kwame nkrumah university of course objectives science ...kwame nkrumah university of science &...
TRANSCRIPT
9/12/2018
1
Kwame Nkrumah University of
Science & Technology, Kumasi, Ghana
MSE 453/METE 457 CORROSION OF ENGINEERING MATERIALS/
CORROSION AND CORROSION CONTROL
Ing. Anthony Andrews (PhD)Department of Materials Engineering
Faculty of Mechanical and Chemical Engineering
College of Engineering
Website: www.anthonydrews.wordpress.comwww.knust.edu.gh
Course Objectives1. The nature of interactions between materials and environments.
2. Fundamental understanding of electrochemistry relevant to
corrosion phenomena.
3. Identify various forms of corrosion.
4. Provide methodologies for predicting, measuring, and analysing
corrosion performance of materials.
5. Identify practices for the prevention and remediation of corrosion
www.knust.edu.gh
Prerequisite
• Knowledge of electrochemistry/physical chemistry
www.knust.edu.gh
Forms of Assessment
Quizzes 5
Assignments 10
Mid-Semester Exam 15
End Semester Exam 70
Total 100
5
Course OutlineWeek Topic
1
Introduction:
Reactivity types, corrosion definition, forms, effects,
costs, risk management, control measures
1-3
Corrosion thermodynamics:
Corrosion reactions, cell requirements, free
energy change, electrochemical potential, Eh-pH
(Pourbaix) diagrams, Nernst equation, reference
electrodes
4-6
Corrosion kinetics:
Electrical double layer, exchange current density,
activation and mass transport control, mixed potential
theory, polarization diagrams, passivity
7 Mid Semester Exams6
Course Outline
Week Topic
8-9 Forms of corrosion:
Uniform corrosion, pitting corrosion, crevice
corrosion, environmentally induced cracking,
dealloying, intergranular corrosion, erosion corrosion
10-12 Corrosion Control:
Materials selection, thermodynamic control
(cathodic protection), kinetic control (anodic
protection and corrosion inhibitors), protective
coatings
9/12/2018
2
www.knust.edu.gh
7
Recommended Books• No specific text book.
• M. G. Fontana: Corrosion Engineering, McGraw Hill, 1998.
• D. A. Jones: Principles and Prevention of Corrosion,
Macmillan Publ. Co., 1996.
• W. Revie (ed.): Corrosion Handbook, Electrochemical Society
Series, John Wiley and Sons, 2000.
• M. Kutz (ed): Handbook of Environmental Degradation of
Materials, W. Andrew Publ., 2005, NY.
www.knust.edu.gh
8
Reactivity of Engineering Materials• Sublimation
– M (s) → M (g)
• Dissolution– MA (s) → M+ (aq) + A- (aq)
• Oxidation (Dry corrosion)– xM (s) + ½yO2 (g) → MxOy (s)
• Aqueous (Wet) corrosion– M (s) + 2 HA (aq) → MA2 (aq) + H2 (g)
• Erosion-corrosion– Wear influenced corrosion (chemical-mechanical)
• Environmentally assisted cracking– Brittle fracture below yield strength (material-stress-
environment)
www.knust.edu.gh
9
Types of Degradation
• Degradation can be classified into three main categories:
1. Corrosion and oxidation
2. Wear
3. Radiation damage
www.knust.edu.gh
10
Introduction - What is Corrosion?
• Undesirable deterioration of a material due to a reaction with its environment.
– Deterioration => physical deterioration of the material and its properties and thus its performance.
– Generally refers to metals because• highly conductive
• electrochemical reaction
• Materials that can corrode – ceramics, metals, polymers, composites.
www.knust.edu.gh
11
Why Do Metals Corrode?
1. Metals corrode due to chemical pollution/contamination of the environment.
2. Chemically unstable in the environment.
– Metallic elements occur abundantly in nature in their ores (oxides)
– Extractive metallurgy in reverse.
9/12/2018
3
www.knust.edu.gh
The Corrosion Cycle of Steel
www.knust.edu.gh
Metals and their oresMetal Ore
Aluminium Bauxite
Copper Copper pyrite
Iron Haematite, Magnetite
Lead Galena
Magnesium Magnesite, Dolomite
Mercury Cinnabar
Nickel Penllandite
Silver Argentite
Tin Cassiterite
Titanium Rutile, Ilmenite
Zinc Zinc blend, Calamine
www.knust.edu.gh
15
Corrosion resistant metals
• Precious metals (gold, silver, platinum) are found in nature in their metallic state.
• What do these metals have in common?
– Aluminium
– Stainless steel
– Chromium
www.knust.edu.gh
16
Corrosion resistant metals
Anodized titanium ear rings and stainless steel eye glasses.
Anodized Ti
SS
frame
www.knust.edu.gh
17
Degrading Environments
Oxidation Aqueous corrosion
Atmosphere
(rural, marine, industrial)
Atmosphere
(rural, marine, industrial)
Chemical – Gases
(H, O, C, S, Cl, N, etc.)
Soil
(pipelines, storage tanks)
Fresh Water
Sea Water
Chemical – Liquids
(acids, bases, solvents)
Biological (biofilms, human body)
www.knust.edu.gh
18
Atmospheric Corrosion
• Is the deterioration and destruction of materials and its vital properties when exposed to air and its pollutants, rather than immersed in liquid
• Classification:
– Dry – very low humidity
– Dump – created at certain critical humidity level (adsorption of water molecule)
– Wet – associated with dew, ocean spray, rainwater and other forms of water splashing
9/12/2018
4
www.knust.edu.gh
19
Types of atmospheric corrosion
1. Rural
– Least corrosive
– Does not contain chemical pollutants
– Contain organic and inorganic particulates
– Principal corrodents are moisture, oxygen and carbon dioxide
2. Urban
– Similar to rural type with little industrial activity
– Contaminants include SOx and NOx variety from motor
vehicles and domestic fuel emissions
www.knust.edu.gh
20
Types of atmospheric corrosion
3. Industrial
– Associated with heavy industrial processing facilities
– Contain concentration of SO2, chlorides, phosphates, nitrates
4. Marine
– Windswept chloride particles gets deposited on surfaces
– Highly corrosive and strongly depends on wind direction, wind
speed, and distance from coast
– Equivalent environment is created by use of deicing salt on the
road
www.knust.edu.gh
21
Theory of atmospheric corrosion
• Condition: Presence of electrolyte
• Proceeds by balancing anodic and cathodic reactions
– Anodic reaction – dissolution of the metal
• 2Fe = 2Fe2+ + 4e
– Cathodic reaction – oxygen reduction reaction
• O2 + 2H2O + 4e = 4OH-
www.knust.edu.gh
22
Practical variables in atmospheric corrosion
1. Time of wetness (TOW)
– Directly determines the duration of the electrochemical
corrosion processes
– It depends on relative humidity
2. Sulphur dioxide
– Produce from combustion of sulphur containing fossil fuels
– It has high solubility in water
– Forms H2SO4 in surface moisture films
www.knust.edu.gh
23
Practical variables in atmospheric corrosion
3. Chlorides
– Enhance surface electrolyte formation by hygroscopic salts
such as NaCl and MgCl2
– Increases atmospheric corrosion rates
4. Other atmospheric contaminants
– Hydrogen sulphide, hydrogen chloride, and chloride present
in the atmosphere intensifies corrosion rate
5. Temperature
– Effect of temperature on atmospheric corrosion rate is
complex
– Corrosion rate can increase or decrease www.knust.edu.gh
24
Atmospheric Corrosion: Prevention
• Cleaning, and protection from dust
• Drying the atmosphere, and preventing condensation
• Purifying the atmosphere
• Use of corrosion inhibitors
• Protective coatings (wrappings, temporary protective materials,
paint films, surface coatings of metals, polymers or vitreous
enamels, conversion coatings)
• Sacrificial coatings.
9/12/2018
5
www.knust.edu.gh
Classification of Corrosion
• Three major classification system:
– Nature of corrodant
• “Wet” corrosion versus “Dry” corrosion
– Mechanism of corrosion
• Chemical versus Electrochemical
– Appearance of corrosion
• Uniform versus Localised
www.knust.edu.gh
26
Why Worry?
• Waste of resources – energy, manpower and materials
– 1 ton of steel turns to rust every 90 seconds
– 380 kg CO2 emission for every ton of steel
– 50% of every ton of steel is used to replace corroded steel
• Financial losses
– insurance companies paid out US$91 billion in the 1990s for natural disasters
– direct cost of corrosion in the USA in 2001 was US$276 billion (~4% GDP)
– 25% of corrosion cost can be saved using existing technology and knowledge
www.knust.edu.gh
27
Co$t of Corrosion
• Direct cost:
– Replacement of damaged/corroded equipment.
– Use of corrosion resistant alloys.
– Use of coatings and inhibitors.
– Electrochemical protection measures.
• Indirect cost
– Loss of production during plant downtime.
– Loss of product due to leakage.
– Loss of efficiency due to corrosion.
– Overdesign.
– Loss of human lives due to explosion, fire, etc.
Corrosion in Action
28
Corrosion in Action
29
Corrosion in Action
9/12/2018 30
9/12/2018
6
www.knust.edu.gh
Degradation of Wood
• Environmental factors that affect degradation in wood:
• Biological organisms – fungi and insects
• Risk of wetting or permanent contact with water
– Wood is susceptible to attack when the moisture content
exceeds 20%
www.knust.edu.gh
Degradation of Wood
• Physical and mechanical effects of degradation in wood:• Change in cross-sectional dimensions, swelling and shrinkage
• Strength and stiffness decrease as moisture content increases
• Durability is affected
• Coatings can be compromised
www.knust.edu.gh
Degradation of Plastics
• UV light will weaken certain plastics and produce a chalky faded
appearance on the exposed surface
www.knust.edu.gh
Degradation of Metals
• Most metals corrode because they react with oxygen in the
atmosphere, particularly under moist conditions
www.knust.edu.gh
Degradation of Metals
• Ferrous metals are susceptible to oxidation and require ongoing maintenance or they will suffer inevitable structural failure
• Choice of metal, environmental location and design features must
all be considered carefullywww.knust.edu.gh
Corrosion resistant metals
• Some non-ferrous metals are particularly resistant to corrosion
Copper Cladding Zinc Cladding
9/12/2018
7
www.knust.edu.gh
Corrosion Risk Management
• Risk = Probability x Consequence ($)
– What needs to be minimised?
– Include in Design and Operation (maintenance) stages.
Co
nse
qu
ence
Probability
4
3
2
1
A B C D
Extreme Risk –
Extensive risk controls
must be applied
High Consequence Risk –
Risk controls required
Moderate Risk – Some
risk controls required
Low Risk – Risk
controls may be justified
www.knust.edu.gh
Controlling Corrosion
• Materials selection
• Proper design
• Electrochemical protection (cathodic and anodic)
• Inhibitors (organic and inorganic)
• Paints and coatings (metallic and non-metallic)
• Environmental control