Gender & Development

Kuliah 10 :

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BAHAN BACAANBuku Wajib W.M. Adam. 2009. Green Development : Environment and

Sustainbility in the Developing Worlds (3rd editions) New York: Routledge

Arief Budiman. 2000. Teori Pembangunan Dunia Ketiga. Gramedia Pustaka Utama. Jakarta

Referensi Lain Ambar Tadang, Ekonomi Pembangunan. PT. Bina Ilmu. 1981.

SurabayaMansur Fikih. 2001. Runtuhnya teori pembangunan. LKIS.

YogyakartaWarjio. 2013. Politik Pembangunan Islam. Perdana Publishing.

Medan

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TUJUAN INSTRUKSIONAL KHUSUSSetelah mempelajari bab ini, anda diharapkan dapat:1. Pengertian gender2. Teori gender dan pembangunan3. Gender stereotipe4. Gender ideologi5. Gender dalam equality dan inequality6. Gender dan kekuasaan7. Keterbatasan gender8. Gender dan pendidikan

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DESKRIPSI SINGKAT• Dalam perkuliahan ini, anda akan membahas

tentang pengertian gender• Bagian selanjutnya, akan mempelajari tentang

teori gender dan pembangunan, gender stereotipe serta ideologi gender

• Bagian akhir perkuliahan, akan mempelajari tentang gender dalam equality dan inequality, gender dan kekuasaan, keterbatasan gender serta gender dan pendidikan

Introduction GenderGender• one of the universal dimensions

on which status differences are based.

• is a social construct specifying the socially and culturally prescribed roles that men and women are to follow.

Sex • is a biological concept.

Theories of Gender Development

• Social Learning Theory; Proponents of this theory believe that parents, as distributors of reinforcement, reinforce appropriate gender role behavior.

• Cognitive-Developmental Theory; This is derived from Kohlberg's speculations about gender development.Children begin the process of acquiring gender-appropriate behavior.

• Gender Schema Theory; This is derived from Kohlberg's speculations about gender development. Children begin the process of acquiring gender-appropriate behavior.

Stage Characterized by:Sensori-motor (Birth-2 yrs)

Differentiates self from objects

Recognizes self as agent of action and begins to act intentionally.

Pre-operational (2-7 years)

Learns to use language and to represent objects by images and words.

Concrete operational (7-11 years)

Can think logically about objects and events

Classifies objects according to several features and can order them in series along a single dimension such as size.

Formal operational

(11 years and up)

Becomes concerned with the hypothetical, the future, and ideological problems

Gender Schema Theoryo helps a child to develop gender

identity & formulate an appropriate gender role.

Schemao is a mental blueprint for

organizing information, and children develop and formulate an appropriate gender.

What is Gender Stereotyping?o is defined as the beliefs humans

hold about the characteristics associated with males and females.

o Problems in Gender Stereotyping• When characteristics associated

with a particular gender have a negative image.

• When a unique individual is assumed to have all the characteristics associated with his/her gender.

Gender Ideologies-attitude toward men & women

role.• Traditional Gender Ideology; Maintains that men sphere is work and women sphere is the home. The implicit assumption is that men have greater power than women.

• Egalitarian Gender Ideology; Maintains that power is distributed equally between men and women and that each group identifies equally with the same spheres.

• Transitional; Maintains that power is distributed equally between men and women and that each group identifies equally with the same spheres.

Gender and Equality• Gender Equality; between women

and men is a worthy goal that is central to progress in human development.

• “The Creation of Patriarchy” by Gerda Lerner; gender is the “costume, a mask, a straitjacket in which men & women dance their unequal dance.”

• “The Gender Question” by Alan Wolfe”of all the ways that one rooted than the way men have subordinated women.”

Gender and Inequality• 4 themes characterize feminist theorizing

of gender inequality:1.Men and Women are situated in society

unequally.2.Organization of society.3.No significant pattern of natural variation

distinguishes the sexes.4.All inequality theories assume fairly easily

and naturally to more egalitarian social structures.

Gender and Power Gender; refers to the different ways

men & women play in society, & to the relative power they wield.

Power; is a basic fabric of society & is possessed in varying degrees by social actors in diverse social categories.

“Essays in Sociology” by Max Weber; he defined power as the likelihood a person may achieve personal ends despite possible resistance from others.

Status resources Experience Self-confidence

Determinants of power:

Gender and Education Investing in Education is seen as

one of the fundamental ways in which nation states and their citizens can move toward long-term development goals and improve both social and economic standards of living.