Physiological changes Nutrient needs» Focus on calcium

Eating behaviors» Feeding responsibility» Vegetarian choices» Eating disorders

Lifestyle behaviors» Substance use/abuse» Fitness and nutrition» Teen pregnancy

Nutrition during Adolescence

Physiological Changes during

Puberty

Puberty = period of ________ from childhood to adulthood» Hormonal changes/body

composition triggers?

Physical:» sexual maturation» increased height/weight» body composition nutrition–men: _____ protein, Fe, Zn, Ca–women: _______ menses Fe

» acne

Psychological Characteristics

Establish

Egocentrism

Imaginary Audience» high self-consciousness

» belief in their special, unique existence

» “It won’t happen to me”

**Health implication =

Calcium…

45-50% of total bone growth occurs during adolescence

can absorb ____________ as adults

Adequate Intake (AI) is set at ______ mg calcium/day to take advantage of opportunity to build

(9-18 years old) High ___________ intake is

a concern

…and Other Nutrients

Adolescents are generally low in

Protein: they get ~2 times more than needed

Zinc: needed for

bioavailability increases Fiber: 0.5 g/kg body

weight; keep < 35 g total V.C:

Eating Behaviors

Teens will take increasing responsibility for their food choices

They still probably need _______ (25-33% of intake)

Skipping breakfast/meals is common but unhealthy

Influences on eating behaviors:

Eating Behaviors

Teens will take increasing responsibility for their food choices…»may choose “alternative” eating

patterns» greater risk for eating disorders

Vegetarians: start puberty shorter, leaner, and later but no differences eventually» Concern for

» higher prevalence of (using vegetarianism as a cover, not as a result of vegetarianism)

Types of Vegetarian Diets

Macrobiotic

Fruitarians

Vegan Lacto-ovo

Lacto-ovo-pollo Pesco

Macrobiotic

Fruitarians

Vegan Lacto-ovo

Lacto-ovo-pollo Pesco

Only a few plant foods

Dried fruit, nuts, honey

No animal foods Plants + milk,

eggs ditto + poultry Plants + fish

(+ milk, eggs…)

Type Foods eaten

Protein Complementation

legumes

vegetables

corn

grains

nuts and seeds

legumes

vegetables

corn

grains

nuts and seeds

met

met

trp, lys

lys, thr

lys

Food sourceLimiting

amino acid

met = methionine thr = threonine

lys = lysine trp = tryptophan

Nutritional Concerns of

Vegetarian Diets

Macrobiotic

Fruitarians

Vegan

Others

Macrobiotic

Fruitarians

Vegan

Others

*vit. C, calcium, protein…*

*energy, protein, minerals…*

vitamin B12!, calcium, zinc, iron, vit. D

probably okay

Type Nutrients at risk

Eating Disorders

Food itself is not the primary problem; food is a symptom of serious distress.

Early detection is crucial for recovery.

Help is available. Multidisciplinary treatment works best.

Prevention

Discourage

Downplay _________; promote healthful behavior

Promote eating when

Do not use food as Teach proper nutrition and

healthy weight approaches

Adolescents and Athletics

________is the nutrient of primary concern for athletes in general

________ is a performance and a health risk» replace

for every pound lost in sweat

Protein: +6-7 g/day (____% of kcal)»More = high fat intake; delayed

digestion, absorption; greater dehydration risk

Adolescents and Athletics

Energy is primary for still-growing adolescent athletes» Boys: maintain» Girls: maintain

Concern = athletes who manipulate weight

Anabolic steroids increase bulk, but also stunt growth and pose health risk

Long-term effects of ___________ are unknown

Female Athlete Triad

Prevention

Support adolescents through puberty: recognize

Teach that ______ = better athletic performance

Encourage healthy attitudes from

Adolescent Pregnancy

High risk pregnancies due to immaturity:

Gynecological age = time from onset of __________» < ______ indicates greater risk» less time from completion of

puberty means less

» e.g. ________» involve _______ if possible

Risks to the Mother

bleeding (1st, 3rd trimesters)

__ difficult» cephalopelvic __________

pregnancy-induced hypertension

infections psychological/social

development

mortality: 2.5x greater!

perinatal and neonatal

*» babies weigh less than those of

adult mothers with same weight gain

» will covering normal gain help? risk of risk of life with parent(s) who have

____________ skills life with one parent only;

living below the

Risks to the Baby