la urbanizacion y la comunicacion en la arqueologia andina

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Identidad Urbana Urban Identity in Phoenicia: "Hippodamian" versus "Contour" Planning S. Rebecca Martin (University of Minnesota) Little inquiry has been made into the validity of the term “Hippodamian Plan” or what impact its ascription might have on our perceptions of supposedly “Hippodamian” towns outside of the Hellenic world. The term is derived from the Milesian Hippodamos (born c. 500 B.C.E.), a constitutional theorist and sometime urban designer. From Aristotle’s Politics (2.1267b22ff) and other sources, it is apparent that Hippodamos was concerned primarily with planning theory; if Aristotle’s characterization is correct, Hippodamos espoused or wrote the first utopia. Hippodamos has been linked to a few practical projects, but the Peiraeus is the only plan certainly carried out under his supervision. Even in the construction of the Peiraeus his major contribution was establishing specific divisions of territory. The extent to which “Hippodamian” planning can be considered Greek depends on how much emphasis is placed on Hippodamos’ theories versus their apparent physical manifestation. Of course Hippodamos’ ideals were not executed widely even in Greece, but his name has come to be associated with rational city planning. The term “Hippodamian” has been accepted by Levantine archaeologists to refer generally to grid planning, without any regard to Hippodamos’ specific theoretical concerns and despite the fact that the grid plan itself is widely-recognized for its greater antiquity in the Near East. The “disciplined grid,”1 however, with a master plan and all houses facing the street, is not well-documented in the eastern Mediterranean before the beginning of the fifth century B.C.E. Previously a contour-style plan—one that responds directly to the topography of a site—was predominate. Contour plans are considered typical of Phoenician and especially Punic settlements. Once these settlements begin to share physical characteristics with Greek cities, they are associated by archaeologists with Hippodamos and begin to lose their Phoenician identity to the narrative of the Hellenization of the East. By looking closely at the plans of some southern Phoenician cities, we will observe that the contour plan was never fully replaced by the disciplined grid. Indiscriminate use of the term “Hippodamian” suggests, without support, that city planning itself arose in a Greek milieu. While the opposite might be the case, it is equally possible that the disciplined grid arose precisely in the zone of Greek-eastern contact in which Phoenicians operated. 1 F. Trazado ortogonal El gran aporte urbanístico del mundo clásico es el llamado trazado ortogonal o hipodámico por ser su creador Hipódamo de Mileto. Se trata de una cuadrícula de calles que se cruzan perpendicularmente una con otra, por lo que domina la regularidad, el orden y la simetría. La ciudad romana se organizaba sobre dos vías principales que se cruzaban perpendicularmente en el centro: cardo y decumano. De estas calles principales nacían calles secundarias más pequeñas. En las ciudades clásicas existían zonas concretas para las diversas actividades: deportes, los edificios públicos, mercado... El ágora era el lugar de relaciones públicas para los griegos y en ella se ubicaban los edificios públicos más importantes. El equivalente romano del ágora era el foro. Para saber más: 1. Urbanismo: Roma

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Page 1: la urbanizacion y la comunicacion en la arqueologia andina

Identidad Urbana

Urban Identity in Phoenicia: "Hippodamian" versus "Contour" PlanningS. Rebecca Martin (University of Minnesota)Little inquiry has been made into the validity of the term “Hippodamian Plan” or whatimpact its ascription might have on our perceptions of supposedly “Hippodamian” towns outsideof the Hellenic world. The term is derived from the Milesian Hippodamos (born c. 500 B.C.E.),a constitutional theorist and sometime urban designer.From Aristotle’s Politics (2.1267b22ff) and other sources, it is apparent that Hippodamoswas concerned primarily with planning theory; if Aristotle’s characterization is correct,Hippodamos espoused or wrote the first utopia. Hippodamos has been linked to a few practicalprojects, but the Peiraeus is the only plan certainly carried out under his supervision. Even in theconstruction of the Peiraeus his major contribution was establishing specific divisions ofterritory.The extent to which “Hippodamian” planning can be considered Greek depends on howmuch emphasis is placed on Hippodamos’ theories versus their apparent physical manifestation.Of course Hippodamos’ ideals were not executed widely even in Greece, but his name has cometo be associated with rational city planning. The term “Hippodamian” has been accepted byLevantine archaeologists to refer generally to grid planning, without any regard to Hippodamos’specific theoretical concerns and despite the fact that the grid plan itself is widely-recognized forits greater antiquity in the Near East.The “disciplined grid,”1 however, with a master plan and all houses facing the street, is notwell-documented in the eastern Mediterranean before the beginning of the fifth century B.C.E.Previously a contour-style plan—one that responds directly to the topography of a site—waspredominate. Contour plans are considered typical of Phoenician and especially Punicsettlements. Once these settlements begin to share physical characteristics with Greek cities,they are associated by archaeologists with Hippodamos and begin to lose their Phoenicianidentity to the narrative of the Hellenization of the East.By looking closely at the plans of some southern Phoenician cities, we will observe that thecontour plan was never fully replaced by the disciplined grid. Indiscriminate use of the term“Hippodamian” suggests, without support, that city planning itself arose in a Greek milieu.While the opposite might be the case, it is equally possible that the disciplined grid aroseprecisely in the zone of Greek-eastern contact in which Phoenicians operated.1 F.Trazado ortogonal

El gran aporte urbanístico del mundo clásico es el llamado trazado ortogonal o hipodámico por ser sucreador Hipódamo de Mileto. Se trata de una cuadrícula de calles que se cruzan perpendicularmenteuna con otra, por lo que domina la regularidad, el orden y la simetría.La ciudad romana se organizaba sobre dos vías principales que se cruzaban perpendicularmente enel centro: cardo y decumano. De estas calles principales nacían calles secundarias más pequeñas.En las ciudades clásicas existían zonas concretas para las diversas actividades: deportes, los edificiospúblicos, mercado... El ágora era el lugar de relaciones públicas para los griegos y en ella se ubicabanlos edificios públicos más importantes. El equivalente romano del ágora era el foro.Para saber más:1. Urbanismo: RomaMediante este documento, podrás conocer multitud de construcciones datadas de la antiguaRoma, pudiendo conocer los aspectos más característicos de cada una de ellas.http://www.arteespana.com/urbanismo.htm [versión en caché]

El arte en Grecia y RomaEl arte griego atravesó tres etapas coincidiendo con las etapas históricas: arcaica, clásica yhelenística. En los siguientes apartados abordaremos los aspectos artísticos más relevantes de estastres etapas históricas.Sociedad y Cul tura Greco-romanaEtapa ArcaicaEn la etapa arcaica se sientan las bases de la arquitectura y de la escultura:La arquitectura se somete a unas reglas precisas que determinan cada unode los estilos u órdenes arquitectónicos. Veamos a continuación cada uno delos estilos arquitectónicos y sus características más relevantes: dórico, jónicoy corintio.Dórico: es el más antiguo y el más simple, con columnas firmes y frentes cubiertoscon esculturas que, al mismo tiempo, podían pintarse de rojo o azul para generarimpacto. El mejor ejemplo superviviente de un templo dórico es el Partenón (438 a.C.)en la Acrópolis de Atenas.Jónico: fue utilizado en las ciudades más ricas de Asia Menor. Es más ligero y másdecorativo, con columnas esbeltas en las que destacan volutas ensortijadas en cadaesquina del capitel. El estilo alcanzó su cumbre en el desaparecido Templo de Artemisen Efeso, una de las Siete Maravillas del Mundo. Hoy en día podemos admirar laarquitectura jónica en el Templo de Atenea Nike en la Acrópolis.La escultura evolucionó desde la rigidez y poca naturalidad del período arcaíco con influenciaoriental a una mayor naturalidad y suavidad de formas en el período clásico.