la union...the “simplified keys to soil series” is a tool to identify soil series in the field...
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LA UNION
i SIMPLIFIED KEYS TO SOIL SERIES
This guidebook belongs to:
Name: _____________________________
Address: ___________________________
Contact number: ____________________
Published by:
Philippine Rice Research Institute
Maligaya, Science City of Muñoz, 3119 Nueva Ecija
Copyright © 2017
Authors
Consulting Editor Constante T. Briones
Editorial Adviser
Sailila E. Abdula
PhilRice® Wilfredo B. Collado
Reynilda M. Monteza Rona T. Dollentas Jovino L. De Dios Judith Carla P. Dela Torre Jesiree Elena Ann D. Bibar Rodolfo V. Bermudez Jr
Rodolfo V. Bermudez Jr
Managing Editor/Layout Artist
La Union
This guidebook was funded by the project
“Sustainable Enterprise Information System
Solutions for PhilRice RD&E Operations ”
(ISD -005-002)
La Union ii
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Foreword……………………………………….. iv
The Simplified Keys to Soil Series………..…. 1
Guide to Soil Series Identification.................. 2
Soil Color Groups........................................... 5
Dark Brown/Brown..…............................ 7
Dark/Olive Gray……........…................... 9
Dark Grayish Brown…….…................... 10
Yellowish Brown…….…......................... 12
Soil Profile & Characteristics.......................... 13
Soil Productivity …………………………......... 25
Crop Suitability Analysis.…............................ 27
Soil Management Recommendations............ 34
Appendices……………………………….……. 41
Steps to Identify Soil Series…….......... 42
Soil Sampling....................................... 42
Color Determination............................. 43
Texture Determination.......................... 44
pH Determination................................. 45
The PalayCheck® System……………..…….. 46
Glossary………………………………………… 48
Soil Textural Classes………..….……... 50
References…………………………………….. 51
iii SIMPLIFIED KEYS TO SOIL SERIES
La Union iv
FOREWORD
This guidebook on “Simplified Keys to Soil Series” was
developed for easier field identification of soils.
Soil identification is an important component in rice farming. When the soil is properly analyzed and identified, the risks of incompatible management recommendations will be lessened and selection of knowledge and technologies to apply will be
efficient.
This is a good guide for effective nutrient management, which is one of the components of the PalayCheck® System, a dynamic rice crop management system that presents easy-to-follow practices to achieve respective Key Checks
and improve crop yield and input-use efficiency.
It features the different colors, textures, pH, and other observable properties of the most common soils of La Union and contains four simple steps in identifying the soil series right in the field. It also includes the soil productivity index, soil properties that affect crop growth, soil taxonomic classification, crop suitability analysis, and soil management recommendations. The concept of simplified keys to soil series was first used in Thailand. In the Philippines, the pro-ject “Simplification of the Philippine Soil Series for Rice and Corn” started in 2005 under the Nutrient Management Support System (NuMASS) to provide management
recommendations for soils identified in the field.
We thank the farmers, agricultural technologists, and munici-pal and provincial agriculturists for helping us validate the soil series. We also acknowledge the Bureau of Soils and Water Management (BSWM) for providing the secondary data of the
soils used in this guidebook.
SAILILA E. ABDULA
Acting Executive Director
The “Simplified Keys to Soil Series” is a tool to identify soil series in the field following simple steps for the use of farmers, extension workers, agricultural technologists, researchers, and other stakeholders. Using this guidebook, identification of soil will be more accurate reducing the risk of incompatible management and technology recommendations. Selection of knowledge and technologies could also be easy and efficient with the identification of soil series. For instance, because some soil series behave similarly, the management practices and technology suitable in known soil names are expected to be adaptable in the same soil series of a
different region.
This guidebook is easy to use. Using only five basic soil properties (color, texture, pH, coarse fragments, and mottles) at 30-50cm soil depth and following the simple steps provided, the soil series in the field could be identified. Once the soil is known, a compilation of thematic information related to the use of soils especially in crop production such as selection of suitable crops, crop productivity ratings, soil properties that limit production, and soil
management recommendations can be determined.
Eleven soil series found in La Union are included in this guidebook: Annam, Barcelona, Bauang, Bigaa, Bolinao, Burgos, Maligaya, San Fabian, San Manuel, Sinapangan, and Umingan series.
The Simplified Keys to Soil Series
1 SIMPLIFIED KEYS TO SOIL SERIES
GUIDE TO SOIL SERIES IDENTIFICATION
La Union 2
1.Conduct preliminary interview on the historical
background of your sampling site. Gather information on cultivation practic-es, natural occur-rences such as flood, erosion, and human ac-tivities that affect the condition and structure of the soil. Check
whether the soil was disturbed or scraped.
2 From a vacant area of
your identified site, dig a pit or use an auger to get the soil samples
needed.
3 Soil samples should
be taken from a rec-ommended soil depth to make sure that the condition and structure of the soil is well-preserved and free from any kind of cultivation
(see page 42).
3 SIMPLIFIED KEYS TO SOIL SERIES
4 Know the color of the soil.
Color is one of the most important physical properties of the soil as indicative to se-ries recognition. Each soil series has its distinct inherent color which makes it different from the other series (see
page 43).
5 Identify the texture of
the soil. Texture is a unique property used as qualitative classification tool to determine clas-ses of soil (see page
44).
6 Determine the soil pH.
The measure of acidity or alkalinity in soils is known as soil pH. This measure-ment corresponds to spe-cific soil series (see page
45).
slickenside mottles
7 Take note of other observable soil properties
such as polished surfaces (cutans/slickensides),
softness, hardness, stickiness, etc.
La Union 4
8 Take note of the presence or absence of coarse
fragments such as limestone, rock fragments, lateritic nodules, black manganese (Mn) and red iron (Fe) concretions, sand materials, and other observable properties of the soil taken from
surfaces up to 50-cm depth.
9 Use the Simplified Keys
to Soil Series Guidebook and compare all soil properties starting from the color until the soil
name is identified.
Mn/Fe concretions Quartz
Lateritic nodules Lateritic nodules
5 SIMPLIFIED KEYS TO SOIL SERIES
Umingan
SOIL Color Groups
Annam
Dark Brown/Brown (go to pages 7-8)
Dark/Olive Gray (go to page 9)
Barcelona Bigaa
Burgos
San Manuel San Fabian
La Union 6
SOIL Color Groups
(go to page 12) Yellowish Brown
Sinapangan Bolinao
Dark Grayish Brown (go to pages 10-11)
Bauang Maligaya
7 SIMPLIFIED KEYS TO SOIL SERIES
Dark Brown/Brown
Annam (figure on page 14)
Coarse fragments
Partially and highly weathered rock fragments; gravels; yellowish brown Fe and Mn concretions
pH 4.0-6.5
Other features None
Texture: Clay loam
Burgos (figure on page 19)
Coarse fragments Highly weathered rock fragments
pH 3.5-4.5
Other features None
Texture: Clay loam to clay
Umingan (figure on page 24)
Coarse fragments Gravels and stones; Fe and Mn concretions
pH 5.6-7.9
Other features Yellowish brown mottles; clay skin and gleying
Texture: Silt loam/Clay loam
Dark Brown/Brown
La Union 8
9 SIMPLIFIED KEYS TO SOIL SERIES
Dark/Olive Gray
Barcelona (figure on page 15)
Coarse fragments Few Fe concretions
pH 6.5-7.0
Other features Shiny ped surfaces ; cracks into big clods during dry sea-son
Texture: Clay loam/Clay
Bigaa (figure on page 17)
Coarse fragments Black Fe-Mn concretions
pH 6.4-7.5
Other features Slickensides; yellowish mottles
Texture: Clay/Clay loam/Silt loam
La Union 10
Bauang (figure on page 16)
Coarse fragments Highly weathered stratified shales and sandstones
pH 5.0 – 6.5
Other features None
Texture: Clay/Clay loam
Dark Grayish Brown
Maligaya (figure on page 20)
Coarse fragments Soft powdery red and black concretions
pH 6.5-7.5
Other features Smooth and shiny surfaces (slickensides); compact; brownish-red mottles
Texture: Clay/Clay loam
11 SIMPLIFIED KEYS TO SOIL SERIES
Dark Grayish Brown
San Fabian (figure on page 21)
Coarse fragments Gravels; highly weathered soft rocky material
pH 6.5-7.0
Other features Compact; massive structure
Texture: Clay/Clay loam
San Manuel (figure on page 22)
Coarse fragments None
pH 5.2-7.5
Other features Yellowish mottles; clay cutans; medium compactness
Texture: Clay loam/Sandy loam/Silt loam
La Union 12
Bolinao (figure on page 18)
Coarse fragments Coralline limestone fragments; Fe and Mn concretions
pH 6.0-7.5
Other features Grayish-brown spot mottles
Texture: Clay
Yellowish Brown
Sinapangan (figure on page 23)
Coarse fragments Weathered rock fragments
pH 6.2-6.6
Other features Red/black mottles; massive structure
Texture: Clay/Clay loam
SOIL Profile and Characteristics
13 SIMPLIFIED KEYS TO SOIL SERIES
La Union 14
Soil Fertility Indicators
Inherent fertility Low
Soil pH Acid (4.2-6.2)
Organic matter Low to moderate
Phosphorus (P) Low
Potassium (K) Low
Nutrient retention (CEC)
Moderate
Base saturation Low to moderate
Salinity hazard None
Annam
Physical Soil Qualities
Relief Rolling to hilly and mountainous
Water retention High
Drainage Moderate to good
Permeability Moderate
Workability/tilth Moderate
Stoniness Occasional gravels in the subsoil
Root depth Deep (>1m)
Erosion Severe
Flooding None
Soil Type: Loam to clay loam/Silt loam Area: 9,548.42 ha
Family: Fine-clayey, isohyperthermic, Typic Eutrustox
This soil has a fine texture and isohyperthermic temperature regime (>22°C). It is an Oxisol (-ox), which is an intensely weathered soil predominated by oxides from iron and aluminum due to repeated high precipitation and high temperature (-ust). It is a typical representative of the great group Eutrustox which has >35% base saturation (eutr-).
00 cm
18
52
74
Ap
94
Bw2
BC1
BC2
Bw1
Soil Fertility Indicators
Inherent fertility Low
Soil pH Slightly acid (6.5-6.8)
Organic matter Low
Phosphorus (P) Low
Potassium (K) Low
Nutrient retention (CEC)
-
Base saturation -
Salinity hazard -
Barcelona
Physical Soil Qualities
Relief Undulating to gently rolling
Water retention High
Drainage Moderate to poor
Permeability Moderate
Workability/tilth Moderate
Stoniness Concretions (more and bigger with depth)
Root depth Deep (>1 m)
Flooding None
Soil Type: Heavy clay loam to clay Area: 1,117.64 ha
Family: Fine, isohyperthermic, Typic Epiaquoll
A fine-textured soil with less than 65% clay. It has a mollic epipe-don (-oll, Mollisol). It is a typical representative of the great group Epiaquoll. It is saturated with water repeatedly (aqu-) manifested by its gray color with or without mottles. It has an annual soil temperature higher than 22°C (isohyperthermic).
15 SIMPLIFIED KEYS TO SOIL SERIES
00 cm
41
60
13
Apg
Bg1
Bg2
BC
Bauang
Physical Soil Qualities
Relief Hilly to mountainous
Water retention Low
Drainage Good
Permeability Slow
Workability/tilth Easy to moderate
Stoniness Common stratified shales and sandstones
Root depth Moderate (>0.8m)
Erosion Moderate to severe
Flooding None
Soil Type: Clay Area: 65,247.31 ha
Family: Fine-loamy, montmorillonitic, isohyperthermic, Oxic Haplustept
Soil developed from stratified shale and sandstone. It has a fine-loamy texture with more than 15% fine sand and 18 – 35% clay. A young soil in its incipient development stage toward mature soil (-ept, Inceptisol) and has a low nutrient status (oxic). The mean temperature is higher than 22°C (isohyperthermic).
Soil Fertility Indicators
Inherent fertility Low
Soil pH Slightly acid to neutral (5.0-7.5)
Organic matter Low
Phosphorus (P) Low
Potassium (K) Moderate
Nutrient retention (CEC)
Moderate
Base saturation High
Salinity hazard None
La Union 16
00 cm
15
41
84
Ap
Bw1
Bw2
C
Soil Fertility Indicators
Inherent fertility Moderate to high
Soil pH Slightly acid to neutral (6.0-7.0)
Organic matter Low
Phosphorus (P) High
Potassium (K) Low
Nutrient retention (CEC) High
Base saturation High
Salinity hazard None to low
Bigaa
Soil Type: Clay/Clay loam/Silt loam Area: 2,020.48 ha
Family: Very fine, montmorillonitic, isohyperthermic, Typic Epiaquert
A very fine-textured soil having >60% clay dominated by minerals with high shrink-and-swell capacity (montmorillonitic) creating wide cracks; very sticky when wet and compacted when dry. It is a typical representative of the great group Epiaquert. It is saturated with water repeatedly (aqu-) manifested by its gray color with or
without mottles. It has an annual soil temperature higher than 22°C (isohyperthermic).
Physical Soil Qualities
Relief Level to nearly level
Water retention High
Drainage Poor
Permeability Slow
Workability/tilth Moderate
Stoniness Fe and Mn concretions
Root depth Deep (>1 m)
Erosion None to slight
Flooding None to seasonal
17 SIMPLIFIED KEYS TO SOIL SERIES
00 cm
16
48
69
Apg1
90
Bwg1
Bwg2
BC
Apg2
Bolinao
Soil Type: Clay/Clay loam Area: 1,621.25 ha
Family: Fine-clayey, mixed, isohyperthermic, Ultic Paleustalf
An old soil which has undergone extensive weathering but has retained a high base status in its horizon (-alf, Alfisol). This is a representative of the great group Paleustalf (paleu - red soils) that has base saturation of <75% (ultic). This can be found in areas with pronounced wet and dry seasons (-ust). The mean annual soil temperature is higher than 22°C (isohyperthermic).
Physical Soil Qualities
Relief Undulating to mountainous
Water retention High
Drainage Moderate
Permeability Moderate
Workability/tilth Moderate
Stoniness Gravels; limestone rocks; concretions
Root depth Moderate to deep (0.8-1 m)
Erosion Moderate
Soil Fertility Indicators
Inherent fertility Moderate
Soil pH Slightly acid to neutral (5.5-7.2)
Organic matter Low
Phosphorus (P) Low to moderate
Potassium (K) Low
Nutrient retention (CEC)
High
Base saturation Moderate
Salinity hazard None to low
La Union 18
00 cm
13
35
Ap
C
Bt
Soil Fertility Indicators
Inherent fertility Low
Soil pH Very acid (<5.0)
Organic matter Moderate
Phosphorus (P) Low
Potassium (K) Low
Nutrient retention (CEC) Low
Base saturation Low
Salinity hazard None
Physical Soil Qualities
Relief Hilly and mountainous
Water retention High
Drainage Good
Permeability Rapid
Workability/tilth Easy
Stoniness Fragments of igneous rocks (basalt and andesite)
Root depth Deep (>1 m)
Erosion Severe
Flooding None
Soil Type: Clay Area: 10,503.38 ha
Family: Fine, clayey, mixed, isohyperthermic, Typic Kandiudults
A fine clayey-textured soil with no particular mineral that domi-nates (mixed). It has a mean annual soil temperature higher than 22°C (isohyperthermic). It is a typical representative of the great group Kandiudults found in areas with well-distributed rainfall (-ud, udic). This soil has low nutrient-holding capacity (kandi). It is an intensely weathered soil with accumulation of clay in its under-lying horizon, acidic, and has a low base status (-ult, Ultisol).
19 SIMPLIFIED KEYS TO SOIL SERIES
Burgos
00 cm
10
40
76
120
Ap
Btw1
Btw2
C
Soil Fertility Indicators
Inherent fertility Moderate to high
Soil pH Slightly acid to neutral (6.5-7.5)
Organic matter Low to moderate
Phosphorus (P) Moderate to high
Potassium (K) Low
Nutrient retention (CEC) High
Base saturation High
Salinity hazard None
Maligaya
Physical Soil Qualities
Relief Level to slightly undulating
Water retention High
Drainage Poor
Permeability Slow
Workability/tilth Hard
Stoniness None
Root depth Deep (>1 m)
Flooding None to seasonal
Soil Type: Clay loam to loam Area: 4,286.82 ha
Family: Fine, smectitic (ca.), isohyperthermic, Typic Calciaquert
A fine-textured soil with high amounts of clay (35-60%) dominated by min-erals with high shrink-and-swell capacity (smectitic) that causes deep wide cracks resulting in rapid drying of the soil, and washing of some soil materi-als into cracks when rains come accounting for relatively low OM content of the surface soil; which is very sticky and has low hydraulic conductivity when wet; and compact when dry. This soil is saturated with water for re-peated periods (aqu-) and has a high calcium saturation in its subsoil hori-zons (Calci-). The mean annual soil temperature is higher than 22°C (isohyperthermic).
La Union 20
00 cm
8
16
40
53
74
Apg1
Apg2
Btg1
Btg2
Soil Fertility Indicators
Inherent fertility Moderate
Soil pH Slightly acid to neutral (6.0-7.0)
Organic matter Moderate
Phosphorus (P) High
Potassium (K) Moderate
Nutrient retention (CEC) Moderate
Base saturation Moderate
Salinity hazard -
San Fabian
Physical Soil Qualities
Relief Rolling to hilly with some level areas
Water retention High
Drainage Moderate
Permeability Moderate
Workability/tilth Moderate
Stoniness Gravels; highly weathered chalk-white soft rock
Root depth Deep (>1 m)
Erosion Moderate
Soil Type: Clay loam Area: 597.12 ha
Family: Fine loamy, mixed, isohyperthermic, Vertic Haplustalf
An old soil which has undergone extensive weathering but has retained a high base status in its horizon (-alf, Alfisol), and ex-hibits minimum complexity in its horizonation (hapl-). It has a fine-textured soil having 35 – 60% clay but has clays that shrink and swell producing wide cracks (vertic). This can be found in areas with pronounced wet and dry seasons (-ust). The mean annual soil temperature is higher than 22°C (isohyperthermic).
21 SIMPLIFIED KEYS TO SOIL SERIES
00 cm
10
29
49
Ap
AB
Bt1
Bt2
84
BC
La Union 22
Soil Fertility Indicators
Inherent fertility Moderate to high
Soil pH Slightly acid to neutral (5.5 - 7.2)
Organic matter Low
Phosphorus (P) High
Potassium (K) Moderate
Nutrient retention (CEC) High
Base saturation High
Salinity hazard None to low
00 cm
5
35
69
Ap1
Ap2
Bw1
89
Bw2
Bw3
San Manuel
Physical Soil Qualities
Relief Level to slightly undulating
Water retention Moderate
Drainage Moderate
Permeability Moderate to rapid
Workability/tilth Easy
Stoniness None
Root depth Deep (>1 m)
Erosion None
Flooding Seasonal
Soil Type: Silt loam/Sand Area: 10,647.95 ha
Family: Fine loamy, mixed, isohyperthermic, Fluventic Haplustepts
Fine loamy-textured (18-35% clay and >15% sand) soil, with no particular mineral dominates (mixed). Has isohyperthermic (>22°C) temperature regime. It is a repre-sentative of the great group Haplustepts which occurs on river floodplains and subject to seasonal river flooding (Fluventic). The soil has a minimum complexity of horizonation (hapl) with a moisture regime of pronounced wet and dry seasons (-ust). It is an inseptisol (-epts, Latin, inceptum or beginning), indicating that this soil is just beginning to develop and show soil horizons.
Soil Fertility Indicators
Inherent fertility Moderate to high
Soil pH Slightly acid (5.3-6.6)
Organic matter Low
Phosphorus (P) -
Potassium (K) High
Nutrient retention (CEC) High
Base saturation High
Salinity hazard None
Physical Soil Qualities
Relief Nearly flat to undulating
Water retention Moderate to high
Drainage Moderate to good
Permeability Moderate
Workability/tilth Easy
Stoniness None
Root depth Moderate to deep (≤1m)
Erosion Slight to moderate
Flooding None
Soil Type: Clay Area: 1,237.69 ha
Family: Fine, montmorillonitic, isohyperthermic, Fluventic Haplustoll
A dark-colored soil with high organic matter content (-oll) and base status. It is a soil developed from recent alluvial deposits (fluventic) derived mainly from shale and sandstones. It exhibits minimum complexity in its horizonation (hapl-). This can be found in areas with pronounced wet and dry seasons (-ust). The mean annual soil temperature is higher than 22°C (isohyperthermic).
23 SIMPLIFIED KEYS TO SOIL SERIES
Sinapangan
00 cm
25
46
75
Ap
Bw1
Bw2
BC
La Union 24
Soil Fertility Indicators
Inherent fertility Moderate to high
Soil pH Slightly acid to neutral (5.5-7.5)
Organic matter Low
Phosphorus (P) Moderate
Potassium (K) Low to moderate
Nutrient retention (CEC) High
Base saturation Moderate
Salinity hazard None
Physical Soil Qualities
Relief Level to nearly level
Water retention Moderate
Drainage Good
Permeability Rapid
Workability/tilth Easy
Stoniness Gravels and stones
Root depth Deep (>1 m)
Erosion None
Flooding Infrequent
Soil Type: Clay loam Area: 4,851.22 ha
Family: Loamy-skeletal, mixed, isohyperthermic, Fluventic Haplustept
A loamy-textured soil with many gravels and pebbles (skeletal) oc-curring along the banks of rivers. Hence, is subject to flooding (fluventic) receiving yearly depositions of alluvial soil materials from rivers. It is in the incipient development stage toward a mature soil (-ept, Inceptisol) but has not yet fully developed its diagnostic hori-zons (Hapl-). It is found in areas with pronounced wet and dry sea-sons (-ust, Ustic) and annual soil temperature of higher than 22°C (isohyperthermic).
Umingan
00 cm
16
27
70
Ap
AB
Bw1
Bw2
99
BC
25 SIMPLIFIED KEYS TO SOIL SERIES
Soil productivity is the quality that summarizes soil potential in producing plants or sequences of plants under defined sets of management practices. It is also a synthesis of conditions of soil fertility, water control, plant species, soil tilth, pest control and phys-ical environment (Bainroth, 1978: Badayos, 1990). In economic terms, it is a measure of the amount of in-puts of production factors required to correct soil limi-tation(s) to attain a certain level of production. It is expressed as average crop yield under defined sets of management classes (Badayos, 1990). Soil productivity index is used for making compari-sons among soils; categorized into inherent and potential. Inherent productivity is the natural capacity of the soil to produce a given yield; potential refers to its capacity to produce yield after correctible soil con-straints had been remedied. In economics, the pre-dicted inherent yield is calculated by multiplying the inherent index by the maximum potential yield (MPY) of rice; predicted maximum possible yield is comput-ed by multiplying the potential index by the MPY. For instance, MPY in the dry season is 8 tons/ha, and inherent and potential productivity ratings for Annam series are 0.68 and 0.80, respectively. The predicted inherent and potential yields of rice in Annam soils are then 5.44 and 6.4 tons/ha.
SOIL Productivity
La Union 26
Soil Series Inherent
Productivity Potential
Productivity
Annam 0.68 0.80
Barcelona 0.83 0.93
Bauang 0.59 0.71
Bigaa 0.76 0.86
Bolinao 0.62 0.72
Burgos 0.38 0.48
Maligaya 0.83 0.93
San Fabian 0.39 0.57
San Manuel 0.75 0.85
Sinapangan 0.83 0.95
Umingan 0.62 0.72
Table 1. Soil productivity index for rice.
27 SIMPLIFIED KEYS TO SOIL SERIES
Soil suitability classification refers to the use of a piece of land on a sustainable basis based on physical and chemi-cal properties and environmental factors. It is the ultimate aim of soil survey and may come up through a good judg-ment and thorough evaluation of soil properties and quali-ties such as depth, texture, slope, drainage, erosion, flood-ing, and fertility. Based on these soil properties, the suita-bility of a certain tract of land for crop production can be determined. Suitability ratings denote qualitative analysis of the potential of the soil to grow different crops. They imply what crop(s) would give the highest benefit in terms of productivity and profitability from a given soil type, indicat-ed by S1 as the most suitable down to S3 as marginally suitable. The symbol N implies that the crop is either cur-rently not suitable (N1) where the effect of limitation is so severe as greatly to reduce the yield or to require costly inputs, or permanently not suitable (N2) where the limita-tions cannot be corrected permanently. Crop suitability analysis also provides information on soil properties that limit the production of specified crop(s). When using a parametric system, the soil index can be equated into percentages shown below. It means that you can attain 75% of the potential crop yield when the soil index is highly suitable; less than 25% of the potential yield when the soil index is not suitable. S1: soil index >75 S3: soil index 25-50 S2: soil index 50-75 N: soil index <25
CROP
Suitability Analysis
La Union 28
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itati
on
s d
ue t
o:
S1 -
H
igh
ly s
uitab
le
t -
Top
ogra
ph
y;
slo
pe
S2 -
M
od
era
tely
su
itab
le
w -
D
rain
ag
e;
flood
ing
S3 -
M
arg
inally
su
itable
s -
T
ext
ure
; coars
e f
ragm
ents
; soil
depth
N1 -
C
urr
ently n
ot
su
itab
le
f -
Soil
fert
ility
N2 -
P
erm
an
ently n
ot
suitab
le
c -
C
limate
Ta
ble
2a
. T
he
cro
p s
uita
bili
ty r
atin
gs fo
r d
iffe
ren
t so
il se
rie
s o
f L
a U
nio
n (
co
ntin
ua
tio
n).
29 SIMPLIFIED KEYS TO SOIL SERIES
Ph
ilip
pin
es
To
p A
gri
cu
ltu
ral
Co
mm
od
ity
SO
IL S
ER
IES
Ma
lig
aya
Sa
n F
ab
ian
S
an
Ma
nu
el
Sin
ap
an
ga
n
Um
ing
an
Su
ga
rcan
e
S2
cw
f S
1ctf
S2
cw
f S
2cw
f S
3cw
sf
Ric
e Irr
iga
ted
Lo
wla
nd
S2
cf
N2
S
2c
S2
cs
N1
csf
Ric
e R
ain
fed
Up
lan
d
S2
cw
f S
2ctf
S2
cw
f S
2cf
S2
cw
sf
Ric
e R
ain
fed
Lo
wla
nd
S2
csf
S2
ctw
sf
S3
cw
sf
S2
cw
f S
3cw
sf
Co
co
nu
t S
2w
S
2t
S2
wf
S1
f S
3w
s
Ta
ble
2b
. T
he
cro
p s
uita
bili
ty r
atin
gs fo
r d
iffe
ren
t so
il se
rie
s o
f L
a U
nio
n.
La Union 30
Ph
ilip
pin
es
To
p A
gri
cu
ltu
ral
Co
mm
od
ity
SO
IL S
ER
IES
An
na
m
Ba
rce
lon
a
Ba
ua
ng
B
iga
a
Bo
lin
ao
B
urg
os
Ba
na
na
S3
ctf
S
2cw
f S
2ct
S2
cw
S
2cts
f N
1ctw
sf
Ma
ize
S
2ctw
f S
2cw
S
2ctf
S
3cw
S
3ctw
sf
N1cts
f
Pin
ea
pp
le
S2
ctf
S
3cw
sf
S2
csf
S2
cw
f S
3csf
N1ctw
s
Ca
ssava
S2
ctw
f S
2cw
f S
2ctf
S
3cw
f S
2cw
sf
N1ctw
sf
Ma
ng
o
S3
ctf
S
2cs
S3
ctw
f S
2cw
S
2ctw
f N
1cts
f
Cam
ote
S
2ctf
S
2cw
f S
2ctw
f S
2cw
f S
3w
tsf
N1ctw
sf
Su
itab
ilit
y R
ati
ng
s:
Lim
itati
on
s d
ue t
o:
S1 -
H
igh
ly s
uitab
le
t -
Top
ogra
ph
y;
slo
pe
S2 -
M
od
era
tely
su
itab
le
w -
D
rain
ag
e;
flood
ing
S3 -
M
arg
inally
su
itable
s -
T
ext
ure
; coars
e f
ragm
ents
; soil
depth
N1 -
C
urr
ently n
ot
su
itab
le
f -
Soil
fert
ility
N2 -
P
erm
an
ently n
ot
suitab
le
c -
C
limate
Ta
ble
2b
. T
he
cro
p s
uita
bili
ty r
atin
gs fo
r d
iffe
ren
t so
il se
rie
s o
f L
a U
nio
n (
co
ntin
ua
tio
n).
31 SIMPLIFIED KEYS TO SOIL SERIES
Ph
ilip
pin
es
To
p A
gri
cu
ltu
ral
Co
mm
od
ity
SO
IL S
ER
IES
Ma
lig
aya
S
an
Fa
bia
n
Sa
n M
an
ue
l S
ina
pa
ng
an
U
min
ga
n
Ba
na
na
S2
cw
f S
2ct
S2
ctw
S
2cw
f S
2cw
sf
Ma
ize
S
2cw
S
2ctw
S
2cw
f S
2cw
f S
3cw
sf
Pin
ea
pp
le
S2
cw
f S
2cts
f S
3cw
f S
3cw
sf
S3
cw
sf
Ca
ssava
S2
cw
f S
2ctw
N
1cw
sf
S2
cw
f N
1cw
sf
Ma
ng
o
S2
cw
S
2ct
S2
cw
f S
2cw
f S
3cw
sf
Cam
ote
S
2cw
f S
2ctf
S3
cw
sf
S2
cw
f S
2cw
sf
La Union 32
Ta
ble
2c. T
he
cro
p s
uita
bili
ty r
atin
gs fo
r d
iffe
ren
t so
il se
rie
s o
f L
a U
nio
n.
Ph
ilip
pin
es
To
p A
gri
cu
ltu
ral
Co
mm
od
ity
SO
IL S
ER
IES
An
na
m
Ba
rce
lon
a
Ba
ua
ng
B
iga
a
Bo
lin
ao
B
urg
os
To
ma
to
S2
ctf
S
2csf
S2
ctw
f S
2cw
f S
2ctw
s
N1ctw
f
Pa
pa
ya
S
2ctw
f S
2cw
f S
3ctw
f N
1cw
f S
2ctw
s
N1ctw
sf
Ca
bb
age
S2
t S
2w
S
2tf
S
2w
S
2tf
N
2ts
On
ion
S
3ctw
f S
3cw
sf
S3
ctf
S
3cw
f S
3cts
f N
1ctw
sf
Po
tato
S
2ct
S3
cw
s
S3
cts
f S
2cw
f S
2cts
f N
1cts
Su
itab
ilit
y R
ati
ng
s:
Lim
itati
on
s d
ue t
o:
S1 -
H
igh
ly s
uitab
le
t -
Top
ogra
ph
y;
slo
pe
S2 -
M
od
era
tely
su
itab
le
w -
D
rain
ag
e;
flood
ing
S3 -
M
arg
inally
su
itable
s -
T
ext
ure
; coars
e f
ragm
ents
; soil
depth
N1 -
C
urr
ently n
ot
su
itab
le
f -
Soil
fert
ility
N2 -
P
erm
an
ently n
ot
suitab
le
c -
C
limate
Ta
ble
2c. T
he
cro
p s
uita
bili
ty r
atin
gs fo
r d
iffe
ren
t so
il se
rie
s o
f L
a U
nio
n (
co
ntin
ua
tio
n).
33 SIMPLIFIED KEYS TO SOIL SERIES
Ph
ilip
pin
es
To
p A
gri
cu
ltu
ral
Co
mm
od
ity
SO
IL S
ER
IES
Ma
lig
aya
S
an
Fa
bia
n
Sa
n M
an
ue
l S
ina
pa
ng
an
U
min
ga
n
To
ma
to
S2
cw
f S
2ctf
S2
cw
f S
2cw
f S
3cw
sf
Pa
pa
ya
N
1cw
f S
2ctw
N
1cw
sf
S3
cw
sf
N1
cw
sf
Ca
bb
age
S2
w
S2
t N
1w
f S
2f
N1
ws
On
ion
S
3cw
f S
2ctw
f N
1cw
sf
S3
cw
sf
N1
cw
sf
Po
tato
S
2cw
S
2ctf
S3
cw
sf
S3
cw
sf
S3
cw
sf
Soil management aims to protect the soil and en-hance its performance to increase farm profitability and preserve environmental quality. It is the combi-nation of soil factors to maximize crop production at the lowest possible cost while maintaining the soil’s productive state. It involves maintaining the soil in good physical condition and fertility status, and influencing the biological aspect of the soil to attain maximum benefits (Harpstead, et al. 1997).
Soil management recommendations suitable for each soil identified are enumerated in the succeeding pag-es. Soil factors such as slope, texture, and climate cannot be changed. However, control tillage, crop rotations, soil amendments, and other management choices can be done. Through these choices, the structure, biological activity, and chemical content of the soil can be altered and later on influence erosion rates, pest population, nutrient availability, and crop production.
La Union 34
Recommendations SOIL Management
Ta
ble
3. L
imita
tio
ns to
cro
p p
rodu
ctio
n a
nd
re
com
me
nd
ed
ma
na
gem
en
t s
tra
teg
ies fo
r d
iffe
ren
t
cro
ps w
he
n g
row
n in
a g
iven
so
il se
rie
s.
So
il
Se
ries
Lim
itati
on
f
or
cro
p p
rod
ucti
on
So
il M
an
ag
em
en
t R
ec
om
men
dati
on
s
Ric
e
Div
ers
ifie
d c
rop
s
Ro
ot
cro
ps
T
ree
/Fo
res
t/
Pla
nta
tio
n c
rop
s
An
na
m
Alu
min
um
(A
l) a
nd I
ron
(Fe)
toxic
ity (
acid
ic s
oil)
; hig
h p
ho
sp
ho
rus (
P)
fixa
tio
n; ru
n-o
ff; slo
pin
g
topogra
phy c
ause
s
exc
essiv
e e
rosio
n;
low
org
anic
matte
r (O
M)
Can b
e s
uitab
le f
or
rain
fed u
pla
nd r
ice
duri
ng d
ry s
ea
so
n
with a
deq
uate
sup-
ple
me
nta
l irriga
tio
n;
limin
g
Gre
en m
anuri
ng:
lim-
ing;
larg
e initia
l ap
pli-
catio
n o
f p
ho
sp
hate
fe
rtili
zers
; suitab
le f
or
div
ers
ifie
d c
rop
s;
str
ip
cro
pp
ing
Lim
ing; co
nto
ur
terr
acin
g; b
uff
er
str
ip c
rop
pin
g;
add
itio
n o
f org
anic
m
atter
and a
nim
al
manure
to im
pro
ve
so
il fe
rtili
ty a
nd
wate
r-ho
ldin
g
capacity
Upla
nd a
nd h
illy la
nd is
well-
suited f
or
ag
rofo
r-estr
y,
ind
ustr
ial cro
ps,
orc
hard
and
fore
st b
ut
use
loca
lly a
dapte
d h
igh
-yie
ldin
g v
arietie
s o
f tr
ee
cro
ps; p
ractice p
rop
er
fert
ilizatio
n
Cro
pp
ing
Patt
ern
: upla
nd r
ice
-maiz
e/v
eg
eta
ble
s/r
oot
cro
ps
Ba
rce
lon
a
Poor
inte
rna
l dra
inag
e;
cra
cks into
big
clo
ds
duri
ng d
ry s
ea
so
n;
low
O
M;
low
fert
ility
Suitab
le f
or
padd
y
rice
; ade
quate
fe
rtili
zatio
n
Adeq
uate
dra
inage;
use
of
bro
ad b
ed
s;
gre
en m
anuri
ng; fe
rtili
-zatio
n
Modera
tely
suite
d
for
root cro
ps d
ue
to
poo
r dra
inage
and h
ard
enin
g
duri
ng d
ry s
ea
so
n;
constr
uctio
n o
f adeq
ua
te d
rain
ag
e
and irr
igatio
n s
ys-
tem
s
Adeq
uate
dra
inage;
use
of
suitab
le t
ree s
pecie
s
and p
roper
fert
ilizatio
n
Cro
pp
ing
Patt
ern
: rice
-ric
e/d
ivers
ifie
d c
rop
s; fr
uit t
ree
s
35 SIMPLIFIED KEYS TO SOIL SERIES
Ta
ble
3. (c
on
tin
ua
tio
n).
So
il
Seri
es
L
imit
ati
on
f
or
cro
p p
rod
ucti
on
So
il M
an
ag
em
en
t R
ec
om
men
dati
on
s
Ric
e
Div
ers
ifie
d c
rop
s
Ro
ot
cro
ps
T
ree/F
ore
st/
P
lan
tati
on
cro
ps
Ba
ua
ng
Hill
y top
ogra
phy c
ausin
g
se
ve
re e
rosio
n t
hat
cause
s lo
ss o
f surf
ace
so
il a
nd e
xp
osin
g t
he
sub
so
il; low
fert
ility
; e
xce
ssiv
e r
un
-off
; slig
ht-
ly a
cid
ic;
pre
se
nce o
f str
atified s
ha
le a
nd
sa
nd
sto
ne n
ea
r surf
ace
that
slo
ws d
ow
n p
erc
o-
latio
n o
f w
ate
r a
nd r
oots
pe
netr
atio
n
Can b
e s
uitab
le f
or
rain
fed u
pla
nd r
ice
duri
ng d
ry s
ea
so
n
with a
deq
uate
sup-
ple
me
nta
l irriga
tio
n
and c
onto
ur
terr
ac-
ing f
or
hig
her
ele
-vate
d a
rea
s; fe
rtili
-zatio
n
Applic
atio
n o
f fa
rm
manure
and
plo
win
g
under
of
leg
um
es t
o
sup
ply
org
anic
matter;
conto
ur
tilla
ge a
nd
str
ip c
rop
pin
g t
o m
ini-
miz
e e
rosio
n; cro
p
rota
tio
n
Applic
atio
n o
f fa
rm
manure
and
plo
w-
ing u
nde
r of
leg-
um
es to s
upp
ly
org
anic
matte
r;
conto
ur
tilla
ge a
nd
str
ip c
rop
pin
g t
o
min
imiz
e e
rosio
n;
cro
p r
ota
tio
n
Suited
for
fruit t
ree
s;
pla
nt co
ve
r cro
ps to
min
imiz
e e
rosio
n
Cro
pp
ing
Patt
ern
: upla
nd r
ice/c
orn
; d
ive
rsifie
d c
rop
s-d
ivers
ifie
d c
rop
s; tr
ee
s
Big
aa
Surf
ace h
ard
enin
g a
nd
cra
ckin
g d
uri
ng d
ry
sea
so
n m
akin
g t
illag
e
difficult;
sea
so
na
l floo
d-
ing in low
are
as;
se
a-
so
na
l hig
h w
ate
r ta
ble
; ve
ry f
irm
co
nsis
tency;
poor
dra
ina
ge;
low
OM
and K
Suitab
le f
or
rice
pro
ductio
n d
ue to its
cla
ye
y t
extu
re; ap
-ply
fert
ilizer
to m
ain
-ta
in t
he f
ert
ility
of
the s
oil;
co
nstr
uc-
tio
n o
f adeq
uate
dra
inag
e,
irri
gatio
n
and f
loo
d c
ontr
ol
syste
ms
Use o
f bro
ad b
ed
s,
rid
ge
s o
r fu
rrow
s a
nd
mulc
hin
g; tim
ing o
f pla
nting
Suitab
le f
or
root
cro
ps; e
sta
blis
h-
ment of
adeq
uate
dra
inag
e a
nd f
lood
contr
ol syste
ms
Esta
blis
hm
ent
of
ade-
quate
dra
ina
ge a
nd
flood c
ontr
ol syste
ms;
use
of
suitab
le tre
e
specie
s a
nd
pro
per
fert
ilizatio
n
Cro
pp
ing
Patt
ern
: rice
-ric
e;
rice
-div
ers
ifie
d c
rop
s
La Union 36
Ta
ble
3. L
imita
tio
ns to
cro
p p
rodu
ctio
n a
nd
re
com
me
nd
ed
ma
na
gem
en
t s
tra
teg
ies fo
r d
iffe
ren
t
cro
ps w
he
n g
row
n in
a g
iven
so
il se
rie
s (
co
ntin
ua
tio
n).
37 SIMPLIFIED KEYS TO SOIL SERIES
So
il
Se
ries
Lim
itati
on
f
or
cro
p p
rod
ucti
on
So
il M
an
ag
em
en
t R
ec
om
men
dati
on
s
Ric
e
Div
ers
ifie
d c
rop
s
Ro
ot
cro
ps
T
ree
/Fo
res
t/
Pla
nta
tio
n c
rop
s
Bo
lina
o
Rolli
ng t
opog
rap
hy in
som
e a
rea
s w
hic
h c
ause
s
risk o
f ero
sio
n;
sha
llow
ro
oting d
epth
; lo
w a
va
ila-
ble
P,K
and O
M
Suitab
le f
or
up
land
rice
but
need
s
terr
acin
g a
nd
use
of
lime
sto
ne o
ut-
cro
ps f
or
rein
forc
-in
g d
ike
s; a
pp
lica-
tio
n o
f p
ho
sp
hate
fe
rtili
zers
Conto
ur
terr
acin
g;
pro
pe
r fe
rtili
za
tio
n;
pro
pe
r tim
ing
of
cultiv
a-
tio
n a
nd p
lanting; ad
di-
tio
n o
f org
anic
matte
r and a
nim
al m
anure
to
impro
ve s
oil
fert
ility
and
app
licatio
n o
f pho
s-
phate
fert
ilizers
Conto
ur
terr
acin
g;
use
of
cover
cro
ps
like Ip
il-ip
il fo
r so
il re
hab
ilita
tio
n a
nd
so
urc
e o
f fire
wo
od
at th
e s
am
e t
ime;
add
itio
n o
f org
anic
m
atter
Can b
e p
lante
d t
o
fruit tre
es p
rovid
ed
with p
rop
er
fert
iliza-
tio
n a
nd u
se o
f lo
ca
lly a
dapte
d tre
e
specie
s
Cro
pp
ing
Patt
ern
: rice
-ric
e;
rice
-div
ers
ifie
d c
rop
s/v
egeta
ble
s/r
oot
cro
ps
Bu
rgo
s
Hill
y top
ogra
phy c
ausin
g
hig
h r
isk o
f ero
sio
n;
ve
ry
acid
ic;
low
nutr
ient re
-se
rve
s;
hig
h P
fix
atio
n b
y
Alu
min
um
and Iro
n o
xid
es
Not suitab
le f
or
rice
pro
ductio
n d
ue to
ero
sio
n p
rob
lem
and v
ery
ste
ep
topogra
phy,
oth
er-
wis
e te
rracin
g
could
be d
one t
o
sup
port
up
land r
ice
farm
ing
Suited
for
acid
-tole
rant
pla
nt
specie
s; co
nto
ur
tilla
ge;
limin
g c
ould
be
app
lied to
le
sse
n s
oil
acid
ity,
ade
quate
fert
ili-
zatio
n a
nd o
rga
nic
m
atter
incorp
ora
tio
n
Lim
ing; co
nto
ur
terr
acin
g; b
uff
er
str
ip c
rop
pin
g;
fert
ilizatio
n a
nd
add
itio
n o
f org
anic
m
atter
and a
nim
al
manure
to im
pro
ve
so
il fe
rtili
ty
Can b
e p
lante
d t
o
fruit tre
es p
rovid
ed
with p
rop
er
fert
iliza-
tio
n a
nd u
se o
f lo
ca
lly a
dapte
d tre
e
specie
s; p
lant co
ve
r cro
ps to m
inim
ize
ero
sio
n
Cro
pp
ing
Patt
ern
: corn
/div
ers
ifie
d c
rop
s; fr
uit tre
es
Ta
ble
3. (c
on
tin
ua
tio
n).
So
il
Seri
es
L
imit
ati
on
f
or
cro
p p
rod
ucti
on
So
il M
an
ag
em
en
t R
ec
om
men
dati
on
s
Ric
e
Div
ers
ifie
d c
rop
s
Ro
ot
cro
ps
T
ree/F
ore
st/
P
lan
tati
on
cro
ps
Ma
liga
ya
Difficult t
o c
ultiv
ate
w
he
n w
et a
nd h
ard
w
he
n d
ry;
poo
r dra
in-
age;
slo
w a
ir a
nd
wate
r in
filtra
tio
n;
low
ava
ilab
le
K
Suited
for
rice; p
rac-
tice s
ha
llow
cultiv
a-
tio
n w
he
n s
oil
mo
is-
ture
is a
t optim
um
; adeq
ua
te irr
igatio
n
Adeq
uate
fert
ilizatio
n a
nd
org
anic
matte
r ap
plic
a-
tio
n; pro
vid
e a
deq
uate
dra
inag
e s
yste
ms;
use
bro
ad
bed
s,
ridge
s,
and
mulc
hin
g
Esta
blis
h a
de-
quate
dra
ina
ge
and irr
igatio
n
syste
ms; ad
e-
quate
fert
iliza-
tio
n; pro
per
tim
-in
g o
f cultiv
atio
n
and p
lanting
Pro
per
tim
ing o
f pla
nting
Cro
pp
ing
Patt
ern
: lo
wla
nd r
ice
-low
land r
ice; rice
-div
ers
ifie
d c
rop
s/
vegeta
ble
s
Sa
n F
abia
n
Duri
ng d
ry s
ea
so
n, th
e
unp
low
ed s
oil
is c
om
-pact a
nd
hard
, a
nd
cra
cks into
big
clo
ds;
slo
pin
g top
ogra
phy;
irrigatio
n p
roble
ms
Not suitab
le f
or
irri-
gate
d low
land r
ice
pro
ductio
n d
ue to
irrigatio
n p
roble
m
oth
erw
ise t
err
acin
g
could
be d
one t
o
sup
port
ric
e f
arm
ing
; suite
d f
or
rain
fed r
ice
Pra
ctice
co
nto
ur
farm
ing;
conserv
atio
n t
illage
such
as m
ulc
hin
g a
nd g
round-
cove
r he
lp c
onse
rve
mois
ture
; pra
ctice g
ree
n
manuri
ng to im
pro
ve s
oil
fert
ility
and
str
uctu
re;
suite
d f
or
vegeta
ble
s a
nd
oth
er
ca
sh c
rop
s
Sub
so
iling; ad
di-
tio
n o
f org
anic
m
atter
and a
ni-
mal m
anure
to
impro
ve s
oil
fert
ility
and
wate
r ho
ldin
g-c
apacity
Sub
so
iling; co
ve
r cro
pp
ing
with leg-
um
es;
use o
f lo
ca
lly
adapte
d h
igh-
yie
ldin
g v
arie
tie
s o
f tr
ee c
rop
s
Cro
pp
ing
Patt
ern
: rice
-ric
e;
rice
-vegeta
ble
s/r
ootc
rop
s
La Union 38
Ta
ble
3. L
imita
tio
ns to
cro
p p
rodu
ctio
n a
nd
re
com
me
nd
ed
ma
na
gem
en
t s
tra
teg
ies fo
r d
iffe
ren
t
cro
ps w
he
n g
row
n in
a g
iven
so
il se
rie
s (
co
ntin
ua
tio
n).
39 SIMPLIFIED KEYS TO SOIL SERIES
So
il
Se
ries
Lim
itati
on
for
cro
p p
rod
ucti
on
So
il M
an
ag
em
en
t R
ec
om
men
dati
on
s
Ric
e
Div
ers
ifie
d c
rop
s
Ro
ot
cro
ps
T
ree
/Fo
res
t/
Pla
nta
tio
n c
rop
s
Sa
n M
an
ue
l
Exc
essiv
ely
wet
and
annua
l flo
od
ing f
or
sho
rt p
eriod
s a
nd e
x-
cessiv
e d
roug
ht
duri
ng
dry
sea
so
n;
low
OM
Suited
for
padd
y r
ice
duri
ng w
et
sea
so
n
and w
ith a
deq
uate
irrigatio
n d
uri
ng d
ry
sea
so
n; O
M a
dd
itio
n
thru
anim
al o
r gre
en
manuri
ng
Constr
uctio
n o
f adeq
uate
dra
inag
e,
irri
gatio
n a
nd
flood c
ontr
ol syste
ms f
or
sea
so
na
l flo
od h
azard
and
hig
h s
ea
so
na
l w
ate
r ta
ble
; use
bro
ad b
ed
s a
nd r
idg
es;
suite
d f
or
div
ers
ifie
d c
rop
s
such a
s c
orn
, a
nd v
eg
eta
-ble
s d
uri
ng d
ry s
ea
so
n w
ith
sup
ple
me
nta
l irrigatio
n
Esta
blis
hm
ent
of
adeq
uate
dra
inag
e a
nd
irrigatio
n
syste
ms;
reg
ula
r add
i-tio
n o
f org
anic
m
atter
and
anim
al m
a-
nure
to im
-pro
ve s
oil
fert
ility
Adeq
uate
dra
inage
and irr
igatio
n s
yste
ms;
cove
r cro
pp
ing w
ith
leg
um
es;
pro
per
fert
ili-
zatio
n, tim
ing o
f culti-
vatio
n a
nd p
lanting;
use
of
loca
lly a
dapte
d
hig
h-y
ield
ing v
arie
tie
s
to im
pro
ve t
he
gro
wth
and y
ield
of
tre
e c
rop
s
Cro
pp
ing
Patt
ern
: rice
-ric
e;
rice
-vegeta
ble
s/r
ootc
rop
s
Sin
ap
an
ga
n
Loo
se s
urf
ace c
ausin
g
risk o
f ero
sio
n
(form
atio
n o
f b
ig g
ulli
es
and lo
ss o
f surf
ace s
oil
exp
osin
g t
he s
ub
so
il);
dra
inag
e o
bstr
ucte
d b
y
the d
ense s
ub
soil;
low
O
M; poo
r dra
inag
e
Suited
for
padd
y r
ice
duri
ng w
et
sea
so
n
and w
ith a
deq
uate
irrigatio
n d
uri
ng d
ry
sea
so
n; a
dd
itio
n o
f anim
al m
anure
or
gre
en m
anuri
ng t
o
incre
ase O
M c
onte
nt
and im
pro
ve s
oil
str
uctu
re
Constr
uctio
n o
f adeq
uate
dra
inag
e;
use
of
bro
ad
bed
s, rid
ge
s o
r fu
rrow
s;
mulc
hin
g; fe
rtili
zatio
n
Constr
uctio
n
of
adeq
uate
dra
inag
e;
use
of
bro
ad
bed
s, rid
ge
s
or
furr
ow
s;
mulc
hin
g;
fert
ilizatio
n
Esta
blis
hm
ent
of
ade-
quate
dra
ina
ge;
use o
f suita
ble
tre
e s
pecie
s
and p
roper
fert
ilizatio
n
Cro
pp
ing
Patt
ern
: rice
-ric
e;
rice
-vegeta
ble
s/r
ootc
rop
s /fr
uit t
ree
s
La Union 40
Ta
ble
3. (c
on
tin
ua
tio
n).
So
il
Seri
es
L
imit
ati
on
f
or
cro
p p
rod
ucti
on
So
il M
an
ag
em
en
t R
ec
om
men
dati
on
s
Ric
e
Div
ers
ifie
d c
rop
s
Ro
ot
cro
ps
T
ree/F
ore
st/
P
lan
tati
on
cro
ps
Um
ing
an
Riv
er
flood
ing; gra
ve
lly
sub
so
il la
yer
ca
use
s
dro
ug
ht; low
availa
ble
O
M
Applic
atio
n o
f fe
rtili
zer;
cle
ari
ng o
f la
rge g
rave
ls
and r
ock
Constr
uctio
n o
f ade-
quate
irr
igatio
n a
nd
flood c
ontr
ol syste
ms;
app
licatio
n o
f fe
rtili
zer
and o
rga
nic
matte
r;
suite
d f
or
div
ers
ifie
d
cro
ps
Gra
ve
lly s
ub
-so
il m
ay c
ause
low
er
yie
ld o
f ro
otc
rop
s
Esta
blis
hm
ent
of
flood c
ontr
ol a
nd
irrigatio
n s
yste
ms;
pro
pe
r fe
rtili
za
tio
n
Cro
pp
ing
Patt
ern
: rice
-ric
e;
rice
-div
ers
ifie
d c
rop
s/v
egeta
ble
s
Appendices
41 SIMPLIFIED KEYS TO SOIL SERIES
APPENDIX 1. STEPS TO IDENTIFY SOIL SERIES
1 Soil sampling
La Union 42
1.Choose a vacant area
in your field. Use a spade or soil auger to dig up to 50 centimeters from the soil surface.
3.Get a bulk of soil
(0.5 kilogram) from 30 to 50-centimeter depth and place it in a con-tainer. This sample will be used in soil series identification.
2.Depth of the soil is im-
portant. The surface/top soil is not a good basis since it is always cultivated.
50 cm
2 Color determination
43 SIMPLIFIED KEYS TO SOIL SERIES
1.Soil color is an indirect
measure of other character-istics such as drainage, aer-ation, and organic matter content. Black-colored soils may indicate high fertility and productivity. Gray indi-cates a fairly constant water-saturated condition. Bright brown and red colors are indicative of good aeration and drainage.
2.Get an ample amount
of soil from the sample. Note that the soil surface should be freshly exposed and not pressed. Record the moisture condition (dry, wet, or moist). If dry, have a moist color determination by adding ample amount of water to the soil.
3.Compare the color of the
soil sample with the color chart in the guidebook. Take note of the classifica-tion of the color.
3 Texture determination
La Union 44
N
N N
Y Y Y
N
N
N
N
N
N
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Take a half handful of the same soil sample. Add water (not too wet). Soil is at proper consistency when moldable, like moist putty.
Add dry soil to absorb water.
Does soil remain in a ball when squeezed?
Is soil too dry? Is soil too wet? Sand
Place ball of soil between thumb and forefinger, gently pushing the soil with the thumb, squeezing it upward into a ribbon. Form a ribbon of uniform thickness and width. Allow the ribbon to emerge and extend over the forefinger, breaking under its own weight.
Does soil form a ribbon? Loamy sand
Does soil make a weak ribbon less than 1 inch long before breaking?
Does soil make a medium ribbon 1 to 2 inches long before breaking?
Does soil make a strong ribbon 2 inches or longer before breaking?
Excessively wet a small pinch of soil in palm of hand and rub with forefinger.
Does soil feel very gritty?
Does soil feel very smooth?
Neither grittiness nor smoothness predominates
Sandy loam
Loam
Silt loam
Does soil feel very gritty?
Does soil feel very smooth?
Neither grittiness nor smoothness predominates
Clay loam
Sandy clay
loam
Silty
clay loam
Does soil feel very gritty?
Does soil feel very smooth?
Neither grittiness nor smoothness predominates
Sandy clay
Clay
Silty clay
Y
Y
Y
N N
N
4 pH determination (UPLB) procedure
45 SIMPLIFIED KEYS TO SOIL SERIES
1.Get soil sample from
30 to 50-centimeter depth. Fill the test tube with soil sample up to the scratch mark.
2.Add seven drops of
CPR (chloropenol red). Mix by gently swirling the test tube.
3.If pH is six or great-
er, repeat the steps using BTB (bromthymol blue). If soil pH is five or less, repeat the steps using BCG (bromcresol green).
4.Match the color of
the solution on top of the soil with the corre-sponding color chart of the pH indicator dye used.
APPENDIX 2. THE PALAYCHECK® SYSTEM
La Union 46
The PalayCheck® System is a rice integrated crop management that combines the technologies and learning processes to identify strengths and weak-nesses of current crop management practices, make improvements in the next season to increase grain yield, input-use efficiency, and profit with environmen-tal concerns. The PalayCheck® System describes the crop man-agement practices (input) to achieve the following Key Checks (output):
No high and low soil spots after final level-ing. 2 Practiced synchro-nous planting after a fallow period. 3
1 Used high-quality seeds of a recom-mended variety.
47 SIMPLIFIED KEYS TO SOIL SERIES
Sufficient number of healthy seedlings. 4 Sufficient nutrients at tillering to early pani-cle initiation and flowering. 5 Avoided excessive water or drought stress that could affect the growth and yield of the crop.
6
No significant yield
loss due to pests. 7 Cut and threshed the crop at the right time. 8
Glossary Base saturation – the amount of positively charged ions (Ca, Mg, K, and
Na), excluding hydrogen and aluminum ions, that are ab-sorbed on the surface of soil particles, and measured and reported as a percentage.
Boulder – rocks with grain size of usually no less than 256 mm (10 inches) diameter.
Clay skins – clay coatings on ped or pore surfaces. Coarse fragments – significant proportions of fragments coarser than
very coarse sand and less than 10 inches, if rounded, or 15 inches along the longer axis, if flat. They influence the nutri-ent status, water movement, use and management of the soil. They also reflect the origin and stage of development of the soil.
Cobblestone – naturally rounded stones larger than a pebble and small-er than a boulder.
Concretions – cemented bodies similar to nodules, except for the pres-ence of visible, concentric layers of material around a point, line, or plane.
Cutans – modification of the soil texture, or soil structure, at natural surfaces (particle, pore, or ped) in soil materials due to illuviation. Cutans are oriented deposits which can be composed of any of the component substances of the soil material.
Gravels – composed of unconsolidated rock fragments that have a general particle size range and include size classes from granule- to boulder-sized fragments.
Inherent fertility – the natural ability of the soil to supply plant nutrients. Mottles– appearance of uneven spots with spherical or irregular shape.
The color differs from the soil matrix color. Nodules – cemented bodies of various shapes that can be removed as
discrete units from soil. Nutrient retention – referred to as Cation Exchange Capacity (CEC) or
the maximum quantity of total cations, of any class, that a soil is capable of holding, at a given pH value, available for exchange with the soil solution.
Pebble – small usually rounded stone especially when worn by the action of water.
Permeability – property of the soil to transmit water and air. It affects irrigation, and leaching of salts and fertilizers.
Quartz – a mineral consisting of silicon dioxide occurring in colorless and transparent or colored hexagonal crystals or in crystalline masses.
Relief – refers to the elevation or inequality of the land surface consid-ered collectively.
Rock – naturally occurring solid aggregates of one or more minerals or mineraloids.
Rooting depth – the ability of the plant’s roots to penetrate through the soil. It can be limited by soil compaction, absence of nutrients, waterlogged layer or cemented layers.
La Union 48
Salinity – the saltiness or dissolved salt content (such as sodium chlo-ride, magnesium and calcium sulfates, and bicarbonates) in soil.
Slickenside – polished and grooved surface produced by one mass sliding past another.
Soil compaction – described according to its nature, continuity, struc-ture, agent, and degree. Compacted material has a firm or stronger consistence when moist and a close packing of parti-cles.
Soil drainage –refers to the frequency and duration of periods of satura-tion in the soil.
Soil family – a group of soils within a subgroup having similar physical and chemical properties that affect their responses to manage-ment and manipulation for use.
Soil pH –measure of acidity and basicity of soils. It affects availability or release of soil nutrients.
Soil profile – includes the collection of all the genetic horizons, the natu-ral organic layers on the surface, and the parent material or other layers beneath the solum that influence the genesis and behavior of the soil.
Soil series – a group of soils with similar profiles developed from similar parent materials under comparable climatic and vegetational conditions.
Soil taxonomy – hierarchies of classes that permit one to understand the relationships between soils and also between soils and the factors responsible for their character. A systematic distinguish-ing, ordering, and naming of type groups within a subject field.
Soil texture- refers to the relative proportions of the various size groups of individual soil grains in a mass of soil. Specifically, it refers to the proportions of clay, silt, and sand below 2 millimeters in diameter.
Soil type – the lowest category in classification systems. It is distin-guished within series on the basis of texture, a single character-istic.
Soil water retention – the ability of soil to retain water to provide an ongoing supply of water to plants between periods of replenish-ment (infiltration) to allow their continued growth and survival.
Stoniness – the relative proportion of stones over 10 inches in diameter or on the soil.
Surface cracking – develops in shrink–swell clay-rich soils after they dry out. The width (average, or average width and maximum width) of the cracks at the surface is indicated in centimeters. The average distance between cracks may also be indicated in cen-timeters.
Tuff – a rock composed of the finer kinds of volcanic detritus usually
fused together by heat.
Workability/tilth – the ease of cultivating the soil with regard to its struc-ture, texture, presence of coarse fragments, and relief.
Glossary
49 SIMPLIFIED KEYS TO SOIL SERIES
Soil textural classes
Sand (S) - gritty Silt (Si) - smooth and floury Clay (C) - sticky Loam (L) - equal proportion of S, Si and C Sandy loam (SL) - presence of S, Si and C; but grittiness predominates Loamy sand (LS) - distinctively gritty with slight smoothness and sticki-
ness Silt loam (SiL) - presence of S, Si and C; but smoothness predominates Clay loam (CL) - presence of S, Si and C; but stickiness predominates Sandy clay loam (SCL) - presence of S, Si, and C; but more sticky and
gritty feel Silty clay loam (SiCL) - presence of S, Si and C; but more of sticky and
floury feel Sandy clay (SC) - sticky with slight grittiness Silty clay (SiC) - sticky with slight smoothness
La Union 50
References
Badayos, R.B. 1990. Lowland rice soils in the Philippines, their characteristics and classification in relation to productivity. Inaugural Professorial Lecture. SEARCA, UPLB.
Beinroth, F.H. 1978. Some fundamentals of soil classification. In: Soil-resource data for agricultural development. Ed. Leslie D. Swindale. Hawaii Ag. Expt. Sra., College of Trop. Agric., University of Hawaii. p. 12-19. Hampstead, M.I., TJ Sauer, and WF Bennet. 1997. Soil Science
Simplified. 3rd Edition. Iowa State University Press, Ames Iowa 500014.
“Simplified Keys to Soil Series (29 Soil Series for Maize
Production), Lop Buri Province” The International Training Workshop on “Applying Information Technology for Site-Specific Agriculture in Small Farms of the Trop-ics.” August 4-10, 2003. Bangkok, Thailand.
Soil Survey of La Union Province. Department of Agriculture and
Natural Resources, Bureau of Soils, Manila, Philippines. Bureau of Printing, Manila.
Soil Survey Manual. US Department of Agricultural Handbook
No. 18. August 1951. Soil Survey Staff, Bureau of Plant and Industry, Soils, and Agricultural Engineering. Agricultural Research Administration, US Department of Agriculture.
Keys to Soil Taxonomy. US Department of Agriculture 10th
Edition. 2006. Soil Survey Staff, Natural Resource Conservation Service, US Department of Agriculture.
Soil Taxonomy: A Basic System of Soil Classification for Making
and Interpreting Soil Surveys. Soil Survey Staff, Soil Conservation Service, US Department of Agriculture.
Sys, I.C., et al. Land Evaluation Part III: Crop Requirements.
Agricultural Publications. N°7, 1993.
51 SIMPLIFIED KEYS TO SOIL SERIES
For more information, write, visit, or call:
Agronomy, Soils, and Plant Physiology Division or
Information Systems Division
Philippine Rice Research Institute
Maligaya, Science City of Muñoz, 3119 Nueva Ecija
Tel. No. (044) 456-0285; -0113; -0651 local 330,
331, 334, 310, 311
or text:
The PhilRice Text Center - (0920) 911-1398
For published material, contact:
Development Communication Division or
Business Development Division
Tel. No. (044) 456-0285; -0113; -0651 local 500,
501, 601, 604
Readers are encouraged to quote the content of this
guidebook with acknowledgement. Suggested citation:
PhilRice, “Simplified Keys to Soil Series of La Union”.
Soil Series Guidebook ISBN __:51p., September 2017.
We thank the Bureau of Soils and Water Manage-ment (BSWM) for the secondary data of the soils used in this guidebook.
ISBN