la giganta y guadalupe

50

Upload: bill-marlett

Post on 14-Mar-2016

220 views

Category:

Documents


0 download

DESCRIPTION

 

TRANSCRIPT

Page 1: La giganta y guadalupe
Page 2: La giganta y guadalupe
Page 3: La giganta y guadalupe

([HTXLHO�(]FXUUD�\�%UXFH�%HUJHU

(O�WHVRUR�GH�OD�VLHUUD� � � � �����������

([HTXLHO�(]FXUUD

,��%LWiFRUD�GH�XQD�H[SHGLFLyQ�� ������������ 9LDMH�HQ�PXOD�D�XQ�SDVDGR�UHPRWR� � ��������� (O�ÀOR�GH�OD�VLHUUD� � � � � � ��������� +XHUWRV�\�RDVLV� � � � � � ��������� &KXEDVFR�� � � � � � � ��������

%UXFH�%HUJHU

,,��(VSDFLRV��HVSHFLHV�\�FXOWXUDV� ������������ *HRORJtD� � � � � � � � ��������� 9HJHWDFLyQ�� � � � � � � ��������� )DXQD� � � � � � � � ���������� 3LQWXUDV�UXSHVWUHV� � � � � � ���������� 5DQFKRV� � � � � � � � ���������� /LQJ�tVWLFD��������������������������������������������������������������������

([HTXLHO�(]FXUUD�\�%UXFH�%HUJHU

6DEHUHV�GHO�DJXD��SDLVDMHV�GH�OD�HVSHUDQ]D� � � ������������

&217(1,'2

Page 4: La giganta y guadalupe

�/$�*,*$17$�<�*8$'$/83(

��3ODQHWD�3HQtQVXOD�$&���1LSDUDMi�$&3ULPHUD�HGLFLyQ�����,6%1�������������������

'LUHFFLyQ�HGLWRULDO�\�IRWRJUDItD��0LJXHO�ÉQJHO�GH�OD�&XHYD�(GLWRU�DGMXQWR��([HTXLHO�(]FXUUD7UDGXFFLyQ��%iUEDUD�&yUFHJD5HYLVLyQ�GH�HVWLOR��%iUEDUD�&yUFHJD�\�([HTXLHO�(]FXUUD6HOHFFLyQ�GH�IUDJPHQWRV�GH�WH[WRV��([HTXLHO�(]FXUUD�'LVHxR�HGLWRULDO�\�GH�SRUWDGD��&DUORV�$OEHUWR�6DOYDGRU�&iUGHQDV,OXVWUDFLyQ�PDSD��&DUORV�&��'tD]�&DVWUR5HSURGXFFLyQ�GH�PDWHULDO�GH�VLWLRV�DUTXHROyJLFRV�EDMR�VXSHUYLVLyQ�GHO�$UTXHyORJR�&DUORV�0DQGXMDQR��,1$+��

/D�UHSURGXFFLyQ�SRU�FXDOTXLHU�PHGLR��GH�ODV�LPiJHQHV�GHO�SDWULPRQLR�QDWXUDO�\�FXOWXUDO�GH�0p[LFR�FRQWHQLGDV�HQ�HVWH�OLEUR��HVWD�OLPLWDGD�HQ�DFXHUGR�FRQ�OD�/H\�)HGHUDO�GH�0RQXPHQWRV��=RQDV�$UTXHROyJLFDV��$UWH�H�+LVWRULD��DVt�FRPR�OD�/H\�)HGHUDO�GH�'HUHFKRV�GH�$XWRU��'LFKD�UHSUR�GXFFLyQ�GHEH�VHU�DSUREDGD�SRU�HO�,QVWLWXWR�1DFLRQDO�GH�$QWURSRORJtD�H�+LVWRULD��,1$+��

1LQJXQD�SDUWH�GH�HVWH�OLEUR�SRGUi�VHU�UHSURGXFLGD�VLQ�SHUPLVR�GHO�HGLWRU��'LULJLU�VROLFLWXGHV�D�3ODQHWD�3HQtQVXOD�$&���0LJXHO�ÉQJHO�GH�OD�&XHYD�HQ�FRQWDFWR#PLJXHODQJHOGHODFXHYD�FRP�

$*5$'(&,0,(1726

*DEULHOD�$QD\D��&RPXQLGDG�GH�/DV�ÉQLPDV��3URJUDPD�GH�&RQVHUYD�FLyQ�GH�7LHUUDV�1LSDUDMi�$�&��)UDQFLVFR�2OPRV��0DULQD�+LUDOHV��/HRQRU�0RUDOHV�\�(IUDtQ�3DUHGHV���7KH�1DWXUH�&RQVHUYDQF\��5HVRXUFHV�/HJD�F\�)XQG��80$�6DQ�-RVH�GH�OD�1RULD��9tFWRU�0XULOOR�7DODPDQWHV���(MLGR�7HSHQWX��&,%125�� � ,1$+�� 8$%&6�� 71&�� *7&�� &21$13��(FRDOLDQ]D�GH�/R�UHWR��&RPLVLyQ�1DFLRQDO�)RUHVWDO��$UTXHyORJR�&DUORV�0DQGXMDQR�,1$+��5DPLUR�6DOJDGR��&DUORV�\�-RVp�GH�-HVXV�9LOODYLFHQFLR��-DLPH�*RURVDYH��5FKR��6DQ�%DOWD]DU��/HRQHO�2UR]FR��5FKR��/D�7ULQLGDG��2PDU�7pOOH]��6LGGKDUWD�9HOi]TXH]��$KLEHG�0DJDxD��$QGUHD�/HY\��:HQG\�'RPtQ�JXH]��$OHMDQGUD�&��0HQGL]DEDO��0LFKHOLQH�&DULxR��/RUHOOD�&DVWRUHQD��%HQLWR�%HUP~GH]��6DQGLQR�*iPH]��26&�9LYH�&DGHJRPy�$&��*DHO�$O�PHLGD��/RUHQ]R�5RVHQVZHLJ��&KULVWLH�:DOWRQ��&DUPHQ�%Oi]TXH]��;R�FKLOW�0RUDQ��-RVp�/XLV�0H]D�7UH]R��)HUPtQ�5HJ\DGDV��-RVp�/XLV�/HyQ�GH� OD�/X]��$DUyQ�(VOtPDQ��)ORUHQFH�&DVVDVVXFH��)HGHULFR�6DYtQ�7D�ODPDQWHV�� +HULEHUWR� +LJXHUD� *HUDOGR�� -HV~V� 3HUIHFWR� $PDGRU�� $OH�MDQGUD�1LHWR�*DULED\��3DW\�*DOLQD��6HUJLR�ÉOYDUH]�&iUGHQDV��0XUUD\�*HOO�0DQQ��(QULTXH�+DPEOHWRQ��)HUQDQGR�5XDQ�$\DOD��/HWLFLD�5XDQ�$\DOD��6WHSKDQH\�&R[��IDPLOLD�*RQ]iOH]�9LOODORERV��IDPLOLD�&UDYLRWR�

3DUD�0DWtDV��1LFROiV�\�&DPLOD��KHUHGHURV�GH�HVWD�WLHUUD�3DUD�WL�(OL]DEHWK

0LJXHO�ÉQJHO�GH�OD�&XHYD

Page 5: La giganta y guadalupe

%LWiFRUD�GH�XQD�

H[SHGLFLyQ([HTXLHO�(]FXUUD

,

Page 6: La giganta y guadalupe

(O�WHVRUR�GH�OD�VLHUUD%UXFH�%HUJHU�\�([HTXLHO�(]FXUUD

&XiQGR� IXH�TXH�VH�QRV�SHUGLy�HO�SDVDGR��FXiQGR�ROYLGDPRV�OD�VRPEUD�GH�HVRV�SDOPDUHV�PDJQtÀFRV��FXiQGR�DEDQGRQDPRV�ORV�RDVLV��FXiQGR� QRV� JDQy� OD� VREHUELD� GH� VHQWLUQRV�

GXHxRV�DEVROXWRV�GH�UHFXUVRV�TXH�FUHtPRV�LQÀQLWRV��LQDFDEDEOHV"� +XER�XQ� WLHPSR�HQ�TXH� ORV�KXPDQRV�HQ�%DMD�&DOLIRUQLD�6XU�HUDQ�³pUDPRV³�SDUWH�GH�HVD�QD�WXUDOH]D� FRQWUDGLFWRULD� \�PDUDYLOORVD�� FRPSDVLYD�SHUR� LPSODFDEOHPHQWH� ULJXURVD��8Q� WLHPSR� HQ� HO�TXH�VH�FRQVWUXtDQ�ODV�FDVDV�GH�EDUUR�\�SLHGUD�\�UHV�WRV�YHJHWDOHV��\�VH�SLQWDEDQ�FRQ�HO�FRORU�EODQFR�GHO�FDOLFKH�TXH�SURYLHQH�GH�ODV�URFDV�EODQFDV�GH�OD�VLH�UUD�R�GH�ODV�FROLQDV�GH�FRQFKD�TXH�\DFHQ�MXQWR�DO�PDU� \� TXH� VH� FDOFLQDEDQ� HQ� LQPHQVRV� KRUQRV� GH�OHxD�\�FDUEyQ��6XV�QRPEUHV�VH�QLHJDQ�D�PRULU��\�WR�GDYtD�SHUVLVWHQ��WHVWDUXGRV��HQ�OXJDUHV�HVFRQGLGRV�GH�OD�VLHUUD��(O�+RUQR��/D�&DOHUD��� +XER�XQ�WLHPSR�HQ�HO�TXH�ORV�PDQDQWLDOHV�GHO�GHVLHUWR�UHJDEDQ�ORV�FXOWLYRV�GH�ORV�YDOOHV�FRQ�DFH�TXLDV�\�FDQDOHV�OOHQRV�GH�YHUGRU��\�HQ�HO�TXH�HO�DJXD�TXH�EDMDED�GH�OD�VLHUUD�HUD�JHQHURVDPHQWH�FRPSDU�WLGD�FRQ�HO�UHVWR�GH�ODV�HVSHFLHV�YLYDV�HQ�KHUPRVRV�RDVLV� GH� SDOPDV� \� IUXWDOHV��8Q� WLHPSR� HQ� HO� TXH�ORV�PDQJODUHV�\�ORV�HVWHURV�GH�OD�FRVWD�YLYtDQ�FRQ�HO�DJXD�GXOFH�TXH�OOHJDED�SRU�HO�FDXFH�URFRVR�GH�ORV�UtRV��\�HQWUHJDEDQ�VX�ULTXH]D�GH�SHFHV�\�ODUYDV�\�QXWULHQWHV�DO�PDU�DELHUWR�GHVSXpV�GH�FDGD�FKXEDVFR��

8Q�WLHPSR��HQ�ÀQ��HQ�HO�TXH�HQWHQGtDPRV�ODV�VHxD�OHV�GH�ORV�GHPiV�VHUHV�YLYRV�\�KDEOiEDPRV�HO�OHQ�JXDMH�GH� OD� WLHUUD��\�HQ�HO�TXH� OD�~QLFD�DJXD�TXH�FRQVXPtDPRV�HUD�OD�TXH�FRUUtD�\�GDQ]DED�SRU�DUUR�\RV�\�FDxRQHV�SURYHQLHQWH�GH�ORV�ULFRV�YHQHURV�GH�OD�VLHUUD�� 'HVSXpV�YLQR�HO�HVSHMLVPR�GH�OD�WHFQRORJtD�� &RQ�ERPEDV�\�WXUELQDV�\�PRWRUHV�VH�HPSH]y�D�VDTXHDU�HO�DJXD�GH�ODV�HQWUDxDV�GH�OD�WLHUUD�FRPR�VL�QXQFD�VH�IXHUD�D�DFDEDU��&UHtPRV�TXH�SRGUtDPRV�FRQYHUWLU�DO�GHVLHUWR�HQ�XQ�HGpQ��\�FRPHQ]DPRV�D�WDODU�ODV�JUDQGHV�SODQLFLHV��D�FRUWDU�FDUGRQHV�FHQ�WHQDULRV�H�LQPHQVRV�PH]TXLWHV��YHUGHV�\�IURQGRVRV��SDUD�DEULU�OD�WLHUUD�VHFD�D�JUDQGHV�SUR\HFWRV�GH�GH�VDUUROOR�� 3DUHFtD� TXH� \D� QXQFD�PiV� QHFHVLWDUtDPRV� GH�HVRV� HVWUHFKRV� \� SHGUHJRVRV� FDxRQHV� VHUUDQRV�� QL�GH�HVDV�YLHMDV�FRQVWUXFFLRQHV�GH�DGREH�\�FDQWHUD�\�KRMDV�GH�SDOPD��QL�GH�HVRV�SXHEORV�FRPR�VXPLGRV�HQ�XQ�SDVDGR�VXSHUDGR�SRU�HO�SURJUHVR�\�OD�WHFQRORJtD��(O�DJXD�PDQDED�D�UDXGDOHV�GH� ORV�SR]RV�KRUDGD�GRV�HQ�OR�SURIXQGR�GHO�VXHOR�GHO�GHVLHUWR��<�DVt��HP�SUHQGLPRV�ODV�JUDQGHV�IDQWDVtDV�GH�SURJUHVR�³(O�9DOOH�GH�6DQWR�'RPLQJR��HO�GLVWULWR�GH�(O�9L]FDtQR��HO�FRUUHGRU�GH�/RV�&DERV��OD�H[SDQVLyQ�XUEDQD�GH�/D�3D]��HO�JUDQ�SUR\HFWR�GH�WXUtVWLFR�GH�1RSROy³�3HUR�HO�DJXD�GHO�VXEVXHOR�VH�DFDED�VL�VH�H[WUDH�PiV�UiSLGR�GH�OR�TXH�VH�UHFDUJD��\�DO�WRUQDU�HO�VLJOR�;;,�

¢

��

Page 7: La giganta y guadalupe

9LDMH�HQ�PXODD�XQ�SDVDGR�UHPRWR9LYHOHMRV��(O�OXJDU�HV�WDQ�UHPRWR�FRPR�SXHGD�XQR�LPDJLQDU��8Q�GtD�HQWHUR�GH�EUHFKDV�LQDFFHVLEOHV�SDUD� OD�PD\RU�SDUWH� GH� ORV� YHKtFXORV�� \� RWUR� GH�DVFHQVR�SRU�FRUQLVDV�\�FDxRQHV�D�ORPR�GH�PXOD��

(Q�OD�DOHJRUtD�GH�ORV�QRPEUHV�\�HQ�OD�GHVFULSWLYD�HWL�PRORJtD�GH�ORV�UDQFKHURV��HVWH�FDxyQ�VREUHYLYH�OHMRV�GH� WRGR�� OLWHUDOPHQWH�� YLYH�OHMRV�� 3HUR� XQD� YH]� TXH�OOHJD�XQR�DOOt�HV�FRPR�XQD�UHYHODFLyQ��FRPR�VL�GH�JRO�SH�HO�GHVLHUWR�WXYLHUD�XQ�VHQWLGR�SURIXQGR�TXH�QXQFD�KDEtDPRV�QRWDGR�DQWHV��'HVGH�OR�DOWR�GH�OD�VLHUUD�GH�*XDGDOXSH��HO�DUUR\R�GHVFLHQGH�SRU�HO�IRQGR�SURIXQ�GR�GHO�FDxyQ�SDUD�HQWUHJDU�VX�FDXGDO�YLYLÀFDGRU�HQ�ODV�SODQLFLHV�GHO�2FpDQR�3DFtÀFR�\�DOLPHQWDU�HQ�HO�SURFHVR�NLOyPHWURV�\�NLOyPHWURV�GH�GHVLHUWR�� $VFHQGHPRV�SRU�HO�IRQGR�SURIXQGR�GH�OD�EDUUDQFD�KDFLD�ODV�IXHQWHV�GHO�DJXD�HQ�HO�FRUD]yQ�GH�OD�VLHUUD��$� PHGLGD� TXH� VXELPRV�� HO� FDxyQ� VH� YD� KDFLHQGR�FDGD� YH]�PiV� YHUGH�� FDGD� YH]�PiV� OXMXULDQWH�� /D�YHJHWDFLyQ� GH� PHVTXLWHV� \� EHEHODPDV� GH� OD� WLHUUD�FDOLHQWH� HV� UHHPSOD]DGD� JUDGXDOPHQWH� SRU� ORV� JL�JDQWHVFRV�J�pULERV�³ORV�iODPRV�GH�OD�%DMD�&DOLIRU�QLD³�TXH� SURVSHUDQ� HQ� HO� FDXFH� VRPEUHDGR�� \� SRU�DxRVRV�HQFLQRV�FRQ�JUDQGHV�WURQFRV�UHWRUFLGRV�SRU�HO�SHVR�GH�VLJORV�GH�DQWLJ�HGDG��TXH�VRPEUHDQ�EDMR�VXV�LQPHQVRV�GRVHOHV�ODV�ODGHUDV�GH�OD�EDUUDQFD��/DV�ID�PLOLDUHV�SDOPDV�GH�WDFR��:DVKLQJWRQLD�UREXVWD��VRQ�UHHPSOD]DGDV�SRU�GHQVRV�ERVTXHV�GH�SDOPLOODV��%UD�KHD�EUDQGHJHHL��³HVEHOWDV��GHQVDV��DOWtVLPDV³��

£(V�FLHUWR�TXH�HQ�HO�WHUULWRULR�GH�*XDGDOXSH�VH�KDOODQ�J�pULERV��GH�TXH�VH�IRUPy�OD�EDODQGUD�´(O�7ULXQIR�GH�OD�&UX]µ�SDUD�HO�GHVFXEULPLHQWR�GHO�*ROIR�TXH�VH�UHIHULUi�GHVSXpV��7DPELpQ�VH�KDOODQ�DOJXQRV�GH�HVWRV�iUEROHV�FRPR�D�FLHQ�OHJXDV�GH�/RUHWR��FHUFD�GH�3XHUWR�(VFRQGLGR��HQ�OD�LQPHGLDWD�\�DOWD�VHUUDQtD��GRQGH�VH�HOHYD�PiV�GH�XQD�SXQWD�GH�PRQWD�xD��TXH�OODPDQ�HO�7DERU��SRUTXH�ORV�J�pULERV�VH�FUtDQ�HQWUH�ORV�EDUUDQ�FRV�GH�ODV�VHUUDQtDV�PiV�DOWDV��DXQTXH�QR�HQ�WRGDV��(VWH�iUERO�HQ�WRGR�VX�H[WHULRU�HV�VXPDPHQWH�SDUHFLGR�DO�iODPR�EODQFR��GH�VXHUWH�TXH�HV�GLItFLO�GLVWLQJXLUORV��SHUR�OD�PDGHUD�GHO�J�pULER�H[FHGH�VLQ�FRPSDVLyQ�D�OD�GHO�iODPR�\��DXQTXH�SHVDGD��SRU�PX\�VyOLGD��HV�GH�ODV�PHMRUHV�SDUD�REUDV�GH�FDUSLQWHUtD�� 7DPELpQ�KD\�XQRV�SRFRV�HQFLQRV�HQ�OD�VHUUDQtD�GH�ORV�WHUULWRULRV�GH�6DQ�-DYLHU�\�6DQ�-RVp�&RPRQG~��(VWRV�~OWLPRV�HVWiQ�KDFLD�DTXHOOD�SDUWH�GRQGH� OD� FRUGLOOHUD�GH� OD� VLHUUD� VH� OHYDQWD�PiV�\� IRUPD�� HQ� OR�PiV�DOWR��GRV�SXQWDV�FHUFDQDV�HQWUH�Vt��D�TXH�OODPDQ�OD�*LJDQWD��eVWD�VH�UHSXWD�SRU�OD�WLHUUD�PiV�DOWD�GH�OD�&DOLIRUQLD�SRUTXH�VRODPHQWH�HOOD�VH�GHVFXEUH�GHVGH�OD�FRVWD�GHO�<DTXL��QR�VLHPSUH��VLQR�DO�VDOLU�HO�VRO�\�FXDQGR�HO�WLHPSR�HVWi�VHUHQR�\�FODUR�

0,*8(/�'(/�%$5&2+LVWRULD�QDWXUDO�\�FUyQLFD�GH�OD�$QWLJXD�&DOLIRUQLD�

�IUDJPHQWRV�GH�XQ�PDQXVFULWR�GH�FD��������HGLWDGR�\�SXEOLFDGR�SRU�0LJXHO�/HyQ�3RUWLOOD���

8QLYHUVLGDG�1DFLRQDO�$XWyQRPD�GH�0p[LFR��0p[LFR�'�)��������

��

Page 8: La giganta y guadalupe

/D� YHJHWDFLyQ� GHVpUWLFD� FHGH� VX� OXJDU� D� JUDQGHV�IURQGDV�GH�KHOHFKRV�\�VDXFHV��\�SR]DV�GH�DJXD�FULV�WDOLQD� OOHQDQ� ODV� WLQDMDV� HVFXOSLGDV� VREUH� OD� ODYD�EUXxLGD�SRU�PLOHQLRV�GH�HURVLyQ�� 3ODQWDV� GH� FOLPDV�PiV� IUtRV� \� WHPSODGRV� HP�SLH]DQ� D� DSDUHFHU�� /DV� YLGHV� FLPDUURQDV� ³ORV�SDUURQHV�� FRPR� ODV� OODPDQ� ORV�YDTXHURV³�WUHSDQ�SRU�HO�WURQFR�GH�ORV�iUEROHV�EXVFDQGR�OD�OX]�GHO�GR�VHO��8Q�KHOHFKR�JLJDQWHVFR�³OD�\HUED�GHO�JROSH³�SXHEOD� ORV� IRQGRV�PiV� VRPEUtRV� GHO� FDxyQ�� \� ODV�DQDFDUGLiFHDV� ³XQ� JUXSR� GH� SODQWDV� DOWDPHQWH�Wy[LFDV�� WtSLFDV�GH� OD�QRUWHxD�3URYLQFLD�)ORUtVWLFD�&DOLIRUQLDQD³� DSDUHFHQ� DTXt� FRPR� XQD� PHPR�ULD� GH� ORV� FOLPDV� PiV� IUtRV� GHO� SDVDGR�� OD� \HGUD�YHQHQRVD��XQ�KHUPRVR�EHMXFR�GH�KRMDV�WULIROLDGDV��YHUGHV�\�EULOODQWHV��FRPSLWH�FRQ�HO�SDUUyQ�SRU�WUH�SDU�D�ORV�J�pULERV�PiV�DOWRV��\�HO�ODPELVFR�H[WLHQGH�VX�IROODMH�GHQVR�HQ�JUDQGHV�GRVHOHV�EDMR�HO�ERVTXH��/D� KHUPRVXUD� GH� DPERV� HV� HQJDxRVD�� VXV� KRMDV�HVWiQ�FDUJDGDV�GH� OiWH[�FRQ�XQ�FRPSXHVWR�GH�H[�WUDxR�QRPEUH� RULHQWDO�³HO� XUXVKLRO³��XUWLFDQWH��DOHUJyJHQR��\�FDSD]�GH�SURGXFLU�GRORURVDV�GHUPDWL�WLV�FRQ�HO�VROR�FRQWDFWR�GH�OD�SODQWD�� 7RGR� HQ� OD� VLHUUD� GH� *XDGDOXSH� OR� PXHYH� HO�DJXD��R�OD�IDOWD�GH�HOOD��/D�IXQFLyQ�PiV�LPSRUWDQWH�GH�OD�VLHUUD�HV�OD�FDSWXUD�GH�DJXD��/DV�QXEHV�VH�YHQ�DOOi�DUULED��VREUH� ORV�SLFRV�PiV�DOWRV��JXDUGLDQHV�FHORVRV� GH� OD� KXPHGDG�� /RV� YLHQWRV� GHO� 3DFtÀFR�WUDHQ�VX�FXRWD�GH�KXPHGDG�HQ�LQYLHUQR��\�ORV�FDOR�UHV�GHO�YHUDQR�JHQHUDQ�WRUPHQWDV�HOpFWULFDV�VREUH�ORV�SLFRV�PiV�DOWRV��/RV�FKXEDVFRV�GH�RWRxR�FLHUUDQ�HO�FLFOR�WUD\HQGR�KXPHGDG�GHO�3DFtÀFR�WURSLFDO��(O�DJXD� OOHJD� DO� GHVLHUWR� HQ� SXOVRV� GH� JUDQ� LQWHQVL�GDG��$EDMR��KR\�HVWi�WRGR�UHVHFR�\�PDxDQD�HO�DJXD�VH�OOHYD�SHxDVFRV�\�URFDV�HQ�JUDQGHV�DYHQLGDV�TXH�EDMDQ�GH�OD�VLHUUD�� /RV� FDxRQHV� FXPSOHQ�XQD� IXQFLyQ� YLWDO�� OD� GH�UHWHQHU�HO�DJXD�\�OLEHUDUOD�JUDGXDOPHQWH�KDFLD�ODV�

��

Page 9: La giganta y guadalupe

(QFRQWUDPRV�XQ�SDtV�IDQWiVWLFR��OOHQR�GH�JUDQGHV�SODQWDV�[HURItWLFDV��FDFWXV��PLPRVDV��DUEXVWRV�HVSLQRVRV��\�iUEROHV�TXH�FUHSLWDEDQ�FRQ�HO�FDORU��+DEtD�OtTXHQHV�TXH�VDQJUDEDQ�FRQ�XQ�FRORU�URMR�EULOODQWH�DO�SDU�WLUORV�\�TXH�VLUYLHURQ�GH�WLQWXUD�DQWHV�GH�TXH�VH�GHVDUUROODUDQ�ODV�DQLOL�QDV��\�DUEXVWRV�YHQHQRVRV�GH�ORV�TXH�QRV�KDEtDQ�SUHYHQLGR��SXHV�VL�XQR�ORV�WRFD�\�OXHJR�VH�IURWD�ORV�RMRV�SURGXFHQ�FHJXHUD��$SUHQGLPRV�DOJXQRV�GH�ORV�XVRV�GH�ODV�SODQWDV�GH�HVWH�SDtV��(O�FXODQWULOOR�GH�PRQWH�VH�KLHUYH�HQ�XQD�LQIXVLyQ�\�VH�OHV�GD�D�ODV�PXMHUHV�GHVSXpV�GH�GDU�D�OX]��6H�GLFH�TXH�HVWH�WUDWDPLHQWR�SUHYLHQH�OD�KHPRUUDJLD�� /OHJDPRV�DO�ÀQ�D�XQ�VHQGHUR�OOHQR�GH�SLHGUDV�URWDV�\�FDVFDMRV�WDQ�HPSLQDGR��TXH�ODV�PXODV�QR�QRV�SXGLHURQ�WUDQVSRUWDU�PiV��'HVPRQWD�PRV�\�VXELPRV�JDWHDQGR��\�QR�VDEHPRV�FyPR�VXELHURQ�ODV�PXODV��7UDV�XQD�FRUWD�VXELGD��OOHJDPRV�D�XQ�OXJDU�OODQR�HQ�XQD�SURIXQGD�KHQGL�GXUD�HQWUH�ODV�PRQWDxDV�GH�URFD�tJQHD��(Q�HVWD�TXHEUDGD�XQ�DUUR\R�FDtD�FLHQWRV�GH�SLHV�GH�KR\R�HQ�KR\R��+DEtD�SDOPHUDV��YLGHV�VDOYDMHV��JUDQGHV�KHOHFKRV��\�HO�DJXD�HUD�IUHVFD�\�GXOFH��$TXHOOD�SHTXHxD�FRUULHQ�WH��YLQLHQGR�GH�OR�DOWR�GH�ODV�PRQWDxDV�\�FD\HQGR�WDQ�OHMRV��QXQFD�ORJUy�OD�GLJQLGDG�ÀQDO�GH�OOHJDU�DO�RFpDQR��(O�GHVLHUWR�OD�DEVRUEtD�\�HO�FDORU�OD�VHFDED�\�GHVDSDUHFtD�HQ�HO�OODQR�HQ�XQD�OLJHUD�QXEH�GH�IUXVWUDFLyQ�� 6HQWDGRV� MXQWR�DO�SHTXHxR�FKDUFR�FRQWHPSOiEDPRV� ODV�UDQDV�DU�ERUtFRODV��ORV�JXVDQRV�FULQHV��\�ORV�]DSDWHURV�GH�DJXD��SUHJXQWiQGRQRV�FyPR�KDEtDQ�OOHJDGR�KDVWD�DOOt��WDQ�OHMRV�GH�RWUDV�IXHQWHV��1RV�SDUHFtD�TXH�OD�YLGD�HQ�FDGD�XQD�GH�VXV�IRUPDV�HVWi�LQFLSLHQWHPHQWH�HQ�WRGDV�SDUWHV� HVSHUDQGR� XQD� RSRUWXQLGDG� SDUD� DUUDLJDUVH� \� HPSH]DU� D� UH�SURGXFLUVH��KXHYRV��HVSRUDV��VHPLOODV��EDFLORV�³SRU�WRGRV�ODGRV³��&DH�XQD�JRWD�GH�OOXYLD�\�VH�OOHQD�WRGR�GH�OD�YLGD�TXH�HVWi�HQ�HVSHUD��7RGR�HVWi�HQ�WRGDV�SDUWHV��\�QRVRWURV��DO�YHU�HO�SDLVDMH�GHVpUWLFR��OD�FDOLHQWH�H[WHQVLyQ�iULGD��\�VDELHQGR�OR�OHMRV�TXH�OD�SUy[LPD�IXHQWH�GH�DJXD�GHEH�HVWDU��GHFLPRV�FRQ�XQD�HVSHFLH�GH� LQFUHGXOLGDG��´¢&yPR�KDQ�OOHJDGR�KDVWD�DTXt�HVWRV�SHTXHxRV�DQLPDOHV"µ

-2+1�67(,1%(&./RJ�RI�WKH�6HD�RI�&RUWH]��IUDJPHQWRV��

9LNLQJ�3UHVV��1HZ�<RUN�������

(O�ÀOR�GH�OD�VLHUUD

Q�OR�DOWR�GHO� FDxyQ��PX\�FHUFD�GH� OD�FLPD��HQFRQWUDPRV� FRQ� VRUSUHVD� XQD� RUTXtGHD� WH�UUHVWUH� VLQ� FORURÀOD�� (VWDV� SODQWDV� ³SHU�WHQHFLHQWH�DO�JpQHUR�+H[DOHFWULV��TXH�TXLHUH�

GHFLU� ´VHLV�HVWUtDVµ�SRU� OD�SUHVHQFLD�GH�VHLV� FUHVWDV�DPDULOODV� HQ� HO� SpWDOR� LQIHULRU³�� VRQ� H[WUHPDGD�PHQWH� UDUDV�� \� VH� HQFXHQWUDQ� HQ� ODV� SDUWHV� PiV�K~PHGDV�GH�ODV�PRQWDxDV�GHO�DOWLSODQR�PH[LFDQR�\�GH�1XHYR�0p[LFR��(Q�%DMD�&DOLIRUQLD�VyOR�KDQ�VLGR�HQFRQWUDGDV�HQ�XQ�FDxyQ�K~PHGR�GH�OD�VLHUUD�GH�/D�/DJXQD��XQRV�����NLOyPHWURV�PiV�DO�VXU�GH�QXHVWUR�VLWLR�� $O�PLUDU� FRQ� DGPLUDFLyQ� VXV� DVRPEURVRV� WD�OORV�VLQ�FORURÀOD��GH�FRORU�URML]R�S~USXUD��QRV�GDPRV�FXHQWD�TXH�HVWDPRV�HQWUDQGR�DO�FRUD]yQ�ELROyJLFR�GH�OD�PRQWDxD��DO�iUHD�GRQGH�UHOLFWRV�GHO�SDVDGR�JHR�OyJLFR� VREUHYLYHQ� FRPR�QiXIUDJRV� GHO� SDVDGR� HQ� OR�DOWR�GH�ODV�PRQWDxDV�TXH�VRQ�FRPR�LVODV�UHFOXLGDV�HQ�HO�WLHPSR��$TXt�DUULED�VH�SXHGHQ�HQFRQWUDU�HVSHFLHV�GHO�3OHLVWRFHQR�³ODV�OHJHQGDULDV�HGDGHV�GH�KLHOR��XQ�SHULRGR�HQ�HO�TXH�%DMD�&DOLIRUQLD�HVWDED�PiV�IUtD�\�PiV�K~PHGD�\�HQ�HO�TXH�HO�QRUWH�GHO�FRQWLQHQWH�HV�WDED�FXELHUWR�GH�JODFLDUHV³�� /D�RUTXtGHD�GH�VHLV�HVWUtDV�QRV�UHFXHUGD�TXH�DV�FHQGHU�OD�VLHUUD�HV�FRPR�UHWURFHGHU�HQ�HO�WLHPSR�KD�FLD�ORV�HFRVLVWHPDV�GH�ODV�HGDGHV�GH�KLHOR��\�DSXUD�PRV� FRQ� H[SHFWDQWH� HPRFLyQ� HO� SDVR� GH� ODV�PXODV��QXHVWUDV� LPSURYLVDGDV� �\� DOJR� TXHMXPEURVDV�� Pi�TXLQDV�GHO�WLHPSR�

(

��

Page 10: La giganta y guadalupe

'HVGH�HO�PHGLRGtD�TXH�GHMDPRV�HO�FXO�GH�VDF�GH�%DKtD�GH�OD�&RQFHSFLyQ��OD�EUHFKD�WUDQVSHQLQVXODU�QRV�KD�HPSXMDGR�KDFLD�OD�PRQWDxD��SRU�XQD�SHQ�GLHQWH�VXDYH��DUHQRVD�\�SURORQJDGD��'XUDQWH�KRUDV��WRGR�HO�SDQRUDPD�KD�VLGR�GH�FDUGRQHV��FKROODV�\�KXL]DFKHV��HO�GHVLHUWR�EDMDFDOLIRUQLDQR��$KRUD��VREUH�OD�PHVHWD��OD�GHVRODGD�OODQXUD�SDUHFH�SURORQJDUVH�KDVWD�OR�LQÀQLWR�$VFHQGHPRV�XQD�SHTXHxD�FROLQD�\�QRV�GHWHQHPRV�VREUH�OD�FXPEUH��1XHVWUR�FDPSR�YLVXDO�DOFDQ]D����NLOyPHWURV�SRU�OR�PHQRV��GHVLHUWR�KDVWD�HO�KRUL�]RQWH��3RU�QLQJXQD�SDUWH�VH�YHQ�VHxDOHV�GH�YLGD��QL�SXHEORV��QL�FDVDV��QL�KRPEUHV�� 2WUD�YH]�OD�PHVHWD�� 8Q�NLOyPHWUR�DGHODQWH�OD�SODQLFLH�VH�TXLHEUD��)UHQWH�D�QRVRWURV�VH�YH�XQD�OtQHD�QHJUD�TXH�HV�FRPR�XQD�DPSOLD�JULHWD�DWUDYHVDGD�HQ�HO�FDPLQR��8Q�EDUUDQFR�VHJXUDPHQWH��7DO�YH]�RWUR�FDXFH�VHFR�TXH�YDGHDU�� (O�FDPLQR�VH�HPSLQD�DO�OOHJDU�DO�EDUUDQFR��$O�VDOLU�GH�OD�SULPHUD�FXU�YD��HO�iQJXOR�GH�OD�SHQGLHQWH�QRV�SHUPLWH�YHU�HO�IRQGR«� ³¢(O�IRQGR"� +H�GLFKR�PDO��1R�KD\�IRQGR��/R�TXH�HVWi�D�QXHVWURV�SLHV��FLHQ�PHWURV�DEDMR��HV�XQD�DOIRPEUD�YHUGH��XQD�F~SXOD�GH�SDOPHUDV�TXH�QR�GHMD�YHU�HO�FDXFH�GHO�VXSXHVWR�DUUR\R��$�OR�ODUJR�GH�WRGD�OD�JULHWD��ODUJD�HQ�YDULRV�NLOyPHWURV��WRGR�HV�IROODMH�� ³£&RPRQG~�� (O�FDPLQR�VH�DEUH�SDVR�HQWUH�ODV�SDOPHUDV�GH�GiWLO��VH�VLW~D�DO�ODGR�GH�XQ�DUUR\R�GH�DJXDV�FULVWDOLQDV��\�VHUSHQWHDQGR�EXVFD�VX�UXWD�KDFLD�HO�SXHEOR��$�GHUHFKD�H� L]TXLHUGD�HPSLH]DQ�D�GHVÀODU�KXHUWRV� HQ�HWHUQR�YHUGRU��$SDUHFH�XQD�FDVD�HPERVFDGD�HQWUH�OR�YHUGH��\�RWUD�PiV�DGHODQWH��3RU�HO�FDPLQR�YLHQH�XQ�FKLTXLOOR��D�SLHV�GHVFDO]RV��FRPLHQGR�XQD�QDUDQMD��(QWUH�pO�\�QXHVWUR�MHHS�GRV�DUGLOODV�DFRUUDODGDV�EXVFDQ�UHIXJLR�D�PHGLD�DOWXUD�GH�XQD�GDWLOHUD��(O�FKLFR�QRV�VDOXGD�FRQ�OD�PDQR�DO�SDVDU�\�ODV�DUGLOODV�SHUPDQHFHQ�TXLHWDV��FXULRVDV��DVRPDQGR�ODV�FDEHFLWDV�SRU�HQWUH�ODV�DVSHUH]DV�GHO�WURQFR�� ³¢6DEHV"�+XHOH�D�YLQR��+XHOH�D�YLQR�\�D�DFHLWH�GH�ROLYD«

)(51$1'2�-25'É1(O�RWUR�0p[LFR��%LRJUDItD�GH�%DMD�&DOLIRUQLD��IUDJPHQWRV���

%LRJUDItDV�*DQGHVD��0p[LFR��'�)��������

+XHUWRV�\�RDVLV

DUD�ORV�MHVXLWDV��OD�HYDQJHOL]DFLyQ�HUD�VREUH�WRGR�KDFHU�D�ODV�FRPXQLGDGHV�VHGHQWDULDV��DÀQFDUODV�D�OD�WLHUUD��HUD�OD�FRQVWUXFFLyQ�GH�WHPSORV��ORV�KXHUWRV�GH�ROLYRV�H�KLJXHUDV��ODV�

ODUJDV�KLOHUDV�GH�SDUUDV�FDUJDGDV�GH�XYDV��\�ORV�FDP�SRV�GH�PDt]�\�WULJR��(Q�VX�YLVLyQ�UHOLJLRVD�GHO�PXQGR��ORV�-HVXLWDV�GHYROYtDQ�ORV� IDYRUHV�FHOHVWLDOHV�FRQ�HO�GXUR�WUDEDMR�GH�ODEUDU�OD�WLHUUD�\�HO�HVIXHU]R�GH�HV�FXOSLU�OD�FDQWHUD�GH�SLHGUD��6X�FDWHFLVPR�HUD�HO�GH�OD�DJULFXOWXUD�\�OD�DUTXLWHFWXUD��HO�GHO�DUDGR�\�HO�FLQFHO��3HUR�SDUD�OOHYDU�D�FDER�VX�PLVLyQ�HVSLULWXDO�QHFHVL�WDEDQ�DJXD��DJXD�SDUD�UHJDU�ORV�FXOWLYRV��DJXD�SDUD�KDFHU�HVWXFR�\�DUJDPDVD��\�DJXD�SDUD�SLQWDU�PXURV�FRQ�HO�EODQFR�GH�OD�FDO��VtPEROR�GH�OD�LQRFHQFLD�\�GH�OD�SXUH]D�HVSLULWXDO�� 'HVGH�/RUHWR��ORV�SDGUHV�VLJXLHURQ�HO�FDPLQR�GH�ORV�RDVLV�\�GH�ORV�FDxRQHV�GH�OD�VLHUUD��VLHPSUH�EXV�FDQGR�ORV�YHQHURV�\�FRQVWUX\HQGR�PLVLRQHV�DOOt�GRQGH�HO�DJXD�PDQDED��$OJXQDV�GH�ODV�PiV�HVSHFWDFXODUHV�PLVLRQHV�ÁRUHFLHURQ�HQ� WUHV� IpUWLOHV� FDxRQHV�GH� OD�VLHUUD�GH�/D�*LJDQWD��(O�&DxyQ�GH�%LDXQGy��GRQGH�HO�3DGUH�3LFFROR� IXQGy� OD�PLVLyQ�GH�6DQ�-DYLHU� HQ�������HO�&DxyQ�GH�&RPRQG~��H[SORUDGR�SRU�HO�3DGUH�0D\RUJD�HQ�������\�HO�9DOOH�GH�&DGHJRPy��GRQGH�OD�PLVLyQ�GH�OD�3XUtVLPD�IXH�HVWDEOHFLGD�HQ�������/RV�SDGUHV� HYDQJHOL]DGRUHV� QR� VyOR� FRQVWUX\HURQ� WHP�SORV��VLQR��VREUH�WRGR��GHVDUUROODURQ�DGPLUDEOHV�REUDV�KLGUiXOLFDV��

3

��

Page 11: La giganta y guadalupe

(VWH�RDVLV�GH�SDOPDV�QDWLYDV�HQ�HO�FDxyQ�/DV�3DUUDV��6LHUUD�GH�/D�*LJDQWD��TXHGD�LQWDFWR�GHELGR�DO�FDQWLO�TXH�OH�SURWHJH�

Page 12: La giganta y guadalupe

&KXEDVFRiV�DEDMR�GH�3XHUWR�(VFRQGLGR��XQRV����NLOyPHWURV�DO�VXU�GH�ORV�UHVWRV�GH�OD�PL�VLyQ�GH�6DQ�-XDQ�%DXWLVWD��OD�FDUUHWHUD�GREOD�DEUXSWDPHQWH�KDFLD�HO�RHVWH�\�FUX�

]D�OD�VLHUUD�KDFLD�ODV�SODQLFLHV�GHO�3DFtÀFR��3DVD�MXV�WR�DO�VXU�GHO�FHUUR�GHO�/LJ�t��UHFRUULHQGR�XQD�VHULH�GH�FDxDGDV�GH�EDMD�DOWXUD�TXH�VHUSHQWHDQ�HQWUH�PHVDV�DO�QRUWH�\�DO�VXU��(VWD�GHSUHVLyQ�WRSRJUiÀFD�GLYLGH�D�OD�VLHUUD�GH�/D�*LJDQWD�HQ�GRV�VHFFLRQHV�FODUDPHQWH�GLIHUHQFLDGDV�� DO� QRUWH�� ODV� LPSRQHQWHV� DOWXUDV� GHO�OD�VLHUUD�GHO�7DERU�\�HO�3LFR�GH�/D�*LJDQWD��DO�VXU��XQD�VHULH�GH�VHUUDQtDV�GH�PHQRU�DOWXUD��WDQ�SHJDGDV�D�OD�FRVWD�TXH�VX�ODGHUD�RULHQWDO�GHVFLHQGH�KDVWD�HO�JROIR�SUHFLSLWRVDPHQWH�HQ�XQD�VXFHVLyQ�GH�DFDQWLOD�GRV�PRQXPHQWDOHV�� /D�SDUWH�DOWD�GH�HVWD�VLHUUD�DEXQGD�HQ�PHVHWDV�\�KRQGRQDGDV�HQ�ODV�TXH�VH�DFXPXOD�HO�DJXD�GH�ODV�OOX�YLDV�GH�YHUDQR�\�GH�RWRxR��\�TXH�DOLPHQWDQ�DO�GHVLHUWR�GXUDQWH� WRGR� HO� LQYLHUQR�� /RV� /ODQRV� GH�.DNLZL�� ORV�PiV�JUDQGHV�GH�HVWRV�VLVWHPDV�QDWXUDOHV�GH�FDSWDFLyQ�GH�DJXD�� IRUPDQ�JUDQGHV� ODJXQDV�TXH�UHFDUJDQ�ORV�PDQDQWLDOHV�GH�OD�VLHUUD�D�����PHWURV�GH�DOWXUD��\�SUR�SRUFLRQDEDQ�HO�DJXD�TXH�GHVFLHQGH�D�OD�FRVWD�GHO�JROIR�\�TXH�DOLPHQWDED�D�OD�DQWLJXD�PLVLyQ�GH�1XHVWUD�6HxRUD�GH�/RV�'RORUHV��HQ�OD�FDxDGD�GH�$SDWp��+DFLD�HO�VXU��OD�VLHUUD�FUHFH��KDVWD�FRURQDUVH�HQ�VX�H[WUHPR�ÀQDO�FRQ�OD�LPSRQHQWH�IRUPDFLyQ�GHO�FHUUR�GHO�0HFKXGR��GH�������PHWURV�GH�DOWXUD��$OOi�DUULED�VREUHYLYH�XQ�ERVTXHFLOOR�GH�HQFLQRV�HQ�VX�ODGHUD�QRUWH��GRQGH�ORV�iUEROHV�HQ�FXHQWUDQ�UHIXJLR�\�SURWHFFLyQ�GH�ORV�ULJRUHV�GHO�YHUDQR�

0(VWRV�WRUUHQWHV�SURYRFDGRV�SRU�ODV�OOXYLDV�FDXVDQ�FRQ�IUHFXHQFLD�JUDQGHV�GDxRV�SRUTXH�URPSHQ�ODV�SUHVDV�TXH�IXHURQ�ODERULRVDPHQWH�FRQVWUXLGDV�SDUD�SURWHJHU�XQ�SHTXHxR�SHGD]R�GH�WLHUUD��\�VH�OOHYDQ�OD�WLHUUD��R�SRU�OR�PHQRV�JUDQ�SDUWH�GH�HOOD��GH�PDQHUD�TXH�QDGD�TXHGD��SDUD�HO�DJULFXOWRU�H[FHSWR�URFDV�GHVQXGDV��$Vt�RFXUULy�HQ�������FXDQGR�YLVLWp�XQD�PLVLyQ�\�WUDWp�GH�HQFRQWUDU�XQ�KXHUWR�TXH�DOEHUJDED����y�PiV�KLJXHUDV�GH�JUDQ�WDPDxR��\�XQ�Q~PHUR�VLPLODU�GH�JUDQDGRV�TXH�KDEtD�YLVWR�PiV�GH�FLHQ�YHFHV�HO�DxR�DQWHULRU��1R�SXGH�HQFRQWUDU�QL�ORV�iUEROHV�QL�OD�WLHUUD�VREUH�OD�FXDO�KDEtDQ�FUHFLGR�VyOR�GRV�GtDV�DQWHV�GH�PL�YLVLWD�

-8$1�-$&2%2�%$(*(57��6�-�1DFKULFKWHQ�YRQ�GHU�$PHULNDQLVFKHQ�+DOELQVHO�&DOLIRUQLHQ��

+RI��XQG�$FDGHPLH�%XFKGUXFNHUH\��0DQQKHLP��������LPSUHVR�HQ�HVSDxRO�FRPR�1RWLFLDV�GH�OD�3HQLQVXOD�$PHULFDQD�GH�&DOLIRUQLD��

-RVp�3RUUXD�H�+LMRV��0p[LFR��'�)���������

��

Page 13: La giganta y guadalupe
Page 14: La giganta y guadalupe

/D�VRPEUD�GH�XQD�VLHUUD�OHQWDPHQWH�RVFXUHFH�RWUD�VLHUUD�SDUDOHOD��\�FDH�OD�QRFKH�HQ�XQ�SDOPDU�

GH�OD�6LHUUD�GH�*XDGDOXSH�

(VWH�RDVLV�GHO�5DQFKR�%XHQD�9LVWD�HVWi�FRQVHUYDGR�HQ�VX�HVWDGR�QDWXUDO��6H�HQFXHQWUD�GHQWUR�GH�OD�5HVHUYD�GHO�3RUWH]XHOR��VRVWHQLGR�SRU�OD�6RFLHGDG�GH�+LVWRULD�1DWXUDO�1LSDUDMi��

$TXt�KD\�XQDV�FDVLWDV�SDUD�YLVLWDQWHV��XQ�LQLFLR�GH�HFRWXULVPR�HQ�OD�SDUWH�VXUHxD�GH�OD�6LHUUD�GH�OD�*LJDQWD�

�3iJLQD�DQWHULRU��3DOPDV�GH�DEDQLFR�QDWLYDV�\�GDWLOHUDV�WUDtGDV�GH�(XURSD�SRU�ORV�PLVLRQHURV�³XQ�SDOPDU�PHVWL]R�GH�/D�3XUtVLPD³�YLYHQ�GHO�DUUR\R�6DQ�,VLGUR�TXH�VH�YH�DO�IRQGR��

XQR�GH�ORV�OXJDUHV�PiV�IpUWLOHV�GH�OD�H[WHQVLyQ�VXUHxD�GH�OD�6LHUUD�*XDGDOXSH�

Page 15: La giganta y guadalupe

UHOiPSDJRV��GHVFDUJDQ�KXPHGDG�HQ�YHUDQR�VREUH�ORV�FHUURV�\�ODV�ODGHUDV��/RV�PHWHRUyORJRV�³DIHFWRV�D�ORV�QRPEUHV�H[WUDYDJDQWHV³�ODV�OODPDQ�´F~PX�ORV²QLPERVµ�� 3HUR�ODV�UHLQDV�GH�ODV�WRUPHQWDV�OOHJDQ�D�ÀQDOHV�GHO�YHUDQR�\�SULQFLSLRV�GHO�RWRxR�FXDQGR�HO�3DFtÀFR�WURSLFDO�� UHFDOHQWDGR� SRU� HO� FDORU� DFXPXODGR� GX�UDQWH�ORV�PHVHV�GH�LQVRODFLyQ��FRPLHQ]D�D�HYDSRUDU�DJXD�D�OD�DWPyVIHUD�IRUPDQGR�LQPHQVRV�FHQWURV�GH�EDMD�SUHVLyQ� VREUH� HO�PDU�³ORV� WHPLEOHV� FLFORQHV�WURSLFDOHV³�� /D�PD\RU� SDUWH� GH� HVWDV� WRUPHQWDV�WURSLFDOHV�VH�DOHMD�GH� ODV�FRVWDV�PH[LFDQDV�HQ�GL�UHFFLyQ�RHVWH��DOLPHQWDGDV�SRU�ODV�DJXDV�FiOLGDV�GH�OD�FRUULHQWH�HFXDWRULDO��SHUR�DOJXQDV�VH�GLULJHQ�KD�FLD�HO�FRQWLQHQWH�DWUDtGDV�SRU�HO�FDORU�GHO�*ROIR�GH�&DOLIRUQLD�� \�GHVFLHQGHQ�VREUH� OD�SHQtQVXOD� FRPR�XQ�YHUGDGHUR�D]RWH�GH�OD�QDWXUDOH]D�� (Q� HO� VXU� GH� OD� 6LHUUD� GH� OD�*LJDQWD�� iULGD� \�GHVpUWLFD��HVWRV�FKXEDVFRV�VRQ�OD�~QLFD�IXHQWH�SH�ULyGLFD�VLJQLÀFDWLYD�GH�DJXD��&RPR�XQD�EHQGLFLyQ�FRQ�FDVWLJR�VLPXOWiQHR��GHVFDUJDQ�VX�IXULD�GH�YLHQ�WR�\� OOXYLD�GXUDQWH�XQDV�SRFDV�KRUDV��SDUD� OXHJR�GHVDSDUHFHU��GHMDQGR�DWUiV�XQD�HVWHOD�GH�GHVWUXF�FLyQ�HQ� IRUPD�GH� LQXQGDFLRQHV�� FDPSRV�HURVLRQD�GRV�� FLXGDGHV�DQHJDGDV�\�DOXYLRQHV�GH� ORGR��SHUR�GHMDQGR�WDPELpQ�RDVLV�OOHQRV�GH�YLGD��PDQDQWLDOHV�UHFDUJDGRV��VXHORV�VDWXUDGRV�GH�KXPHGDG�\�XQ�GH�VLHUWR� ÁRULGR� FX\R� YHUGRU� LQWHQVR� GXUDUi� GH� WUHV�D�FXDWUR�PHVHV��FXDQGR�WRGR�YXHOYD�D�VHFDUVH�\�OD�YLGD�UHFRPLHQFH�VX�UXWLQD�GH�DULGH]�FRWLGLDQD�� (Q�%DMD�&DOLIRUQLD�HO�GHVLHUWR�\�HO�PDU�GHSHQ�GHQ�XQR�GHO�RWUR��VLQ�YDULDFLRQHV�RFHiQLFDV�QR�KD�EUtD�KXPHGDG�HQ�OD�WLHUUD��\�VLQ�ORV�SXOVRV�GH�DJXD�

(O�SHUÀO�GH�XQDV�SLWD\DV�GXOFHV��/HPDLURFHUHXV�WKXUEHUL��VH�GLEXMD�FRQWUD�XQDV�QXEHV�GH�WRUPHQWD�

TXH�VH�GLVLSDQ�DO�DWDUGHFHU�VREUH�OD�6LHUUD�GH�*XDGDOXSH��HQ�HO�&DxyQ�GH�9LYHOHMRV�

��

Page 16: La giganta y guadalupe

TXH�DQHJDQ�HO�GHVLHUWR��ORV�UtRV�\�ODV�ODJXQDV�FRV�WHUDV� VH� VHFDUtDQ�� ORV�PDQJODUHV� GHFDHUtDQ�� \� ORV�FLFORV�GH�YLGD�HQ�OD�FRVWD�SHUGHUtDQ�HO�YLWDO�LQÁXMR�GH�QXWULHQWHV�TXH�OOHJDQ�D�ODV�FRVWDV�FRQ�FDGD�WRU�PHQWD�� &RQ� FDGD� KXUDFiQ�� HO� DJXD� GHVFLHQGH� HQ�FDXGDORVDV�FDVFDGDV�GHVGH�OR�DOWR�GH�ORV�DFDQWLOD�GRV�GH�OD�VLHUUD�GH�/D�*LJDQWD��\�FRUUH�HQ�UDXGDOHV�\�FUHFLGDV�KDFLD�ORV�OODQRV�GH�OD�FRVWD��HQ�XQ�ULWXDO�GH�IXULDV�WRUUHQFLDOHV�TXH�VH�UHSLWH�FDGD�DxR�D�ÀQD�OHV�GHO�YHUDQR�� /RV�FKXEDVFRV�\� ORV�KXUDFDQHV�� IXHQWH�GH�GHV�WUXFFLyQ� \� HVWUDJRV� VREUH� ODV� REUDV� \� ORV� DVHQWD�PLHQWRV�KXPDQRV��VRQ�WDPELpQ�SDUWH�GHO�FLFOR�GH�OD�YLGD�HQ�HVWH�LQFUHtEOH�HFRVLVWHPD��� 6LQ�HOORV��QR�H[LVWLUtD�HO�GHVLHUWR�

8Q�WRURWH�R�SDWD�GH�HOHIDQWH��%XUVHUD�PLFURSK\OOD��\�XQ�PH]FDO��$JDYH�JLJDQWHQVLV��GHVWDFDQ�

FRQWUD�ODV�DJXDV�FDUJDGDV�GH�VHGLPHQWRV�GHO�DUUR\R�GH�6DQ�,VLGUR�KRUDV�GHVSXpV�GHO�SDVR�GHO�KXUDFiQ�

-LPHQD�HQ�VHSWLHPEUH�GH������

��

Page 17: La giganta y guadalupe

(VWH�DJXDMH�GH�OD�ODGHUD�HVWH�GH�OD�6LHUUD�GH�*XDGDOXSH��FHUFD�GH�6DQ�-RVp�GH�0DJGDOHQD��

HV�XQ�SHGD]R�YLVLEOH�GH�DJXD�TXH�SHQHWUD�OD�VXSHUÀFLH�SDUD�OOHQDU�XQ�DFXIHUR�LPSRUWDQWH��

&RQWUD�OD�VLHUUD�LOXPLQDGD�VH�QRWD�HO�SHUÀO�GH�XQD�SDOPD�GH�DEDQLFR�QDWLYD��GXSOLFDGD�DO�UHYpV�HQ�HO�UHÁHMR�

Page 18: La giganta y guadalupe

(VSDFLRV�HVSHFLHV

\�FXOWXUDV%UXFH�%HUJHU

,,

Page 19: La giganta y guadalupe

&LHUWRV� SDUDMHV� PRQWDxRVRV�� HQ� JUDQ� SDUWH� YROFiQLFRV�� XQ� VXHOR� SH�GUHJRVR�FXELHUWR�DSHQDV�SRU�XQD�YHJHWDFLyQ�VLHPSUH�DEUDVDGD�SRU�HO�VRO��LPSULPHQ�D�WRGD�OD�FRPDUFD�XQ�FDUiFWHU�JUDQGLRVR��D�OD�YH]�TXH�XQ�DVSHFWR�GH�SURIXQGD�GHVRODFLyQ�

/(Ð1�',*8(77HUULWRULR�GH�OD�%DMD�&DOLIRUQLD��5HVHxD�JHRJUiÀFD�\�HVWDGtVWLFD��

/LEUHUtD�GH�OD�9GD��GH�&K��%RXUHW��3DUtV�\�0p[LFR�������

*HRORJtDD�YLGD�QDFH�GHO�DJXD��\�QR�KDEUtD�FDVL�QDGD�GH�DJXD�HQ�%DMD�&DOLIRUQLD�³QL�GLOXYLRV�DO�ÀQDO�GHO�YHUDQR��QL�OORYL]QD�GH�LQYLHUQR��QL�RDVLV��QL�DFXtIHURV�SDUD�DOLPHQWDU�ORV�SR]RV��

QL�DEXQGDQWH�ÁRUD�R�IDXQD��QL�PXFKR�PHQRV�ORV�PH�GLRV�SDUD�VRVWHQHU�OD�YLGD�KXPDQD³�VL�OD�SHQtQVXOD�QR�WXYLHUD�XQD�FROXPQD�YHUWHEUDO�GH�PRQWDxDV�TXH�MDODQ�DLUH�KDFLD�DUULED�SDUD�TXH�VH�HQIUtH�OD�KXPH�GDG��VH�FRQGHQVH��\�FDLJD�FRPR�OOXYLD��(O�DJXD�VH�DED�WH�VREUH�ODV�WLHUUDV�DOWDV�\�VLJXH�GHVFHQGLHQGR�KDVWD�TXH�DOJR�OD�GHWLHQH��3DUWH�VH�DFXPXODUi�HQ�ORV�FXU�VRV�GH�DJXD�VXSHUÀFLDOHV�\�GHVFHQGHUi�HQ�FDVFDGDV��\�HO�UHVWR�VH�ÀOWUDUi�DGHQWUR�GHO�PDWHULDO�GH�TXH�HVWp�KHFKD� OD�PRQWDxD��/DV�PRQWDxDV� YROFiQLFDV� HVWiQ�WDQ�IUDJPHQWDGDV�TXH�HVFXUUHQ�DJXD�LQWHUQD�KDFLD�VXV�ODGHUDV�HQ�IRUPD�GH�PDQDQWLDOHV�PLHQWUDV�TXH�HO� UHVWR�VH� LQÀOWUD�KDFLD�DEDMR�VLQ�VHU�YLVWR�³\�WDO�HV�HO�FDVR�HQ�OD�6LHUUD�GH�/D�*LJDQWD�\�OD�6LHUUD�GH�*XDGDOXSH³��� /D�OOXYLD�DUUDVWUD�HO�PDWHULDO�VXHOWR�TXH�HQFXHQ�WUD�HQ�VX�FDPLQR��DUHQD�\�JUDYD�TXH�VH�GHSRVLWD�HQ�ORV�DUUR\RV�\�DFW~D�FRPR�HVSRQMD��&RQÀDEOH��HO�DJXD�HPHUJH�HQ�PDQDQWLDOHV�TXH�VDOSLFDQ�ORV�IRQGRV�GHO�DUUR\R�KDFLHQGR�SRVLEOH�OD�YLGD�D�VX�DOUHGHGRU��SUL�PHUR�SDUD�ORV�DQWLJXRV�FDOLIRUQLDQRV��OXHJR�SDUD�ODV�PLVLRQHV��(O�DJXD�VXSHUÀFLDO�SXHGH�GHVDSDUHFHU�GH�ORV�DUUR\RV�SDUD�UHDSDUHFHU�PiV�DEDMR��SHUR�HV�FRQ�WLQXD�EDMR�OD�WLHUUD��GH�PDQHUD�TXH�ORV�UDQFKRV�SX�HGHQ�SHUIRUDU�VXV�SR]RV�HQ�HO�VHGLPHQWR�TXH� OD�DO�EHUJD�HQ�ORV�IRQGRV�GHO�YDOOH��(O�DJXD�HQ�ORV�DUUR\RV�

/

��

Page 20: La giganta y guadalupe

'RQGH�HO�DJXD�GHO�FDxyQ�GH�/D�7ULQLGDG�VH�FDPELD�SRU�SLHGUDV�UHGRQGHDGDV�SRU�ORV�GLOXYLRV��HO�FDPLQDQWH�

WLHQH�HO�OXMR�GH�DGPLUDU��SDUHGHV�LPSRQHQWHV���3iJLQD�DQWHULRU�

(VWDV�FDSDV�GH�URFD�VH�YHQ�WDQ�SDUHMDV�TXH�SDUHFHQ�GHSyVLWRV�VHGLPHQWDULRV��(Q�UHDOLGDG�VRQ�ORV�

ÁXMRV�VXFHVLYRV�GH�EURWHV�YROFiQLFRV��/D�FLPD�IRUPD�HO�SDUWHDJXDV�GH�HVWD�SDUWH�GH�OD�SHQtQVXOD��

0X\�SHJDGR�DO�*ROIR�GH�&DOLIRUQLD��VXV�DOWXUDV�DWUDHQ�OD�OOXYLD�SDUD�HQYLDUOD�KDFLD�OD�YHUWLHQWH�JUDGXDO�\�H[WHQGLGD�GHO�ODGR�GHO�2FpDQR�3DFtÀFR��OOHQDQGR�ORV�PDQWRV�DFXtIHURV�TXH�VXVWHQWDQ�OD�DJULFXOWXUD�GHO�9DOOH�GH�6DQWR�'RPLQJR��1RUPDOPHQWH�XQ�SDLVDMH�YROFiQLFR�HYRFD�ODV�FRQWRUVLRQHV�GH�VX�FUHDFLyQ��SHUR�HVWDV�FDSDV�KRUL]RQWDOHV�GH�WRQDOLGDGHV�SDVWHO�EDMR�HO�

SOHQLOXQLR�FRPSRQHQ�XQ�VXVSLUR�YLVXDO�GH�SXUD�WUDQTXLOLGDG���GHUHFKD�

GUDPD�HWHUQDPHQWH�FDPELDQWH�GH�SLHGUD�TXH�SDUHFH�VXUJLU�GH�ODV�SURIXQGLGDGHV��/DV�FDSDV�PiV�VXDYHV�GH�HVWD�FHQL]D�FRPSDFWDGD�KDQ�VLGR�DUUDVWUDGDV�SRU�HO�DJXD�\�HO�YLHQWR�RULJLQDQGR�KRQGRV�FDxRQHV�HQWUH�ODV�FLPDV��5DQXUDV�DQJRVWDV�VH�KXQGHQ�HQ�ORV�ÁDQFRV�GH� ODV�PRQWDxDV�HQ�VHFDV�FDVFDGDV�³FDVFDGDV�TXH�UHFRJHQ�XQD�IHURFLGDG�OtTXLGD�FXDQGR�VH�GHVDWDQ�ODV�WRUPHQWDV�GH�YHUDQR�TXH�DUUDVWUDQ�D~Q�PiV�PDWH�ULD�VXDYH��DKRQGDQGR�ORV�VXUFRV�H� LQWHQVLÀFDQGR�OD�LPSUHVLyQ�TXH�WLHQH�OD�PDWHULD�ODFHUDGD�FRQ�YLROHQ�FLD³��/D�PHQRV�DVHGLDGD�GH�ODV�VLHUUDV�GHO�HVWDGR��OD�6LHUUD�GH�*XDGDOXSH��HV�VHJXUDPHQWH�HO�iUHD�GH�OD�SRWHQFLDO�UHVHUYD�PiV�GHQVD�GH�VHFUHWRV�

��

Page 21: La giganta y guadalupe

/D�JUDQGH]D�GH�OD�FLPD�GH�(O�0HFKXGR��OD�H[WHQVLyQ�PiV�VXUHxD�GH�ODV�6LHUUD�GH�/D�*LJDQWD��VH�UHYHOD�HQ�OD�OX]�GH�OD�PDxDQD�

(O�ÀOR�GH�OD�6LHUUD�GH�/D�*LJDQWD�VDOH�FRPR�XQD�HVSLQD�GRUVDO�GHO�ODEHULQWR�HVFDEURVR�GH�HUXSFLRQHV�YROFiQLFDV�VXFHVLYDV�

Page 22: La giganta y guadalupe

)yVLOHV�PDULQRV�IRUPDQ�XQ�SDWUyQ�UtWPLFR�\�WDQ�FDSULFKRVR�FRPR�XQ�FXDGUR�GH�0LUy�

Page 23: La giganta y guadalupe

'H�ODV�SODQWDV�XVDGDV�SRU�ORV�LQGtJHQDV��ODV�SLWD\DV�VRQ�ODV�TXH�VH�FL�WDQ�FRQ�PiV�IUHFXHQFLD�³SRVLEOHPHQWH�SRUTXH�HO�WLHPSR�GH�OD�FRVHFKD�GH�SLWD\DV�HUD� WDPELpQ�XQ� WLHPSR�GH�ÀHVWD³��7DQWR� OD�SLWD\D�GXOFH��/HPDLURFHUHXV�WKXUEHUL��FRPR�OD�SLWD\D�DJULD��0DFKDHURFHUHXV�JXP�PRVXV��VRQ�DEXQGDQWHV�HQ�ORV�WUHV�FXDUWRV�PiV�VXUHxRV�GH�OD�SHQtQ�VXOD��/RV� IUXWRV�GH� OD�SLWD\D�GXOFH��TXH�FUHFHQ�FHUFD�GHO�iSLFH�GH� ORV�WDOORV�DOWRV�\�JUXHVRV��PDGXUDQ�D�OD�PLWDG�GHO�YHUDQR��3XHGHQ�OOHJDU�D�VHU�WDQ�JUDQGHV�FRPR�XQD�SHORWD�GH�WHQLV�\�VH�FRVHFKDQ�XVDQGR�XQD�YDUD�ODUJD�KHFKD�FRQ�XQD�FRVWLOOD�GH�FDUGyQ��DÀODGD�HQ�OD�SXQWD�\�FRQ�XQD�SHTXHxD�FDQDVWD�DPDUUDGD�PiV�DEDMR�GHO�H[WUHPR�SDUD�DWUDSDU�HO�IUXWR�FXDQGR�FDH��/D�SLWD\D�DJULD��SRU�HO�RWUR�ODGR��HV�XQ�FDFWR�EDMR��UDVWUHUR��\� IHUR]PHQWH�HVSLQRVR��6XV� IUXWRV�PDGXUDQ�PD\RUPHQWH�HQ�VHSWLHPEUH�\�RFWXEUH��DXQTXH�RFDVLRQDOPHQWH�HV�SRVLEOH�HQFRQWUDU�IUX�WRV�PDGXURV�IXHUD�GH�HVWDFLyQ��GXUDQWH�HO�LQYLHUQR��(Q�ORV�UDURV�DxRV�GH�EXHQD�FRVHFKD��ORV�IUXWRV�SXHGHQ�VHU�UHFROHFWDGRV�D�PDQRV�OOHQDV��0XFKRV�SUHÀHUHQ�HVWH�IUXWR�UHIUHVFDQWH��OHYHPHQWH�iFLGR��D�OD�PiV�HP�SDODJRVD�SLWD\D�GXOFH��/RV�SiMDURV�VREUHYXHODQ�DOUHGHGRU�GH�ORV�IUXWRV�DELHUWRV��HVSHUDQGR�VX�WXUQR�SDUD�DFFHGHU�DO�PDQMDU��(O�IUXWR�GHEH�VHU�FRVHFKDGR� MXVWR�DQWHV�GH�TXH�VH� UDMH�\� VH�DEUD��$QWHV�GH�DUUDQFDU�HO�IUXWR�VH�GHEHQ�UDVJDU�\�VHSDUDU�ODV�DEXQGDQWHV�HVSLQDV�FRQ�XQD�YDUD�R�XQ�PDFKHWH��/D�FiVFDUD�VH�VHSDUD�IiFLOPHQWH�GHVSXpV�FRQ�XQ�FXFKLOOR�DÀODGR��/DV�SLWD\DV��VHJ~Q�HO�SDGUH�%DHJHUW��SURSRUFLRQDEDQ�WDPELpQ�XQD�VHJXQGD�FRVHFKD��/RV�IUXWRV�FRQWLHQHQ�DEXQGDQWHV�VHPLOODV�GXUDV��TXH�SDVDQ�LQFyOXPHV�D�WUDYpV�GHO�WUDFWR�GLJHVWLYR��'XUDQWH�OD�WHPSRUD�GD�GH�SLWD\DV�ORV�LQGtJHQDV�UHFROHFWDEDQ�VX�SURSLR�H[FUHPHQWR�\�UHFX�SHUDEDQ�ODV�VHPLOODV��'HVSXpV��GXUDQWH�WLHPSRV�GH�HVFDVH]�GH�FRPLGD��HVWDV�VHPLOODV�HUDQ�DVDGDV��PROLGDV��\�FRQVXPLGDV�³£OD�VHJXQGD�FR�VHFKD�³

�$11(77$�&$57(5´6RPH�HWKQRERWDQLFDO�QRWHV�RQ�WKH�SODQWV�

RI�WKH�6LHUUD�GH�OD�*LJDQWD��%DMD�&DOLIRUQLD�6XUµ3DFLÀF�&RDVW�$UFKHRORJLFDO�6RFLHW\�4XDUWHUO\�

��������²���������

9HJHWDFLyQRV� HVSHFLHV� ERWiQLFDV� UHYHODQ� GH�PDQHUD�LPSUHVLRQDQWH�OD�DPSOLD�JDPD�GH�OD�ÁRUD�HQ�OD�6LHUUD�GH�/D�*LJDQWD��\�VX�GHVWLQR��8QD� HV� XQD� QXHYD� HVSHFLH� GH� DPEURVtD�

TXH�VH�KD�GHVFXELHUWR��TXH�FUHFH�VyOR�HQ�XQD�PHVD��3HUWHQHFH�D�XQ�JpQHUR�GH�SODQWDV�GH�KRMDV�DJUDGDEOH�PHQWH�DURPiWLFDV��FHUFDQDV�D�OD�DUWHPLVD�\�HO�DMHQMR��HO�QRPEUH�GH�´DPEURVtDµ�VH�UHÀHUH�DO�DOLPHQWR�SHU�IXPDGR�GH� ORV�GLRVHV��6H�HQFXHQWUDQ�DPEURVtDV�HQ�ODV�]RQDV� WHPSODGDV�GH�1RUWHDPpULFD�\� FRQ�PD\RU�GHQVLGDG�HQ�$UL]RQD�\�1HYDGD��FRQ�XQDV�GLH]�HVSH�FLHV�LGHQWLÀFDGDV�HQ�HO�'HVLHUWR�6RQRUHQVH��LQFOXLGDV�GRV�HQFRQWUDGDV�SUHYLDPHQWH�HQ�%DMD�&DOLIRUQLD��(Q�HVWD�VROD�PHVHWD��HVWD�QXHYD�DPEURVtD�HQGpPLFD�HV�OD�SODQWD�GRPLQDQWH��SURWHJLGD�SRU�ODV�SHQGLHQWHV�GH�OD�ODGHUD�GH�OD�PHVD��TXH�VRQ�VXÀFLHQWHPHQWH�HPSLQD�GDV�SDUD�SUHYHQLU�HO�IDWtGLFR�DUULER�GHO�JDQDGR��-XVWR�DO� WRUQDU�HO�QXHYR�PLOHQLR�� ORV�FKLQRV�GHVFXEULHURQ�TXH� XQD� GH� ODV� DPEURVtDV� GHO� 'HVLHUWR� 6RQRUHQVH�FRQWLHQH�HO�PHMRU�UHPHGLR�TXH�VH�KD�HQFRQWUDGR�SDUD�OD�PDODULD��\�DXQTXH�OD�UDUD�DPEURVtD�GH�/D�*LJDQWD�QR�KD�VLGR�SUREDGD�SRU�VXV�SURSLHGDGHV�FXUDWLYDV��HO�KHFKR�GH�TXH�ORV�HSLGHPLyORJRV�GH�$VLD�KD\DQ�HQFRQ�WUDGR�HQ�XQD�PDOH]D�GHO�'HVLHUWR�6RQRUHQVH�OD�FXUD�PiV�HÀFD]�SDUD�XQD�HQIHUPHGDG�JOREDO�VyOR�VXEUD\D�QXHVWUD�LPSUXGHQFLD�HQ�DQLTXLODU�KiELWDWV�DQWHV�GH�FRQRFHU��PXFKR�PHQRV�HVWXGLDU��VXV�HVSHFLHV��&RPR�HO�SURYHUELDO�QpFWDU�GH�ORV�GLRVHV��OD�DPEURVtD�GH�/D�*LJDQWD�HV� ´LQPRUWDOµ� HQ�HO� VHQWLGR�GH�TXH�QR�KD\�DPHQD]DV�DFWXDOHV�D�VX�SHTXHxR�KiELWDW�

'

��

Page 24: La giganta y guadalupe

GH�SDUWtFXODV�GH�EDUUR�TXH�OHV�GDQ�XQD�DSDULHQFLD�GH�PXHUWH�TXH� RFXOWD� VX�SURGXFWLYLGDG��(O� JUXSR�GH�6DQ�'LHJR� HQFRQWUy� WUHLQWD� \� VHLV� HVSHFLHV� GH�SODQWDV�PX\�FHUFD�GH�.DNLZL��LQFOX\HQGR�XQD�UDUD�HVSHFLH�PRQRWtSLFD�GH� OD� IDPLOLD�GH� ORV� JLUDVROHV��&RXOWHUHOOD�FDSLWDWD��XQD�SODQWD�~QLFD�HQ�VX�JpQHUR��(Q� RWUDV� SDUWHV� HQFRQWUDURQ� XQ� FDFWR� TXH� DWUDH�WDQ� IXHUWHPHQWH� D� ODV� KRUPLJDV� D� VX� QpFWDU� TXH�pVWDV�UHFKD]DQ�D�RWURV�LQVHFWRV�WUHSDGRUHV��OR�TXH�KDFH�TXH�HO�FDFWR�VyOR�VHD�SROLQL]DGR�SRU� LQVHFWRV�YRODGRUHV�FRPR�PDULSRVDV�\�DEHMDV��OR�TXH�DVHJXUD�OD� IHUWLOL]DFLyQ� FUX]DGD�GH� ODV� SODQWDV��4XL]i� ODV�HVSHFLHV� PiV� LQXVXDOHV� TXH� HQFRQWUDURQ� IXHURQ�(XFQLGH� WHQHOOD�� XQD� SODQWD� GH� OD� IDPLOLD� GH� ODV�/RDViFHDV�TXH�FUHFH�VyOR�HQ�GRV�SXQWRV�PX\�SHTXH�xRV�VHSDUDGRV�D�OR�ODUJR�GH�OD�FRVWD��\�3HULW\OH�OR�EDWD��XQD�SODQWD�GH� OD� IDPLOLD�GH� ODV�FRPSXHVWDV�TXH� FUHFH� HQ�XQD�SHTXHxD�iUHD�GH�XQ�DFDQWLODGR�FRVWHUR��$PEDV�SODQWDV�KDQ�GHVDUUROODGR�XQ�PHGLR�GH�SURSDJDFLyQ�RULJLQDO�PHGLDQWH�HO�FXDO��GHVSXpV�GH� OD� IHUWLOL]DFLyQ� GH� ODV� ÁRUHV�� HO� SHG~QFXOR� VH�DODUJD�\�VH�GREOD�KDFLD�DWUiV�KDFLD�OD�EDVH�FRQ�WDO�IXHU]D�TXH� ORJUD� LQVHUWDU�VXV�VHPLOODV�GHQWUR�GHO�VXEVWUDWR�HQ�HO�FXDO�FUHFHUiQ�QXHYDV�SODQWDV��(VWD�VROXFLyQ� VXJLHUH� XQD� GHÀQLFLyQ� GH� OD� QDWXUDOH]D�PLVPD��LQQRYDFLyQ�EDMR�SUHVLyQ�

8Q�UtR�GH�SDOPLOODV��%UDKHD�EUDQGHJHHL��GHVFLHQGH��SRU�ODV�DQJRVWXUDV�GHO�FDxyQ�GH�9LYHOHMRV�

��

Page 25: La giganta y guadalupe

8QD�GHQVD�YHJD�GH�FLSHUiFHDV��&\SHUXV���JXDWDPRWHV��%DFFKDULV�VDOLFLIROLD��\�KHOHFKRV��7KHO\SWHULV�SXEHUXOD��

SURWHJH�HO�VXHOR�GHO�FDxyQ�GH�9LYHOHMRV�

Page 26: La giganta y guadalupe
Page 27: La giganta y guadalupe

(Q�HO�OHFKR�GH�XQ�DUUR\R��XQD�SODQWD�GH�SHJD�SHJD��(XFQLGH�DXUHD��/RDVDFHDH��GHVSOLHJD�VXV�ÁRUHV�QDUDQMR�URML]DV��$O�IRQGR��ORV�WXOHV�\�ODV�SDOPDV�SURVSHUDQ�

FRQ�HO�DJXD�DFXPXODGD�HQ�HO�FDxyQ���L]TXLHUGD�

(O�UDFLPR�GH�ÁRUHV�SHTXHxDV�SHUR�LQWHQVDPHQWH�DPDULOODV�GH�OD�FRPSXHVWD�&RXOWHUHOOD�FDSLWDWD�GHODWD�OD�SUHVHQFLD�GH�HVWD�UDUD�SODQWD�TXH�FUHFH�VyOR�HQ�OD�YHUWLHQWH�HVWH�GH�OD�6LHUUD�GH�OD�*LJDQWD��

D�OR�ODUJR�GHO�FRUUHGRU�0HFKXGR�$JXDYHUGH�

Page 28: La giganta y guadalupe

/D�EHOOtVLPD�ÁRU�GH�OD�SLWDKD\D�LQVSLUy�HO�YHVWLGR�RÀFLDO�GHO�HVWDGR�GH�%DMD�&DOLIRUQLD�6XU���DUULED�

&RPR�ORV�EUD]RV�GH�XQ�GLPLQXWR�SXOSR��ORV�HVWLJPDV�GH�XQD�SLWD\LWD��(FKLQRFHUHXV�EUDQGHJHHL��VH�DEUHQ�SDUD�UHFLELU�HO�SROHQ�GH�RWUDV�ÁRUHV���3DJ��VLJXLHQWH�

Page 29: La giganta y guadalupe

(Q�HVWH�EDUFR�LEDQ�WUHV�KRPEUHV�YHVWLGRV�FRQ�SDQWDORQHV�GH�PRQWDU�\�ER�WDV�DOWDV��6XELHURQ�D�ERUGR�\�VH�SUHVHQWDURQ�FRPR�/HRSROGR�3pUSXO\��TXH�SRVHtD�XQ�UDQFKR�DO�ERUGH�GH�3XHUWR�(VFRQGLGR��*LOEHUW�%DOGLELD��PD�HVWUR�GH�HVFXHOD�GH�/RUHWR��\�0DQXHO�0DGLQDEHLWLD��FDSLWiQ�GHO�VHUYLFLR�GH�DGXDQDV��WDPELpQ�GH�/RUHWR��\�QRV�LQYLWDURQ�D�LU�D�OD�FD]D�GHO�ERUUHJR�FLPDUUyQ�� TXH� HPSH]DED�DTXHOOD� WDUGH� \� WHUPLQDUtD� DO� GtD� VLJXLHQWH��+DEtD�TXH�LU�SRU�ODV�JLJDQWHVFDV�\�GHVRODGDV�PRQWDxDV�GH�SLHGUD�SDUD�DFDPSDU� \� FD]DU��$FHSWDPRV� LQPHGLDWDPHQWH��1R�GHVHiEDPRV�PDWDU�QLQJ~Q�ERUUHJR��SHUR�Vt�TXHUtDPRV�YHU�OD�FRPDUFD��&RPR�YLPRV�GHVSXpV��QLQJXQR�GH�DTXHOORV�WUHV�KRPEUHV�³HO�UDQFKHUR��HO�PDHVWUR�R�HO�RÀFLDO�GH�DGXDQDV³�WHQtD�QLQJXQD�LQWHQFLyQ�GH�PDWDU�D�XQ�ERUUHJR��� &DEDOJDPRV�SRU�XQ�SDUDMH�URFRVR�\�GHVRODGR��\�WRPDPRV�XQD�EUH�FKD�TXH�FRQGXFtD�D�ODV�HPSLQDGDV�\�HVFDEURVDV�PRQWDxDV�GH�SLHGUD��(O� FDPLQR�VHUSHQWHDED�VREUH� Vt�PLVPR��\� ODV�PRQWDxDV�GHVQXGDV�VH�DO]DEDQ�FRPR�JLJDQWHV�VREUH�QRVRWURV��$EDMR��D�OR�OHMRV��SRGtDPRV�YHU�ODV�EULOODQWHV�DJXDV�D]XOHV�GHO�*ROIR�FRQ�XQ�IDQWiVWLFR�HVSHMLVPR�UHÁH�MiQGRVH�VREUH�HOODV�� $O�DPDQHFHU��HO�GXHxR�GHO�UDQFKR�SUHVHQWy�FHUHPRQLRVDPHQWH�XQD�FDUDELQD�:LQFKHVWHU��������FRQ�OD�FXODWD�URWD�D�ORV�JXtDV��\�pVWRV�SDU�WLHURQ�GLUHFWDPHQWH�KDFLD�DUULED�GH�OD�PRQWDxD��eVWD��QXHVWUD�SULPH�UD�FDFHUtD�GH�ERUUHJRV��IXH�OD�PHMRU�H[SHGLFLyQ�GH�FD]D�TXH�KD\DPRV�WHQLGR�MDPiV��1R�OHYDQWDPRV�XQD�PDQR�HQ�QXHVWUR�SURSLR�VHUYLFLR�HQ�WRGR�HO�YLDMH��$GHPiV��D�QRVRWURV�QR�QRV�JXVWD�PDWDU�FRVDV��OR�KDFHPRV�FXDQGR�HV�QHFHVDULR��SHUR�QR�QRV�SURSRUFLRQD�QLQJ~Q�SODFHU��\�DTXHOORV�JXtDV� OR� KLFLHURQ� SRU� QRVRWURV�³OD� FD]D�� HVWR� HV³�PLHQWUDV� SHUPD�QHFtDPRV�VHQWDGRV�MXQWR�D�OD�SHTXHxD�FDVFDGD�GLVFXWLHQGR�FRVDV�FRQ�QXHVWURV�DQÀWULRQHV����� 6HQWDGRV�HQ�DTXHO�VLWLR�IUHVFR��FRQWHPSOiEDPRV��D�WUDYpV�GH�OD�Fi�OLGD�\�GHVLHUWD�UHJLyQ��HO�DJXD�D]XO�GHO�*ROIR��$O�FDER�GH�GRV�KRUDV��ORV�JXtDV�UHJUHVDURQ��1R�WUDtDQ�QLQJ~Q�ERUUHJR��SHUR�XQR�GH�HOORV�WHQtD�HO�EROVLOOR�OOHQR�GH�H[FUHPHQWR�GH�ORV�DQLPDOHV��+DEtD�OOHJDGR�HO�PRPHQWR�GH�HPSUHQGHU�HO�UHJUHVR�DO�EDUFR��7HQHPRV�OD�LQWHQFLyQ�GH�RUJDQL]DU�WRGDV� QXHVWUDV� FDFHUtDV� IXWXUDV� VLHPSUH� GHO�PLVPR�PRGR��(O� GXHxR�GHO� UDQFKR� FRPHQWy�XQ�SRFR� WULVWHPHQWH�� ´6L�KXELHUDQ�PDWDGR�D� DO�JXQR��QRV�SRGUtDPRV�KDEHU�VDFDGR�IRWRJUDItDVµ��SHUR�H[FHSWR�SRU�HVWR��QR�KXER�QLQJXQD�SpUGLGD��SXHV�D�QLQJXQR�GH�QRVRWURV�QRV�JXVWD�WHQHU�FXHUQRV�GH�DQLPDOHV�PXHUWRV�D�QXHVWUR�DOUHGHGRU�

-RKQ�6WHLQEHFN/RJ�RI�WKH�6HD�RI�&RUWH]��IUDJPHQWRV��

9LNLQJ�3UHVV��1HZ�<RUN�������

)DXQDDMD�&DOLIRUQLD�QR� IXH�VLHPSUH� OD�FRQWLQXD�SHQtQVXOD�TXH�KR\�FRQRFHPRV��'HELGR�D�ORV�PRYLPLHQWRV� WHFWyQLFRV�� DO� YXOFDQLVPR�� \�DO�DVFHQVR�\�GHVFHQVR�GHO�PDU�GXUDQWH�ORV�

FLFORV�GH�JODFLDFLyQ��%DMD�&DOLIRUQLD�KD�DVXPLGR�GLIH�UHQWHV� IRUPDV��(Q�DOJ~Q�PRPHQWR��HO�DJXD�GH�PDU�FXEUtD�HO�GHVLHUWR�GHO�9L]FDtQR�\�HO�LVWPR�GH�/D�3D]��GH�PDQHUD�TXH�OD�VLHUUD�GH�/D�/DJXQD�\�HO�FRPSOHMR�*LJDQWD²*XDGDOXSH� HUDQ� GRV� LVODV� DO� ÀQDO� GH� XQD�SHQtQVXOD�DEUHYLDGD��(VWXGLRV�D�QLYHO�FHOXODU�GH�OD�IDXQD� SHQLQVXODU�� KHFKRV� HQ� OD�&LXGDG� GH�0p[LFR��PXHVWUDQ�SHTXHxDV�GLIHUHQFLDV�HQWUH�DQLPDOHV�GH�OD�PLVPD�HVSHFLH��YDULDFLRQHV�HQ�ODV�VHFXHQFLDV�GH�$'1�GH��SRU�HMHPSOR��SXPD�R�YHQDGR��TXH�ORV�LGHQWLÀFDQ�FRPR� KDELWDQWHV� GHO� FRPSOHMR� *LJDQWD²*XDGDOXSH�HQ�OXJDU�GH�iUHDV�KDFLD�HO�QRUWH�\�HO�VXU�GRQGH�WDP�ELpQ�H[LVWHQ�HVWDV�HVSHFLHV��YHVWLJLRV�GH�TXH�DOJXQD�YH]�HVWXYLHURQ�DLVODGRV�GH�RWURV�GH�VX�PLVPR�OLQDMH�� /DV� LVODV�� FDGD�XQD�FRQ�VXV�SURSLDV�FLUFXQVWDQ�FLDV�TXH�FRQGXFHQ�D�ORV�VHUHV�YLYRV�SRU�FDPLQRV�VHSD�UDGRV�� VRQ� VHPLOOHURV� GH� HQGHPLVPR�� \� HO� FRPSOHMR�*LJDQWD²*XDGDOXSH�ORV�WLHQH��6HJ~Q�ODV�HVWDGtVWLFDV�EiVLFDV��OD�5HVHUYD�WLHQH����HVSHFLHV�GH�PDPtIHURV��FRQ�GRFH�HQGpPLFDV�TXH� LQFOX\HQ�HO�UDWyQ�HVSLQRVR�VXUHxR�GHO�GHVLHUWR��OD�UDWD�FDPEDODFKHUD�GHO�GHVLHU�WR��DUGLOODV�DQWtORSH��OLHEUHV��OD�]RUUD�JULV�\�HO�UDWyQ�GH�DED]RQHV�DUHQHUR��HVWH�~OWLPR�HQ�XQD�SHTXHxD�\�DLVODGD�FRORQLD�FHUFD�GH�6DQ�(YDULVWR��DLVODGR�GH�OD�SREODFLyQ�PiV�JUDQGH�DOUHGHGRU�GH�/D�3D]��+D\�����HVSHFLHV�GH�DYHV�UHVLGHQWHV��LQFOX\HQGR�ODV�HQGpPLFDV�

%

���

Page 30: La giganta y guadalupe

(O�RYLV�FDQDGHQVLV�ZHHPVL�HV�XQD�VXEHVSHFLH�GHO�ERUUHJR�FLPDUUyQ�HQGpPLFD�GH�/D�*LJDQWD��

3UHÀHUH�FRPR�KiELWDW�ODV�DOWXUDV�PiV�HVFDEURVDV�\�GH�GLItFLO�DFFHVR��\�VX�GHIHQVD�FRQWUD�GHSUHGDGRUHV�FRPR�HO�SXPD�HV�VX�DJLOLGDG�SDUD�FRUUHU�\�EULQFDU�SRU�WHUUHQR�FDVL�YHUWLFDO��/RV�PDFKRV�FRQ�FRUQDPHQWD��FRPR�HO�TXH�VH�YH�HQ�OD�SiJLQD�DQWHULRU��VRQ�PX\�FRGLFLDGRV�SRU�ORV�FD]DGRUHV��\�WRGRV�ORV�DxRV�ORV�HMLGRV�YHQGHQ�SHUPLVRV�

SDUD�FD]DU�DQLPDOHV�VHOHFFLRQDGRV�SRU�ELyORJRV��6RQ�PLJUDWRULRV�GHQWUR�GH�VX�KiELWDW�\�HV�VyOR�FRQ�PXFKD�VXHUWH�TXH�VH�YH�XQ�JUXSR�IDPLOLDU�FRPR�pVWH�

Page 31: La giganta y guadalupe

8Q�FROLEUt�GH�;DQWXV��DYH�HQGpPLFD�GH�%DMD�&DOLIRUQLD��SROLQL]D�XQ�DJDYH�TXH�OH�VRVWLHQH��HMHPSOR�GH�OD�VLPELRVLV�TXH�

FRPSOHPHQWD�OD�FRPSHWHQFLD�GH�OD�QDWXUDOH]D�

Page 32: La giganta y guadalupe

8QD�JDU]D�JULV�REVHUYD�VX�HQWRUQR�FRQ�XQD�PLUDGD�LPSHULDO��PLHQWUDV�XQD�JDU]D�YHUGH�VH�TXHGD�HQ�XQD�UDPD�PHGLR�HVFRQGLGD�VLQ�PRYHUVH�SRU�YDULDV�HWHUQLGDGHV�KDVWD�TXH�DOJXQD�SUHVD�OH�KDFH�ODQ]DU�VX�DWDTXH�

Page 33: La giganta y guadalupe

8Q�]DPEXOOLGRU�GH�SLFR�JUXHVR�KD�UHJUHVDGR�D�OD�VXSHUÀFLH�

FRQ�XQ�ODQJRVWLQR�

'RV�MLOJXHURV�GRPLQLFRV�VH�SRVDQ�HQ�ODV�UDPDV�FRPR�ODV�FRUFKHDV�HQ�XQD�SDUWLWXUD�

Page 34: La giganta y guadalupe

8Q�]RSLORWH�DXUD�FDOHQWDQGR�VXV�DODV�DQWHV�GH�YRODU��SUHVHQWD�XQD�ÀJXUD�LFyQLFD�GHO�GHVLHUWR�VRQRUHQVH�GH�%DMD�&DOLIRUQLD��

/D�FLPD�GH�XQ�FDUGyQ�RIUHFH�XQ�OXJDU�LGHDO�SDUD�GHVFDQVDU��/D�PD\RUtD�GH�ORV�JDYLODQHV�\�KDOFRQHV�FD]DQ�HQ�ODV�DOWXUDV��HQ�VROLWDULR�R�HQ�SDUHMD��SHUR�HO�DJXLOLOOD�URMLQHJUR��D�OD�L]TXLHUGD��EXVFD�URHGRUHV�

\�RWURV�DQLPDOHV�SHTXHxRV�HQ�JUXSRV�IDPLOLDUHV�TXH�YXHODQ�MXVWR�DUULED�GH�OD�YHJHWDFLyQ��

Page 35: La giganta y guadalupe

&XDQGR�ORV�PLVLRQHURV��GHVSXpV�GH�KDEHU�HVWDEOHFLGR�ODV�SULPHUDV�PL�VLRQHV��FRPHQ]DURQ�D�SHQHWUDU�HO�LQWHULRU�GHO�SDtV��HQFRQWUDURQ�FXHYDV�\�RTXHGDGHV� FRQ�SLQWXUDV�\�SHWURJOLIRV��4XHGDURQ�DVRPEUDGRV�� \� VRV�SHFKDQGR�TXH� HVWDV�SLQWXUDV� HUDQ�SURGXFWR�GH�XQD�FLYLOL]DFLyQ�DYDQ�]DGD��WUDWDURQ�GH�GHVFXEULU�DOJR�DFHUFD�GH�HOODV�LQWHUURJDQGR�D�ORV�LQ�GtJHQDV�FRQYHUVRV��TXLHQHV�UHVSRQGLHURQ�TXH�ORV�DXWRUHV�GH�ODV�SLQWXUDV�SHUWHQHFtDQ�D�XQD�UD]D�GH�JLJDQWHV�TXH�KDEtD�GHVFHQGLGR�GHO�QRUWH�� /D�FUHHQFLD�HQ�OD�H[LVWHQFLD�GH�JLJDQWHV�HQ�%DMD�&DOLIRUQLD�VH�GHELy�SRVLEOHPHQWH�DO� WDPDxR�GH� ODV�ÀJXUDV�KXPDQDV�UHSUHVHQWDGDV�\�D� OD�DOWXUD�D�OD�FXDO�VH�HQFXHQWUDQ��$OJXQRV�GH�ORV�KXPDQRV�UHSUHVHQWDGRV�WLHQHQ�PiV�GH�GRV�PHWURV�GH�HVWDWXUD��\�VH�HQFXHQWUDQ�HQ�ODV�SDUHGHV�GH�SLHGUD�D�GLH]�PHWURV�GH�DOWXUD��1R�IXH�QHFHVDULR�QDGD�PiV�SDUD�VXJHULU�OR�VREUHQDWXUDO�D�ORV�LQGtJHQDV�GH�ODV�PLVLRQHV�

/HyQ�'LJXHW´1RWH�VXU�OD�SLFWRJUDSKLH�GH�OD�%DVVH�&DOLIRUQLHµ

/·$QWKURSRORJLH��3DULV��9,�����²����������

3LQWXUDVUXSHVWUHV

DV�SLQWXUDV�UXSHVWUHV�GH�OD�6LHUUD�GH�6DQ�)UDQFLVFR��DO�QRUWH�GHO�FRPSOHMR�*LJDQWD²*XDGDOXSH�� VRQ� FRQVLGHUDGDV� HO� Pi[LPR�DUWH�UXSHVWUH�GHO�+HPLVIHULR�2FFLGHQWDO��\�

VXJLHUHQ�XQ�WHUUHQR�LQWHUPHGLR�HQWUH�OD�QDWXUDOH]D�\�HO�KRPEUH��0XUDOHV�HVWLOL]DGRV�GH�KDVWD�FLQFXHQWD�PHWURV� GH� ODUJR� \� GLH]� PHWURV� GH� DOWXUD� DEXQGDQ�HQ�ÀJXUDV�VXSHUSXHVWDV�GH�EHUUHQGRV��YHQDGRV��ER�UUHJRV�FLPDUUyQ��OLQFHV��FR\RWHV��YtERUDV��EXLWUHV�FRQ�ODV� DODV� DELHUWDV�� WRUWXJDV�� SXPDV�� \� RWUDV� ÀJXUDV�GLItFLOHV�GH�LGHQWLÀFDU��UHSUHVHQWDGDV�GH�SHUÀO��D�YH�FHV�FRQ�ODV�ERFDV�DELHUWDV�FRPR�MDGHDQGR�HQ�OD�KXtGD��/RV� KXPDQRV� HVWiQ� GH� IUHQWH�� SHUR� FRQ� ORV� SLHV� \�ORV�SHFKRV�GH�ODV�PXMHUHV�KDFLD�DIXHUD�SXHV�GH�RWUD�PDQHUD�VH�SHUGHUtDQ��FRQ�IUHFXHQFLD�HVWiQ�GLYLGLGRV�YHUWLFDOPHQWH�D�OD�PLWDG��XQ�ODGR�URMR�\�HO�RWUR�QHJUR��/D�LGHQWLGDG�GH�ORV�SLQWRUHV�VLJXH�VLHQGR�PRWLYR�GH�SROpPLFD��(VH�HVWLOR�FOiVLFR�FRQWLQ~D�D�OR�ODUJR�GH�OD�SDUWH�QRUWH�GH�*XDGDOXSH��\� OXHJR� OD�GLVWRUVLyQ�HQ�HO�FRQWRUQR��OD�YDULDFLyQ�HQ�HO�UHOOHQR�³OD�FXDVL�OR�FXUD³�FRPLHQ]D�� (Q�6DQ�%RUMLWDV�HO�WRUVR�GH�XQ�KRPEUH�VH�DEXO�WD� FRQ� OtQHDV� KRUL]RQWDOHV�� FRPR� VL� IXHUD� XQ� FDFWR�DWUDYHVDGR�SRU�ÁHFKDV��+D\�XQD�KLOHUD�GH�SHFHV�HQ�VDUWDGRV�FRPR�FXHQWDV��KD\�FLQFR�EDOOHQDV�GH�WDPDxR�FDGD�YH]�PiV�SHTXHxR�\�GH�FDEH]D��/DV�VLOXHWDV�HVWiQ�UHOOHQDV�FRQ�XQD�FHORVtD�GH�OtQHDV��R�FRPR�WDEOHUR�GH�DMH�GUH]�� R� FRQ� OtQHDV�GLEXMDGDV�HQ� IRUPD�DSDUHQWHPHQWH�

/

���

Page 36: La giganta y guadalupe

DOHDWRULD��$OJXQRV�YHQDGRV�VRQ�UHFWiQJXORV�YDFtRV�FRQ�SHTXHxRV�DSpQGLFHV�TXH�VXJLHUHQ�SDWDV�\�FXHU�QRV��DQWLFLSDQGR�ODV�WUDQVIRUPDFLRQHV�GHO�VLJOR�;;��(Q�OD�PLVPD�YHWD�KD\�KRPEUHV�IRUPDGRV�GH�FXD�GURV�GH�FRORUHV�DOWHUQDGRV��(QWUH�PiV�DO�VXU��PiV�JUDQGH�OD�LQYHQFLyQ�\�OD�GLVWRUVLyQ��/DV�ÀJXUDV�HV�WiQ�YROWHDGDV�HQ�UHODFLyQ�XQDV�FRQ�RWUDV�\�QR�KDFLD�XQ�SXQWR�FRPSDUWLGR��/RV�YHQDGRV�D�YHFHV�DSDUH�FHQ�GH�FDEH]D��2WUDV�ÀJXUDV�GHVDSDUHFHQ�\�IXHUD�GH�DOJXQDV�LPiJHQHV�QR�LGHQWLÀFDEOHV��HO�WHPD�HV�EiVL�FDPHQWH�VREUH�KXPDQRV�\�YHQDGRV��� ¢6H�KD�YXHOWR�GRPLQDQWH�OD�QRFLyQ�GHO�DUWH�SRU�HO�DUWH�PLVPR"�(VR�SDUHFH�SRVLEOH�HQ�XQ�SHTXHxR�VLWLR�HQ�HO�H[WUHPR�VXU�GH�OD�6LHUUD�GH�*XDGDOXSH��XQ�VLPSOH�ERUGH�GH�URFD�SHUGLGR�HQWUH�ORV�DUEXVWRV��DSHQDV�WDQ�DOWR�FRPR�XQD�SHUVRQD��&DVL�WRGD�OD�VD�OLHQWH�HV�GH�FHQL]D�YROFiQLFD�PDUUyQ��FDVL�VLQ�UDV�JRV�GLVWLQWLYRV��HQ�PHGLR�GH�OD�FXDO�XQ�yYDOR�GH�XQD�URFD�PiV� iVSHUD� \� GXUD� HVWi� LQFUXVWDGR� FRPR� XQ�PHGDOOyQ��6H�SXHGH�DEDUFDU�FRQ�ORV�EUD]RV��GH�ODGR�D�ODGR�\�GH�DUULED�D�DEDMR��\�KD�VLGR�WDOODGR�\�SLQWDGR��FDGD�OtQHD�FRQ�FDVL�XQD�SXOJDGD�GH�SURIXQGLGDG��/R�TXH�HQ�OD�YLGD�UHDO�VREUHVDOH�VH�UHSUHVHQWD�FRQ�XQ�EDMRUUHOLHYH�HQ�OD�VXSHUÀFLH�GH� OD�URFD��\D�TXH�HV�XQD�WpFQLFD�GH�JUDEDGR�� 5DFLPRV�GH� OtQHDV� UHFWDV� HQ� OD�SDUWH� VXSHULRU�VH�UDPLÀFDQ�XQRV�GH�RWURV�HQ�iQJXORV�DJXGRV��SD�UHFH�HO�WDOOR�GH�XQD�SLWD\D��SHUR�HV�XQ�SDU�GH�FRUQD�PHQWDV��(VWiQ�SHJDGDV�D�XQ�SDU�GH�WULiQJXORV��ODV�FDEH]DV��TXH�VH�HQWUHOD]DQ�HQ�VXV�SLFRV�PiV�ÀOR�VRV��\D�TXH�HVWRV�GRV�YHQDGRV�HVWiQ�HQIUHQWiQGRVH��FDUD�D�FDUD��6XV�KRFLFRV�VH�UHSUHVHQWDQ�FRQ�OtQHDV�UHFWDV�TXH�ELVHFDQ�HO�WULiQJXOR�GH�FDGD�FDEH]D�GH�PDQHUD�TXH�HO�SDU�GH�KRFLFRV�HVWiQ�VXJHULGRV�SRU�XQD� OtQHD� ~QLFD� FDVL� VLQ� TXLHEUHV�� /DV� LQFLVLRQHV�TXH� UHSUHVHQWDQ� OD�SDUWH� VXSHULRU�GH� ODV� FDEH]DV�\� ODV�PDQGtEXODV� WDPELpQ�FRQYHUJHQ�HQ�HO�SXQWR�FRP~Q�XQLpQGRVH�WDQ�VXDYHPHQWH�TXH�HVWD�SDUWH�

VXSHULRU� VH� SXHGH� YHU� FRPR� XQD� FRQWLQXDFLyQ� GH�OD�OtQHD�GH�OD�PDQGtEXOD�GHO�YHQDGR�RSXHVWR��\�ODV�FXDWUR� OtQHDV� IRUPDQ�XQD��;��FXUYLOtQHD��$Vt��VHLV�OtQHDV�VH�HQFXHQWUDQ�GRQGH�ORV�DQLPDOHV�VH�WRFDQ�\�VH�YXHOYHQ�WUHV�OtQHDV�PiV�ODUJDV�\�VLQXRVDV�TXH�WUD]DQ�D�ODV�GRV�FULDWXUDV�HQ�XQD�VROD�ÀJXUD�FRP�SXHVWD�� (O� SXQWR� GH� LQWHUVHFFLyQ�� OD� QDUL]�� HV� XQ�SXQWR�FRP~Q�GH�ORV�GRV�DQLPDOHV�� (O�UHVWR�GH�XQR�GH�ORV�YHQDGRV�VH�KD�SHUGLGR�SRU�OD� HURVLyQ�� \� FDVL� WRGR� HO� RWUR� YHQDGR� VH� GLVXHOYH�HQ� IRUPDV�DEVWUDFWDV��SHUR� ODV� OtQHDV�TXH� VXJLHUHQ�HO� FXHUSR� GH� ORV� YHQDGRV� WDPELpQ� VH� XQHQ� \� FRQ�WLQ~DQ�GH�PDQHUD�TXH�GRV�PDQGtEXODV��GRV�FXHOORV��GRV�SHFKRV�\�GRV�SDWDV�GHODQWHUDV�³GRV�YHQDGRV³�HVWiQ�XQLGRV�HQ�XQ�OD]R�LQLQWHUUXPSLGR��8QDV�LPi�JHQHV�HQ�HVSHMR�VH�HQFXHQWUDQ�HQ�XQ�DVWHULVFR�GH�OtQHDV�FUX]DGDV�³HO�DOLHQWR�FRP~Q³��/D�IXVLyQ�GH�GRV� YHQDGRV� FRQ�XQ�SXxDGR�GH� OtQHDV� FRPXQHV�D�DPERV�HV�XQD�VRÀVWLFDFLyQ�GHO�PiV�DOWR�QLYHO�� (O�UDQFKHUR�TXH�HV�GXHxR�GHO�OXJDU�GRQGH�HVWi�HVWH� VLWLR� H[SOLFD�� ´&XDQGR� \R� HUD� QLxR�� VROtDPRV�DFDPSDU� DTXt� SDUD� FD]DU� YHQDGRV�� (UD� XQ� OXJDU�TXH�QRV�SURWHJtD�GHO�YLHQWR��\�VL�OORYtD��FHUFD�GH�OD�SDUHG�SHUPDQHFtD�VHFR��+DEtD�PXFKRV�YHQDGRV�HQ�DTXHO�WLHPSR��\�ODV�LPiJHQHV�GH�ORV�YHQDGRV�HVWD�EDQ� HQ� WRGR� OR� ODUJR� GH� OD� VDOLHQWH��'HVSXpV� HP�SH]DURQ�D�GHVFDVFDUDUVH��+XER�XQD�VHULH�GH�WHP�EORUHV�HQ� ORV�DxRV� FXDUHQWD�\�PXFKRV�GH�HOORV� VH�FD\HURQ�HQWRQFHV��(VWD�SLH]D�DTXt�HV�OD�~QLFD�SDUWH�TXH�TXHGDµ�� (VWH� SDU� GH� YHQDGRV�� WHUULEOHPHQWH� HURVLRQD�GRV��HV�XQD�LPDJHQ�WDQ�DXWRFRQWHQLGD�TXH�HV�GLItFLO�LPDJLQDUVH� TXp� FRQÀJXUDFLyQ� KDEUiQ� WHQLGR� ODV�RWUDV�ÀJXUDV��\�WDPELpQ�HV�GLItFLO�QR�VHQWLU�GRORU�SRU�OD�SpUGLGD��6L� HO� UDQFKHUR�SHUFLELy� OD� LQTXLHWDQWH�VLQFURQtD�FRQ�TXH�HO�YHQDGR�\�VX�UHSUHVHQWDFLyQ�FR�H[LVWLHURQ�DTXt� SRU� VLJORV� SDUD�GHVYDQHFHUVH� FDVL�VLPXOWiQHDPHQWH��QR�OR�PHQFLRQy�

���

/$�*,*$17$�<�*8$'$/83(

Page 37: La giganta y guadalupe

8Q�YHQDGR�GH�FDEH]D�MXQWR�FRQ�SHFHV�\�IRUPDV�DEVWUDFWDV�HQ�XQ�PXUR�GH�/D�7ULQLGDG�RIUHFHQ�XQ�HMHPSOR�

UHSUHVHQWDWLYR�GHO�HVWLOR�LQHVFUXWDEOH�GH�ODV�SLQWXUDV�UXSHVWUHV�GH�OD�6LHUUD�GH�*XDGDOXSH�

/DV�SLQWXUDV�UXSHVWUHV�GH�6DQ�%RUMLWDV��FRQ�VXV�ÀJXUDV�KXPDQDV�DWUDYHVDGDV�SRU�ÁHFKDV��VXJLHUHQ�XQD�FXOWXUD�

HQ�HVWDGR�GH�JXHUUD��/D�ÀJXUD�GLDJRQDO�GH�DEDMR�KD�VLGR�

IHFKDGD�D�������DxRV�DQWHV�GHO�SUHVHQWH�\�HVWi�FRQVLGHUDGD�HQWUH�ODV�SLQWXUDV�

PiV�DQWLJXDV�GHO�+HPLVIHULR�2FFLGHQWDO���SiJLQD�VLJXLHQWH�

Page 38: La giganta y guadalupe

/D�SLQWXUD�D�OD�L]TXLHUGD�UHSUHVHQWD�XQD�PH]FOD�FXULRVD�GH�HVWLORV��FRQ�ODV�ÀJXUDV�D�ORV�ODGRV�SLQWDGDV�FRQ�ODV�OtQHDV�YHUWLFDOHV�GHO�HVWLOR�GH�OD�6LHUUD�*XDGDOXSH�\�OD�ÀJXUD�HQ�PHGLR�GHO�HVWLOR�ELFRORU�

GH�OD�6LHUUD�GH�6DQ�)UDQFLVFR��/D�FRYDFKD�D�OD�GHUHFKD�HVWi�URGHDGD�GH�SHWURJUDEDGRV�GH�YXOYDV��IRUPD�TXH�VH�HQFXHQWUD�HQ�DUWH�HO�LQGtJHQD�GH�WRGR�HO�PXQGR�

Page 39: La giganta y guadalupe

(VWRV�SHWURJUDEDGRV�GH�OD�6LHUUD�GH�*XDGDOXSH��FRQ�PDQWDUD\DV��FHWDFHRV�

\�WLEXURQHV�PDUWLOOR�GHMDQ�HYLGHQFLD�GH�XQD�FXOWXUD�GHO�GHVLHUWR�TXH�LQWHUDFWXDED�

FRQVWDQWHPHQWH��FRQ�HO��PDU�

Page 40: La giganta y guadalupe

/D�DQWLJXD�FXOWXUD�FDOLIRUQLDQD�QR�KD�GHVDSDUHFLGR��(Q�ODV�VLHUUDV�VX�LQÁXHQFLD� VHUi�SDOSDEOH�GXUDQWH�PXFKR� WLHPSR��DOJXQRV� FRQWLQXDUiQ�DUUDLJDGRV�D�VXV�WUDGLFLRQHV�\�UHVLVWLUiQ�HO�FDPELR�GH�VX�ULWPR�GH�YLGD�

+DUU\�&URVE\/RV�~OWLPRV�&DOLIRUQLRV�

�WUDGXFFLyQ�H�LQWURGXFFLyQ�GH�(QULTXH�+DPEOHWRQ���*RELHUQR�GHO�(VWDGR�GH�%DMD�&DOLIRUQLD�6XU��

/D�3D]��%DMD�&DOLIRUQLD�6XU��������

5DQFKRVGLIHUHQFLD� GHO� 0p[LFR� FRQWLQHQWDO�� GRQGH�ORV�FDPELRV�FXOWXUDOHV�IXHURQ�GHMDQGR�FUy�QLFDPHQWH�OD�WLHUUD�HQ�PDQRV�GH�LQGLYLGXRV�SRGHURVRV��ODV�PLVLRQHV�GH�%DMD�&DOLIRUQLD�

IXHURQ� FRQFHGLGDV� D� PXFKRV� SXHEORV� GLIHUHQWHV�� \�ORV�TXH�QR�UHFLELHURQ�WLHUUD�VH�VXPDURQ�D� ORV� IUDQ�FLVFDQRV� \� VX� IXHU]D�PLOLWDU� HQ� OD� $OWD� &DOLIRUQLD��$TXHOORV�TXH�VH�TXHGDURQ�KDEtDQ�VLGR�VHOHFFLRQDGRV�SRU� ORV� SDGUHV� SRU� VXV� KDELOLGDGHV� HQ� FDUSLQWHUtD��DOEDxLOHUtD�� DJULFXOWXUD� \� RWURV� RÀFLRV� ~WLOHV�� (OORV�WUDQVPLWLHURQ�HVWDV�KDELOLGDGHV�D�VXV�KLMRV�\�IXQGDURQ�SHTXHxDV�UDQFKHUtDV�HQ�FXDOTXLHU�OXJDU�TXH�WXYLHUD�DJXD�GLVSRQLEOH��'H�ODV�VHPLOODV�LPSRUWDGDV�GXUDQ�WH�HO�SHUtRGR�GH�ORV�PLVLRQHURV��VXUJLHURQ�KXHUWRV�GH�FtWULFRV��GH�YHJHWDOHV��SDOPDV�GDWLOHUDV�GHO�QRUWH�GH�ÉIULFD�� JUDQDGDV� GH�(VSDxD��PDQJRV� GH� ODV�)LOLSL�QDV��D]~FDU�GH�FDxD�GHO�&DULEH��PDt]�\�DJXDFDWHV�GHO�0p[LFR� FRQWLQHQWDO�� /RV� EDUFRV� GH� DEDVWHFLPLHQWR�WUDMHURQ�FDEUDV��JDQDGR�\�DYHV�GH�FRUUDO��6LHQGR�RWUD�UD]D��FUHDURQ�RWUD�GLHWD��� (Q� ODV� GLH]� JHQHUDFLRQHV� DSUR[LPDGDV� HQWUH� OD�SDUWLGD�GH�ORV�SDGUHV�\�DKRUD��ORV�UDQFKRV�GH�/D�*L�JDQWD�\�OD�6LHUUD�GH�*XDGDOXSH��HQ�VX�DLVODPLHQWR��KDQ�HVWDGR�DUUHJOiQGRVHODV�FRQ�ORV�GHVHFKRV�WHFQR�OyJLFRV�GH�VX�WLHPSR�\�FRQ�H[SHULPHQWRV�FRQ�ORV�PD�WHULDOHV� FLUFXQGDQWHV�� $XQTXH� QR� KD\� GRV� UDQFKRV�LJXDOHV��WLHQGHQ�D�FRPSDUWLU�FDUDFWHUtVWLFDV��/DV�FD�VDV�VRQ�JHQHUDOPHQWH�UHFLQWRV�FRQ�FRQVWUXFFLRQHV�VH�SDUDGDV�HQ�OXJDU�GH�XQD�VROD�FRQVWUXFFLyQ�FRQ�FXDU�WRV�VHSDUDGRV�

$

���

Page 41: La giganta y guadalupe

FKtFKDURV�\�KDEDV�TXH�VH�YHQGHQ�HQ�&LXGDG�&RQV�WLWXFLyQ��'RQGH�OD�PDQJXHUD�HVWi�H[SXHVWD�D�URFDV�ÀORVDV��KD�VLGR�HQYXHOWD�HQ�WUDSRV�SURWHFWRUHV�TXH�SURYLHQHQ�GH�YLHMDV�FDPLVHWDV��SDQWDORQHV�YDTXH�URV�� URSD� LQWHULRU��\�KDUDSRV�FX\D�YLGD�DQWHULRU�QR�SXHGH�LGHQWLÀFDUVH��PLHQWUDV�TXH�ODV�FHUFDV�VH�FRPSRQHQ�HQ�SDUWH�GH�YLHMRV�UHVRUWHV�GH�FDPD��(Q�3ULPHU�$JXD��XQ�SDQHO�VRODU�EULQGD�HQHUJtD�SDUD�OD�UDGLR�\�ORV�IRFRV�GH�ODV�UHFiPDUDV�\�HO�iUHD�GH�OD�VDOD��SHUR��FRPR�HQ�WRGRV�ORV�UDQFKRV��OR�TXH�WUDQV�SRUWD�DO� UDQFKHUR�KDFLD�\�GHVGH�HO�SXHEOR�HV�XQD�FDPLRQHWD�SLFN�XS�GH�HQpVLPD�PDQR�TXH�FRQVXPH�FDQWLGDGHV�H[WUDYDJDQWHV�GH�JDVROLQD�� /DV�LPSURYLVDFLRQHV�GHO�UDQFKHUR�DLVODGR�OH�FRQ�YLHUWHQ�HQ�XQD�HVSHFLH�GH�JHQLR�GHO�OXJDU�

(O�QRPEUH�GH�HVWH�UDQFKR�HQ�OD�6LHUUD�GH�*XDGDOXSH��9LYHOHMRV��HV�DSWR��DVL�TXH�VROR�VH�SXHGH�OOHJDU�D�HO�

SRU�GRV�GtDV�D�ORPR�GH�PXOD��7RGRV�ORV�PDWHULDOHV�GH�FRQVWUXFFLyQ��FRPR�HVWRV�WHFKRV�GH�SDOPD��VRQ�GH�OD�UHJLyQ��\�D�OD�IXHU]D�OD�YLGD�DTXL�HV�DXWRVXÀFLHQWH��(V�VHJXUDPHQWH�HO�UDQFKR�PHQRV�WRFDGR�SRU�OD�

PRGHUQLGDG�HQ�WRGD�OD�%DMD�&DOLIRUQLD�

���

Page 42: La giganta y guadalupe

-RVp�GH�-HVXV�9LOODYLFHQFLR��UDQFKHUR�GH�9LYHOHMRV��FUX]D�OD�GHQVLGDG�GH�XQ�ERVTXH�FDUJDGR�GH�KRMDV�GH�KLJXHUD�VLOYHVWUH�SDUD�DOLPHQWDU�D�ODV�PXODV�

Page 43: La giganta y guadalupe

8Q�IXWXUR�UDQFKHUR�GH�/DV�7XQDV��XQ�UDQFKR�XELFDGR�HQ�OD�6LHUUD�GH�*XDGDOXSH��PLUD�VX�SRVLELOLGDG�GH�VHU�DGXOWR�HQ�HVD�UHJLyQ�FRQ�LQFHUWLGXPEUH��6X�FDUD�VH�

YH�WRGDYtD�LQRFHQWH�SHUR�VXV�PDQRV�VRQ�UXGDV��TXL]iV�SRUTXH�\D�OH�WRFD�KDFHU�HO�WUDEDMR�GH�XQ�KHUPDQR�

PD\RU�TXH�VDOLy�D�HVWXGLDU�HQ�XQD�HVFXHOD�LQWHUQDGR��/D�UDQFKHUtD�HQ�UHJLRQHV�GHVpUWLFDV�VLHPSUH�KD�VLGR�PDUJLQDO��\�ODV�VHTXtDV�FUyQLFDV�SRGUtDQ�H[WHQGHUVH�GHELGR�DO�FDOHQWDPLHQWR�JOREDO��/D�FDUQH�TXH�VH�SURGXFH�HQ�HO�UDQFKR�QXQFD�KD�VLGR�IiFLO�GH�

FRPHUFLDOL]DU��\�GHVGH�HO�LQLFLR�GHO�7UDWDGR�GH�/LEUH�&RPHUFLR�SDUD�$PpULFD�GHO�1RUWH��TXH�SHUPLWLy�OD�HQWUDGD�GH�FDUQH�GH�(VWDGRV�8QLGRV��KD�GLVPLQXLGR�

D~Q�PiV�OD�YHQWD�GHO�SURGXFWR�UDQFKHUR���/D�FDUQH�GH�LPSRUWDFLyQ�VDOH�PiV�EDUDWD�SRU�VHU�

SURGXFLGD�HQ�JUDQMDV�LQGXVWULDOHV�D�JUDQ�HVFDOD�\�HV�PiV�WLHUQD�GHELGR�D�ODV�LQ\HFFLRQHV�GH�KRUPRQDV��/D�FDUQH�GHO�UDQFKR�HV�PiV�VDQD�\�WLHQH�PiV�VDERU�

SRUTXH�HO�PpWRGR�WUDGLFLRQDO�GH�SURGXFLUOD�HV�RUJiQLFR��SHUR�HO�JXVWR�GHO�S~EOLFR�HVWi�FDPELDQGR�HQ�VX�FRQWUD��0XFKRV�MyYHQHV�XQ�SRFR�PD\RUHV�GH�HGDG�TXH�HVWH�

PXFKDFKR�HVWiQ�HPLJUDQGR�D�ODV�FLXGDGHV�\�ORV�SRORV�WXUtVWLFRV��GHMDQGR�DO�FDPSR�GHVSURYLVWR�GH�XQD�QXHYD�JHQHUDFLyQ��¢+DEUi�HQ�HO�IXWXUR�XQ�PHUFDGR�SDUD�ORV�SURGXFWRV�GHO�UDQFKR�\�XQD�YLGD�GH�UDQFKHUtD�SDUD�HVWH�

QLxR"�eO�QR�OR�VDEH�\�QRVRWURV�WDPSRFR�

Page 44: La giganta y guadalupe

6XFHGLy��KDFLD�ORV�SULPHURV�DxRV�GH�HVWH�VLJOR��\�GH�OD�FRQTXLVWD��TXH�XQ�QLxR�GH�OD�PLVLyQ�GH�6DQ�-DYLHU��KDELHQGR�LGR�D�/RUHWR��HO�SDGUH�TXH�DOOt�HVWDED�HQYLy�FRQ�pO�GRV�SDQHFLOORV�DO�SDGUH�-XDQ�GH�8JDUWH��PLVLRQHUR�GH�6DQ�-DYLHU��\�MXQWDPHQWH�FDUWDV��HQ�TXH��GHPiV�GH�OR�TXH�RFXUUtD�� OH�DYLVDED�GH� ORV�GRV�SDQHFLOORV�TXH� OH� HQYLDED��(O� LQGLR� HQ�HO�FDPLQR�SUREy�HO�SDQ�\��FRPR�OH�VXSR�ELHQ��IXH�FRPLHQGR�KDVWD�TXH�DFDEy�FRQ�WRGR��FUH\HQGR�TXH��FRPR�LED�VROR�QDGLH�OR�VDEUtD��/OHJy�D�6DQ�-DYLHU��\�HQWUHJy�VX�FDUWD�DO�SDGUH�8JDUWH�TXLHQ��YLHQGR�OR�TXH�HQ�HOOD�OH�GHFtDQ��GLMR�DO�LQGLR�TXH�OH�HQWUHJDVH�OR�TXH�HQ�/RUHWR�OH�GLHURQ�TXH�WUDMHUD�DO�SDGUH��5HVSRQGLy�TXH�QDGD�OH�KDEtDQ�GDGR��5HSOLFy�HO�SDGUH�TXH�OH�KDEtDQ�HQWUHJDGR�GRV�SDQHFLOORV��9ROYtD�D�GHFLU�HO�LQGLR�TXH�QDGD�KDEtD�UHFLELGR��<��FRPR�HO�SDGUH�D~Q�LQVWDVH�VREUH�OR�PLVPR��SUHJXQWy�HO�LQGLR��¢SXHV�TXLpQ�GLFH�TXH�PH�KDQ�HQWUHJDGR�HVR�SDUD�WL"�eVWH�OR�GLFH��UHVSRQGLy�HO�SDGUH��PRVWUiQGROH�HO�SDSHO��$GPLUyVH�HO�SR�EUH�QHyÀWR�GH�TXH�XQD�FRVD�WDQ�SHTXHxD��\�WDQ�GHOJDGD��VXSLHVH�KDEODU�� 3DVDGR�DOJ~Q�WLHPSR��YROYLy�D�UHSHWLUVH�HO�FDVR��SRUTXH��KDELHQGR�LGR�D�/RUHWR�HO�PLVPR�LQGLR��\�HQFDUJiQGROH�DOOt�TXH�OOHYDVH�DO�SDGUH�8JDUWH�QR�Vp�TXp�FRPHVWLEOH��FRQ�FDUWD�HQ�TXH�OH�DYLVDEDQ�OR�TXH�OH�UH�PLWtDQ��HO�SRUWDGRU�HQ�HO�FDPLQR�TXHUtD�FRPHUOR��SHUR�WHQtD�PLHGR�D�OD�FDUWD��GH�TXLHQ�\D�WHQtD�H[SHULHQFLD�OH�DYLVDED�DO�SDGUH�OR�TXH�SDVDED��0DV��DSUHWiQGROH�OD�DQVLD�GH�FRPHUOR��VH�DSDUWy�XQ�SRFR�GHO�FDPLQR��SXVR�HO�SDSHO�GHWUiV�GH�XQ�SHxDVFR�\��HVFRQGLpQGRVH�pO�HQ�RWUD�SDUWH��FRPLy�WRGR�OR�TXH�OOHYDED�\��DFDEDGR��IXH�D�WRPDU�VX�FDUWD��\�FRQ�HOOD�SURVLJXLy�HO�FDPLQR��/OHJDGR�D�6DQ�-DYLHU��HO�SDGUH�8JDUWH��OHtGD�VX�FDUWD��OH�UHFRQYLQR�SDUD�TXH�HQWUHJDUD�OR�TXH�HQ�/RUHWR�OH�KDEtDQ�GDGR��5HVSRQGLy�TXH�D�pO�QR� OH�KDEtDQ�GDGR�QDGD��5HSOLFy�HO�SDGUH�TXH�pO�VDEtD�ELHQ�TXH�OH�KDEtDQ�HQWUHJDGR�WDO�FRVD��SDUD�TXH�OD�WUDMHUD�DO�SD�GUH��¢4XLpQ�OR�GLFH"��SUHJXQWy�HO�LQGLR��eVWH�OR�GLFH��UHVSRQGLy�HO�SDGUH�8JDUWH��PRVWUiQGROH�HO�SDSHO��3XHV�pVWH�PLHQWH��UHSXVR�HO�RWUR��OD�RWUD�YH]�HV�YHUGDG�TXH�\R�FRPt�HO�SDQ�GHODQWH�GH�pO��PDV�DKRUD�\R�OH�HVFRQGt�\�PH�SXVH�HQ�GRQGH�pO�QR�PH�YLHUD��SXHV�VL�DKRUD�GLFH�TXH�\R�OR�FRPt��PLHQWH��SRUTXH�pO�QR�PH�KD�YLVWR�FRPHU�QL�VDEH�OR�TXH�\R�KLFH�

0,*8(/�'(/�%$5&2+LVWRULD�QDWXUDO�\�FUyQLFD�GH�OD�$QWLJXD�&DOLIRUQLD�

�IUDJPHQWRV�GH�XQ�PDQXVFULWR�GH�&$��������HGLWDGR�\�SXEOLFDGR�SRU�0LJXHO�/HyQ�3RUWLOOD���

8QLYHUVLGDG�1DFLRQDO�$XWyQRPD�GH�0p[LFR��0p[LFR�')�������

/LQJ�tVWLFDHVGH�OD�SDUWLGD�GH�ORV�IUDQFLVFDQRV�KDVWD�HO�SUHVHQWH�� OD�YLGD�HQ�ORV�UDQFKRV�GH�/D�*L�JDQWD� KD� SHUPDQHFLGR� HQ� JUDQ� SDUWH� VLQ�FDPELRV��R�FRQ�PHQRV�FDPELRV��SLHQVD�HO�DU�

TXHyORJR�)HUPtQ�5H\JDGDV��TXH� OD�YLGD�HQ�FXDOTXLHU�RWUD�SDUWH�GH�0p[LFR��/D�JHQWH�IXH�DSUHQGLHQGR�FXiQGR�\�TXp� VHPEUDU�� FXiQGR�KDEtD�KHODGDV�� FXiQGR�KDEtD�VHFDV��$KRUD�FRQRFHQ� OD�PRWRERPED�\� OD�PRWRVLHUUD��SHUR�VXV�UDQFKRV�WRGDYtD�QR�WLHQHQ�UHFHSFLyQ�FHOXODU�� /D�VRUSUHVD�HV�TXH��HQ�UHFRPSHQVD��WLHQHQ�GRV�IRU�PDV�GH�FRPXQLFDUVH�HQWUH�HOORV��(V�XQ�IHQyPHQR�SRFR�FRPHQWDGR��SHUR�SHUFHSWLEOH�SDUD�FXDOTXLHUD�TXH�KD�SDVDGR�DOJ~Q�WLHPSR�FRQ�ORV�UDQFKHURV�GH�%DMD�&DOL�IRUQLD�6XU��TXH�ORV�KDELWDQWHV�GH�/D�*LJDQWD�WLHQHQ�GRV�RSFLRQHV�YHUEDOHV�� HO� HVSDxRO�PH[LFDQR�QRUPDO�\� RWUR�PRGR�� FDVL� RFXOWR� SDUD� ORV� IXHUHxRV�� TXH� VH�SURQXQFLD�HQ�WRQRV�PiV�EDMRV�\�FRQWLHQH�PHQRV�SD�ODEUDV�HQWHQGLEOHV��eVWH�PRGR�QDVDO�\�FDVL�VLQ�FRQ�VRQDQWHV�SXHGH�VHU�GHVFULWR�FRPR�XQ�´UiSLGR�IDUIX�OODUµ��/RV�KDELWDQWHV�HVFRJHQ�FRQ�TXLpQ�FRQYHUVDQ�GH�HVWD�IRUPD��UHVHUYDGD�SDUD�PLHPEURV�GH�OD�IDPLOLD�\�DPLJRV�FHUFDQRV��/RV�KDELWDQWHV�GHO�iUHD��TXH�SUH�VXPLEOHPHQWH�HQWLHQGHQ�HVWH�PRGR�GH�KDEODU��SHUR�TXH�QR�VH� FRQRFHQ�� VH�KDEODQ�HQ�HVSDxRO�HVWiQGDU��(VWD�IRUPD�GH�KDEODU�QR�VH�HVFXFKD�HQ�OD�6LHUUD�GH�/D�/DJXQD�DO�VXU�R�HQ�OD�6LHUUD�GH�6DQ�)UDQFLVFR�DO�QRUWH��\�DXQTXH�ORV�TXH�OD�XVDQ�QR�TXLHUHQ�DELHUWD�PHQWH�H[FOXLU�D�DOJXQR��OHV�VLUYH�FRPR�XQ�FyGLJR�� &XDQGR�)HUPtQ�5H\JDGDV�YLVLWy�SRU�SULPHUD�YH]�/D�*LJDQWD��MXQWR�FRQ�XQ�FROHJD�TXH�WDPELpQ�YHQtD�GH�OD�&LXGDG�GH�0p[LFR��KLFLHURQ�XQD�OLVWD�GH�FLHQWR�FLQFXHQWD�SDODEUDV�TXH�QR�FRQRFtDQ��+DEtD�iUHDV�GH�XVR��FXDQGR�ORV�UDQFKHURV�KDEODQ�GH�FDUURV��XVDQ�HVSDxRO�

'

���

Page 45: La giganta y guadalupe

FRQWHPSRUiQHR��FXDQGR�KDEODQ�GH�JDQDGR��PDQD�GDV� GH� DQLPDOHV� R� SODQWDV�� XVDQ� XQ� YRFDEXODULR�TXH�UHVXOWD�REVROHWR�HQ�RWUDV�SDUWHV��5H\JDGDV�\�VX�DPLJR�HPSH]DURQ�D�LQYHVWLJDU�HVWDV�SDODEUDV�\�HQ�FRQWUDURQ�TXH�HUDQ�DXWpQWLFDV�SDODEUDV�GHO�HVSD�xRO��SHUR�GH�XQ�YRFDEXODULR�GHO�VLJOR�;9,,�TXH�FD\y�HQ�GHVXVR��5H\JDGDV�FRPHQWD�TXH�ODV�FRPXQLGDGHV�GH�ORV�UDQFKRV��VLQ�FRQWDFWR�FRQ�QXHYDV�LQÁXHQFLDV�FRPR�OD�PLQHUtD�DO�VXU�\�DO�QRUWH��KDEODQ�XQ�OHQ�JXDMH�TXH�TXHGy�FRQJHODGR�HQ�HO�VLJOR�;9,,��HV�GHFLU��HO�OHQJXDMH�GH�ORV�DUWHVDQRV�TXH�ORV�IUDLOHV�WUDMHURQ�GH�6RQRUD�� +XER�WDPELpQ�RWUD�LQÁXHQFLD��SURYHQLHQWH�GHO�iUHD�PLVPD��SXHV�PXFKRV�GH� ORV�VROWHURV�TXH�OOH�JDURQ�D�FRORQL]DU�OD�SHQtQVXOD�VH�FDVDURQ�FRQ�PX�MHUHV�LQGLDV��\�ORV�QLxRV�FUHFLHURQ�KDEODQGR�FRQ�VX�PDGUH�\�VX�SDGUH��6XUJH�OD�SUHJXQWD�GH�VL�DOJXQDV�SDODEUDV� GH� ORV� FRFKLPtHV� VREUHYLYLHURQ� WDPELpQ�PH]FODGDV�FRQ�HO�HVSDxRO�DQWLJXR��&RPR�VHxDOD�HO�ItVLFR�0XUUD\�*HOO�0DQQ�� ORV� GRV� OHQJXDMHV� GHO�VXU��HO�JXD\FXUD�\�HO�SHULF~��HUDQ�LQGHSHQGLHQWHV�GH�RWUDV�OHQJXDV�FRQRFLGDV��SHUR�HO�OHQJXDMH�GH�PiV�DO�QRUWH� WHQtD�XQD�GLVWDQWH� UHODFLyQ� FRQ�HO�JUXSR�GH�OHQJXDV�\XPDQDV�FHQWUDGR�HQ�$UL]RQD��$LVODGRV�SRU�VLJORV��R�WDO�YH]�PLOHQLRV��GH�DTXHOORV�TXH�RULJL�QDURQ�HO�OHQJXDMH��HO�FRFKLPt�WRPy�VX�SURSLR�FDPL�QR��SHUR�VL�KD�VREUHYLYLGR�XQ�VXÀFLHQWH�Q~PHUR�GH�VXV�SDODEUDV�HQ�HO�YRFDEXODULR�DFWXDO��ORV�OLQJ�LV�WDV�SRGUtDQ�H[DPLQDU�HO�JUDGR�GH�WUDQVIRUPDFLyQ�D�SDUWLU�GHO� LGLRPD�\XPDQR�TXH�VXEVLVWLy�HQ�$UL�]RQD��/D�PDJQLWXG�GH�ORV�FDPELRV�SHUPLWH�HYDOXDU�FXiQGR�VH�VHSDUDURQ�ORV�TXH�KDEODEDQ�XQD�PLVPD�OHQJXD�RULJLQDO��\�VL�VH�SXGLHUD�HVWDEOHFHU�HO�JUDGR�GH�WUDQVIRUPDFLyQ�HQWUH�HO�FRFKLPt�\�RWUDV�OHQJXDV�\XPDQDV��SRGUtD�ÀMDUVH�XQD�IHFKD�DSUR[LPDGD�GH�OD�PLJUDFLyQ� FRFKLPt� KDFLD� HO� FRPSOHMR�*LJDQWD²*XDGDOXSH��3RU�H[WHQVLyQ�VH�SRGUtD��DUURMDU�OX]�VR�EUH�VL�ORV�FRFKLPtHV�HVWDEDQ�SUHVHQWHV�GXUDQWH�OD�

���

Page 46: La giganta y guadalupe

6DEHUHV�GHO�DJXD�SDLVDMHV�GH�OD�HVSHUDQ]D

%UXFH�%HUJHU�\�([HTXLHO�(]FXUUD

Page 47: La giganta y guadalupe

RV� GHVDUUROORV� FRVWHURV� H[LVWHQ� HQ� WRGR� HO�PXQGR��SHUR�KD\�XQD�VROD�%DMD�&DOLIRUQLD��\� HO� FRUUHGRU�GH�/D�*LJDQWD�D�*XDGDOXSH�UHSUHVHQWD�OD�SDUWH�PiV�LQWDFWD�GH�%DMD�&D�

OLIRUQLD��D�SHVDU�GH�TXH�QR�KD�JR]DGR�GH�SURWHFFLyQ�RÀFLDO��6L�OD�OLVWD�GH�ORV�GDxRV�SRWHQFLDOHV�GH�OD�FRQV�WUXFFLyQ�GH�FDUUHWHUDV�SDUD�ORV�GHVDUUROORV�WXUtVWLFRV�HV�ODUJD��OD�OLVWD�GH�EHQHÀFLRV�TXH�SXHGH�WUDHU�OD�GH�VLJQDFLyQ�GH�OD�UHJLyQ�FRPR�5HVHUYD�GH�OD�%LyVIHUD�OR�HV�D~Q�PiV��/D�QXHYD�UHVHUYD�SURWHJHUtD�XQ�SDLVDMH�YROFiQLFR�DVRPEURVR�HQ�HO�TXH�KDQ�HYROXFLRQDGR�VXV�SURSLDV� IRUPDV�GH�YLGD��GHVGH�XQD� UDUD� HVSHFLH�GH�DPEURVLD�TXH�FUHFH�HQ�XQD�VROD�PHVHWD��KDVWD�XQ�SD�ORÀHUUR�TXH�SXHGH�YLYLU�PLO�DxRV�\�SURGXFLU�XQD�GH�ODV�PDGHUDV�PiV�GHQVDV�\�GXUDV�GHO�PXQGR��SDVDQ�GR�SRU�XQD�SURIXVLyQ�GH�IDXQD�~QLFD�\�PDUDYLOORVD��HQ� OD�TXH�GHVWDFD� FRPR�H[SRQHQWH� VXSHUODWLYR�XQD�VXEHVSHFLH�HQGpPLFD�GH�ERUUHJR�FLPDUUyQ�� /D� UHJLyQ� SRVHH� SLQWXUDV� UXSHVWUHV� FRQ� HVWLORV�TXH�QR�H[LVWHQ�HQ�QLQJ~Q�RWUR�OXJDU��7LHQH�FDxRQHV�\�FLPDV�TXH�QR�KDQ�VLGR�D~Q�H[SORUDGRV�SRU�OD�FLHQFLD��7LHQH�XQD�FXOWXUD�GH�UDQFKRV�TXH�KD�HYROXFLRQDGR�VX�SURSLD�DUWHVDQtD�WUDGLFLRQDO��VHxHUD�\�GHVOXPEUDQ�WHPHQWH�KHUPRVD��\�TXH�GHVHD�VHJXLU�YLYLHQGR�HQ�HO�PXQGR�FRQWHPSRUiQHR�DGDSWDQGR�VX�YLGD� WUDGLFLR�QDO�D�OD�GLQiPLFD�GH�XQ�iUHD�SURWHJLGD�FDSD]�GH�DP�SDUDU�VX�QDWXUDOH]D�VLQJXODU�\�VX�FXOWXUD�DQFHVWUDO��6REUHYLYHQ�DTXt�UHVWRV�GH�XQ�OHQJXDMH�GH�����DxRV�GH�DQWLJ�HGDG��FRQ�WUD]DV�TXL]iV�GHO�DQWLJXR�*XD\�FXUD��TXH�GHEH�HVWXGLDUVH�\�UHVFDWDUVH�SRU�OLQJ�LVWDV�DQWHV�GH�TXH�HO�SDVR�GHO�WLHPSR�OR�KDJD�GHVDSDUHFHU�

/

���

Page 48: La giganta y guadalupe

6L�OD�UHJLyQ�HV�FDSD]�GH�UHWHQHU�WRGR�HVWR��SURVSH�UDUi�QR�VyOR�VREUH�QXHYDV�IRUPDV�GH�DJULFXOWXUD�D�SDUWLU�GHO�XVR�VXVWHQWDEOH�TXH�KDQ�VDELGR�GDUOH�DO�DJXD��SHUR�WDPELpQ�VREUH�HO�LQÁXMR�GH�YLVLWDQWHV�TXH�YHQGUiQ�HQ�Q~PHURV� FUHFLHQWHV�D�SUHVHQFLDU�HVWH�PLODJUR� GH� VXSHUYLYHQFLD�� \� TXH� VDEUiQ� UHVSHWDU�HVWH� OHJDGR�SRUTXH� HVWDUiQ� UHJLGRV� SRU� ORV� OLQHD�PLHQWRV�GHO�iUHD�SURWHJLGD�� 1LQJ~Q� iUHD� VLOYHVWUH� SXHGH� FDPELDU� GH� FDWH�JRUtD�VLQ�XQ�SURIXQGR�WUDEDMR�GH�SUHSDUDFLyQ��LQFOX�\HQGR�XQ�SODQ�GHWDOODGR�SDUD�MXVWLÀFDU�IUHQWH�D�ODV�DXWRULGDGHV�OD�SURWHFFLyQ�GH�OD�UHJLyQ�\�VXV�HFRVLVWH�PDV��2UJDQL]DFLRQHV�GH�OD�VRFLHGDG�FLYLO��OLGHUDGDV�SRU�OD�6RFLHGDG�GH�+LVWRULD�1DWXUDO�1LSDUDMi��KDQ�FRODERUDGR�FRQ�OD�&RPLVLyQ�1DFLRQDO�GH�ÉUHDV�1D�WXUDOHV�3URWHJLGDV��&21$13���HO�&HQWUR�GH�,QYHVWLJD�FLRQHV�%LROyJLFDV�GHO�1RURHVWH��&,%125���7KH�1DWXUH�&RQVHUYDQF\��\�OD�8QLYHUVLGDG�$XWyQRPD�GH�%DMD�&DOLIRUQLD�6XU�SDUD�SUHSDUDU�XQ�GHWDOODGR�HVWXGLR�SUHYLR� MXVWLÀFDWLYR� TXH� LQFOX\H� VRQGHRV� GH� RSLQ�LyQ�\�HQWUHYLVWDV�FRQ�ORV�KDELWDQWHV�GH�����FRPX�QLGDGHV��UHXQLRQHV�FRQ�ORV�SREODGRUHV�ORFDOHV�SDUD�VXPDUORV�DO�SUR\HFWR��WUDEDMR�FRQ�H[SHUWRV�GH�RWUDV�SDUWHV� GH�0p[LFR�� LQWHUFDPELR� FRQ� FDPSHVLQRV� \�UDQFKHURV� TXH� YLYHQ� HQ� RWUDV� UHVHUYDV� H[LWRVDV��FRPR�0DSLPt��\�HVWXGLRV�WpFQLFRV�GHWDOODGRV�SDUD�LQWHJUDU� WRGR�HQ�XQD�SURSXHVWD�TXH�VHUi�HOHYDGD�SRU�OD�&21$13�DO�*RELHUQR�)HGHUDO��(O�SURFHVR�HVWi�D~Q�HQ�SURJUHVR��SHUR�OD�UHVSXHVWD�GH�WRGRV�ORV�SDU�WLFLSDQWHV�KDVWD�DKRUD�KD�VLGR�SRVLWLYD�\�HQWXVLDVWD�� &RPR�SURSLHWDULRV��ORV�UDQFKHURV�WLHQHQ�OD�SUH�RFXSDFLyQ�GH�PDQWHQHU�OD�SURGXFWLYLGDG�GH�OD�WLH�UUD�TXH�OHV�SURSRUFLRQD�VX�PHGLR�GH�YLGD��SHUR�KDQ�REVHUYDGR�FRQ�HO�SDVR�GHO�WLHPSR�OD�GHJUDGDFLyQ�HQ�OD�SURGXFWLYLGDG�GH�VXV�HFRVLVWHPDV��OD�GHFOLQDFLyQ�HQ�OD�DEXQGDQFLD�GH�ORV�YHQDGRV�\�OD�YLGD�VLOYHVWUH��OD�FUHFLHQWH�PRUWDOLGDG�GHO�JDQDGR��\�OD�FUHFLHQWH�HVFDVH]�GHO�DJXD�HQ�OD�UHJLyQ��

���

/RV�SHVFDGRUHV�D�OR�ODUJR�GH�OD�FRVWD�KDQ�YLVWR�GH�FDHU�ODV�SHVTXHUtDV�TXH�OHV�GDQ�YLGD�\�VXVWHQWR��\�HVWiQ�SLGLHQGR�TXH�VHD�H[WHQGLGR�HO�3DUTXH�0DULQR�GH�/RUHWR�KDFLD� HO�QRUWH�GH� OD� OtQHD�GH� FRVWD�TXH�FRUUH�SDUDOHOD�D�OD�VLHUUD�GH�/D�*LJDQWD��SDUD�TXH�OD�SURWHFFLyQ�GH�OD�WLHUUD�ÀUPH�VH�YHD�FRPSOHPHQWDGD�FRQ�OD�UHVWDXUDFLyQ�GH�OD�YLGD�PDULQD�HQ�DJXDV�TXH�DOJXQD�YH]�IXHURQ�OHJHQGDULDV�SRU�VX�IHFXQGLGDG��/RV�KDELWDQWHV�GHO�FRUUHGRU�GH�/D�*LJDQWD�\�*XD�GDOXSH�VDEHQ�TXH�HO�GHWHULRUR�FRQWLQXR�\�SURJUHVLYR�GH�VXV�UHFXUVRV�ORV�OOHYDUi�HYHQWXDOPHQWH�D�VX�SUR�SLD�GHVDSDULFLyQ��\�HQWLHQGHQ�FODUDPHQWH�TXH�XQ�FDPELR�GH�UXPER�HV�FUXFLDO��(O�WLHPSR�GH�SURWHJHU�DO�iUHD�\�VXV�UHFXUVRV�QDWXUDOHV�KD�OOHJDGR�� (O�PDMHVWXRVR� SDLVDMH� YROFiQLFR� GHO� FRUUHGRU� GH�VHUUDQtDV� GH�/D�*LJDQWD²*XDGDOXSH�� OD� LQWULQFDGD�WUDPD� GH� VXV� IRUPDV� GH� YLGD� UDUDV� \� ~QLFDV�� \� OD�SUHVHUYDFLyQ�GH�XQD�FXOWXUD�DPELHQWDOPHQWH�VDELD�TXH�KD�FDPELDGR�PX\�SRFR�HQ�ORV�~OWLPRV�VLJORV��WR�GRV�QRV�OOHYDQ�D�UHÁH[LRQDU�FRQ�XQD�SHUVSHFWLYD�GH�ODUJR�SOD]R��PLUDQGR�DO�SDVDGR�SDUD�DWLVEDU�HO�IXWXUR�� /DV�PDUDYLOORVDV�VHUUDQtDV�TXH�WRGDYtD�YHPRV�KR\�� ORV�SDLVDMHV�GHVOXPEUDQWHV�GH� ODV� ODGHUDV�DJUHVWHV� GRQGH� OOHJDQ� ORV� FKXEDVFRV�� ORV� FRQRFL�PLHQWRV�GH�ORV�RDVLV�\�GH�ORV�UDQFKRV��SXHGHQ�WRGRV�DVHJXUDUVH� SDUD� ODV� JHQHUDFLRQHV� YHQLGHUDV�� \� OD�SURSLD� SREODFLyQ� GHO� iUHD� SRGUi� SDVDU� VXV� FRQR�FLPLHQWRV�SURIXQGRV�\�VDELGXUtD�WUDGLFLRQDO�D�VXV�GHVFHQGLHQWHV�VL�DFWXDPRV�DKRUD�SDUD�GHWHQHU�ORV�ULHVJRV�TXH�DPHQD]DQ�XQ�WHVRUR�QDWXUDO�\�FXOWXUDO�TXH� VH� SHUGHUi�SDUD� VLHPSUH� VL� QR� DFWXDPRV� FRQ�GHFLVLyQ��� (O� UHVWR� GHO� PXQGR� SRGUi� WDPELpQ� GLVIUXWDU�OD�5HVHUYD�GH�OD�%LyVIHUD�6LHUUDV�GH�/D�*LJDQWD�\�*XDGDOXSH�EDMR�HO�FXLGDGR�GH�XQ�VLVWHPD�TXH��HQ�FRODERUDFLyQ�FRQ�VXV�SREODGRUHV�QDWLYRV��VHD�FDSD]�GH�FRQVHUYDU�HVWRV�SDLVDMHV�GH� OD�HVSHUDQ]D�\� ORV�VDEHUHV�WUDGLFLRQDOHV�GHO�DJXD�\�GHO�GHVLHUWR�

/$�*,*$17$�<�*8$'$/83(

Page 49: La giganta y guadalupe

� /DV�VHUUDQtDV�WLHQHQ�D~Q�PLOHV�GH�VHFUHWRV�TXH�FRQWDUQRV��\�HV�QXHVWUD�UHVSRQVDELOLGDG�GHVFLIUDU�ORV�FRQ�SUHFLVLyQ�\�GHWDOOH��HQ�OD�SOHQLWXG�GH�XQ�QXHYR�WLHPSR�HQ�HO�TXH�SRGDPRV�SURWHJHU�HIHFWLYD�PHQWH�HVWD�PDUDYLOORVD�iUHD�QDWXUDO�

���

Page 50: La giganta y guadalupe