#kxl report - don’t buy the last ditch harper keystone xl ploy

7/29/2019 #KXL Report - Dont buy the last ditch Harper Keystone XL ploy

1/171Fail: How the Keystone XL Tar Sands pipeline Flunks the Climate Test

FAILHw H Kys XL a sas ppL

FLKs H CLma s


2/17

Cv P: B Pw

FAILHw H Kysn XL snds ppLn FLnK

H CLm s

Hs

Kate Colarulli, ierra Club

doug Hae, ierra Club

Courtea Lei, ierra Club

Lore stocka, il Change International

davi urbull, il Change International

wsie scher, ierra Club

lizabeth shoe, atural esources Defense Council

o alti, ierra Club

daiel Gatti, nironment America

sCH spp:

diha Baik, Jea verto, saatha stro, a Jae aev

oreal wetlandsP: GA z


3/17

Fail: How the Keystone XL Tar Sands pipeline Flunks the Climate TestFail: How the Keystone XL Tar Sands pipeline Flunks the Climate Test

Contents

5 ntroduction

7 he Globl Context or mking the Ketone XL eciion

9 Ketone XL i Linchin or r snd eveloent

14 Ketone XL would Led to r snd xnion nd Clite irution

15 r snd elee signifcntl more Crbon pollution hn averge .s. Crud

17 petroleu Coke i mjor source o additionl Crbon pollution

18 suggetion tht Cnd cn mitigte it iion re nounded

20 Ketone XL en e mrket or r snd, ncreing iion

22 he stte ertent previou nvironentl ct stteent reCriticll Fled

25 Concluion: we Cn o Better

26 ndnote

: zAC B


4/17

Fail: How the Keystone XL Tar Sands pipeline Flunks the Climate Test

he b dinitrtion deciion on the rooed

Ketone XL tr nd ieline i choice bout our

clite uture. r nd re one o the ot crbon

olluting ource o oil on the lnet, nd liiting tr

nd exnion i criticl to fghting dngerou level o

clite chnge. Clite cientit, energ exert, nd

even wll street nd indutr nlt gree tht the oil

indutr ln to exnd tr nd develoent re not

oible ithout thi ieline.

Ho uch oil e ue nd ho crbon-olluting tht oil i

ill hve huge ict on our bilit to itigte dev-

tting clite chnge. a our ntion begin to uer

the ict o clite chnge uertor, drought,

ildfre, nd ood aericn cro ll oliticl nd

geogrhic divide re dending clite ction nd the

clen energ tht ill hel our econo trnition to

utinble uture.

n hi hitoric clite eech on June 25, 2013, preident

b fred tht the Ketone XL deciion could onl

be de reonibl in the context o the roject crbon

ollution. he ner to the clite tet i unequivocl:

Ketone XL i clite diter. a thi reort ill illu-

trte, rejecting Ketone XL i one o the ot iortnt

deciion preident b cn ke to rotect uture

genertion ro devtting clite chnge.

hi reort begin ith revie o the globl crbon

context in order to defne the ter ignifcntl. Ho do

Ketone XL eiion ft into the ndte to reduce

globl greenhoue g eiion b 80 ercent globll

over the next 40 er in order to tbilize the clite t

e level?1 Here e fnd tht the cience i quite cler:

ieline tht ould contribute 181 illion etric ton o

crbon dioxide equivlent (C2e) ech er2 or 50 er

rik bloing our bilit to itigte dngerou level o

clite chnge. n nd o itel, Ketone XL i ound to

be ignifcnt olluter.

ext the reort look t the utre iliction o

Ketone XL. wh i the rovl o thi ieline orth

billion to the tr nd indutr, nd h re environ-

entlit getting rreted to to it? he reort bring

together nle nd reort ro the oreot

tor nd conie orking in the tr nd to n

thi quetion. ogether thee indutr exert

icture o lndlocked et tht require

ieline exnion to gro. Ketone XL i hiled

linchin o urther tr nd develoent. xert

dict tht the rovl o the ieline could led t

ercent incree in tr nd exloittion.3 sudde

uror over the Ketone XL deciion ke en

ext the reort next look t the clite ilicti

exnding tr nd roduction. r nd re one

ot crbon-olluting ource o oil on the lnet

.s. governent etite tht oil ro tr nd

be 22 ercent ore crbon-intenive thn verge

ued in the .s.4 he reort bring together inor

not onl on the ollution ro roducing nd burn

goline nd dieel ro tr nd, but lo look

broduct uch etroleu coke nd the ili

tion o detroing borel oret to ine tr nd

evidence illutrte tht urther develoing albert

nd ut be voided t ll cot to revent ct

ic greenhoue g eiion.

n the onth ince preident b coitted

ing Ketone XL on it crbon ollution, n ob

hve ondered i there re te tht Cnd cou

to itigte the

done b Ket

he reort illu

the ict o

ing the tr n

through Keti too ive

itigted.

he reort the

deontrte

the Ketone X

ould be i

through, not t

nited stte

ould deliver

nd to ae

IntroductIon

Allowing the Keystone pipeline

b buil rquir a fidig ha

dig wuld b i ur ai

ir. Ad ur aial ir

will b rvd ly if hi prjc

d igificaly xacrba

h prblm f carb pllui.

President Obama, June 25, 2013


5/17


u.s. emIssIons must swIftly go

down, not up, to avoId catastrophIc

clImate change

preident b tet or Ketone XL reect n

undertnding tht our ntion nd the orld bet

interet re entirel tied to our eort to tve o the

ort eect o clite chnge. with clite ict

groing ore ever d, deciion regrding energ

ut be tken ith clite chnge in ind. soe hve

uggeted Ketone XL be cored to conventionl oil

ieline hen eing it ict, but the reident h

it right: Ketone XL hould be judged bed on ho it

iir our bilit to dequtel ddre clite chnge.

he nterntionl nerg agenc (a) h recentl

rned tht e ut kee oe 66 ercent o roven

oil uel reerve in the ground in order even to

chnce o tbilizing our clite belo to deg

Celiu o ring,15 the globll-recognized e

ring. ther fnncil nd clite nlt uc

Crbon rcker nititive hve uggeted tht 80

o roven oil uel reerve ut rein in the g

to hve eriou chnce o ting ithin thi li

hee etite re in the context o lrge bod

ence hoing tht globl greenhoue g eiiobe reduced itl b 80 ercent globll over the

40 er in order to tbilize the clite t uti

level, ith .s. eiion being reduced to ner z

tht tie re in order to chieve thi gol. pre

b, in the Coenhgen accord nd other inte

the global context for makIngthe keystone xl decIsIon

eding exort refnerie, roviding jor outlet or

ndin tr nd to rech globl rket. n contrt to

ecent cli de b the ieline roonent, bring-

ng dditionl ulie o hev oil into the Gul Cot

ill not relce oil ro ource like Venezuel. nted,

he ieline ould crete urlu o hev oil, oe o

hich ould be exorted in it crude tte. Cndin

ev i orced out to the orld rket, thi ill en-

ourge ore tr nd develoent, nd relee ore

ite-diruting ollution.

inll, thi reort revie the conict-o-interet cndl

ht h obcured the crbon ollution iliction o the

ieline in the ertent o stte recent eent

it environentl ict. B ling out troubling evi-

dence bout the stte ertent hiring o contrctor

ith trong connection to the oil indutr to e the

ieline, e tre the need or n objective nd ound

nli o the roject true environentl ict.

hi reort cite lrge bod o cientifc evidence nd

indutr exertie deontrting tht Ketone XL i

ke to unlocking ive exnion o one o the orld

ot crbon-intenive ource o oil, n environentl

argeddon. he ner to preident b Ketone

XL clite quetion i trightorrd. ye, Ketone

XL ill led to ignifcnt, dngerou excerbtion o

clite-diruting ollution. preident b id tht,

ilure to ddre clite chnge ould be betrl o

our children. He ut reject Ketone XL.

tar sands 101

snds ( Bmn) Hs y HGH CBn

Cnn Cmpd H sCs F L.

xtrcting nd ugrding oil ro tr nd cn be

uch 4.5 tie ore greenhoue-g-intenive thn oil

ro other conventionl orth aericn crude ource.5

additionll, during the refning roce, 15-30 ercent o

ech brrel o tr nd bituen becoe highl ollut-

ing broduct clled etroleu coke.6 he ultite reult i

tht tr nd bituen reult in ignifcntl ore green-

houe g eiion thn conventionl oil.

snds mX F snd, CLy, w, nd

Bmn, sm-sLd Fm F pLm wH

H CnssnCy F spHL.r nd deoit re

ound in the Cndin rovince o albert, under the borel

oret nd etlnd in n re bout the ize o Florid.

Cnds BL Fs s n F H ms

sGnFCn Fss n H F pCnG

Bdsy, snG CBn, nd HLpnG

GL H CLm. t rereent one-qurter o the

rth reining intct originl oret nd ke u 11

ercent o the lnet terretril crbon torehoue, not

including it tundr nd etlnd.7

XC H snds, L Cmpns pn p

mn nd I IdLL mLLns F Cs F Hs

psn Fs nd CCL wLdLF HB. he

ining rocee re incredibl toxic nd detro thi vitl

globl crbon reervoir. en it ining require u to our

ton o erth nd our gllon o reh ter to roduce one

gllon o oil, but even then onl 75 ercent o the bituen

i recovered.8In situ ining i even ore energ intenive,

uing enorou ount o nturl g nd ter to uer-

het nd inject te underground to elt n d extrct tr

nd tht re too dee or oen it ining.9

pLLd w Fm mnnG nd FnnG

snds s sd n XC ws pnds CnG

m Hn 68 sq mLs.1011 hee toxic ond re

deth tr or the illion o igrtor ongbird nd

terol tht net in the borel.12 he ond lek billion

gllon o toxic ter into urrounding ter ech er. 13

snds Cnn m Hy mLs nd

CnC-CsnG CHmCLs Hn CnnnL

Cdon verge 11 tie ore ulur, 11 tie ore

nickel, nd 5 tie ore led thn conventionl crude.14

hee toxin re reoved nd releed into the ir

nd ter during the refning roce. For trnort to

refnerie, tr nd re ixed ith lighter hdrocrbon

to crete diluted bituen, hich i liquid enough to beued through ieline t high teerture. uring

ill, the light hdrocrbon evorte, crring benzene

nd other noxiou cheicl into th e ir, nd the hev

bituen ink in ter nd tick to oil.

H ppsd Kysn XL ppLn wLd

nsp snds 1,700 mLs Fm LB,

Cnd HGH H HLnd F mC

nd H GLLL qF Fns nd

nnnL Xp ps n H .s. GLF Cs.

superstorm sandy Photo: NASA Goddard Space Flight Center via Creative Commons

raw tar sands Photo: Mark S. Elliot


6/17


keystone xl Is a lInchpInfor tar sands development

olicker ccet the rning ro clite cientit

tht countrie need to ridl reduce their greenhoue

g eiion, logic ollo tht the ot crbon intenive

ource o oil, like albert tr nd, ut be let in the

ground. t i lo criticl or olicker to cknoledge

tht the develoent o tr nd i r ro inevitble.

he olloing indutr nd fnncil nlt highlight

tht the Ketone XL ieline i bolutel criticl to the

exnion o tr nd develoent in lndlocked albert,

becue it ould rovide the indutr ith jor lo-

cot connection to exort rket nd orld oil rice.

whether or not to oen the Ketone XL oodgte i

deciion tht ill directl ect the rte o tr nd extrc-

tion in coing decde. hereore, the dngerou level o

greenhoue g eiion tht ould reult ro develo-

ing albert tr nd i directl linked to the rovl o

the Ketone XL ieline.

an ide h tken root in oe aericn olic circle tht

Cndin tr nd roduction ill be exnded t the

e rte hether or not the Ketone XL ieline i built.

For exle, n augut 2013 Hs Ca night er con-

tend tht even i the Ketone XL ieline doe not ove

orrd, e do not exect teril chnge to oil nd

roduction groth due to likel invetent in lterntive

like other ieline roject nd crude deliver b ril.22 hi

vie i not hred b exert ho oberve the indutr on

dil bi. n ct, the Ketone XL reidentil erit

deciion i o iortnt reciel becue it h criticl

iliction or the rte t hich tr nd re extrcted.

a the ol Bnk o Cnd ut it, preident b

ultite deciion on the Ketone XL ieline contitute

terhed event or Cndin oil roducernd the

he o oil nd groth.23

n 2012 the etern Cndin oil indutr flled 3.2 illion

brrel er d (bbl/d) o ieline ccit o hich 2.2

illion bbl/d [KC1] ce ro the tr nd. B 2030, the

hoe to hve exnded to fll 7.8 illion bbl/d o hich

6.6 illion bbl/d ill coe ro the tr nd.24 xiting

ieline ccit cn trnort 3.6 illion bbl/d nd the

Cndin aocition o petroleu producer redict the

ill run out o ieline ccit b 2014.25 andre potter,

n nlt or the Cndin eril Bnk o Co

iilrl coented tht ieline ccit o the

Cndin sedientr Bin could eectivel be u

the 2014 tie re.26 Herein lie the iortnce o

ieline. proftble exnion o ul deend o

indutr bilit to get the ne roduct to rket.

ce or tr nd i being urther contricted b t

boo in .s. tight oil roduction. n ct, the roft

o everl o the ne extrction roject currentl b

contructed be thretened b lck o ieline

it. according to recent conoic reort ent

pieline xnion i tionl priorit, Cnd

dutr i cing eriou chllenge to it long-ter

Current oil roduction in wetern Cnd couled

ignifcnt gin in .s. doetic roduction hve le

indutr to bu gint ccit contrint in ex

ieline nd refnerie. Production growth cannot o

unle oe o the lnned ieline roject out o

wetern Cndin sedientr Bin (wCsB) go

o rech it trget level o Cndin oil roduction

lion bbl/d b 2030 ccording to the Cndin ao

o petroleu producer ltet orect), the indut

to dd 4.2 illion bbl/d o tke ccit t the

iniu. here re currentl fve rooed ielin

ect: nbridge orthern Gte (525,000 bbl/d

morgn rn mountin exnion (590,000 bbl/d

exnion o nbridge albert Clier (120,000-3

bbl/d), rnCnd Ketone XL (830,000 bbl/d

the neet rooed roject, rnCnd nerg

(1,100,000 bbl/d). o rech the needed 4.2 illion b

(likel lo etite given locl dend nd the lik

tht ieline ill not oten run t ull ccit), eve

o thee roject ut be built out to cloe to xi

ccit nd Ketone XL, one o the lrget l

ie, i n bolute ut or indutr exnion

ch lterntive ieline ut undergo it on er

roce nd environentl revie; nd none ill co

line ithin the next coule er. n ct, there i co

ble evidence to ugget tht lterntive ieline

re unlikel to occur due to ounting ublic oo

n hort, lterntive trnort otion re nthing

inevitble.28

greeent nd tteent, h coitted the nited

tte to chieving thi gol o tbilizing globl ring

r belo 2C oible.17

when looking t the clite cot o building the

etone XL ieline, it i vitl to conider the ieline

ot in the context o here e fnd ourelve tod, but

n the context o here e need to be during the lie-

e o the ieline in order to hve tble clite. he

uetion hould not onl be ho uch ore it ould

e to ue tr nd over the next 50 er cored to

ing conventionl oil; the quetion tht clite rotec-

on dend e k i ho uch oil o anyte e cn

e in orld here oil dend i conitent ith our

oitent to liiting globl ring to le thn 2C.

he ner to tht quetion, ccording to the a nd

ite cientit, i: ignifcntl le oil thn e ue no.

an nli tht ue oil dend i greter thn

ht i e or the clite i dening the ct o clite

hnge nd n roject tht lock in decde o deen-

ence on high-crbon ource o oil i clite diter.

he Ketone XL tr nd ieline i roject tht ill

rr nd eit t let 181 illion etric ton o crbon

dioxide equivlent (C2e) ech er, ccording to il

Chnge nterntionl reort, Cooking the Book: Ho

the stte ertent anli gnore the rue Clite

ct o the Ketone XL ieline.18 hi i conerv-

tive fgure, bed on indutr nli o the crbon ei-

ion ocited ith current tr nd roduction, but

the etite i equivlent to the nnul eiion o 51

col-fred oer lnt. hi etite include the extrc-

tion, roceing nd ieline trnorttion eiion,

nd the cobution o ll the roduct refned ro the

tr nd tht ill be delivered, including etcoke.19

a urther tted in the il Chnge nterntionl reort,

he ce or rejecting ll jor ne oil uel inrtruc-

ture could not be clerer. he a ert tht 81 er-

cent o it crbon budget i lred locked-in ith the

exiting energ inrtructure.20 hi en tht e hve

likel lred locked in the eiion tht e cn ord

in order to chieve n 80 ercent chnce o ucce [o

liiting clite chnge to belo 2 degree Celiu o

ring globll].

Scientifc American, in Jnur rticle entitled Ho

much will r snd il add to Globl wring? re-

ort, he ount o C2

locked u in albert tr nd

i enorou, note echnicl engineer John abrh

o the niverit o sint ho in minneot, nother

igner o the Ketone rotet letter ro cientit [ent

to the reident in Jnur 2013]. e burn ll the tr

nd oil, the teerture rie, jut ro burning tht tr

nd, ill be hl o ht eve lred een n etit-

ed dditionl nerl 0.4 degree C ro albert lone. he

rticle continue, a it tnd, the oil nd indutr h

greenhoue g eiion greter thn e Zelnd nd

Ken cobined. ll the bituen in thoe nd could

be burned, nother 240 billion etric ton o crbon

ould be dded to the tohere nd, even i jut the oil

nd recoverble ith tod technolog get burned, 22

billion etric ton o crbon ould rech the k.21

n orld contrined b the relitie o clite chnge,

the roer eure o n roject clite ict hould

be bed on hether the roject eet our coitent

to iniize the rel dnger o clite chnge. n thi

bi, the totl, cuultive ount o crbon releed

b the roject into the tohere hould be eighed

gint the ount o crbon the orld, the nited

stte, nd the tr nd indutr, reectivel, cn ord

to burn in tble clite. he quetion thi reort ill

ddre i hether Ketone XL ill ignifcntl incree

crbon ollution ithin the context o the b d-

initrtion coitent to tbilize clite chnge.

canadIan tar sands plans would be three tImes thecarbon lImIt set by Iea Chart: Oil Change International

Projects announced

Under regulatory review

Fully Approved

Under construction

Current production

TARSANDSPROJECTSKEY

SourcesOilSandsReview&IEAWorldEnergyOutlook

Tarsandsprojects

existingandplanned

IEACurrentPolicies

(degrees)Scenario

IEANewPolicies

(-degrees)

IEA(degrees)

Scenario

CANADIANTA

R

SANDS(MILLIONOFBARRELS/DAY)

0

6.00

1.00

2.00

3.00

4.00

5.00

7.00

8.00

9.00

10.00

CANADIAN TAR SANDS PROJECTS (EXISTING & PLANNED)

versus

IEA SCENARIOS FOR TAR SANDS PRODUCTION IN 2035

Maximumleveloftar

sandsproductionto

stayunderdegrees
http://www.scientificamerican.com/article.cfm?id=how-to-turn-tar-sands-into-oil-slideshowhttp://www.scientificamerican.com/article.cfm?id=how-to-turn-tar-sands-into-oil-slideshow


7/17


tionl nerg Bord], port metro Vncouver nd Firt

tion grou beore the roject could go hed. perit

ould be required or exnion. n ddition, greeent

ith lndoner long the route hve to be renegoti-

ted. hee requireent could oibl del or to the

roject37 Furtherore, Kinder morgn rool ould

require dredging the Vncouver hrbor nd chnging regu-

ltion to llo increed tnker trfc, hich both ce

intene ooition.38 n ct, the rn mountin exnion

ce longer odd no tht Britih Colubi h ooed

the orthern Gte ieline, due to concern ith in-

creed rik o ill ro tnker trfc.

r nd ooition continue to gro in wetern Cnd.

n the t er, there hve been nti-tr nd rllie in

70 counitie cro Britih Colubi ith ore thn

12,000 eole rticiting.39 mn conervtive oliti-

cl nd intellectul leder in wetern Cnd re no

clling or tie-out,40 nd oil indutr coenttor

nd ederl cbinet initer ho hitoricll hve been

booter o wet Cot ieline hve becoe le vocl

in their uort.41 t i notble tht one o the frt ublic

energ deciion de b the nel elected conervtive

rt in Britih Colubi to reject orthern Gte.

mjor ooition ro nerl ever unicilit in Britih

Colubi loer inlnd crete dditionl uncertint

or Kinder morgn rn mountin xnion. CBC,

jor Cndin fnncil ervice fr, no etite

tht there i 50 ercent robbilit tht the wet Cot

rool b nbridge nd Kinder morgn ill not be built

beore 2020.42

n ddition to the etern-heded ieline, the indutry

h rooed Keytone XL nd albert Clier hich ould

crry tr nd outh. albert Clier i 36-inch dieter

ieline hich extend ro Hrdity, albert to suerior,

wiconin nd i tinned ith the southern acce ie-

line hich run in revere. he roject i n exnion o

the exiting albert Clier line ro the current ccity

o 450,000 bbl/d to 570,000 bbl/d nd then to 800,000

bbl/d. albert Clier croe the interntionl border nd

uch i ubject to the preidentil perit roce. a

ulti-tte Gret Lke colition h lredy ored o-oing thi exnion nd oe oberver, uch steven

pget, Clgry-bed nlyt t Firtnergy Citl Cor.,

hve uggeted tht albert Clier ill ce iilr level

o ooition Keytone XL.43

he ieline rool to crr tr nd to the et cot o

Cnd ill ce it on hurdle nd ulti-er tie re

beore fnl deciion. rnCnd nel-rooed

nerg t ieline roject could crr 1,100,000 bbl/d o

oil ro Hrdit, albert through sktchen, mnitob,

ntrio, nd Qubec to st. John, e Brunick, here it

ould be refned nd exorted. t ould involve the

ion o 1,864 ile o the rnCnd minline g

nd the contruction o n dditionl 870 ile o

rnCnd redict tht it ill fle re-lictio

nerg t in lte 2013.44 he ieline ill need u

ro ix rovincil governent, nd intene oo

nticited ro Cndin environentl grou

tive leder. pierre-livier pineu, ngeent r

or t the HC montrel buine chool ith exer

energ, recentl tted, politicll, rnCnd c

in Qubec i o big tht thi roject jut ont h

ill be erceived rik, ith negtive conequenc

the environent.45

ncertint, legl brrier, ublic ooition, nd

er regultor rovl rocee urround ll o t

rooed lterntive to Ketone XL. Certinl no

thee roject ill coe online in the hort-ter. n

the stte ertent rt suleentl nviron

ct stteent (drt ss), hich nlzed trn

tion lterntive to Ketone XL, cknoledge th

rooed wCsB ieline roject, including the n

orthern Gte roject to Kitit, Britih Colu

the Kinder morgn rn mountin ieline exni

the Cndin wet Cot re being revieed, but

ignifcnt ooition ro vriou grou, nd the

continue to be deled.46

Goldn sch urize the itution ollo

entill, there re three in direction weter

Cndin crude oil cn o once the liited oun

wetern Cndin refning dend i tifed w

ignifcnt chllenge ith ll three rooed direc

egultor, environentl, nd locl counit o

h increed in recent er, hich i currentl del

lnned ieline roject to the outh nd et nd

uect ill ultitel ict o to the et (l

roject to the et re t n erlier tge nd hve

eet ith reitnce, but e think thi ill chnge)

Goldn sch dd, rnCnd rooed Ke

XL ieline ro Hrdit, albert, to port arthur

Houton, ex, i the ot eningul o the utu

lnned roject nd one tht i eecill iort

both enuring dequte tke ccit ro C

but lo direct cce to ignifcnt hev crude o

dend in the .s. Gul Cot.47 ol Bnk o C

jor invetor nd nlt o the oil nd indut

dict Cnd oil nd groth i likel to be te

deerred in the event tht Ketone XL i not ro

ur nli ould ugget tht u to 450,000 bb

one-third o oil nd groth could be deerred in

2015-17 tiere.48

he ot notoriou o otentil wet Cot ieline i

nbridge rooed orthern Gte, hich ould trn-

ort 525,000 bbl/d o tr nd crude ro donton,

albert, to Kitit, Britih Colubi. nbridge hoe to

ve orthern Gte in oertion beteen 2017 nd

019,29 hoever, the roject i encountering ferce ooi-

on ro Firt tion nd the Britih Colubin ublic,

nd n oberver re doubtul it ill be built. polling

ho tht 80 ercent o Britih Colubin uort

nning the crude oil tnker in Britih Colubi cotl

ter, hich ould be eentil or orthern Gte (or

rnorting extrcted tr nd to roceing refnerie).30

he reltivel conervtive Britih Colubi governent,

ed b Liberl prt preier Chrit Clrk, h orll

oed the roject it tnd, bed lrgel on the rik

cotl oil ill, nd h lid out fve condition tht

ould need to be et beore the rovince ould uort

orthern Gte.31 whether or not thee condition re

chievble i uncler. Furtherore, ore thn 60 ected

irt tion bering boriginl right nd title hve coe

orrd to ooe the ieline nd n dditionl tnker

rfc.32 Firt tion, eecill thoe on unceded territor,

ve contitutionll-grnted legl uthorit to deterine

ht croe their lnd. a reult, their ooition re-

reent coniderble brrier to the likelihood o orthern

Gte going orrd. he Globe and Mailtted tht

Firt tion hve the contitutionl clout to ut u

inurountble obtcle or the rooed orthern

Gte nel, e legl debte round unettled

lnd cli long the route tht ill likel be decided b

the suree Court o Cnd.33 orthern Gte i over

er-nd--hl ro ederl governent deci-

ion.34 n the unlikel event tht the orthern Gte

roject i roved, uch deciion ill likel be conteted

in court or n er b concerned Britih Colubin

nd legll oerul Firt tion.

Kinder morgn h rooed n exnion o it rn

mountin ieline to the wet Cot, lthough the co-

n doe not exect to ubit it liction to Cnd

tionl nerg Bord until lte 2013.35 he liction

ould tke 15 onth or the governent to revie nd

then t let to er to build. he oonet oible o-

ertionl dte ould be 2017.36 he ertent o nerg

2010 Ketone XL aeent, rered b ns nerg

& ste, nc., cknoledge the n obtcle ced b

thee otentil ieline: xtenive ork ould be re-

quired ith vriou orgniztion, including the [Cndin

WCSB PRODUCTION

Western Canadian Crude Supply

(Tar Sands + Conventional Crude)

EXISTING PIPELINES

WCSB Refineries

Western Corridor

Express

Trans Mountain

Keystone 1

Enbridge Mainline

PROPOSED PIPELINES

TransCanada Energy East

Trans Mountain Expansion

Northern Gateway

Alberta Clipper Expansion

MILLIONSOFBARRELSA

DAY

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

0

2 01 2 2 01 3 2 01 4 2 01 5 2 01 6 2 01 7 2 01 8 2 01 9 2 02 0 2 02 1 2 02 2 2 02 3 2 02 4 2 02 5 2 02 6 2 02 7 2 02 8 2 02 9 2 03 0

The Keystone XL tar sands pipeline is a critical part of

the industrys plan for tar sands oil production

expansion. In the unlikely event that all new proposed

pipelines were built, industry would be unable to meet

projected supply takeaway needs without Keystone XL.

PIPELINE AND

TAR SANDS CAPACITYWESTERN CANADIAN SUPPLY FORECAST (WCSB)

VERSUS TAKEAWAY CAPACITY WITHOUT KEYSTONE XL

SOURCES: CAPP, Crude Oil, Forecasts, Markets and Pipelines,June 2013; Goldman Sachs, Getting oil of Canada: Heavy oil diffs expected to stay wide and volatile,June 2013

pIpelIne capacIty v. tar sands/wscb crude Chart data: Natural Resources Defense Council


8/17


ccit groth i criticl in Cnd nd the ke to u-

tinbl reoving congetion in the te.56

so ht re the fnncil iliction o being lndlocked

nd lcking cce to rket? nvetor re fnding the ide

o fnncing ne tr nd develoent roject lot le

ttrctive. n Goldn sch vie, n the event tht either

the Ketone XL nebuild or albert Clier extenion (or

both) encounter urther del, e believe rik ould gro

tht Cndin hev oil/oil nd ul ould rein

tred in the rovince o albert, utting donrd re-

ure on wetern Cndin select [wCs] ricing on both n

bolute bi nd veru wet ex nteredite [w].57

hi vie i echoed b other in the oil nd invetent

counit. stndrd nd poor rn, should ieline

be deled or cncelled, e believe the credit rofle o

conie tht hve lot o hev crude oil in their rod-

uct ix ill deteriorte. e exort ieline re nece-

r to llevite bottleneck ro increing roduction

nd re ke eleent in the reltive econoic o Cndin

hev crude cored ith .s. conventionl roduction.

nbridge C, al monco, h exreed rutrtion tht

the longtnding rice dicount o tr nd crude oil co-

red to orld benchrk rice (currentl round $30) i

unutinble, tting, e cnt ttrct orld rice, then

e ill ultitel curb energ develoent.58

he quote to the right urther deontrte the ignif-

cnce tht indutr nd fnncil nlt hve lced on

the Ketone XL or getting tr nd oil out o albert.

hee tteent directl contrdict inevitbilit rgu-

ent tht tte tht albert tr nd ill be develoed

t the e rte ith or ithout the Ketone XL.

Fil: Ho the Ketone XL r snd ieline Flunk the Clite et

ut o deertion the oil indutr i looking to ove tr

nd b ril. Hoever, the econoic lone re leding

n nlt to conclude tht ril ill not llo the in-

utr to rech their exnion gol. r nd re ignif-

ntl ore exenive to ove b ril thn conventionl

rude. prt o thi exene i the ditnce. r nd re

octed in n extreel reote rt o the orld currentl

cking extenive ril line.49 additionll, due to the dene

heicl keu o tr nd, the re rticulrl hev

nd require ecilized ril o-loding terinl, on-loding

erinl, nd heted ril cr to kee the liquid.50 n ct,

he denit o tr nd en tht trin oving tr nd

re ble to crr nerl 30 ercent le crude thn trin

oving conventionl crude.51 all o thee ctor drti-

ll incree the cot o trnorting tr nd b ril.

hiing brrel o tr nd ro albert to the .s. Gul

ot i currentl coting tr nd roducer $31 brrel.52

moving it b ieline cot $8 to $9.50 brrel.53

r nd roducer lo hve uch tighter rgin thn

onventionl oil roducer. r nd crude i loer-

lue coodit thn light crude. n ddition, it h

gnifcntl higher roduction rice. with brek-even

roduction cot or tr nd rnging ro $60 brrel

o over $100 brrel nd increing ech er ne tr

nd roject cnnot roftbl ber ignifcntl greter

rnorttion cot ocited ith ril.54 eite ric-

ng incentive, currentl onl bout 1 ercent o Cndin

r nd crude roduction i hied to the Gul b ril.55

oldn sch u u the ril trnort itution b

oncluding: we exect ril to l n increingl i-

ortnt role in cceing .s. rket; hoever, given the

ong ditnce nd higher cot o ril, e believe ieline

KeystOne XL in their Own wOr

were tring to get the ieline in t e cn. coure, concerned [bout the ict o bottle-neck on rice].

BC maCH, CHF XCV FFC, mpaL L,

L sas pCs FGHG F ppL spaC,

BloomBerg News, october 11, 2012

nle e get increed [rket] cce, like ithKetone XL, ere going to be tuck.59

aLpH GLass, Cms a VC ps, aJm pLm

CsLas, wH Kys XL, L sas FaC CHK p,

The gloBe aNd mail, June 8, 2011

il nd roject dil oe o the highetbrek-even o ll globl utre roject, the

fr id. he otentil or ide nd voltile

dierentil could reult in oertor deling or

cncelling unnctioned roject.w maCKZ aaL Gy saCH Fm,

C GL, pC pLG p L sas pJCs a sK,

The gloBe aNd mail, June 2, 2012

he hortll in tke ccit i bolutel

going to eigh on relized rice or the Cndin

roducer over the ner ter on both hev nd

light oil but eecill hev oil, hich i t

rett ubtntil dicount to w right no. t

chllenging rket or Cndin utre crude

roducer.CHs FL, aaLys, maCQa saCH,

FLL ppLs C Caaa L pCs pFs,

reuTers, January 14, 2013

Cnd need iend lot o it to vthe oortunit cot o trnding over brrel d o otentil crude oil grot

CBC, L sy FaC wH ss CHaL

ppLs FLL p, was, FiNaNcial PosT,d

Cnd oil indutr i cing eriou clenge to it l ong-ter groth. Current oi

duction in wetern Cnd couled ith

nifcnt gin in .s. doetic roduction

led the indutr to bu u gint c

contrint in exiting ieline nd refn

CmCs, L sy FaC wH ss CH

as ppLs FLL p, was, FiNaNcial PosT,d

wht criticl to roducer i to ecure eccit. he rooed Ketone XL ie

nd exnion o the nbridge te

ll necer to ccoodte the ner-t

orect roduction groth.60sTaNdard aNd P oors: F Caaa C L pGwH s CmG w H ppL Ju

obert schulz, buine roeor t thniverit o Clgr, tted: t ir to

develoent h lred loed becue

dicount. Conie re certinl going

it nd ee ht the deciion on Keto

beore oving hed ith develoent.

Kys ppL Cs may FLC

VLpm. BloomBerg BusiNessweek, mar

toxIc waste water P: GA z

syncrude facIlIty, fort mcmurray, alberta Photo: Doug Hayes


9/17


tar sands release sIgnIfI cantly more carbonpollutIon than average u.s. crude

r nd relee ignifcntl ore crbon ollution thn

the verge crude oil ued in the .s. eveloing roj-

ect tht re even ore crbon olluting thn the uel

tht re alreadyring the lnet drticll retrict

our chnce o fghting dngerou clite chnge. while

the b dinitrtion h de dirble tride in

reducing oil conution through olicie uch ve-

hicle uel efcienc tndrd, Ketone XL ould un-

derine thee gin due to the high crbon intenit o

tr-nd derived uel. hi ection detil h tr nd

hve uch greter clite iliction thn the stte

ertent h cknoledged.

he stte ertent drt suleentl

nvironentl ct stteent (drt ss) con

tht ell-to-heel eiion ro tr nd-der

crude be 17 ercent higher thn eiion ro

verge crude oil conued in the .s. Hoever, i

cknoledge tht thi nuber doe not include e

ion ro broduct like etroleu coke, crb

intenive uel tht lo h jor clite ict

petroleu Coke ection belo). he stte ert

recognize tht including thee dditionl ource

rie tr nd increentl eiion to 22 erce

bove conventionl oil.68 n light o clite cienti

keystone xl would lead to tar sandsexpansIon and clImate dIsruptIon

a outlined bove, indutr exert ll gree tht

etone XL i vitl to the indutr ln to exnd

r nd develoent. without Ketone XL, tr nd

il ill continue to ce difcultie reching the refner-

e nd ort necer to get the oil onto the globl

rket, here it cn be old.

o, i building Ketone XL ill led to increed tr

nd develoent, the quetion becoe: wht ill

ncreed tr nd develoent en or the clite?and the ner to tht, outlined bove, i bundntl

ler the ict ill be devtting.

a the pebin ntitute exlined in he Clite

liction o the prooed Ketone XL ilnd

ieline, Filling Ketone XL ith oil nd ill cue

36 ercent incree ro current oilnd roduction,

or hich the higher utre eiion lone ill be

quivlent to the nnul eiion ro 6.3 col-fred

oer lnt or over 4.6 illion cr.62

il Chnge nterntionl Cooking the Book reort

dd tht the ieline ould be reonible or 6.34

illion etric ton o C2e, greter thn the 2011 totl

nnul crbon dioxide eiion o the nited stte.63

ereenttive wxn nd sentor whitehoue, in

heir letter to the white Houe on Ketone XL, con-

luded tht, Bed on the dinitrtion etite,

ver the roject iniu lien, the dditionl

rbon ollution ro Ketone XL ill ioe n

tited $71 billion in cot ocited ith clite

ct.64 soe etite ut tht nuber over $100

illion er er.65

ven the Cndin aocition o petroleu efner

ditted in 2012 tht [i] the onl ieline roject to

roceed ere the one in oertion or currentl under

contruction then tr nd roduction ould lo.66

according to the Capp reort, ithout ne ieline

the roduction o oil ro tr nd ould lo b 0.6

illion bbl/d b 2020, nd b 2.5 ill ion bbl/d b 2030.

ht en tht even b the oil indutr on clcul-

tion nd conervtive etite or lieccle tr nd

eiion,67 exnding ieline ccit ould incree

totl globl ring eiion (in C2e) b over 130

illion etric ton nnull b 2020. ht i the equiv-

lent o 37.1 verge .s. col fred-oer lnt nnul

eiion. B 2030, oil indutr etite o increed

roduction ro Cndin tr nd becue o greter

ieline ccit ould dd over 545 illion etric ton

o globl ring eiion, the equivlent o over 154

col-fred oer lnt nnul eiion.

n hort, contructing Ketone XL ill led to tr nd

indutr exnion, nd tr nd indutr exnion illignifcntl excerbte clite ollution.

keystone xl would release 181 mIllIon metrIc tons of co2e each year: equIvalent to the annual emIssIons of 51 coal-fIred

power plants Chart: Oil Change International

before: athabasca boreal forestPhoto: Garth Lenz

superstorm sandy destructIon 2012 Julie Dermansky


10/17


petroleum coke Is a maJor sourceof addItIonal carbon pollutIon

a ith other eiion tht the Keytone XL ieline

ould relee, the stte ertent drt ss reect n

exlicit deciion to dicount eiion ocited ith the

etroleu coke (or etcoke) or hich Keytone XL ould

be reonible. petcoke i n extreely dirty nd crbon-

intenive oil-refning byroduct tht i coonly ued

uel in col-fred oer lnt nd other indutry rocee,

nd i reonible or oe 10 ercent ore crbon dioxide

thn lo-qulity col on n energy equivlent bi.79

Given coonly held etite, the Keytone XL ieline

ould trnort enough tr nd to roduce 15,000 ton

o etcoke ech dy.80 ver ny given eek o oertion

the ieline ould be reonible or enough etcoke to

fll the whington monuent, nd over the coure o it

lietie ould fll over 80 ire stte Building orth o

etcoke.81 hi ount o etcoke ould ccount or 16.6

illion etric ton o C2

ech yer, the greenhoue g

eiion equivlent to dding oe 3.5 illion cr to

the rod ech yer or nerly 5 verge-ized col lnt.

he il Chnge nterntionl Jnury 2013 reort entitled

petroleu Coke: he Col Hiding in the r snd, con-

cluded, ncluding thee eiion rie the totl nnul

eiion o the ieline by 13 ercent bove the s

ertent clcultion.82

he nited stte nd Cnd both exort illion

brrel o etcoke ech yer.83 he yer 2012 et th

nul record (184.17 illion brrel) or the nited st

nd aril 2013 the econd-highet onth or

exort in the country hitory.84 he riry reci

.s. etcoke exort i Chin, here it i likely co

in col-fred oer lnt.

85

he stte ertent ot recent environent

ent o the Keytone XL ieline erted tht e

ocited ith etcoke ro Keytone XL ere ne

becue the ubtnce i byroduct nd ould e

tockiled ner refnerie or ily relce col on

or-one bi. nortuntely, neither cenrio i the

petcoke i being hied to col-fred oer lnt

the orld, reulting in the rolonged fnncil vibi

thee col lnt tht ight otherie be riced o

oertion, hile iultneouly reulting in higher

eiion. a noted in coent ubitted to the

ertent, he Jnury il Chnge nterntion

cite albert CB dt or 2011 tht ho rk

decrease86 in the tockiling o ugrder-roduced

leu coke ro 75 ercent in 2010 CB to 50 er

the 2011 dt. t lo cite indutry ource hich no

exort o etroleu coke ro the et cot o C

to ai hve been increing.87

Further, the stte ertent eent tht e

i ued t one-or-one bi in relcing col igno

vorble ricing given to etcoke on the rket, dthe ct tht it i byroduct tht refnerie eek to

quickly. he dicounted ricing cn ve col-fred

lnt hundred o illion o dollr er yer nd t

erve to uort the econoic o col-fred gener

over other ource.88

sily ut, the ive eiion ocited ith

Keytone XL etcoke, clculted to be oe 16.6

etric ton o C2

ech yer, cnnot be ignored n

to ubtntilly incree exiting etite o Key

clite ootrint.

rning tht our current oil uel conution hbit

re lred diruting our clite, 22 ercent ore ei-

on thn verge i unccetbl high.

n ddition, eiion ro indirect lnd ue chnge

ve not been included in the stte ertent e-

te o Ketone XL greenhoue g eiion.69

he develoent o albert tr nd ould reult

n the detruction o one o the bet crbon tore on

he lnet the 1.2-billion-cre Cndin borel oret,

hich cture nd tore lot tice uch cr-

on troicl oret er unit re.70 Cnd borel

oret i etited to tore 186 billion ton o crbon,71

hich Greenece note i n ount equl to 27 er

orth o crbon eiion ro the burning o oil

uel orldide.72 Becue o the borel oret incred-

ble ccit to tore nd relee crbon, 29 clite

cientit rote to the stte ertent tht the clite

ct o Ketone XL ould be lifed b the lo

o crbon torge ccit the borel oret i re-

oved to cce thi reource.73

a 2011 tionl acde o science tud noted tht

currentl roved tr nd ine in albert re exect-

ed to detro enough etlnd hbitt to relee n ddi-

tionl 11.4 - 47.3 illion etric ton o tored crbon into

the tohere.74 ndutr i legll coelled to return

thi lnd to roductive tte.75 Hoever, the pebin

ntitute reort tht onl one ercent o lnd diturbed

b Cnd tr nd ining h been reclifed re-

clied,76 nd the tionl acde o science tud

redict, contrr to cli de in the edi, etlnd

detroed b oen-it ining ill not be retored. 77

n ddition, the stte ertent drt ss incluion

o etroleu coke in it etite o tr nd lrger

increentl eiion underl the jor crbon i-

ct o thi broduct, uel hich Scientifc American

h id be the dirtiet oil uel on the lnet.78

after: tar sands mInIng Photo: National Geographic, Peter Essick

carbon dIoxIde emIssIons resultIng from productIon,refInIng and use of a barrel of tar sands oIl carrIed bykeystone xl Chart data courtesy of Oil Change International

KGC02E

/BBL

0

600

100

200

300

400

500

Tar Sands Production and Combustion

Petcoke Combustion

Refined Product Combustion

(Minus Petcoke)

Refined Product Transport

Refining

Crude Transport

Upgrading

Crude Production

(Bitumen Extraction)


11/17


suggestIons that canada canmItIgate Its emIssIons are unfounded

ing h led pCC led uthor (nd eber o Bri

Colubi Legiltive aebl), an dre weve

declre, we hve crii in Cnd ... in ter o

oent o inortion nd cience to inor deci

king. ...wht e hve relced tht ith i n id

cl roch to deciion king.101

proonent o the Ketone XL ieline tht

ing tr nd ro aeric northern neighbor

incree ntionl ecurit,102 but the ct tht Cn

governent under the Hrer dinitrtion h

trociou clite record underine the rguen

uorting their energ olicie i in aeric be

interet. aericn ilitr exert hve clled cl

chnge one o the gretet thret to aeric n

ecurit.103 ven secretr o stte Kerr h decl

clite chnge to be groing thret to globl

hun ecurit, nd aeric ntionl ecurit. 10

Hrer governent record give no reon to ho

it ould be ble or illing to ileent n en

eiion-reduction trtegie.

n the unlikel cenrio tht Cnd did ileen

ore rigorou eiion-reduction ln or it tr

develoent, the ct tht the Ketone XL ieli

could incree tr nd develoent b 36 erce

en Ketone XL ould be ort o pndor

could hel to unleh rnt tr nd develo

with or ithout eiion-reduction trtegie ro

albert nd Cnd ederl governent, ro

erective it i indeenible or the .s. govern

rove thi roject, in light o the uture ilict

it ould hve or ccelerting the groth o one o

ot olluting uel on the lnet.

reident b h ried the quetion o hether the

ive eiion ro tr nd cn be itigted or o-

et b Cndin regultion. vidence nd hitor ho

ht Cnd itigtion eort could not ke u or

etone XL jor clite ict.

n Jul intervie ith the New York Times, preident

b id o the rooed Ketone XL ieline,

oing to evlute thi bed on hether or not thi i

oing to ignifcntl contribute to crbon in our to-here. and there i no doubt tht Cnd t the ource

n thoe tr nd could otentill be doing ore to

itigte crbon relee.89

he reident tteent h led to ecultion tht he

be inclined to rove the Ketone XL ieline i

nd cn convince the nited stte tht it ill reduce

iion t tr nd extrction ite. he Toronto Star,

or exle, recentl declred, Cnd bilit to con-

trol ollution ro the oilnd ill .s. preident

Brck b high-tke deciion on building the

Ketone XL ieline.90

Hoever, n roie b prie miniter stehen

Hrer governent to reduce the eiion ro

Cnd tr nd hould be judged gint it ilure to

live u to it clite coitent to dte. Cnd ed-

erl governent h conitentl ied it on trgetto regulte Cnd oil nd g ector.91 he rovince o

albert h noinl greenhoue g reduction trteg

or it tr nd indutr the secifed G itter

egultion (sG) but it crbon ricing echni,

the pebin ntitute detil, i too ek to rovide n

incentive or oilnd oertor to eningull reduce

greenhoue g eiion.92 he sG eectivel en

tr nd oertor onl hve to 18-to-22 cent to

roduce brrel o oil r too ek enlt to rot

eiion reduction.93 a recent tud h coiled ex-

tenive evidence hoing tht eer thn one ercent o

environentl violtion in albert tr nd region re

ctull enorced ith fne or other enorceent ech-

ni.94 r nd, enhile, re Cnd tet-gro-

ing ource o greenhoue g eiion.95 ven though

it h reltivel ll oultion, Cnd i lred one

o the to 10 greenhoue g-eitting countrie in the

orld.96 n 2011, the Cndin ederl governent on

eer-revieed reort orected tht eiion ro tr

nd ould be trile 2005 level b 2030.97

prie miniter Hrer dinitrtion h hon n un-

illingne to tke eriou ction on clite chnge, nd

even ctivel underine it on governent clite

rogr nd reerch. he Cndin governent h

lobbied gint interntionl inititive to reduce green-

houe g eiion ro uel, including the uroen

nion Fuel Qulit irective, nd Cliorni lo-crbon

uel tndrd.98 Greenece Cnd obtined internl

governent docuent liting environentl G ndaboriginl Grou dverrie in the Hrer gov-

ernent iion to incree the exort o tr nd.99

prie miniter Hrer governent h drticll cut

unding or governent reerch on clite chnge,

ended the governent tionl oundtble on the

cono nd nvironent, nd cut uort or reerch

rogr like the Cndin Foundtion or Clite nd

atoheric science.100 he Cndin governent

eliintion o clite reerch nd it uzzling o ederl

cientit bilit to ek to the ublic bout their fnd-

canadIan actIvIsts protestIng theIr governments tar sands polIcIes Photo courtesy of Alex Doukas

waste water Photo: David Dodge


12/17

0 Fail: How the Keystone XL Tar Sands pipeline Flunks the Climate TestFail: How the Keystone XL Tar Sands pipeline Flunks the Climate Test

keystone xl opens new markets fortar sands, IncreasIng emIssIons

il indutr roonent cli tht Ketone XL ould

ncree .s. energ indeendence, but the relit i

ht Ketone XL i ieline through, not to, aeric.

etone XL ould deliver tr nd to aeric leding

xort refnerie. hee refnerie exorted 60 ercent

the goline the roduced in 2012.106 wht doe thi

en or the clite? he Ketone XL ieline ould

rovide the frt jor direct outlet or Cndin tr

nd to eil rech the globl rket. B roviding

uch n venue or exort, the ieline ill incentiv-

ze increed tr nd roduction nd exort o highl

rbon-intenive oil to the ret o the orld nd encour-

ge urther ue o oil ro tr nd round the orld,

hu contributing to clite-chnging greenhoue g

iion.

etone XL exort relit even reected in the

tte ertent on nli hen it tted in the

mrch 2013 drt ss tht, lot hl o pa 3 re-

ned roduct go to the doetic rket107 pa 3

i the indutr ne or the Gul Cot refning region,

nd thi tteent cknoledge exlicitl tht ore

thn hl o the oil roduct ro the region go to the

exort rket.

he .s. Gul Cot i t the center o .s. refned

roduct exort boo tht h gron b ore thn 120

ercent ince 2007,108 ccounting or 74 ercent o ll .s.

refned roduct exort in 2012.109 mn o the refnerie

cloet to the rooed terinu o Ketone XL refn-erie in port arthur, Houton, ex Cit nd Lke Chrle,

Louiin re exorting the jorit o their roduction

nd hve ln to exnd exort even urther. 110

he refning indutr i oen bout the otivtion behind

their recent exnion. he motiv port arthur refner,

oned b shell nd sudi arco, recentl coleted n

exnion king it aeric lrget refner, ith totl

ccit o 600,000 bbl/d. at the lnt ofcil oening

in m 2012, shell C peter Voer told journlit tht

clerl exort re rt o (the) thinking. 111

Finncil nlt hve lo chied in. an nlt t

Bnk o aeric-merrill Lnch told the nvetor il

tht, he bulk o the motiv lnt roduction i like

groing hre o refner ccit long the Gul

Cot gered or exort () ()e cn exort goline

nd dieel to northet uroe cheer thn the cn

roduce it locll.112

he burgeoning exort trde in refned roduct ro

thee refnerie en tht Ketone XL ill enble tr

nd roducer to cce interntionl rket beond

the nited stte vi thee refned roduct exort. hi

incree the rket or tr nd crude beond the

nited stte.

additionll, it no look increingl likel tht tr nd

crude ould be exorted ro the .s. Gul Cot unre-

fned becue the ieline ill likel reult in urlu

o hev oil on the Gul Cot.113 Huge hit in the orth

aericn oil rket re reulting in Gul Cot refning

rket tht i ver dierent thn the one tht envi-

ged hen thi roject frt rooed ore thn fve

er go. an inux o .s. doetic oil t dicounted

rice i chnging the dend or hev oil t Gul Cot

refnerie. hi i in ddition to the exnion o exiting

ieline bringing crude outh ro Cuhing, klho.

n to o thi, it er tht there h been n overe-

tition o the extent to hich .s. Gul Cot-locted

refnerie oned b ntionl oil conie tht

their on hev oil ill bu Cnd hev oil.

conie include Venezuel Citgo, mexico p

nd sudi arbi sudi arco refnerie. mn

nlt no tht round 50 ercent o Gul

hev oil ccit i coitted to thee ntion

oned ulier.114

he reult i tht b bringing dditionl ulie o

Cndin hev oil into the Gul Cot, Ketone X

not replace oil ro ource like Venezuel but i

ll crete urlu o hev oil on the rket. n

ce, oe o the Cndin ul ill hve to be

ed in it crude tte.

, ditoril irector or il mrket

pltt, id the olloing bout the likelihood o C

tr nd exort ro the .s. Gul Cot i Ke

i built:

There is a limit to how much (heavy crude) the

Gul Coast refners can soak up. () Bear inmind that U.S. Gul Coast refners, it takes the

only 3 to 5 days to ship crudes rom Colombia

Venezuela into the U.S. Gul Coast and less th

3 days rom Mexico to the Gul Coast. So U.S.

Gul Coast refners sit in a very ideal location

where they can pick and choose their most ec

nomic crudes that oer them the best netbac

The U.S. refners will not always use Canadian

crudes. When the Canadian crudes rise in pric

they will look at other alternatives, and orce t

Canadian crudes to move out o the Gul Coas

The Canadian crudes cannot go back up into

Canada again. They will have to go out. 115

hi nli o ho Gul Cot rket unction,

one o the countr to oil rket oberver, i in

colete contrt to everthing the stte ert

rnCnd, nd vriou Ketone XL ieline r

nent hve been telling the ublic.

Fr ro there being hortge o hev oil u

Gul Cot tht Ketone XL ill eliorte, there

urlu. ther thn bcking out hev oil u

Ltin aericn nd middle tern ulier, Cn

hev crude ill be orced out to the orld rke

becue thoe ulier ill coete ith Cnd

rket hre.

hi colex relit o the Gul Cot oil rket i

trk contrt to the ilifed nd convenient rhe

o the ieline roonent. Ketone XL ill erv

not onl ieril counitie long it route but t

exort o tr nd oil to countrie round the

hee exort ill encourge ore tr nd deve

ent nd thu ore clite-diruting ollution.

keystone xl wIll serve refInerIes set on exportIng the oIlabroad Graphic: Oil Change International

tar sands extractIon, alberta Photo: David Dodge, The Pembina Institute


13/17


e recoend uing onetized etite o the

cot o the GHG [greenhoue g] eiion ro

rel o oil nd crude cored to verge .s. cr

GHG intenit o oil nd crude i not reduced, o

50-er eriod the dditionl C02e ro oil nd

trnorted b the ieline could be uch 9

lion etric ton.124

ther exert hve lo chllenged the qulit o

nli. n aril 2, 2013, 29 roinent clite c

ubitted letter to the stte ertent, e h

revieed the rt suleentl s, nd fnd it

ertion to be ithout erit in n criticl re

letter ent on to , deite the cli o the s

the environentl ict re inor thee ert

not uorted b the cience ... our cientifc judg

i tht the ctul nd otentil environentl d

re ufcientl evere to reject the Ketone XL

rool in order to rotect the clite hun he

nd the ultile ecote thi roject threten

letter reuted nuerou ke cli in m drt

m revie i ed in other criticl re. t dr

rgue tht Ketone XL ould hve little eect on

nd roduction bed on the ution tht ot

otentil roject ieline nd ril ill teri

eet the needed ccit to exort increed tr

hi ution, hich h been debunked b fn

invetor nd oil indutr nlt127 i exlored in

elehere in thi reort. t i lo ignifcnt tht th

ss il to ccount or the increed rik o

tr nd ieline,128, 129 ignore lo-incoe nd

counitie ho ill be diroortiontel ect

Ketone XL,130 nd il to ddre the thret thi

ou ieline continue to oe to the glll aqu

he idel-criticized nli o the ltet s, co

ith m ttet to concel it oil indutr tie

l ugget tht the environentl nli i bie

quote Businessweek, the ecret, lie nd iing

urrounding Ketone XL environentl ict

ent hve led oberver to dicount the current d

ss nd look elehere or relible inortion

the roject.

n the bence o n objective nd ccurte enviro

tl revie b the stte ertent, thi reort joi

voice o clite cientit, ith leder, elected

cil, environentl grou, ocil jutice dvoct

governent ccountbilit grou tht hve re

stte ertent to enure tht it Finl nviron

ct stteent ithull tke note o the e

dt tht h highlighted the Ketone XL rik t

clite nd counitie cro orth aeric.

ilure to dicloe it contctor reltionhi ith

rnCnd nd other conie tht ould beneft

ro the ieline. For exle, m eut project

mnger on the roject h orked on three reviou

ieline roject or rnCnd, nd h conulted on

roject or xxonmobil, Bp, nd Conocophilli, ll o

hich tnd to beneft ro KXL.122

at the tie o rinting thi reort, the stte ertent

fce o nvetor Generl hd ublicl confred the

lunch o n inquir into the conict o interet lleg-

tion regrding m.123

n ddition to roble ith m nd the stte

ertent roce or drting the s, the qul-

it o the nli lo clled into quetion b the

nvironentl protection agenc (pa) in n aril 22,

2013, letter to the stte ertent. he pa, hich h

ofcil conulting reonibilitie on the roject, gve

oor rting (nvironentl bjection nufcient

nortion) to the qulit o the drt ss. he paound tht the drt ss doe not contin ufcient

inortion or pa to ull e environentl i-

ct tht hould be voided in order to ull rotect the

environent, or the pa revieer h identifed d-

ditionl inortion, dt, nle, or dicuion hould

be included in the fnl s. For exle, the pa letter

tted tht the dicuion in the [drt] ss regrding

energ rket, hile inortive, i not bed on n u-

dted energ-econoic odeling eort. he pa letter

took rticulr iue ith the stte ertent clite

nli tht donled the ict inignifcnt. he

letter red, o lce thi dierence [beteen tr nd

eiion intenit nd conventionl crude] in context,

nuber o ublic interet grou including the sierr

Club, il Chnge nterntionl, Friend o the rth,nd other ked the stte ertent fce o the

nector Generl to invetigte the genc hiring o

m. hi requet bed on m ilure to dicloe

inortion bout it reltionhi ith the oil indutr

in it liction to rere the environentl reort.

For exle, m nered no hen ked i it hd

n direct or indirect reltionhi ith n buine

entit tht could be ected in n b the rooed

ork. yet in the eriod 2009-2012 the fr orking

or ore thn dozen o the lrget energ conie

involved in the Cndin tr nd tht tnd to beneft

i Ketone i built, including xxonmobil, shell, Chevron,

Conocophilli, otl, nd sncrude. 119 m h lo been

involved ince t let 2011 in the alk pieline project,

joint venture o rnCnd nd xxonmobil. 120 a the

sierr Club exlin in letter to the stte ertent, 121

m i eber o the aericn petroleu ntitute

nd er to be ignifcntl engged in the buine

o reerching oil inrtructure roject. a ntionl

trde ocition, ap tted iion i to inuence

ublic olic in uort o trong, vible .s. oil nd

nturl g indutr. ap h been tedt dvo-

cte o Ketone XL nd h continuoul reured the

b dinitrtion to rove the roject.

For econd tie, it er tht the stte ertent

iled to veri it contrctor conict-o-interet tte-

ent. ven ore lring, the stte ertent oted

m technicl rool on it ebite, including the

conict-o-interet quetionnire tht m flled out,

but redcted the roeionl biogrhie o the m

contrctor orking on the KXL evlution. hee biog-

rhie, nd the reltionhi the revel, ho m

reident b ultitel be hi evlution

Ketone XL clite ict on the environentl

nli rered b the stte ertent. t i there-

ore criticl tht thi reort i ccurte nd objective.

hroughout the debte, the b dinitrtion h

intined ublic coitent to be it deciion on

he ct. he stte ertent h reetedl iled

ndte to roduce thorough, unbied evlution

the ieline ict he integrit o Ketone XL

nvironentl ct stteent i oundtionl iue

ht ut be reolved beore the b dinitrtion

eche deciion on hether to grnt preidentil

erit.

at the beginning o the eritting roce, the stte

ertent ced ith the tk o electing

ontrctor to rite the drt s or Ketone XL. he

ertent choe Crdno-ntrix ro lit o contrc-

or recoended b rnCnd. 116 seriou llegtion

conict-o-interet beteen the stte ertent,

rnCnd, nd Crdno-ntrix roe. he ubequent

fce o nector Generl invetigtion ound nuerou

ontrctul nd fnncil reltionhi beteen Crdno-

ntrix nd rnCnd tht hd not been dicloed

e.g., Crdno ntrix hd rered t let our s or

rnCnd ieline nd conducted contrct ork or

rnCnd), but decided tht none creted ctul con-

ict o interet. Hoever, the fce o nector Generl

riticized the stte ertent or iling to do it due

iligence beore hiring Crdno-ntrix, nd required stte

o redeign it conict-o-interet creening roce. 117

ater the b dinitrtion rejected the frtetone XL rool in erl 2012, rnCnd re-

lied or preidentil perit. he stte ertent ut

ut equet or prool to third-rt contrctor

o rere drt suleentl nvironentl ct

tteent (ss). t elected fr clled nvironentl

eource mngeent (m). he drt reort releed

n mrch 2013 concluded tht Ketone XL ould not

ve ignifcnt environentl ict. 118

he roble ith the ss ere evere enough to

ie quetion bout m objectivit. n aril 2013,

the state departments envIronmen talmpact statements are crItIcally flawed

the surgeon Generl relced ith tobcco executive ould ou trut the i

the told ou cigrette re e?roBiN maNN, Board memBer, sierra cluB

secret, Lie, nd miing t: e it inthe Ketone XL pieline

BloomBerg BusiNessweek, July 11, 2013

stte et. Hid Contrctor ie to KetoneXL pieline Con moTher JoNes, mar 21, 2013

stte ertent wtchdog probeKetone XL evie

chrisTiaN scieNce moNiTor, aug 15, 2013

stte et. G Looking into Conict onteret allegtion in KXL evie

PoliTico, aug 15, 2013


14/17


preident b h told the ublic tht he ill reject

the Ketone XL tr nd ieline i it ould ignif-

cntl excerbte the roble o crbon ollution. he

ner to the reident Ketone XL clite chllenge

i cler: the Ketone XL ieline i linchin to tr

nd develoent, nd increed tr nd develo-

ent ould be ditrou or the clite. he reident

ut reject the ieline.

hi reort h deontrted the urgent need or olic-

ker to tke iedite te to reduce the develo-

ent o oil uel. anlt hve id e ut leve 66

to 80 ercent o crbon in the ground to hve chnce

t intining e clite. 134 here i no jutifction

or increing the develoent o ource o oil tht

.s. gencie could be 22 ercent ore crbon-

intenive thn verge oil ued in the .s. 135 when the

ict o exorting etroleu coke nd detroing

the borel oret crbon toring ccit re lo ull

tken into ccount, the increentl eiion o oil ro

tr nd cored to conventionl oil re even greter.

n light o preident b coitent to fgh

clite chnge nd reduce aeric oil ue, it i

cl tht hi dinitrtion ould reject roject t

ould be directl reonible or ignifcnt inc

clite eiion. a thi reort h highlighted,

ert ro clite cientit to energ ecilit

street nlt to the oil indutr itel gree th

Ketone XL i criticl iece o the tr nd u

a Congren wxn nd sentor whitehou

rticulted, the clite chnge eect o the K

XL ieline re not conidered to be ignifcnt, it

uncler hether there i n individul roject in

nited stte tht ould ever be conidered ign

cnt.136 ndividull, leder round the orld u

e hether ecifc roject under their juridic

be id to be ignifcnt. ll o the decide th

countr eiion re dro in the bucket, then

hould n governent reject ne oil uel r

Hoever, i countrie like the nited stte recog

tht jor roject like Ketone XL ill deterin

uture develoent o the orld dirtiet reourc

then e ill tnd ch

o ucceull cobt

terrible thret o irreve

clite chnge. n hi

nugurl addre, pre

b id aeric

orld leder on the

tord utinble en

ource,137 hi leder

begin hen preident

turn ge on the erclite diruting o

preident b ut

the Ketone XL tr

ieline.

conclusIon: we can do better

ort mcmurray, alberta. P: KI KG


15/17


Leton, Je. nburnble Crbon - are the world Finncil mrketCrring Crbon Bubble? Carbon Tracker Initiative. 2012. pg. 2. http://www.carbontracker.org/wp-content/upoads/downoads/2011/07/Unburnabe-Carbon-Fu-rev2.pdf

Cooking the Book: Ho the stte ertent anli gnore the rueClite ct o the Ketone XL pieline. Oil Change International. aril2013. pg. 5. http://prceofo.org/content/upoads/2013/04/Cookng_the_Books_FiNl-SCREEN.pdf

Leher, thn. he clite iliction o the rooed Ketone XLoilnd ieline. Pembina Institute. Jnur 7 2013. pg. 1. http://www.pembna.org/pub/2407

rt suleentl nvironentl ct stteent For the KetoneXL project. United States Department o State. mrch 1 2013. http://keystoneppene-x.state.gov/documents/organzaton/205563.pdf

he stte ertent tte in ection 4.15 g. 106, adjuting the L

reult to include other roduct eiion could incree the dierentilin increentl eiion ro wCsB oil nd cored to the 2005 .s.verge crude oil b roughl 30 ercent.

alo ee Gile, Cnthi. Letter to mr. Joe w. Fernndez nd r. Kerri annJone. United States Environmental Protection Agency. aril 22 2013.http://www.epa.gov/compance/nepa/keystone-x-project-epa-comment-etter-20130056.pdf

Congren wxn nd sentor whitehoue note tht 30% increeo the etited 17% increentl eiion ould ke tr nd 22% oreGHG intenive thn conventionl oil: wxn, Henr. whitehoue, sheldon.Letter to Kerri-ann Jone. Jul 10 2013. http://democrats.energycommerce.house.gov/stes/defaut/es/documents/Jones-State-Dept-Keystone-Xl-2013-7-10.pdf

Hout, mrc. ilnd nd clite chnge: Ho Cnd oilnd re tndingin the o eective clite ction. The Pembina institute. seteber 2011.http://pubs.pembna.org/reports/osands-and-cmate-fs-201109.pdf

stockn, Lorne. petroleu coke: the Col Hiding in the r snd.Oil Change International. Jnur 2013.http://prceofo.org/content/upoads/2013/01/OCi.Petcoke.FiNlSCREEN.pdf

Leton, Je. nconventionl il: scring the botto o the brrel?nited Kingdo: wwF-K, 2008. http://assets.panda.org/downoads/unconventona_o_na_owres.pdf .

O Shae & Tar Sands Programmatc EiS informaton Center. bout TarSands. http://ostses.an.gov/gude/tarsands/ndex.cfm

more inortion bout thi technolog nd it environentl ootrint cnbe ound t: schneider, ick nd sion er. eth b hound Cut:ct o n situ il snd eveloent on albert Borel Foret. albert,Cnd: he pebin ntitute nd Cpaws donton, 2006. http://pubs.pembna.org/reports/1000-cuts.pdf .

0

wter ct. The Pembina Institute.http://www.pembna.org/o-sands/os101/water

ilnd 101: iling. The Pembina Institute.http://www.pembna.org/o-sands/os101/tangs#footnote15_m5r6an

well, Je. nger in the urer: ct on Bird o r snd ileveloent in Cnd Borel Foret Natural Resources Deense Council.eceber 2008. http://www.nrdc.org/wdfe/boreabrds.pdf

ilnd 101: iling. The Pembina Institute.http://www.pembna.org/o-sands/os101/tangs#footnote15_m5r6an

wkefeld, Benjin J. Feeding .s. efner xnion ith irt Fuel. henvironentl ntegrit project. June 2008. . 4. http://envronmentantegrty.org/pdf/pubcatons/Tar_Sand_Report.pdf

world nerg utlook 2012: xecutive sur. OECD/IEA. 2012. pg. 3.http://www.ea.org/pubcatons/freepubcatons/pubcaton/Engsh.pdf

Leton, Je. nburnble Crbon - are the world Finncil mrketCrring Crbon Bubble? Carbon Tracker Initiative. 2012. pg. 2. http://www.carbontracker.org/wp-content/upoads/downoads/2011/07/Unburnabe-Carbon-Fu-rev2.pdf

b, Brck. erk b the preident during re vilbilit inCoenhgen. The White House. eceber 18 2009. http://www.whtehouse.gov/the-press-ofce/remarks-presdent-durng-press-avaabty-copenhagen

Cooking the Book: Ho the stte ertent anli gnore the rueClite ct o the Ketone XL pieline. Oil Change International. aril2013. http://prceofo.org/content/upoads/2013/04/Cookng_the_Books_FiNl-SCREEN.pdf

Cooking the Book: Ho the stte ertent anli gnore the rueClite ct o the Ketone XL pieline. Oil Change International. aril2013. pg. 5. http://prceofo.org/content/upoads/2013/04/Cookng_the_Books_FiNl-SCREEN.pdf

endnotes

41

di, and. orthern Gte m soon eed xtrordinr politiclmeure to survive. Yahoo News. eceber 3 2012. http://ca.news.yahoo.com/bogs/canada-potcs/northern-gateway-ppene-may-soon-extraordnary-potca-measures-183201589.htm

42

il ndutr Fced with seriou Chllenge pieline Fill , wrn. Financial Post. eceber 17 2012. http://busness.nancapost.com/2012/12/17/o-ndustry-faced-wth-serous-chaenge-as-ppenes--up-td-warns/

43

snder, Ji nd ebecc pent. nbridge xnion Could urn ntoKetone-Like Fight. Bloomberg.com. m 2 2013. http://www.boomberg.com/news/2013-05-02/enbrdge-expanson-coud-turn-nto-keystone-ke-ght.htm

44

nerg t pieline: he project. TransCanada.http://energyeast.wpengne.com/about/the-project/

45

Blooberg, Gerrit. tern crude ieline ce rough ride/ Quebec illobject, oliticl cientit redict. The Montreal Gazette. augut 7 2013.http://www.montreagazette.com/busness/Eastern+ppene+draws+opposton/8757750/story.htm

46

rt suleentl nvironentl ct stteent For the Ketone XLproject. United States Department o State. mrch 1 2013. section 1.4. pg. 26.http://keystoneppene-x.state.gov/documents/organzaton/205563.pdf .

47

urbin, heodore. Getting il ut o Cnd: Hev il i xected tost wide nd Voltile. Goldman-Sachs. June 2 2013. pg. 17.http://www.eenews.net/assets/2013/06/10/document_pm_04.pdf

48

nerg night: Ketone XL weighing the utcoe. RBC DominionSecurities. Februr 11 2013.

49

ucker, ptrick. anli: il-b-rin m ot Be subtitute or Ketonepieline. Reuters. http://www.reuters.com/artce/2013/04/18/us-usa-keystone-raroads-dUSBRE93H07i20130418

50

wilkin, oug. ntegrted midtre solution. Gibson Energy Inc. ctober2 2012. pg. 11. http://www.gbsons.com/Doc/Gbson%20Presentaton%20%20TD%20Ra%20Forum%20October%202012.pdf

51

bid.

52

mordnt, icole. anli: Crude-b-ril Crve ut Long-ter orthaericn iche. Reuters. oveber 4 2012. http://www.reuters.com/artce/2012/11/04/us-raways-o-northamerca-dUSBRE830X20121104 .

53

rt suleentl nvironentl ct stteent For the Ketone XLproject. United States Department o State. mrch 1 2013. section 1.4. pg. 49.http://keystoneppene-x.state.gov/documents/organzaton/205563.pdf .

54

s98-2012 albert nerg eerve 2011 nd sul/end utlook20122021.Energy Conservation Resources Board. June 2012. pg. 3-30. http://www.strategywest.com/downoads/ERCB_ST98_2012.pdf

er, sion et l. Beneth the surce. Pembina Institute. Jnur 28 2013.pg. 57. http://www.pembna.org/pub/2404

Ktu, mrin. il price ierentil: Cught Beteen the snd nd thepieline.Forbes. June 6 2012. pg. 3. http://www.forbes.com/stes/%20energysource/2012/06/21/o-prce-dfferentas-caught-between-the-sands-and-the-ppenes/3/

55

2012 Capp Crude il Forect, mrket & pieline xnion. CanadianAssociation o Petroleum Producers. June 2012. http://www.capp.ca/brary/pubcatons/crudeOndOSands/pages/pubinfo.aspx?Docid=209546

56

Getting il out o Cnd: Hev il i xected to st wide ndVoltile. Goldman-Sachs. June 2 2013. pg. 3.http://www.eenews.net/assets/2013/06/10/document_pm_04.pdf

57

Getting il out o Cnd: Hev il i xected to st wide ndVoltile. Goldman-Sachs. June 2 2013. pg. 2.http://www.eenews.net/assets/2013/06/10/document_pm_04.pdf

58

lon, Brd nd Jere vn Loon. Ketone pieline eciion m nuenceil-snd eveloent. Bloomberg BusinessWeek News. mrch 07 2013.http://www.busnessweek.com/news/2013-03-07/keystone-ppene-decson-may-nuence-o-sands-deveopment

59

mcCrth, shn nd thn Vnderklie. without Ketone XL, ilsnd Fce Choke point. The Globe and Mail. June 8 2011. http://www.thegobeandma.com/report-on-busness/ndustry-news/energy-and-resources/wthout-keystone-x-o-sands-face-choke-pont/artce598717/

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thorne, michelle et l. For Cndin Crude il producer, Groth Coing on he pieline. Standard and Poor. June 18 2013. pg 3. http://www.standardandpoors.com/spf/ratngs/C_CO_TCON_2013June18_CdnCrudeOProducers.pdf

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lon, Brd nd Jere vn Loon. Ketone pieline eciion m nuenceil-snd eveloent. Bloomberg Businessweek. mrch 7 2013. http://www.boomberg.com/news/2013-03-07/keystone-ppene-decson-may-nuence-o-sands-deveopment.htm

62

Leer, thn. he clite iliction o the rooed Ketone XLoilnd ieline. Pembina Institute. Jnur 7 2013. pg. 1. http://www.pembna.org/pub/2407

63 Cooking the Book: Ho the stte ertent anli gnore the rueClite ct o the Ketone XL pieline. Oil Change International. aril2013. pg. 5. http://prceofo.org/content/upoads/2013/04/Cookng_the_Books_FiNl-SCREEN.pdf

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wxn, Henr. whitehoue, sheldon. Letter to Kerri-ann Jone. Jul10 2013. http://democrats.energycommerce.house.gov/stes/defaut/es/documents/Jones-State-Dept-Keystone-Xl-2013-7-10.pdf

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unger, pulin. Ketone XL Could Cot societ ver $100 Billion eryer. Oil Change International. m 7 2013. http://prceofo.org/2013/05/07/keystone-x-coud-cost-socety-over-100-bon-per-year/

66

2012 Capp Crude il Forect, mrket & pieline xnion. CanadianAssociation o Petroleum Producers. June 2012. pg. 6. http://www.capp.ca/brary/pubcatons/crudeOndOSands/pages/pubinfo.aspx?Docid=209546

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Cooking the Book: Ho the stte ertent anli gnore thClite ct o the Ketone XL pieline. Oil Change Internatio2013. pg. 4. http://prceofo.org/content/upoads/2013/04/CookngBooks_FiNl-SCREEN.pdf

68

rt suleentl nvironentl ct stteent For the KeXL project. United States Department o State. mrch 1 2013. http:keystoneppene-x.state.gov/documents/organzaton/205563.pdf

he stte ertent tte in ection 4.15 g. 106, adjuting the reult to include other roduct eiion could incree the diein increentl eiion ro wCsB oil nd cored to the 20verge crude oil b roughl 30 ercent.

alo ee Gile, Cnthi. Letter to mr. Joe w. Fernndez nd r. KeJone. United States Environmental Protection Agency. aril 22 20http://www.epa.gov/compance/nepa/keystone-x-project-epa-cometter-20130056.pdf

Congren wxn nd sentor whitehoue note tht 30% io the etited 17% increentl eiion ould ke tr nd GHG intenive thn conventionl oil: wxn, Henr. whitehoue, Letter to Kerri-ann Jone. Jul 10 2013. http://democrats.energychouse.gov/stes/defaut/es/documents/Jones-State-Dept-KeystonXl-2013-7-10.pdf

69

rt suleentl nvironentl ct stteent For the Keproject. United States Department o State. g. 38. mrch 1 2013. hkeystoneppene-x.state.gov/documents/organzaton/205563.pdf

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well, Crlon. obert, J. he Crbon the world Forgot: ConervCcit o Cnd Borel Foret egion to mitigte nd adt tChnge. Boreal Songbird Initiative and Canadian Boreal Initiative.http://www.pewenvronment.org/upoadedFes/PEG/Pubcatons/The%20Carbon%20the%20Word%20Forgot.pdf

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a, m.J. et l. Borel Foret nd undr. Kluwer Academic Puwter, air, nd soil pollution 70: 39-53. 1993. http://cfs.nrcan.gc.ca/bookstore_pdfs/11096.pdf

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Ferguon, Chrit. elon, lizbeth. shern, Geo. urning t

Greenece. mrch 2008. http://www.greenpeace.org/canada/Gocanada/report/2009/10/turnnguptheheat.pdf

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moo, willi. Coent Fro 29 Clite scientit, cologinvironentl Helth scientit on the suleentr s or the XL pieline prool. aril 2 2013. http://etcher.tufts.edu/CiERP/Fetcher/Mcrostes/CiERP/Pubcatons/Xlppene%20EiS%20commscentsts.pdf

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oone, ebecc et. l. il snd mining nd ecltion Cue Lo o petlnd nd stored Crbon. Proceedings o the National o Sciences. mrch 27 2012. vol. 109 no. 13 4933-4937. http://www.content/109/13/4933

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albert il snd: ecltion. Government o Alberta.http://wosands.aberta.ca/recamaton.htm

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er, sion et. l. Beneth the surce. Pembina Institute. Jnurhttp://www.pembna.org/pub/2404

a cited in Oil Sands Reality Checkhttp://osandsreatycheck.org/and-speces-2-2/

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oone, ebecc et. l. il snd mining nd ecltion Cue Lo o petlnd nd stored Crbon. Proceedings o the National o Sciences. mrch 27 2012. vol. 109 no. 13 4933-4937. http://www.content/109/13/4933

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Biello, vid. Ho much will r snd il add to Globl wringScientifc American. Jnur 23 2013. http://www.scentcamercaartce.cfm?d=tar-sands-and-keystone-x-ppene-mpact-on-goba-

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stockn, Lorne. petroleu Coke: he Col Hiding in the r sndOil Change International. Jnur 2013.http://prceofo.org/wp-coupoads/2013/01/OCi.Petcoke.FiNlSCREEN.pdf

80

bid.

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urnbull, vid. nogrhic: piling u Ketone XL petcoke. Oil International. Jul 2013. http://prceofo.org/2013/07/08/png-up-petcoke/

82

stockn, Lorne. petroleu Coke: he Col Hiding in the r sndOil Change International. Jnur 2013.http://prceofo.org/wp-coupoads/2013/01/OCi.Petcoke.FiNlSCREEN.pdf

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bid.

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.s. xort o petroleu Coke (hound Brrel). U.S. Energy Administration. Jul 30 2013. http://www.ea.gov/dnav/pet/hst/leashx?n=PET&s=MCKEXUS1&f=M

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stockn, Lorne. petroleu Coke: he Col Hiding n the r sndOil Change International. Jnur 2013. http://prceofo.org/contenupoads/2013/01/OCi.Petcoke.FiNlSCREEN.pdf

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hi dded.

87

Coent o the sierr Club, et. l., to the ertent o stte onsuleentl nvironentl ct stteent or the rnCndXL pieline. Sierra Club. aril 22 2013. http://swtchboard.nrdc.orgaswft/Comments%20of%20Serra%20Cub,%20et.%20a.,%20on%20Keystone%20Xl%20DSEiS.4.22.13.pdf

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stockn, Lorne. petroleu Coke: he Col Hiding in the r sndChange International. Jnur 2013. pg. 34. http://prceofo.org/wpupoads/2013/01/OCi.Petcoke.FiNlSCREEN.pdf

89

b, Brck. ntervie ith Jckie Cle nd michel . sherYork Times. Jul 27 2013. http://www.nytmes.com/2013/07/28/us/ntervew-wth-presdent-obama.htm?pagewanted=a&_r=1&

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whittington, Le. Cndin still witing on ilnd iion The Star.augut 6 2013. http://www.thestar.com/news/canada/20canadans_st_watng_on_osands_emssons_targets.htm

20

world nerg utlook 2012. OECD/IEA.pg. 241.

21

Biello, vid. Ho much will r snd il add to Globl wring?Scientifc American. Jnur 23 2013. http://www.scentcamercan.com/artce.cfm?d=tar-sands-and-keystone-x-ppene-mpact-on-goba-warmng

22

Brd, aron nd Jck Forret. Ketone XL pieline: o mteril cton s GHG iion. IHS CREA Insight. augut 5 2013. http://hs.newshq.busnesswre.com/stes/hs.newshq.busnesswre.com/es/press_reease/addtona/iHS_Keystone_Xl_GHG_impact.pdf

23

nerg night: Ketone XL weighing the utcoe. RBC DominionSecurities. Februr 11 2013.

24

Crude il Forect, mrket & rnorttion. Canadian Associationo Petroleum Producers. June 5 2013. pg i. http://www.capp.ca/getdoc.aspx?Docid=227308&DT=NTV

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Crude il Forect, mrket & rnorttion. Canadian Association oPetroleum Producers. June 5 2013. pg iv. wCsB ke Ccit v. sul

Forect. http://www.capp.ca/getdoc.aspx?Docid=227308&DT=NTV26

il ndutr Fced with seriou Chllenge pieline Fill , wrn. Financial Post. eceber 17 2012. http://busness.nancapost.com/2012/12/17/o-ndustry-faced-wth-serous-chaenge-as-ppenes--up-td-warns/?__sa=3c00-0470

27

pieline xnion i tionl priorit. TD Economics. eceber 17 2012.http://www.td.com/document/PDF/economcs/speca/ca1212_ppene.pdf [itlic dded]

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Coent o the sierr Club, et. l., to the ertent o stte on the rtsuleentl nvironentl ct stteent or the rnCnd KetoneXL pieline. Sierra Club. section .1.b. aril 22 2013. http://swtchboard.nrdc.org/bogs/aswft/Comments%20of%20Serra%20Cub,%20et.%20a.,%20on%20the%20Keystone%20Xl%20DSEiS.4.22.13.pdf

29

Vn Loon, Jere. nbridge xect eciion on orthern Gte b ndo 2012. Bloomberg News. aril 4 2011. http://orgn-www.boomberg.com/news/2011-04-04/enbrdge-expects-decson-on-northern-gateway-by-end-of-2012.htm

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skuce, ikki. oition to BC oil tnker on the rie. ForestEthics.m 262011. http://forestethcs.org/news/opposton-bc-o-tankers-rse .

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B.C. mke Finl written arguent to orthern Gte pnel. BritishColumbia Newsroom. m 31 2013. http://www.newsroom.gov.bc.ca/2013/05/bc-makes-na-wrtten-argument-to-northern-gateway-pane.htm

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roitch, nielle. he Link Beteen Ketone XL nd Cndin ilndproduction. The Pembina Institute. aril 10 2011.http://www.pembna.org/pub/2194

33

it, Crrie nd thn Vnderklie. Firt tion ig in agint nbridgepieline. The Globe and Mail. m 13 2011. http://www.thegobeandma.com/report-on-busness/ndustry-news/energy-and-resources/rst-natons-dg-n-aganst-enbrdge-ppene/artce2021928/page1/

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roitch, nielle. he Link Beteen Ketone XL nd Cndin ilndproduction. The Pembina Institute. aril 2011. http://www.pembna.org/pub/2194

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mogu, Jon. eend ur Cot. Deend Our Coast. ctober 31 2012. http://defendourcoast.ca/uncategorzed/1488/

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yedlin, eborh.yedlin: it tie or tie-out or the orthern Gte?Calgary Herald. ctober 12 2012. http://www.cagaryherad.com/busness/tme+tme+northern+gateway/7379233/story.htm

ye, Brbr. Brbr ye: ie ut eeded in nbridge pielineebte, Vancouver Sun, ctober 15 2012. http://www.canada.com/busness/2035/Barbara+Yaffe+Tme+needed+Enbrdge+ppene+debate/7393011/story.htm ;

od Love. a Bold w ut? Rod Love Letters: Random observations onpolitics and lie,augut 17 2012. http://rodove.com/ppene-souton-duh/

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