l1 & l2

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L1 & L2 Acquisition

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Page 1: L1 & l2

L1 & L2 Acquisition

Page 2: L1 & l2

Second Language AcquisitionTo Think About:

Think about a baby acquiring his first language.Think about a person acquiring a secondlanguage.

What similarities and differences are there in thetwo processes?

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First and Second Language Acquisition Characteristics L1 Learner L2 Learner

constructs language from

prior conceptual knowledge x x

is an active learner who tests

and revises hypotheses x x

requires interaction x x

uses cognitive strategies

(i.e., overgeneralization) x x

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First and Second Language AcquisitionCharacteristics L1 Learner L2 Learner

understands more when input is modified (caretaker talk, foreigner talk) x x

develops language in predictable stages x x

makes developmental errors x x

experiences a silent period x x

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First and Second Language Acquisition

Characteristics L1 Learner L2 Learner

is usually made cognitively xdeveloped

generally has a greater knowledge of the world x

generally can learn and apply rulesmore easily x

usually has more control over input x

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First and Second Language Acquisition

Characteristics L1 Learner L2 Learner

is familiar with one or more other cultures x

may have a problem withattitude/motivation x

is more likely to be inhibited or anxious x

Adapted from: P. Richard-Amato. (1996). Making it happen: Interaction in the second language classroom. P.27

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Age andSecond Language AcquisitionTo Think About:

Is it better to learn a second language when one is young or when one is older? Why?

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Age andSecond Language Acquisition

The Critical Period Hypothesis (Eric Lenneberg (1967)

Lenneberg stated that:

L2 is best learned between age 2 and puberty

Ability to learn language is negatively affected by the completion of process of lateralization

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Age andSecond Language Acquisition

Critical Period Hypothesis Laterialization is when each side of the brain

develops its own specialized functions

Young learners use the same part of the brain for learning both languages

Older learners use different parts of the brain

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Age and Second Language Acquisition Lenneberg stated that

Lateralization is completed by puberty Therefore, an L2 should be learned between

age 2 and puberty (according to Lenneberg)

More recent research has indicated that lateralization actually is completed by age 5

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Age andSecond Language AcquisitionTherefore, young learners (before age 5) are

actually native speakers of both languages

They learn both L1 and L2 the way a native speaker does

J. Lessow-Hurley. (2005). The foundations of dual language instruction.

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Age andSecond Language Acquisition Advantages to being a younger learner

More likely to develop a native-like accent Less to learn to be considered proficient More likely to receive comprehensible input

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Age andSecond Language Acquisition Advantages to being an older learner

Can consciously use strategies to aid learning Has knowledge from L1 to draw from Has greater control over input

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Proficiency: What is it?To Think About:

When is a person proficient in a second language?

How do you know a person is proficient?

Discuss your ideas with a partner.

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Proficiency Proficiency includes grammatical,

sociolinguistic, discourse and strategic competence

Age appropriate competence in each of these areas needs to be developed to be considered proficient in a second language

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Proficiency Grammatical Competence

• Mastery of language code

Lexicon (vocabulary)

Word formation rules

Sentence formation rules

Pronunciation rules

Spelling

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Proficiency Sociolinguistic Competence

• Mastery of appropriate language use in different contexts

• How to speak to a friend• How to speak to someone in authority• How to speak socially vs. professionally

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Discourse Competence

Mastery of how to combine meanings and forms to create a text in different modes

Examples:

Telephone inquiry

Narrative text

Oral report

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Proficiency Discourse Competence

Mastery of how to combine meanings and forms to create a text in different modes

Examples: Telephone inquiryNarrative textOral report

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Proficiency Strategic Competence

Mastery of verbal and non-verbal strategies to compensate for breakdowns in communication

Examples:

How to ask for help

How to rephrase a statement

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Proficiency: How long does it take?

To Think About:

If you wanted to learn another language, how long do you think it would take you to speak and understand that language? How long would it take you to read and write?

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BICS ( Basic Interpersonal Communication Skills)

2 to 3 years

Ability to converse and understand every day discussions

Proficiency: How long does it take?

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Proficiency: How long does it take? CALP (Cognitive Academic Language

Proficiency)

4 to 10 years

Ability to read, write, speak, and listen at an academic level

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Stages in Second Language Acquisition How can you identify a learner’s language

acquisition level?

The issue of how the language acquisition level can be determined. In other words, how do you know if a learner is a beginner, an intermediate, or advanced learner of the L2?

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Stages in Second Language Acquisition Instead of using beginner, intermediate and

advanced, a more specific classification system can be used.

A learner can be at the preproduction, early speech, speech emergence or intermediate fluency stage

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Stages in Second Language Acquisition Preproduction/Comprehension Stage

CharacteristicsSilent period

Can respond non-verbally

Will be able to understand more than they can produce

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Stages in SecondLanguage Acquisition Preproduction/Comprehension Stage

The teacher should NOT force the learner to talk

The teacher should ask the learner to draw, point, act out, label

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Stages in Second Language Acquisition Early Speech Production Characteristics

Can understand more than can produce

Can produce one or two words at a time

Will pick up phrases (He cutted.)

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Stages in Second Language Acquisition Early Speech Production

The teacher should ask the learner yes/no questions

The teacher should ask the learner choice questions (Is this a ___ or a ___?)

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Stages in SecondLanguage Acquisition Speech Emergence

Characteristics

Speaks in phrases

Makes lots of errors

Interlanguage occurs (a mixture of vocabulary and structures from both languages)

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Stages in Second Language Acquisition

Speech Emergence The teacher should ask the learner questions

such as What is this? What does ___ do?

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Stages of Second Language Acquisition Intermediate Fluency Characteristics

Appear orally fluent

Errors are same errors native speakers make

Struggle with content area reading and writing.

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Stages of Second Language Acquisition Intermediate Fluency

The teacher should modify higher level questions. For example, instead of asking a student to compare two items, the teacher should ask the student how two items are the same. Then the teacher should ask how they are different.

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Stages of Second Language Acquisition Select a topic that you teach (for example,

fairy tales, plant life, animals, etc.). Then, think of how you would involve a learner at each language proficiency level in the lesson. For example, you might think of questions that you could ask learners at each proficiency level. Or, you might think of an activity in which learners at each proficiency level could participate.

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First Language DevelopmentTo Think About:

Do you think the child’s first language is a hindrance or a help in terms of learning a second language? Why?

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Common Underlying Proficiency/Transferability Theory Look at the next slide which illustrates a

Dual Iceberg Representation of first and second language development. What does this illustration mean?

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Dual Iceberg Representation 

    

Surface Features Surface Features

of L1 of L2

Common UnderlyingProficiency

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Common Underlying Proficiency/Transferability Theory

Many skills and concepts are common or interdependent across languages.

A skill or concept learned in one language transfers to another language when the requisite vocabulary is acquired

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Common Underlying Proficiency/Transferability Theory

For example, a learner only learns to read once. If a learner can read, he/she can read in another language, once the vocabulary is learned.

What needs to be explicitly taught in the other language are the features that are different.

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What Literacy Skills Transfer? Directionality

Sequencing

Ability to distinguish shapes and sounds

Knowledge that written symbols correspond to sounds and can be decoded in order and direction

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What Literacy Skills Transfer? Activation of semantic and syntactic knowledge

Knowledge of text structure

Learning to use cues to predict meaning

Awareness of the variety of purposes for reading and writing

Confidence in oneself as a reader and writer

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What Skills Do Not Transfer?

Critical and Cultural Literacy(interpretation of text given a specific cultural world view)

From: C. Roberts. (1994). Transferring literacy skills from L1 to L2: From theory to practice. In The Journal of Educational Issues of Language Minority Students, v. p. 209-221

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Threshold Hypothesis The threshold hypothesis states there is a

threshold level of ability that needs to be reached in one language in order for a learner to be successful in another language

The threshold hypothesis also states that high levels of bilingualism have positive cognitive effects

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Threshold Hypothesis Examine the table on the next slide. What

does this table mean?

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Threshold HypothesisLevel of Competence

Type of Bilingualism

Cognitive Effects

Above the threshold in L1 and L2

Additive Positive

Above the threshold in one language

Neutral

Below the threshold in L1 and L2

Positive Negative

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Threshold Hypothesis: The better developed the L1, the better developed

the L2 can be.

High level of proficiency in L1-high level of proficiency in L2 is possible

A low level of proficiency in L1-lower level of proficiency in L2

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What have you learned? List three new things you have learned

from this presentation.