la idea fija - unq.edu.arcronos.unq.edu.ar/fisgen/reproduccion 2014.pdf · copyright © 2004...
TRANSCRIPT
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Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
REPRODUCCIÓN
La idea fija
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• How male and female reproductive systems differentiate
• The reproductive organs and how they work
• How gametes are produced and fertilized
• Pregnancy, stages of development, birth & lactation
• Reproductive and developmental maturation and aging
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Sex Determination: Overview
• Dimorphism:
• Males sperm
• Females eggs
• Chromosomes
• Autosomes
• Sex Chromosomes
• X - chromosome
• Y - chromosome Figure 26-1: Human chromosomes
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Sex Determination: Overview
Figure 26-2: Inheritance of X and Y chromosomes
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• Bipotential tissues: genes & hormones direct differentiation:
Sex-determining Region Y Testis Determining Factor
• Gonad testis or ovary
• Wolffian duct Vas deferens,
• Mullerian duct oviduct
Sexual Differentiation: Internal Embryonic Development
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Sexual Differentiation: Internal Embryonic Development
Figure 26-3a: Sexual development in the human embryo
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Pathway for Sexual Development: Review for Genes to Organs
Figure 26-4: Role of the SRY gene in male development
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• Bipotential tissues: genital tubercle, urethral folds, urethral groove and labioscrotal swellings
Sexual Differentiation: External Genitalia
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Sexual Differentiation: External Genitalia
Figure 26-3b: Sexual development in the human embryo
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Determination of sex
• Determined genetically by two sex chromosomes: XY or XX.
• Y is dominant and codifies the testis-determining gene product.
• Only one X is active. The other X condenses to form the Barr body.
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Regulation of Reproduction: General Pathways
• Hypothalamus: pulse generator
• Gonadotropin releasing H
• (GnRH)
• Anterior Pituitary
• Lutenizing H (LH)
• Follicle stimulating H (FSH)
• Ovary: progesterone
• Estrogen, inhibin
• Testis: testosterone, inhibin
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Regulation of Reproduction: General Pathways
Figure 26-7: General pattern of hormonal control of reproduction
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Hypothalamus-Pituitary-Gonadal Axis
GnRH GnRHHypothalamus
Androgenicand anabolic
effects
Oestrogeniceffects
Testis Ovary
Stimulatory
Inhibitory
AnteriorPituitaryLH LH
FSH FSH
LeydigCells
Thecainterna
SertoliCells
Granu-losa
Inhibin Inhibin
Testosterone Oestrogen
Androgens
Gonads
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Male Reproductive Components
• Testis => spermatozoa; testosterone production
• Epididymis => spermatozoa maturation & storage
• Ductus deferens & ampulla => transport & semen
• Accessory glands => semen
• a) Prostate gland
• b) Vesicular glands (seminal vesicles)
• c) Bulbourethral (Cowper’s) gland
• Urethra => transport
• Penis=> transport and ejaculation
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Male Reproductive Anatomy and Physiology
Figure 26-9a: ANATOMY SUMMARY: Male Reproduction
Seminal
vesicles
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Semen
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Spermatogenesis: Sperm Production in the Testis
• Seminiferous tubules
• Spermatids
• Spermatocytes
• Spermatozoa
• Sertoli cells
• Interstitial tissue
• Leydig cells
• Capillaries
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Spermatogenesis: Sperm Production in the Testis
Figure 26-9b-e: ANATOMY SUMMARY: Male Reproduction
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Interstitial cells
(of Leydig)
Cells of
Leydig
Produce
Androgens—
mainly
Testosterone
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Seminiferous Tubule and Interstitial Cells
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Regulation of Spermatogenesis
Figure 26-11: Hormonal control of spermatogenesis
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• GnRH LH Leydig cells testosterone 20 sex charact.
• GnRH FSH Sertoli cells spermatoctye maturation
• Inhibin feedback – FSH, testosterone – short & long loops
Regulation of Spermatogenesis
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Female Reproductive Anatomy and Physiology: Overview
• Ovary
• Fallopian tube
• Fimbriae
• Uterus
• Cervix
• Endometrium
• Vagina
• Clitoris
• Labia
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Female Reproductive Anatomy and Physiology: Overview
Figure 26-12b: ANATOMY SUMMARY: Female Reproduction
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Ovary: Details of Histology & Physiology
• Follicle
• Oocytes
• Thecal cells
• Granulosa cells
• Estrogen
• Corpus luteum
• Corpus luteum
• Progesterone
• Inhibin
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Ovary: Details of Histology & Physiology
Figure 26-12d: ANATOMY SUMMARY: Female Reproduction
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Ovary: Details of Histology & Physiology
Figure 26-12d: ANATOMY SUMMARY: Female Reproduction
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Ovary: Details of Histology & Physiology
• Follicle
• Oocytes
• Thecal cells
• Androgens
• Granulosa cells
• Estrogens
• Corpus luteum
• Corpus luteum
• Progesterone
• Inhibin
Folículos ováricos
Región medular Región cortical
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Ovary: Details of Histology & Physiology
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Follicular Structure
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Menstrual Cycle: Egg Maturation, and Endometrial Growth
Figure 26-13: The menstrual cycle
• Follicular phase
• Egg matures
• Ovulation
• Egg released
• Luteal phase
• Corpus luteum
• Endometrium
• Prep for blastocyst
• No Pregnancy
• Menses
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Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 28.26a-c
Figure 28.26 The Hormonal Regulation of the Female Reproductive Cycle
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Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 28.25
The Hormonal Regulation of Ovarian Activity
ovulación
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Follicular Growth Regulation
• GnRH rises in response to a decline in inhibin and sex steroids
• GnRH stimulates rise in pituitary FSH & LH secretion.
• FSH stimulates new follicle growth
• LH induces thecal cell growth, vascularization & androgen synthesis
• FSH stimulates granulosa cell production of E2 & LH receptor
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Follicular Growth Regulation 2
• LH act on thecal & granulosa cells and FSH acts on granulosa cells
• Late follicular phase has elevated follicular fluid E2, P, FSH and LH but low androgens
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• FSH stimulates follicular development
• Estrogen: + feedback, limits more follicles
Endocrine Control of Menstrual Cycle: Follicular Phase
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• Estrogen LH "surge" & FSH spike egg release
• Inhibin pushes FSH down , new follicle development
Endocrine Control of Menstrual Cycle: Ovulation
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Ovulation
• The stigmata, a cone-shaped protrusion of the follicle wall, appears just before ovulation
• Preovulatory follicular fluid has elevated E2, P, FSH, LH, oxytocin, plasmin activity & collaginase activity
• Extensive follicular vascularization occurs immediately prior to ovulation
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Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 26-14a,b: Hormonal control of the menstrual cycle
Endocrine Control of Menstrual Cycle: Follicular Phase and Ovulation
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• Granulosa cells form corpus luteum E2, progesterone
• progesterone & estrogen maintain endometrium
• Inhibin continues to limit new follicular development
Endocrine Control of Menstrual Cycle: Luteal phase
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Corpus Luteum Development 1
• LH stimulates thecal & granulosa cell invasion of follicular cavity
• LH induces the luteinization of both cell types
• P synthesis increases as number of luteal cell increase
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Corpus Luteum Development 2
• LH stimulates increased P & E secretion
• FSH has no direct role in corpus luteum (CL) maintenance
• CL function depends on adequacy of follicle development (adequate induction by FSH of E2, LH and LDL receptor levels)
• Failure of adequate CL function results in luteal insufficiency
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Corpus Luteum Development 3
• Estrogen induces luteolysis
• Luteolysis causes decreased E2 & P secretion leading to decreased plasma levels
• Luteolysis continues in the absence of a fertilized ovum
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• Pregnancy: maintain progesterone, estrogen & inhibin
• No pregnancy: progesterone, estrogen & inhibin
• Menses, FSH & LH new follicle development
Endocrine Control of Menstrual Cycle: Late Luteal phase
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Endocrine Control of Menstrual Cycle: Luteal phase and Late Luteal phase
Figure 26-14c, d: Hormonal control of the menstrual cycle
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Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 28.20
The Uterine Cycle
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Menstrual Cycle: Egg Maturation, and Endometrial Growth
Figure 26-13: The menstrual cycle
• Follicular phase
• Egg matures
• Ovulation
• Egg released
• Luteal phase
• Corpus luteum
• Endometrium
• Prep for blastocyst
• No Pregnancy
• Menses
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Overview of the Menstrual Cycle