A Collection of Monographs ...€¦ · The Effects of Impact Opening Misalignment on the Value of the Type-S Pitot Tube Coefficient by Robert F](https://reader034.vdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022042201/5ea14d393c74112a430c8822/html5/thumbnails/143.jpg)
![Page 144: L’~~‘“( Technical Information A Collection of Monographs ...€¦ · The Effects of Impact Opening Misalignment on the Value of the Type-S Pitot Tube Coefficient by Robert F](https://reader034.vdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022042201/5ea14d393c74112a430c8822/html5/thumbnails/144.jpg)
![Page 145: L’~~‘“( Technical Information A Collection of Monographs ...€¦ · The Effects of Impact Opening Misalignment on the Value of the Type-S Pitot Tube Coefficient by Robert F](https://reader034.vdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022042201/5ea14d393c74112a430c8822/html5/thumbnails/145.jpg)
![Page 146: L’~~‘“( Technical Information A Collection of Monographs ...€¦ · The Effects of Impact Opening Misalignment on the Value of the Type-S Pitot Tube Coefficient by Robert F](https://reader034.vdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022042201/5ea14d393c74112a430c8822/html5/thumbnails/146.jpg)
![Page 147: L’~~‘“( Technical Information A Collection of Monographs ...€¦ · The Effects of Impact Opening Misalignment on the Value of the Type-S Pitot Tube Coefficient by Robert F](https://reader034.vdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022042201/5ea14d393c74112a430c8822/html5/thumbnails/147.jpg)
![Page 148: L’~~‘“( Technical Information A Collection of Monographs ...€¦ · The Effects of Impact Opening Misalignment on the Value of the Type-S Pitot Tube Coefficient by Robert F](https://reader034.vdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022042201/5ea14d393c74112a430c8822/html5/thumbnails/148.jpg)
![Page 149: L’~~‘“( Technical Information A Collection of Monographs ...€¦ · The Effects of Impact Opening Misalignment on the Value of the Type-S Pitot Tube Coefficient by Robert F](https://reader034.vdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022042201/5ea14d393c74112a430c8822/html5/thumbnails/149.jpg)
![Page 150: L’~~‘“( Technical Information A Collection of Monographs ...€¦ · The Effects of Impact Opening Misalignment on the Value of the Type-S Pitot Tube Coefficient by Robert F](https://reader034.vdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022042201/5ea14d393c74112a430c8822/html5/thumbnails/150.jpg)
![Page 151: L’~~‘“( Technical Information A Collection of Monographs ...€¦ · The Effects of Impact Opening Misalignment on the Value of the Type-S Pitot Tube Coefficient by Robert F](https://reader034.vdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022042201/5ea14d393c74112a430c8822/html5/thumbnails/151.jpg)
![Page 152: L’~~‘“( Technical Information A Collection of Monographs ...€¦ · The Effects of Impact Opening Misalignment on the Value of the Type-S Pitot Tube Coefficient by Robert F](https://reader034.vdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022042201/5ea14d393c74112a430c8822/html5/thumbnails/152.jpg)
![Page 153: L’~~‘“( Technical Information A Collection of Monographs ...€¦ · The Effects of Impact Opening Misalignment on the Value of the Type-S Pitot Tube Coefficient by Robert F](https://reader034.vdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022042201/5ea14d393c74112a430c8822/html5/thumbnails/153.jpg)
![Page 154: L’~~‘“( Technical Information A Collection of Monographs ...€¦ · The Effects of Impact Opening Misalignment on the Value of the Type-S Pitot Tube Coefficient by Robert F](https://reader034.vdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022042201/5ea14d393c74112a430c8822/html5/thumbnails/154.jpg)
![Page 155: L’~~‘“( Technical Information A Collection of Monographs ...€¦ · The Effects of Impact Opening Misalignment on the Value of the Type-S Pitot Tube Coefficient by Robert F](https://reader034.vdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022042201/5ea14d393c74112a430c8822/html5/thumbnails/155.jpg)
![Page 156: L’~~‘“( Technical Information A Collection of Monographs ...€¦ · The Effects of Impact Opening Misalignment on the Value of the Type-S Pitot Tube Coefficient by Robert F](https://reader034.vdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022042201/5ea14d393c74112a430c8822/html5/thumbnails/156.jpg)
![Page 157: L’~~‘“( Technical Information A Collection of Monographs ...€¦ · The Effects of Impact Opening Misalignment on the Value of the Type-S Pitot Tube Coefficient by Robert F](https://reader034.vdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022042201/5ea14d393c74112a430c8822/html5/thumbnails/157.jpg)