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IrinaKuznetsovaOctober,182018 IDMCGeneva
IDPs in Ukraine: intersectionality,vulnerability and exclusion
1491528internallydisplacedpeopleor1217071familiesfromDonbasandCrimeaMSPUkraine23/03/2018
Mapwww.internal-displacement.org 18/09/2017
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ThemajorityofUkraine’sIDPsarepensioners:abreakdownofUkraine’sIDPsandgeneralpopulationbylabour-marketcohorts
Numberofpeopleinneedofhumanitarianassistance(OCHA2017)
3Humanitarianneedsoverview2017Ukraine.November2016.UNOCHAMykhnenko,V.inKuznetsova,Mikheieva,Gulyieva,Dragneva,Mykhnenko‘ThesocialconsequencesofpopulationdisplacementinUkraine:therisksofmarginalizationandsocialexclusion’.2018
SDGdefinedforUkraineaspriorityThelevelofincorporationoftheSDGtargetsintopolicies*
4*Source:Implementingthe2030SustainableDevelopmentGoalsinUkraine:analysisofgovernmentstrategiesandpublicpolicy.ISERKyiv2017http://iser.org.ua/uploads/files/ISED_Resume-ENG_v07%20FINAL.pdf
ResearchMethodologyUkraine'shiddentragedy:Understandingtheoutcomesofpopulationdisplacementfromthecountry'swartornregions’(ArtsandHumanitiesResearchCouncilUK,Kuznetsova- PI,Mikheieva,Dragneva,Gulyieva,Mykhnenko,2016-2018)
• In-depthinterviewswithinternallydisplacedpeopleinLviv,Kyiv,Chernihiv,Kharkiv,Dnipro,Zaporizhia regionsandMariupol(total104)
• Twofocus-groupswithIDPs• SurveyofNGOs(n=138)• InterviewswithrepresentativesofNGOs,civilsociety,authorities,internationalorganizations(n=25)• Regionaleconomicanalysis• Deskresearch,analysisofpolicyandlegaldocuments• Discourse-analysisofpopularwebsitesandtelevisionchannels,popularblogs
• Surveyof1000IDPsand1000nonIDPs(2018)• InterviewswithIDPsandprofessionalsinmentalhealth(2017-2018)
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‘Mentalhealthandwellbeingofinternallydisplacedpeople:copyingtacticsandresilienceinconflict-affectedsocieties’(WellcomeTrustUK,Kuznetsova- PI,Catling,Round,Mikheieva,2017-2018)
Pensions• UkrainiancitizensfromNGCAhavetoregisterasIDPsinordertoreceivepensionsandsocialbenefits(fordisabilityforexample)(from1st ofDecember2014).
• AuthoritiesverifiesIDPsplaceofresidencyinGCAevery6months.
• ‘ThenumberofpersonsfromtheNGCAreceivingpensionsdroppeddramaticallyfrom956,000inJanuary2016to391,000inApril2017,duetoongoingverifications.Thisrepresentsonly30percentofpensionerswhowereresidingintheNGCAinAugust2014.Morethan500,000UkrainianslosttheirpensionssinceJanuary2016.’(UNHCRAugust2017)
• Thedraftlawno.6692waselaboratedbyRightsforProtection,DonbasSOS,UNHCRandotherinternationalandlocalorganizationsandMPsandwasregisteredon12/07/2017.Itaimstode-linkpensionpaymentsfromIDPstatus,ensuringtherighttoapensionirrespectiveoftheplaceofresidence;reduceverificationprocedures.
• TheprocessofreceivingpensiondocumentsfromCrimeatakesfromseveralmonthsforayearasitgoesviaMoscoworKrasnodar.
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Photocredit:BenRobinson
‘Iwillexplainwhytodaytherewasaneedtokeepaccountofinternallydisplacedpersons:becausethereisnowsuchphenomenonas‘pensiontourism’- thatispeoplejustleave,receivepensionsoutsidethisregion,andthencomeback,andwedon'tknowwhothesepeopleare,whytheycomebacktotheanti-terroristoperationzoneandinwhateventstheyareinvolved.’(Denisova,formerMinisterofSocialPolicy,2014)
Monthlyassistanceandandpensions
Checksofplacesofresidence• ‘NowitseemsabitbetterandIcantoprolongmyIDPdocumentwithinaday.Butthentheysaid:wewillbechecking,youhavetositathome.Butitisveryinconvenient,iftheycallandsayyoumustbeathomefor3days.Forexample,IamverypleasedwhenIwasaskedtodistributeleaflets,itissomeincomeforme.IaskifIcancometosocialservicesbymyself,andtheysay– ‘no,youcannot– maybeyoulie,andyougotoDonetskarea.’Thisisveryhard.Itmeanstheydonotbelieveus.Theythinkthatwetravelbackwardsandforwards’.(female,71yearsold,fromHorlovka,livesinKharkiv)
Corruptionandinefficiencyofsocialservices• ‘Ihadproblems.They[socialservices]saidthattheylostafolderwithmydocuments.Ofcourse,becauseIhavetoreceive1600forachild,plus2400asamotherofseveralchildren,so4000overall.Whytopayme?Itisbettertothrowmyfolderviathewindow.Alwayscorruption.Ihaverealisedthattheysimplyhiddenmyfolderbypurpose.Andtherearemanycaseslikethat.Itcallscorruption.’(female,focusgroupinChernihiv)
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PensionsforIDPsfromCrimea:legalquizandviolationofhumanrights• FromI.K.interviewwithAnnaRossomakhina,Helsinki
groupforHumanRights,KyivinJune2017;
• ‘NowadaysthepensionfundofRussiahaspersonaldataofallpensionerswhobecameIDPsinUkraine.Theyhavealldatabase,severalthousandspeople’.
• TheprocessofreceivingpensiondocumentsformCrimeatakesfromseveralmonthsforayearasitgoesviaMoscoworKrasnodar.
Case1.‘Inourpractice,onewomanwithherrelativesleftCrimeain2014.Shehadaseverecancer.ShediedinApril2016.Beforethatshewasinabedforoneandahalfyears.Afterherdeathwerequestedherpensiondocuments,theyarrivedanditwassaidthatthepensionwaspaidtillAugust2016inCrimea.Andtheysaidtorelativesthattheydonothaveanyrightsasallpensionwaspaid’.
Case2.‘Anotheroneamazingcase:aretiredmilitarymanfromUkraineleftCrimeaatthebeginningofApril2014andwenttobemilitaryvolunteer.Hisdataisontribunal,sohecannotcometoCrimeaobviouslyasheisunderthreat.Afterdemobilization,heappliedtobenefitsasainjuredformermilitantasheusedtoreceiveamilitarypension.PensionfundofUkrainerequestedRussianMinistryofDefenceandFederalSecurityServicesandprovidedthemwithhiscurrentplaceofresidency.AfterayeartherewasaresponsefromCrimeathathewasreceivinghispensioninCrimeaalltimewhenhewasfightinginDonbas.Andwhatisinteresting,itwassignedbythecolonelBalabanov whoisaformerlyworkedforSecurityServiceofUkraineandnowworksinRussianFSS’.
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Lackofadequateandaffordablehousing• MostIDPsliveinrentedapartments.Thelivingconditionsinmanycasesarenotappropriateinrelationtofamilysizeand/orspecialneeds• TorentanapartmentisverydifficultbecauseownersdonotwanttorentitforIDPsandalsotheyoftenincreaseapriceforIDPs.• InsometownsthemarketofapartmentsbecameverytightbecauseofanumberofIDPs
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‘Youcannotintegrateintosocietywithouthousing.Youalwayslivewithsuitcases.Ownersalwayslookandiftheyfeelyouhavestabilitytheyputthepriceoftherentup.Whichplanscouldyoumake?Nothingreallyisyoudonothaveanystability.…whenyouareelderly,andtouchwoodwillgetsick– whichlandlordwouldkeepyouinaflat?Itisveryfrustrating.’(Female,58yearsold,fromLuhanskoblast,livesinKharkiv)
Photocredit:BenRobinson
Lackofadequateandaffordablehousing
• DormitoriesprovidedbythestateforIDPswerenotabletoaccommodateeveryoneinneed,nowsomeareclosingdown.TheIDPssocialbenefitisnotenoughtopayfortherent.• ThesituationwithhousingisstopelderlypeopletomovefromNGCA.• Thenecessitytopayfortherent,difficultiesofemploymentforcemanyfamiliestomovebacktoNGCA
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Photocredit:BenRobinson
’Wewereofferedtomovetodifferentcity– toSumyorKryvyiRih,Idonotremembernow.Butwearenotstraymusicians,rights?Wearetemporally displacedpeople.Whenthewarwillbefinishedwewillgobackhome. (…)WherecouldIgotoanothercity?Childrengotokindergarten.Lena– tokindergarten,Irina– toschool,Anna- tocollege.Olga– inspitethefactthatshehasdisability,hasabronchialasthma,shewenttoworktothefactoryinformally.Whattodo?IwouldliketoworkbutIcannotphysically,Ihavesuchareardisease,oneforamillionpeople.’(female,50yearsold,fromAlcheevsk,livesinChuhuevoKharkivoblast,nameshavebeenchanged)
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The State is ready to subsidize 50 % of cost of buying new accommodation for IDPs.However, in 2018 there is only enough money for 350 families, when in a list are over3000. Furthermore, Bank policy is that applicants have to have a very high formal salary.
Photocredit:BenRobinson
Health,disabilitiesandborders
‘Myfather[livesinNGCA]wasinjuredinacoalminein2001,hebarelysurvived andreceiveddisabledstatus.ButthenhewasnotabletoprolongitinUkraineashewasduethreeyearsagobeforethewar[inUkrainepeoplewithdisabilitieshastore-registeredtheirstatusregularly].ThenwetriedtodoitinKyivbuttheydonothaveanexpertiseincoalmineinjuries.(…)Mygrandmahaschronicaldiseases.It’sverydifficult,fatherhastogotoMariupoltobuyamedicineforherbecauseitis3timesmoreexpensivethere.Herconditionbecameworseallthetimeastherearenoqualifieddoctors.’(male,27years old,lives in Kyiv,from Donetsk)
Allinformantsinourresearchhadtopayformedicineswhilebeinginhospitalsandforax-rayfilms.OnefifthofthosewhoaddressedmedicalhelpfaceddifficultiesthattheyhavenotbeenregisteredinthatmedicalcentresorwasnotabletoprovidethedocumentofIDP.
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HealthissuesreportedbyIDPsandnot-displacedpopulation(%)
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7.4
18.5
0.3
1.4
6.1
3.6
1.21.7
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6.97.5
00.5
2.2
0.5 0.3 0.1
7.7
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
18
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Blind Mobility Learningdifficulty Speech Deaf ManualDexterity Mentalillness Cognitivedisability Otherimpairment
Displaced% non-displaced%
Surveyof1000IDPsand1000non-IDPsacrossgovernmentcontrolterritoryofUkraine,August-September2018
Mentalhealth
• ‘Whenwejustarrivedweaddressedtopsychotherapist.Wehadsomemedicine.Becausethisendlessanxietywedidnotsleepatall.Andthenwestartedtosleep,butthenitbecameworse,andallthreeofus[she,herhusbandandson]hadmedicine.Wetookitbutoursonstillhasananxietyanddoesnotsleepwellatall.Thereisnotstabilityatall,itisalluncertain.Also,nopeoplewithwhomyoucanjusttalkandsharesomememories.Itisjustanageanddifficulttomakenewfriends.’(Female,58yearsold,fromLuhanskoblast,livesinKharkiv)• ‘Specialists[psychologists]cried.AssoonasIbegantotalkingtothemtheystartingtocryandask’juststopit’.Isay,well,maybeyouhavetobefiredandsomebodyelsecouldhelpthen?’(laughing)(Male,36yearsold,fromDebaltsevo,livesinKharkiv,hasasevereinjuryfromwarandhismotherwaskilled)
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MentalhealthGeneralAnxietyDiagnosisSignificantlyhigherindisplacedcohort13.4 vs12.1 (absolutescores)Clinicallysignificantwith37%(IDPs)vs25% (nonIDPs)withsevereAnxiety
DepressionSignificantlyhigherindisplacedcohort16.2 vs14.5 (absolutescores)Clinicallysignificantwith25% (IDPs)vs14% (nonIDPs)‘severely’depressed
SeekinghelpAmongthosewhosufferfromanxietyanddepression21.7%ofIDPsvs9.5%nonIDPs
15Photocredit:BenRobinson
Surveyof1000IDPsand1000non-IDPsacrossgovernmentcontrolterritoryofUkraine,August-September2018
‘Whatdoyouusuallydowhenyoufeeldistressedforalongtime?’(%,bothIDPsandnonIDPs)
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1.2
2.8
4.8
6
14
16.7
19.4
21
22.8
35.3
45
63.7
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70
Talkwithhealers
TalktoPsychologist
Theatre/gallery
Helpingothers
Exercise/Sport
Alcohol/Smoking
Medicine
Gardening
Church
Walking/hiking
Music/films
Talktofriends
Surveyof1000IDPsand1000non-IDPsacrossgovernmentcontrolterritoryofUkraine,August-September2018
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Surveyof4290personscrossingthe‘lineofcontact’inthefiveoperatingEECPslocatedinDonetsk(EECPsMaiorske,Marinka,Hnutove andNovotroitske)andLuhansk(Stanytsia Luhanska)Oblasts(UN,RightforProtectionJune-July2017)
Internaldriversofreturnafterforceddisplacement
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Lackofappropriateandaffordable
housing
Suspensionofpensions/lowpensions
Decreasinglevelandqualityoflife
Lossofsenseofbelongingtothehostregionandtocountry
Practicingvariouscopyingtacticsin
hostareas
Life’between’hostareasandwarareas
Returntowar-tornareas
Lackofinformalnetworksandpeer-
support
Lackofaccesstojustice,‘deskbureaucracy’
