la tierra copia
TRANSCRIPT
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THE EARTH
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The structure of the Earth
• Earth’s surface is divided into:
– Litosphere (solid and rocky part of Earth)
– Hydrosphere (water: oceans, rivers, lakes…)
– Atmosphere (air: layer of gases)– Biosphere (places where life exists)
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Geology:
the study of the materials that make up the solid part of the Earth.
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Geological ages
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SnowballEarth750 - 635 millions
PROTEROZOIC
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Paleozoic Age: Cambrian sea (525 millions)
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PALEOZOIC AGE540-251 mill.
PANGEA
Trilobites
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Formation of continents
MESOZOIC AGE251-65 millions.
Dinosaurs
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CENOZOIC AGE(65-2 mill.)
Rise of mountains
Age of mammals
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Quaternary Age(2 millions onwards)
Rise of human beings.
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The inner structure of the Earth
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The inner structure of the Earth
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How many kms. Each layer?
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Continental drift
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• 2. EARTH’S STRUCTURE (pages 26,27)
• Planet Earth has three layers:• The core: inner part of the Earth, made up mainly by
iron. – Inner core, extremely hot and solid because of pressure.– Outer core: extremely hot liquid.
• The mantle, made up by a hot liquid/plastic called magma.
• Magma sometimes pushed up to the surface and creates volcanic eruptions (this magma is called lava).
• The crust: solid, outer part of Earth surface, where we live.– Continental crust (30-70 km. deep)– Oceanic crust (10 km. deep).
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PANGEA(200 millions ago)
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• Continental drift and tectonic plates.
Continents move slowly over the mantle, like wood on water.
200 millions ago, a supercontinent, called Pangea started to separate and create the current continents in the present. This is called continental drift(1).
• Tectonic plates: Our continents are part of tectonic plates, that move continually. There are eight major plates and some more smaller. These plates collide each other or move apart.
• The movement of this tectonic plates is responsible of eruptions and earthquakes in the boundaries of the plates.
[1] Continental drift: deriva continental. Tectonic plates: places tectónicas. Earthquake: terremoto. Boundaries: limits.
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How continents move?
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Internal forces of relief• 1.- Pressures • 1.a.- Folds
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SYNCLINE(fold downwards)
ANTICLINE(fold upwards)
FOLDS
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QUARCITE FOLDS in Sierra de Fuentes(Cáceres)
QUARCITEFOLDS IN SIERRA DE FUENTES(CÁCERES)
SYNCLINE OF CÁCERES
Cáceres
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Internal forces of relief• 1.b.- Faults
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Internal forces: faults
Faults: breaks in rock layers
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Tiny fault in a rock. Quartz layer.
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Fault: Ronda norte (Cáceres)
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Fault plane (espejo de falla)
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Falla de San Andrés
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Internal forces of relief
• 2.- Earthquakes
FAULT
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EarthquakeConsequencesCalifornia
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Earthquakes on the ocean: tsunamis
Japan, 2012
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Seismograph
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Internal forces of relief• 2.-Volcanoes
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Internal forces of relief: volcanoes
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LAVA FLOWS
CRATER
VOLCANICBOMBS
CONE
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VOLCANOESUNDER THE SEA
(India)
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VOLCANOESERUPTIONSCAN CREATENEW ISLANDS
(ICELAND)
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External agents of relief
• 1.- Water• 2.- Wind• 3.- Changes of temperature• 4.- Human action
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External forces of relief
• Erosion• Transportation• Deposition
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EXTERNAL AGENTS (WATER, AIR), CHEMISTRYERODES THEROCK (GRANITE)
BARRUECOS(MALPARTIDA DE CÁCERES)
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TRANSPORTATIONAND DEPOSITION(SEDIMENTS)
Rivers transportsLots of sediments
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Other external agents
The ice.
Glacier
Icetongue
Icetongue
Cirque
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Near Jerte
Andes argentinos
V- and u- shaped valleys
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Other agents: Human action.
Alcántara old quarry (vieja cantera de Alcántara).