kyoto university graduate school of global environmental studies community based recovery process:...
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Kyoto University Graduate School of Global Environmental Studies
Community Based Recovery Process: Lessons and Challenges
Rajib ShawAssociate Professor Graduate School of Global
Environmental Studies, Kyoto University
E-mail: [email protected]: http://www.iedm.ges.kyoto-u.ac.jp/
Kyoto University Graduate School of Global Environmental Studies
Overview of PresentationKey Community Based Recovery Lessons
• Role of People and Communities: Kobe Earthquake of 1995, Japan
• Community Based Planning and Institutionalizing Lessons from Recovery Process: Gujarat Earthquake of 2001, India
• Participatory Housing Reconstruction: Indian Ocean Tsunami in Aceh, Indonesia, 2004, Yogyakarta Earthquake 2006: Indonesia
Kyoto University Graduate School of Global Environmental Studies
Kobe Earthquake 17th January 1995
• Major disaster in a high density urban area• No previous record of earthquake in the region
– Low preparedness in people and government • High concentration of old wooden houses
– Widespread fire in certain locations– Casualty in certain age groups
• Demography of the region affected the rescue and relief work
Kyoto University Graduate School of Global Environmental Studies
Kyoto University Graduate School of Global Environmental Studies
Kyoto University Graduate School of Global Environmental Studies
Neighbors As the First Respondents
Kyoto University Graduate School of Global Environmental Studies
Volunteer Activities• 1995: Year Zero of the New Era of Voluntary Activities and
Civil Society
Kyoto University Graduate School of Global Environmental Studies
Roles of Voluntary Organizations
Kyoto University Graduate School of Global Environmental Studies
Kobe Action Plan
Kyoto University Graduate School of Global Environmental Studies
• Emergence of future civil society
• Cooperation of people, NGOs and governments
Emergence of Civil Society
Kyoto University Graduate School of Global Environmental Studies
Key Lesson from Kobe Earthquake • People and Communities as key for recovery
process – Self-reliance and self-support – Understand, Assess and Build on existing social capital – Enhanced civil society initiatives
Kyoto University Graduate School of Global Environmental Studies
Overview of PresentationKey Community Based Recovery Lessons
• Role of People and Communities: Kobe Earthquake of 1995, Japan
• Community Based Planning and Institutionalizing Lessons from Recovery Process: Gujarat Earthquake of 2001, India
• Participatory Housing Reconstruction: Indian Ocean Tsunami in Aceh, Indonesia, 2004, Yogyakarta Earthquake 2006: Indonesia
Kyoto University Graduate School of Global Environmental Studies
Key Earthquake Issues
• Vulnerability Atlas of India: Earthquake Hazard Map– Earthquake hit area is in the
most hazard prone are in the seismic hazard map of India
– Knowledge about the risk of the area
• Building Codes of India– Building codes for engineered
buildings and guidelines for non-engineered buildings exist
Gap between knowledge and practice
India Gujarat Earthquake 2001
Kyoto University Graduate School of Global Environmental Studies
Urban Less Engineered ?
Kyoto University Graduate School of Global Environmental Studies
Rural Housing and Schools
Kyoto University Graduate School of Global Environmental Studies
Disaster as a Development Opportunity
Not just rebuilding houses, but rebuilding lives
PNY
Housing Recovery
Safer Construction
Training & Demonstration
Masons Training
Shake Table Tests
Habitat RecoveryWater
ManagementLivelihood Security
Health & Education
Improving Living Condition
Interventions at Community Level
Civil Society/ NGOLocal Government
Researchers/ PractitionersInternational Agencies
Kyoto University Graduate School of Global Environmental Studies
• Step 1: Community Assessment: Prioritizing NEEDS
• Step 2: Community Planning: Developing Action Plans
• Step 3: Community Actions: Implementing specific actions
Habitat Planning: Improving Living Condition
Kyoto University Graduate School of Global Environmental Studies
Housing Reconstruction: Process Focused
Ownership is the key issue: Involvement of House owner and Family
Kyoto University Graduate School of Global Environmental Studies
Housing Reconstruction: Confidence Building
Kyoto University Graduate School of Global Environmental Studies
Trained Masons: What Next ?• Sustainability• Development Needs• Livelihoods
SEEDS Mason Association (SMA)
Housing Reconstruction: Institutionalizing
• Improving livelihoods: enhancing job security• Recognition and brand name: creating market• Partnership of Government, NGO, Corporate Sectors: ensuring sustainability
Kyoto University Graduate School of Global Environmental Studies
Key Lessons: Gujarat Earthquake
• Information management as the key of the informed decision making – District, village link/ Link to the
professional societies/ Link to NGO activities
– Link to other hazards (drought, flooding)
• Planning and training should go hand-in-hand
• Institutionalize knowledge base should be part of the recovery policy from the very beginning
Kyoto University Graduate School of Global Environmental Studies
Overview of PresentationKey Community Based Recovery Lessons
• Role of People and Communities: Kobe Earthquake of 1995, Japan
• Community Based Planning and Institutionalizing Lessons from Recovery Process: Gujarat Earthquake of 2001, India
• Participatory Housing Reconstruction: Indian Ocean Tsunami in Aceh, Indonesia, 2004, Yogyakarta Earthquake 2006: Indonesia
Kyoto University Graduate School of Global Environmental Studies
Indian Ocean Tsunami and Yogyakarta Earthquake
Date: 26 December 2004Magnitude: 9.0Location: Sea coast widely spreadDeath: 130,000 people diedHousing Damage: 130,000 need new houseLocal Characteristics: Conflict areaBRR is newly establishedDisaster Claimed: International Disaster
North Sumatra and Indian Ocean Tsunami (Aceh)
Central Java Earthquake (Yogyakarta)
Date: 27 May 2006Magnitude: 5.9Location: Large damage but concentratedDeath: 5,700 people diedHousing Damage: 157,000 houses destroyedLocal Characteristics: Poor agricultural regionTraditional Culture (Gotong Royong)Strong Local Government (Sultan)Disaster Claimed:National Disaster
Kyoto University Graduate School of Global Environmental Studies
Diagram of Different Actors and Contribution
Assessment
Policy and Guideline
Grouping
Guidance and permission
Quality control
Assessment
Training of Facilitator
Organization Process
Quality control
Technical Support
Budgeting
Project formulation
Socio-cultural concern
Cost
Management
Quality
Time
Quality controlPlanning
Community
National Government
Contribution
Facilitation
Coordination
Construction
Prioritizationof activity
Flexibility of Planning
Contractor baseParticipation
Locality
Cooperative responsibility
Levels of participation
Coordination
Local Government
Facilitator
Aid organization
InterrelationshipImplementation activities
Kyoto University Graduate School of Global Environmental Studies
Project Process1. Community Organization
Community Organizing
Formation of Community
Working Group
2. Community Plan
Community Self Survey
Group Implementation
Plan
4. Administration Preparation
Opening ofGroup Bank
Account
Sign of CSP &Housing Grant
Application
5. Implementation
Construction Activity
Land Titling
6. Evaluation
Evaluation of Constructed
Houses
Community Settlement
Plan
1 day to a few days 1 week to a few months
A few weeks1 month to several months1 day
1. Community Organization
Community Organizing
Formation of Community
Working Group
2. Community Plan
Community Self Survey
Group Implementation
Plan
4. Administration Preparation
Opening ofGroup Bank
Account
Sign of CSP &Housing Grant
Application
5. Implementation
Construction Activity
Land Titling
6. Evaluation
Evaluation of Constructed
Houses
Community Settlement
Plan
1 day to a few days 1 week to a few months
A few weeks1 month to several months1 day
Kyoto University Graduate School of Global Environmental Studies
Effectiveness of Community based recovery
Government’s initiative Damage of disaster Existing community ties and historical and social background of community
Factor Item Aceh Yogyakarta
Time/Speed • Project formulation• Organizational structure
Fair
(Slow but average)
Good
(Fast)
Quality (Technical/Safety)
• Housing facilitator• Process management• Other facilitator
Fair
(Limited experience)
Good
(Experienced staff)
Socio-cultural concern
• Project process• Participation in process• Social facilitator
Fair/Good(community needs
is considered)
Good(community
needs is considered)
Cost • Unit cost of house• Government policy• People’s participation in construction
Fair
(High)
Good
(Low)
Management • Housing facilitator• Organizational structure
Fair
( Functioned but experience limited)
Good
(Functioned)
Influencing factor
Kyoto University Graduate School of Global Environmental Studies
Key Lessons and Issues• Establishing the Context: Build on existing social capital and community ties:
Lessons from Kobe Earthquake of 1995, Japan – Develop a system to evaluate social capital
• Planning and Institutionalizing: Appropriate habitat planning: habitat (house), health, livelihood: Gujarat Earthquake of 2001, India
– Provide confidence in local knowledge and technology – Information management as the key for informed decision making– Institutionalize knowledge base
• Collective Implementation: Participatory housing recovery: Indian Ocean Tsunami, Aceh, 2004 and Yogyakarta Earthquake 2006, Indonesia
– Training of Facilitators (Technical and Social)– Synergy of Community Based Monitoring System and Independent Technical Audit – Balance of cost, speed, quality, management and socio-cultural dimension