l14_ascos_09_lieberman
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Optical Chemical Sensorsfor Environmental Analysis
R. A. LiebermanSeptember, 2009
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OPTICAL CHEMICAL SENSORS
Optochemical Detection TechniquesOptochemical Detection Instrumentation
Optochemical Detection Formats
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Optochemical Detection Techniques
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Direct Spectroscopy Definition: Measuring the color of light to detect chemicals
Absorption/Reflectance
Oldest chemical detection technique UV-Vis-IR still dominates environmental detection
Modern frontiers: THz, deep UV(?)
Luminescence Accepted standard for hydrocarbon detection
Modern frontiers: Single-molecule detection
Raman Practical at last (made possible by lasers & holofilters)
Modern frontiers: Extreme signal enhancement (SERS)
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Titration Definition: Using chemical reactions to detect
chemicals
Oldest analytical chemical detection technique Major thrust in late 19th and early 20th centuries
Eclipsed by spectroscopy; revived in late 20th century
Current practice ranges from rediscovered inorganicreagents to fluorescent-labeled antibodies
Modern frontiers: Increased analyte specificity (MIPs, designed molecules)
Improved performance (q-dots; NIR dyes)
New formats (optrodes, arrays, etc. see following slides)
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Refractometry
Definition: Measuring refractive index to detectchemicals
First used to measure concentrations in known solutions Total Internal Reflection (e.g., Abbe)
Common in food, petrochemical, other industries
Surface Plasmon Resonance
Used in commercial biochemical detectors
Modern frontiers: nanophotonics-enabled plasmonics
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Refractometry
Optical path shift detection
Grating-based (planar; long-period fiber Bragg)
Interferometer-based (fiber optic M-Z/F-P, integrated optic) Propagation constant measurements
Waveguide pointer
Waveguide cutoff
Ellipsometry (is this polarimetry?)
Modern frontier: Coupling refractometry withtitration (e.g. DNA oligos, antibodies, otherrecognition elements)
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Polarimetry Definition:Measuring polarization to detect chemicals
Optical rotation measurement Classically used to measure sugar concentration Frontier: Chirality measurement for biomolecule detection
Circular dichroism rarely used in sensing (small signal, shortwavelengths)
Nephelometry Definition: Measuring elastically scattered light to
detect chemicals Most-used air quality measurement (particle count)
Can be used to detect titration reactions
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Optochemical Detection
Instrumentation
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Optical Elements Integrated Optic Waveguides
Planar lightwave circuits (PLC) generally SiO2 on Si;
fabricated using semiconductor processing techniques Polymer integrated optics
Wide range of materials
Many fabrication techniques: Embossing; stamp-printing, ink-jetprinting, photolithographic production
Advanced Materials
Nano-optical structures Metamaterials
Controlled-geometry plasmonic features
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Optochemical Detection Formats
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Optochemical Detection Formats Fiber-assisted direct spectroscopy
Silica fiber technology deployed everywhere Chalcogenide & Fluoride gaining acceptance
New frontier: new fiber designs (photonic crystal; photonic
bandgap; hollow-core) will double spectral range Fiber-assisted titration
Fiber optrodes
Distributed intrinsic chemical agent sensing
Multipoint active chemical sensors (gratings/scatteringcenters couple light to sensor element)
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Optochemical Detection Formats Fiber-assisted refractometry
Tapered fibers
Fiber-tip Fabry-Perot optrodes
Long-period fiber Bragg gratings (FBGs)
Fiber optic Mach-Zehnder interferometers
Fiber optic SPR probes
Simple Fresnel reflectance probes
Fiber-assisted indirect measurements Strain-inducing coatings on fibers with FBGs Strain-inducing coatings on fiber interferometers
Stain-inducing microbending on fibers in cables
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Integrated optic titration Waveguide arrays with sensor claddings Waveguide arrays with sensor cores
Interferometers with sensor coatings
Integrated optic refractometry Interferometers without coatings
Waveguide pointer
Plasmon waveguides Passive
Active
Optochemical Detection Formats
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ENVIRONMENTAL ANALYSIS
Environmental MediaEnvironments
Chemical Targets
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Environmental Media
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Water
Drinking water
Recreational water
Groundwater
Open water
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Air
Indoor air
Industrial emissions
Local air contamination
Global atmosphere
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Earth
Soil surface
Other surfaces
Subsuface
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Fire
Smoke detection
Flame detection
Combustion control/monitoring
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Environments
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Industrial/Commercial Environments Factories/Refineries
Process control
Legal compliance
Health/safety
Landfills Leakage
Fire/toxin safety
Mines Legal compliance
Health/safety
Other: Restaurants, hospitals, etc.
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Consumer/Home Environments
Indoor air quality
Smoke detection
Home water quality monitoring
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Agriculture/Wilderness Environments
Lake, stream, ocean monitoring
Pollution
Chemical balance
Marine/atmosphere interface (CO2 balance)
Farm runoff characterization
Agricultural soil quality measurement
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Chemical Targets
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Chemical Targets Natural
Toxic minerals in groundwater (Arsenic, lead, other minerals) Smoke and fire byproducts (PAHs, etc.)
Biotoxins (e.g. microcystin from cyanobacteria) Manmade
Factory effluent Stack gases (NOx, SOx, CO, CO2)
Liquid outfall (100s of chemical bypoducts & waste products) Fugitive emissions
Polyaromatic hydrocarbons other hydrocarbons
Accidental releases
Chlorine, ammonia, methyl isocyanate, other industrial products Reaction intermediaries & raw materials (oil)
Purposeful releases Terrorist attack Industrial sabotage
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OPTICAL CHEMICAL SENSORS FOR
ENVIRONMENTAL ANALYSIS --EXAMPLES
Biotoxin Detection in Water
Toxic Chemical Detection on Surfaces
Toxic Chemical Detection in Air
Stack Gas Monitoring Factory Effluent Monitoring
Groundwater Monitoring Carbon Monoxide Monitoring
Fire Precursor Detection
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Biotoxin Detection in Water
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Biotoxin Detection in Water
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Drop of water containing pathogens is applied on thetest strip.
Sample reacts with the reagents on the test strip and istransported across the membrane.
Quantum dot (QD) conjugated reagents bind to thespots on the microarray.
QDs that emit at different wavelengths ensure thatcross reactivity or nonspecific binding can be identified.
Measuring fluorescence signals from multiple quantumdots at each spot improves specificity Increases the viability of multiplexed field test strips.
Fluorescence of the QDs is measured with a portablereader.
Fluorescence intensity is related to the concentration oftoxin in the sample.
Biotoxin Detection in Water
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Lateral Flow Strip for Single Pathogen
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Lateral Flow Assay Process
Sample Application
Sample Migration
Pathogen Detection
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Multi-Pathogen Lateral Flow Strip
Multiple QD-labeledantibodies on reagent pad
Multiple antibody spots
replace capture line
Multiple antibody spotsalso replace control line
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Quantum Dot Fluorescent Labels
Make Multianalyte Biosensors PracticalUnlimited choice of emission wavelenghsExtremely broad excitation band
Single wavelength can excite all fluorophoresLarge Stokes shiftNo photobleachingSame matgerial used in all fluorophores
Same synthesis process for all fluorophores
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IOS Quantum Dot Fluorescence Spectra
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E. Coli Assay Response
y = 6E-05x + 3.2842
R2
= 0.9769
0
2
4
6
8
10
0 20000 40000 60000 80000 100000 120000
E. coli, CFU
Intensity,
AU
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Pseudomonas Aeruginosa Assay Response
0.00
1.00
2.00
3.00
4.00
5.00
6.00
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
PA cells (x104)
Intensity(au)
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Toxic Chemical Detection
on Surfaces
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Toxic Chemical Detection on Surfaces
OpticalFibers
Optical
FiberProbe
BioProbe
Bacteria
on Surface
Laptop PC
LightSignals
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BioProbe Operation
Compound excitation /detection probe
5mm diameter fiber bundle
Customized probe head
Can use single fiber
LED source excites bacterial fluorescence
Simplified detection unit selects for wavelengths
characteristic of living cells Can tune for selected biotoxins
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Life Detection Through Autofluorescence
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BioProbe System Components
Reader & Optical Cable
Probe Head (close-up)
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Analysis Software
Windows-driven GUI
Computer-optimizedsignal levels
User-settable alarm
threshold
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System Performance
Linear Detection of Biomarker by BioProbe
0.4
0.6
0.81.0
1.2
1.4
1.6
0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0Biomarker Concentration Factor
(Fraction of Toxic Level)
S
igna
lLevel
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Monitoring Bacterial Biofilm Degradation
P. fluorescens Biofilm on Clear Polycarbonate
Treated with 37% Formalin
3700
3900
4100
4300
4500
4700
4900
0 5 10 15 20 25
time (min)
PMToutpu
t(mV)
Live biofilm covered w ith 200 L
deionized w ater (4707 mV)
Addition of 1 drop
formalin (4609 mV)
Addition of another 5 drops
formalin (4485 mV)
Addition of 1 mL
formalin (3970 mV)
Addition of 5-10 drops
formalin (3870 mV)
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BioProbe System Bacterial Response
BB aa cc tt ee rrii aa ll
SSpp ee cc ii ee ss
AA vv ee rraa gg ee
BB aa cc tt ee rrii aa ll
DDee nn ss ii tt yy ((cc ffuu //cc mm 22 ))
MM ee aa nn VV oo ll tt aa gg ee
DDii ffffee rree nn cc ee
bb ee tt ww ee ee nn BB aa cc tt ee rrii aa aa nn dd
WWaa tt ee rr ((mm VV ))
Pseudomonas
f luorescens 3.10 x 10 5 850
Pseudomonas
aeruginosa 5.09 x 10 6 800
Staphy lococcusaureus 1.25 x 10 7 580
Staphy lococcus
ep idermid is 1.84 x 10 7 750
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Life DetectionDifferentiation between Live and Killed Bacteria by
BioProbe
0
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
3000
3500
Sample 1 Sample 2 Sample 3
Bacterial Films on Polymer Surface
SignalLevel(mV)
live samples
killed samples
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Toxic Chemical Detection in Air
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Distributed Intrinsic Chemical Agent Sensing
and Transmission (DICAST) System LINEAR sensor, not a point sensor
Sensor cables respond to target chemical anywhere over
sensor length Optical fibers in the cables are intrinsically sensitive to
individual chemicals
Two optoelectronic detection systems: Alarm-style
Alerts user if even a single meter of cable is exposed
Self-referenced phase-locked-loop gives high-sensitivity and lowfalse alarm rate
Position-resolved:
Locates precise position of chemical agent
Self-referenced optical time domain reflectometry differentiatesbetween chemical and physical changes in fiber cable
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DICASTSensor Principle:Chemically-Induced Cladding Loss
Light Input
Output
n1
n2Glass fiber core
Polymer fiber cladding
Chemical agent
Interaction of chemical agent with indicator in cladding changes
optical properties Light propagating through sensor fiber core interacts with cladding
through evanescent field
Well-known cause of transmission loss in communications fiber
Indicator moleculesembedded in cladding
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From Light Launch to Equilibrium
the Spatial Transient
Source: Snyder, A.W. & Love, J.D., Optical Waveguide Theory
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DICASTSensor Fibers
Conventional fiberfabrication
Patented optical design
Proprietary sensorycladding
Cl2 HCN
H2S Sarin/Soman
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Hydrogen Cyanide Cladding Material
HCN 50PPM 50% RH 15 min
-0.1
0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.60.7
0.8
350 450 550 650 750 850
Wavelength (nm)
Absorb
ance
50 ppm-1min
Op. 532
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Hydrogen Cyanide Sensor Fiber Performance
TEST031805-1
-5
-4
-3
-2
-1
0
1
0 60 120 180 240 300 360 420 480 540 600
Exposure Time (sec.)
Sensor
Signal(dB/m)
50ppm
50ppm
5ppm
5ppm
5ppm
Chemical Exposure Begins
Note: Integrative (dosimetric) response
fibers respond faster to higher concentrations
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Note: Response remains strong after 425 days @ 23C
Chlorine-Sensitive Cladding Material
Cl2 10 ppm 50% RH 2min
-0.01
0.09
0.19
0.29
0.39
0.49
300 350 400 450 500 550 600 650 700 750 800 850
Wavelength (nm)
absor
bance
10 ppm 2min
Op. 650
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Chlorine Sensor Fiber Performance
SY63 Response 10 ppm Cl2/Air 10%RH
-0.5
0
0.5
1
1.5
2
2.5
4 4.5 5 5.5 6 6.5 7
Time (min)
dB
650 nm
1310 nm
gas on
Absorbance
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Nerve Agent Sensor Cladding Material
Soman ResponseSarin Response
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DICASTSensor Cables
Air-permeable sheath Lets air in to react with fibers
Provides rugged protection againstshear stress
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Full Cable DICAST System Response(Four Fibers, Two Wavelengths)
50ppm HCN 23C/50%RH
KEYHYDROGEN CYANIDE FIBERHYDROGEN SULFIDE FIBER
CHLORINE FIBERNERVE AGENT FIBER
Solid: VisibleDotted: Infrared
HCN on
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DICASTOptoelectronics
Zone-Alarm System
Position Resolved System
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DICAST Zone-Alarm Optoelectronics
End-to-end fiber transmission measured
Sensor cables linked to system through
commercial multimode cables
Dual-wavelength illumination
Visible: Responds to chemical agent Infrared: Reference wavelength
Sources modulatedfrequencies
Lock-in detection Eliminates stray light effects
Increases signal-to-noise ratio
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SENSOR 1 (BROADBAND H2S)
SENSOR 1 (BROADBAND H2S SPARE)
SENSOR 2 (CHLORINE)
SENSOR 3 (NERVE AGENT)
CABLE INVENTORY:
4 ea 50 ft 4-SENSOR DICAST CABLES
3 ea 50 ft 3-FIBER DISTRIBUTION CABLES
6 ea 80 ft 3-FIBER DISTRIBUTION CABLES
2 ea 480 ft 4-FIBER DISTRIBUTION CABLE
4 ea 260 ft 3-FIBER DISTRIBUTION CABLE
Zone-Alarm DICAST SystemMetro Platform Test Site: 4 Fibers, 4 Zones
OUT1B
OUT1C
OUT1A
OUT1D
23July07 v5
Passenger Platform Edge
IN1A
IN1B
IN1C
IN1D
1A1B1C1D
1AS1BS1CS1DS
2A2B2C2D
3D 3C 3B 3A
IN2
IN3OPEN
OPEN
50 ft 50 ft 50 ft0 ft0 ft 80 ft0 ft
480 ft
260 ft
spare spare spare spare
2 Std Cables2 Std Cables2 Std Cables
2 Std Cables
1 Std Cable
1 Sensor Cable
1 Std Cable
1 Sensor Cable
1 Std Cable
1 Sensor Cable
1 Std Cable
1 Sensor Cable
4 Std Cables
From TC&C Room
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Zone-Alarm DICAST
Software Local interface provides
immediate Safe/Alarm
status
Neural net combinesdata from four fibers to
eliminate false alarms Internet uplink provides
remote monitoring
capability
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Position-Resolved DICAST
Visible Wavelength Optical Time Domain Reflectometry (OTDR)
Short pulse launched into fiber
Rayleigh scattering returns fraction of light toward source Time-of-flight determines location sensed
Optical loss between launch and location determines intensity
In DICAST: Plot indicates chemical dose versus location
(10 cm)
t= 0.5 nsec
t= 10 nsec
t= 20.5 nsec
2 meters
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14 Meter Fiber Exposed to 100 ppm Chlorine
2.6dB/m
0.25 dB/m
1.9dB/m
Exposure20 sec20 sec30 sec
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Parameter RequirementSensitivity Alarm when one meter or more is exposed
to 10% of toxic dosage dosage
Specificity Will not alarm with defined interferants
Resolution Within 1 meter along fiber (OTDR)
Response time Less than 10 sec for toxic dose IDLH/LCT50
Less than 1 minute for 10% of toxic dose
Cable length 60 meters chemically sensitive;
300 meter leads
Cable lifetime Greater than 1 year
Calibration Electronic (no test gas needed)
False Alarm rate Less than 1%
DICASTSystem Specifications
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Factory Effluent Monitoring
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Continuous Flow Assay for Low Vapor
Pressure Toxic Industrial Compounds
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Microsphere-Bound Displacement Assay
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Labeled Microspheres (10 m)
Labeled Beads Unlabeled Beads
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Target Antigens
Carbaryl
[63-25-2]
Diphacinone
[82-66-6]Parathion
[56-38-2]
Surrogate Antigens
Q D Bi L b li
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Quantum Dot Bio-Labeling
CdSe core, ZnS shell quantum dots Coated with cysteine-lysine peptide chains
Cysteine binds to QD Lysines bind to surrogate antigen
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Fluorescence Excitation & Collection
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Benchtop Model of Packaged System
Package:
Excitation
Collection Flow cell
External:
Pump
Reagent
Computer Signal processing
Power supply
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Vortex Air Sampler/Extractor
40 liters/min. flow rate
70% collection efficiency
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0
10002000
3000
4000
5000
450 500 550 600 650
no loss of beads
=1800 c s
Displacement Immunoassay of Phenanthrene
Surrogate antigen: 2-aminonaphthalene
Sample: 150 ppm phenanthrene
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Continuous Flow Water Effluent Monitoring
Same platform as
LVP-TIC monitor Ab/Ag system for
new targets (e.g.,PAHs, pesticides)
Water pump
replaces airconcentrator
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Groundwater Monitoring
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Techniques for In Situ Monitoring
Remote fiber optic spectroscopy Excitation fiber carries laser light downhole
Collection fiber returns Raman & fluorescence to spectrometer Neural network identifies & quantifies pollutants
Locally replenished liquid optrode Liquid-phase irreversible chemical indicator system
Dissolving solid supplies continuous stream of reagent
Excitation & collection through separate fibers
Neural network identifies & quantifies pollutants
Active chemical refractometry Long-period fiber grating diffracts light to cladding modes
Target compound swells chemically selective coating
Neural network identifies & quantifies pollutants
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Raman Spectra of Target Compounds
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Mixed Raman Spectrum 3 Targets
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Mixed Raman Spectrum CHCl3 in Water
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Fluorescence Spectra of Target Compounds
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Mixed Spectra: Groundwater & Targets
-10
1
2
3
45
6
240 340 440
nm
Norm.
Lum
inescenc
e Gr.water
Benzene1500ppm
Toluene120ppm
Xylene6ppm
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Hybrid Neural Network Design
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User Interface: Presenting Purity
True Ratios
0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100%
GNDA
GNDB
benze
tolue
xylen
Zoom In on Targets
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Solid-Phase Replenished Optrode
Groundwater diffuses through porous membrane
Reaction consumes reagent
New reagent released by polymer
Optical path avoids high-concentration reservoir
Controlled-ReleasePolymer
C ti C l F Chl i t d C d
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Creating Color From Chlorinated Compounds A strong base abstracts the acidic proton to generate trihalomethyl
anionHO-+ HCX3 H2O + :CX3-
The unstable conjugate base loses a halide ion and generates adivalent carbon species known as carbene
:CX3- X- + :CX2
This electron-deficient intermediate, reacts with molecules such aspyridine, forming a highly colored product [Fujiwara, 1917] The traditional Fujiwara chemistry (pyridine/OH-) used alkalis
(NaOH and KOH) in water -- insoluble in pyridine. Reaction productis formed only at the interface.
Andersen and Andersen [1990] showed a single-phase Fujiwarasystem that utilized pyridine and a hindered nitrogen base,specifically a tetraalkylammonium hydroxide
IOS has developed all-solid-phase Fujiwara chemistry, using solid
pyridine derivatives
Improving on Fujiwara
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Improving on Fujiwara
HO-+ HCX3 H2O + :CX3-:CX3- X- + :CX2
Multiple Color-Producing Reactions
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Multiple Color Producing Reactions(chloroform 10 ppm)
1,2-Bis(4-Pyridyl)-Ethane
(0.2 M in THF) and TBAH (0.2M)
1,2-Bis(2-Pyridyl)-Ethylene
(0.2 M in THF) and TBAH (0.2M)
4,4'-Dimethyl 2,2'-Dipyridyl(0.2 M in THF) and TBAH (0.2M)
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Calibration Curve for Chloroform
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Photobleaching Resets Reaction
Relocatable Groundwater Monitoring
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Relocatable Groundwater MonitoringUsing a Cone Penetrometer
Fiber Bragg Gratings
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Fiber Bragg Gratings
Periodic variation in waveguide core refractive index
Short-period gratings strongly reflect wavelengths
that are integral multiples of the grating period For extremely long periods, guided modes in fiber
core are scattered into cladding modes
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Fiber Bragg Grating Spectral Behavior
Single Mode FBG Reflection Spectrum
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Single Mode FBG Reflection Spectrum
Measured with IOS System
Long Period Fiber Bragg Gratings
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Long-Period Fiber Bragg Gratings
For multimode fibers, Long Period Bragg Gratings(LPGs) yield very rich transmission/reflection spectra
Coupling to cladding surface means that spectrum ofLPG depends on refractive index outside of cladding
Can access the environment directly from the core
(CLADDING evanescent field coupling
0
20
40
60
80
100
5 50 6 0 0 65 0 7 00 75 0
Wa ve length (nm)
Tran
smittance
E l 49 K
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Example: 49 ppm Kerosene vapor
in Contact With Surface of LPG-Fiber
S lid Ph E i C i E h
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Solid-Phase Extraction Coatings Enhance
LPG Response to Target Compounds
Differential permeability
Permeable to target vapors
Reduced permeability for other compounds
Solvent-induced refractive index shifts Dilution average of two indices in volume
Swelling increases volume
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100
Kerosene-Aquasil-LPG Interaction
0
20
40
60
80
100
500 550 600 650 700 750 800
Wavelength (nm)
Transmittance(%
)
R f LPG Fib t 63 D
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Response of LPG Fiber to 63 ppm Decane
Coating: LLNL UR3
R f UR3 LPG Fib t 76 O t
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Response of UR3-LPG Fiber to 76 ppm Octane
0
20
40
60
80
100
560 610 660 710 760Wavelength (nm)
Transmittanc
e(%)
LPG Fiber Response to Solvent Vapors
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LPG Fiber Response to Solvent Vapors(Coating: Aquasil)
0
20
40
60
80
100
560 610 660 710 760
Wavelength (nm)
Tr
ansmittan
ce(%
Dichloromethane Decane Toluene BKG
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Error Histogram for 100 Measurements
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Error Histogram for 100 Measurements
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Environmental Air QualityMonitoring
Environmental Gas Monitoring
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Environmental Gas Monitoring
Photodetector
Lightsource
NeuralNetwork
O2
CO2
CO
H2O
Photodetector
Multi Gas Air Quality Monitoring
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Multi-Gas Air Quality Monitoring
Chemically active sensors
Optrodes
Indicator-doped porous-glass PICs
Multiple analytes
Multiple indicators and Multiple reference channels
Multiple wavelengths
Neural net signal processing Removes cross-response
Improves quantitation
Four-Optrode Long-Term Exposure
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Four Optrode Long Term Exposure
(Nitrogen Background)
0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400
0
500
1000
1500
Time (min)
IncidentLightPower
Photodetector1Photodetector2Photodetector3Photodetector4
Four-Optrode Long-Term Exposure
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Four Optrode Long Term Exposure
(Ambient Environment)
0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400 4500
100
200
300
400
500
600
700
800
900
1000
Time (min)
IncidentLig
htPower
Photodetector1
Photodetector2Photodetector3Photodetector4
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Vaskas Complex as a CO Indicator
Spectral Response to Carbon Monoxide
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Spectral Response to Carbon Monoxide
Carbon Monoxide Optrode Response
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Carbon Monoxide Optrode Response
Carbon Dioxide Optrode
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Carbon Dioxide Optrode
(Severinghaus Optrode)
CO2 (aq) + H2O > H2CO3 (Kh = 2.6 X 10-3)
H2CO3 + H2O HCO3- + H3O+ (K1 = 2.2 X 10-4)
HCO3- + H2O < > CO32- + H3O+ (K2 = 2.5 X 10-10
)
CO2 shifts carbonate equilibriumResulting pH triggers change in fluorescent indicator
Fluorescence Response of CO Optrode
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Fluorescence Response of CO2 Optrode
CO2 Response Curve
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CO2 Response Curve
Neural Net Deconvolution of
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Multichannel Data
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Fire Precursor Detection
3048 & 3084 & 3097
Fire Precursor Detection in Aircraft
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Fire Precursor Detection in Aircraft
Heated materials emitvapors & gases
Carbon monoxide Formaldehyde
Polymer/monomer
Gases have distinctNIR spectra
Optical detection ofprecursors detectsfire before it occurs
Carbon Monoxide Absorption Spectrum
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p p
Conventional Modulation Spectroscopy
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p py
Modulation
(Pressure, Stark)
Broadband
Light Source
Broadband
Light Source
Measurement
Cell
Measurement
Cell
Optical Fiber
(Multimode)Reference
Cell
Reference
Cell
Bandpass Filter Detector
Modulation
(Frequency, Shift)
a)
b)
Multi-Wavelength Modulated Fiber Laser
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g
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Thermo-Stabilized Multiline Laser
7-Line Fiber Laser Tuned for CO
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7 Line Fiber Laser Tuned for CO
20 ppm CO Detected With Multi-line Laser
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Optical Chemical Sensors:Good for Environmental Analysis!
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TEST031805-1
-5
-4
-3
-2
-1
0
1
0 60 120 180 240 300 360 420 480 540 600
Exposure Time (sec.)
SensorSignal(dB/m)
50ppm
50ppm
5ppm
5ppm
5ppm
0
1000
2000
3000
4000
5000
450 500 550 600 650
no loss of beads
=1800 cps
0
20
40
60
80
100
660 680 700 720 740 760
Wavelength (nm)
Transmittance(%
Dichloromethane Decane Toluene BKG
00 0 0
0 50 100 150 200
250
500
1000
2500
5000
250
500
1000
2500
50005000 50005000
45
40
35
30
25
20
15
105
Signal(ArbittraryUnits)
Time (min)
PR3
PR3
Cl
Ir CO
CO
PR3
PR3
Cl Ir CO
C
O
k1
k1
Good for Environmental Analysis!
Thanks to
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Thanks to
Funders National Science Foundation
(NSF)
National Institutes of Health(NIH)
National Aeronautics andSpace Administration (NASA)
Environmental ProtectionAgency (EPA)
U.S. Department of Defense
U.S. Department of State
Workers Dr. Glenn Bastiaans
Ms. Manal Beshay
Dr. Kishology Goswami Mr. Jeffrey Iida
Dr. Lothar Kempen
Dr. Edgar Mendoza
Dr. Vladimir Rubtsov
Dr. Indu Saxena
Dr. Roland Suri
Dr.Igor Ternovskiy Dr. Srivatsa Venkatasubbarao
Audience