l 17 the human voice. the vocal tract epiglottis
TRANSCRIPT
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L 17 The Human Voice
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The Vocal Tract
epiglottis
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Oscillator:Air under pressure from the lungs make the
vocal folds vibrate.
Without the “resonator cavities”, the vibrations sound like lips vibrating, or a trumpet or
trombone mouthpiece being “buzzed” (with a central frequency when singing).
The tension in the vocal muscles control the pitch.
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Range of Frequencies for the Normal Speaking Human Voice
Males: 70-200 HzFemales: 140-400
(men have more dense and longer vocal folds)
Singing voices (especially the higher harmonics) extend the
range into the kilohertz region.
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English Vowels
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formants
Formants:
A range of frequencies that are enhanced.
The shape of the envelope determines what vowel you hear!
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We can model the vocal cavity as a 17cm long conical tube closed at
one end (the vocal fold end). Hence the harmonics expected
would be fn=n v/4(.17) = 1, 2, 3 kHz, etc.The Q is very low due to the
softness of the cavity tissue, so the resonances are rather broad.
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Different shapes create different formant frequencies
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Vocal Formants
“had”
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Pure 250 Hz source (with lots of harmonics)
1 kHz 2 kHz 3 kHz
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send that 250 Hz sound (with lots of harmonics) through the cone:
1 kHz 2 kHz 3 kHz
"Formant"
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send that 500 Hz sound (with lots of harmonics) through the cone:
1 kHz 2 kHz 3 kHz
SAME Formant
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Formant frequencies determine vowel sounds
demo with Raven Lite…
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What is the frequency of the note?
1 kHz 2 kHz 3 kHz
a) 2 kHzb) 3.1 kHzc) 1.0 kHzd) 250 Hz
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What is the frequency of first formant?
1 kHz 2 kHz 3 kHz
a) 2 kHzb) 3.1 kHzc) 1.0 kHzd) 250 Hz
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If I sing a higher note….
1 kHz 2 kHz 3 kHz
a) the pitch and the formants go upb) the formants go up but the pitch stays the samec) the pitch goes up but the formants stay the same
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Operatic Tenor & Orchestra
Acoustic power informants allowoperatic singer tobe heard overorchestra.
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CT 8.3.2
Musicians refer to tremolo when the loudness fluctuates while the pitch remains unchanged. Is this an example of…
A: Frequency modulation.
B: Amplitude modulation.
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CT 8.3.2b
Musicians refer to vibrato when the pitch is wiggled up and down as you sing. Is this an example of… A: Frequency modulation.B: Amplitude modulation.
Violinists can make “excursions”From concert A of .2 semitones, 6 times/sec.
6 Hz -> “signal frequency”440 Hz -> “carrier frequency” 0.2 semitones-> strength of the modulation
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