kshitij report

8/11/2019 Kshitij Report

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PROJECT REPORT

On

NTPC , Dadri:

CONTROL AND INSTRUMENTATION

&

SATELLITE COMMUNICATION

SUBMITTED by: UNDER GUIDANCE OF:

Kshitij Bhardwaj (11 !"#1 $%& A'K' ra)adi*

B'T+,h ECE " th S+)' AGM(-R&

STUDENT NO':11#1 #"


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TABLE OF CONTENTS

CONTENTS

Certificate

Ackn !"ed#e$ent

INTRODUCTION

NT C COM AN. ROFI/E

STATION AT A G/ANCE

O0+r0i+w 2 r3a4i5ati 4

A6t )ati 4 a4d C 4tr 7

SATE//ITE COMMUNICATION O8ER8IE9

- w it w r*s

Ty +s 2 sat+77it+ Ty +s 2 rbits

Fr+;6+4,y ba4ds

8ER. SMA// A ERTURE TERMINA/

8SAT syst+) ar,hit+,t6r+

8SAT t 7 3i+s

' -6b stati 4

CENTRA/ SATE//ITE EART- STATION NT C NOIDA

S +,i2i,ati 4s

CSES b7 ,* dia3ra)

F64,ti 4i43 2 CSES

8ari 6s s6bsyst+)s

M67ti 7+ a,,+ss s,h+)+s

I) 7+)+4ti43 8SAT

NT C NET9ORK TODA.

CONC/USION


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AJA% UMAR 'AR' EN'INEERIN' COLLE'E

!"KM STONE?! 1 @

TRAININ' CERTIFICATE

This is t ,+rti2y that Mr' KS-ITI B-ARAD9A S S-RI 8IRENDRA KUMAR S-ARMA

st6d+4t 2 A A. KUMAR GARG ENGINEERING CO//EGE Bt+,h # rd yr ECE bra4,h has 64d+r 3 4+

I4d6stria7 trai4i43 4 th+ t i, CONTRO/ AND INSTRUMENTATION AND SATE//ITE

COMMUNICATION 2r ) ! ! 1 t !1 " ! 1 '

G ' Ca t'(R+td& 'K'Ch ra 8SM G ' Ca t'(R+td& 'K'Ch ra 8SM

HOD- ECE Prof. & HOD T&P


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NATIONAL T ERMAL PO(ER CORPORATION

COMPAN) PROFILE

*+ O-er-ie! f Or#ani.ati n

I4dia s 7ar3+st w+r , ) a4y< NT C was s+t 6 i4 1@"$ t a,,+7+rat+ w+r d+0+7 )+4t i4 I4dia' NT C is

+)+r3i43 as a di0+rsi2i+d w+r )aj r with r+s+4,+ i4 th+ +4tir+ 0a76+ ,hai4 2 th+ w+r 3+4+rati 4 b6si4+ss'

A art 2r ) w+r 3+4+rati 4< whi,h is th+ )ai4stay 2 th+ , ) a4y< NT C has a7r+ady 0+4t6r+d i4t

, 4s67ta4,y< w+r tradi43< ash 6ti7i5ati 4 a4d , a7 )i4i43' NT C ra4*+d #1"th i4 th+ ! @< F rb+s G7 ba7

! ra4*i43 2 th+ 9 r7d s bi33+st , ) a4i+s'

Th+ t ta7 i4sta77+d ,a a,ity 2 th+ , ) a4y is #1


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B6si4+ss r ,+ss bas+d 4 E4t+r ris+ R+s 6r,+ 7a44i43 6si43 SA AG r d6,t'

Ser-ice/ c -ered inc"0de t1e f "" !in#:

1& NT C /td has )a4dat+d G+r)a4 b6si4+ss s 2twar+ )aj r SA s+7+,ti43 its +4tir+ ) d67+ a4d has

i 4++r+d as 2irst r3a4i5ati 4 i4 th+ , 64try t i) 7+)+4t a77 ) d67+s' ER s 2twar+ a,*a3+ that has

h+7 +d NT C i4 2 r b+tt+r , 4tr 7 0+r a h st 2 b6si4+ss a,ti0iti+s s6,h as r d6,ti 4< sa7+s< Mat+ria7

)a4a3+)+4t< C di2i,ati 4 2 It+)s< 7a4t O +rati 4 Ma4a3+)+4t< C6st )+r R+7ati 4 Ma4a3+)+4t TPC

p roject s a re t a ?e n c a re of t " ro' g " well d ra wn e "a# ilita tion and e s ettleme n tpo licie s.

T" e c om pan ( "as a lso t a ?e n 'p d is tri #' te d ge n er a tion fo r rem o te r ' ra l a re as.

ENV IR ONMEN T ! "O! IC #

> TPC is c ommitte d t o t " e e n ir on me n t, ge n er a tin g po wer a t mi n im a l e n ir on me n t a lcos t and p re s er i n g t " e ec o log( i n t " e ici n it( of t " e p lan t s. > TPC "as 'nd ert a ?e n m ass i e a fo re s ta tion in t " e ici n it( of it s p lan t s. Plan ta tions "a e i n cre as e d fo re s t a re aand re d' ce d #a rre n land. T " e m ass i e a fo re s ta t i o n # ( > TPC in a nd a ro ' nd its

a m a g 'nda m P o wer s ta t i on 2 @ 55 6 3 "a e c on t r i #' te d re d' ci n g t " e te m p er a t ' r e i nt" e a re a s # ( a#o' t B c . > TPC "as a lso t a ?e n p roa cti e s te ps fo r as" ' tili ,a tion. n ,it s et 'p As" Ftili ,a tion Di i s ion


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A $Ce nt re % o r " o &er E%% ic ie n c y an' En v ir on (e nt "r ot ec tion - C EN " EE$ "as # ee n e s ta# lis" e d in > TPC wit " t " e ass is tan ce of F n ite d / ta te s Age n c( fo r n ter na tiona lDe el op me n t - F / A D. CE>P EEP is e G icie n c( o rie n te d , ec o-f rie nd l( and ec o-n' rt ' rin gin itia ti e - a s (m #o l of > TPC!s c on cer n t o wa rds e n ir on me n ta l p ro tecti on and c on tin' e d co mmitme n t t o s's ta ina# le po wer d e el op me n t i n nd ia.

As a re spons i# le c o rpo ra te citi , e n , > TPC is m a ?i n g c ons tan t e Gort s t o im p ro e t " e so cio-

ec ono mic s ta t 's of t " e p e op le aff ecte d # ( it s p roj ect s. T" ro' g " it s e "a# ilita tion and e s ettleme n t p ro gr a mme s , t " e c om pan ( e nd e a o rs t o im p ro e t " e o er a ll so cio ec ono mic s ta t 's Pr oj ect A G ecte d Per sons.

> TPC w as a m on g t " e f irs t P '# lic / ect o r En ter p ris e s t o e n ter i n to a em o rand' m of F nd er s tand in g - OF wit " t " e 7 o er n me n t i n 4 -44 . > TPC "as # ee n p la ce d 'nd er t " e!E1 celle n t c a teg o r(! 2t" e # e s t c a teg o r( 3 e er( (e a r s in ce t " e OF s ( s tem # ec a meop er a ti e .

Ha rm on ( # etwee n m an and e n ir on me n t i s t " e e ss e n ce of " e a lt" ( li f e and gr o wt ". T" ere fo re, m a in te nan ce of ec o lo gic a l #a lan ce and a p ris tin e e n ir on me n t "as # ee n of ' tm os t im po rt an ce t o > TPC. t "as # ee n t a ?i n g a rio's me as' re s d is c 'ss e d # el o w fo rmitig a tion of e n ir on me n t po ll' tion d' e t o po wer ge n er a tion.

NT"C is the secon' largest o&ner o% trees in the country a%ter the )orest 'epart(ent*

En v iron( e nt "o lic y + E nvi r on( e nt Ma n ag e (e n t S y st e (Dri e n # ( it s c ommitme n t fo r s's ta ina# le gr o wt " of po wer, > TPC "as e o l e d a welld e f in e d e n ir on me n t m ana geme n t po lic( and so'nd e n ir on me n t p ra ctice s fo rmi n imi , in g e n ir on me n ta l im pa ct a ris in g o' t of s etti n g 'p of po wer p lan ts and p re s er i n g t " e na t ' ra l ec o log( .

N T"C En v iron( e n t " oli c yAs e a rl( as in > o em # er 9, > TPC # ro' g " t o' t a c o m p re " e ns i e do c ' me n t e n title d I> TPC En ir on me n t P o lic( and En ir on me n t ana geme n t / ( s temI . Am on g s t t " e g ' id in gp rin cip le s adop te d in t " e do c ' me n t a re c o m pan (! s p roa cti e app roa c" t o e n ir on me n t,op tim ' m ' tili ,a tion of e J' ip me n t, adop tion of la te s t tec "no lo gie s and c on tin'a le n ir on me n t im p ro eme n t . T" e po lic( a lso e n i sa ge s e G icie n t ' tili ,a tion of re so' rce s ,t" ere # ( mi n imi , in g w as te, m a1 imi , in g as".

En v iron( e nt M a n age( e nt, O cc u pa t io n al e alth an' S a % e tySy s te( s :


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> TPC "as a cti el( g on e fo r adop tion of # e s t i n ter na tiona l p ra ctice s on e n ir on me n t,occ 'pa tiona l " e a lt" and saf et( a re as. T" e o rg an i,a tion "as p' rs' e d t " e En ir on me n ta l

ana geme n t / ( s tem 2E /3 /O K55 and t " e Occ 'pa tiona l He a lt" and /af et(Ass e ss me n t / ( s tem OH/ A/ 455 a t it s d iff ere n t e s t a# lis" me n ts. As a re s' lt of p' rs' in gt" e s e p ra ctice s , a ll > TPC po wer s ta tions "a e # ee n certi f ie d fo r /O K55 & OH/ A/ 455 # ( re p' te d na tiona l and in ter na tiona l Certi f (i n g Age n cie s.

" o ll u t ion C o nt r ol s y s te ( s:6 " ile d eci d in g t " e app rop ria te tec "no lo g( fo r it s p roj ect s , > TPC in tegr a te s m an (e n ir on me n ta l p ro i s ions in to t " e p lan t d e s ig n. n o rd er t o e ns' re t "a t > TPC c om p l( wit " a ll t " e s tip' la te d e n ir on me n t no rm s , a rio's s ta te -of- t" e -a rt po ll' tion c on tr o l s ( s tem s = d e ice s as d is c 'ss e d # el o w "a e # ee n ins ta lle d t o c on tr o l a ir and w a ter po ll' tion.

Electr o s t at ic "r e c ipi t a t ors: T" e as" le f t # e " ind af ter c o m #'s tion of c oa l is a rre s te d in " ig " e ff icie n c( Electr os ta ticPreci p ita t o rs 2E/ P


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2 E + 2S S y ste ( s:D's t E1 tr a cti on 2DE3 and D's t /'pp re ss ion 2D/3 s ( s tem s "a e # ee n ins ta lle d in a ll c oa lf ire d po wer s ta tions in > TPC t o c on ta in and e 1 tr a ct t " e f' giti e d's t rele as e d in t " e Coa lHand lin g Pl an t 2CHP3.

Co o ling T o&er s :Coo lin g To wer s "a e # ee n p ro i d e d fo r c oo lin g t " e "o t Cond e ns er c oo lin g w a ter i n clos e d c(cle Cond e ns er Coo lin g 6 a ter 2CC6 3 / ( s tem s. T" is " el ps in re d' cti on in t" erm a l po ll' tion and c ons er a tion of f re s" w a ter .

sh 2y / es + sh 2 is p o s al syst e (s:As" ponds "a e # ee n p ro i d e d a t a ll c oa l #as e d s ta tions e 1ce p t Dad ri w " ere Dr( A s" Disposa l / ( s tem "as # ee n p ro i d e d. As" Ponds "a e # ee n d i i d e d in to la g oons and

p ro i d e d wit " g a rland in g a rr an geme n ts fo r c "an ge o er of t " e as" s l' rr( f ee d po in ts fo re e n f illin g of t " e pond and fo r e G ecti e s ettleme n t of t " e as" pa rticle s.

As" in s l' rr( fo rm i s d is c"a rge d in to t " e l a g oons w " ere as" pa rticle s get s ettle d f ro m t " es l' rr( and cle a r e G l' e n t w a ter i s d is c"a rge d f ro m t " e as" pond. T" e d is c"a rge d e G l' e n ts confo rm t o s tanda rds sp eci f ie d # ( CPC* and t " e sa me i s reg ' la rl( m on ito re d.

At it s Dad ri P ower / ta tion , > TPC "as s et 'p a 'n iJ' e s ( s tem fo r d r( as" c o llecti on andd isposa l fa cilit( wit " As" o'nd fo rm a tion. T" is "as # ee n e n i sa ge d fo r t " e f irs t timein As ia w " ic" "as re s' lte d in p rogre ss i e d e el op me n t of gree n # elt # e s id e s fa r le ss

re J' ireme n t of land and le ss w a ter re J' ireme n t as c om pa re d t o t " e wet as" d isposa ls ( s tem .

sh 3 a ter R e cycl ing S y ste ( :+' rt " er, i n a n' m # er of > TPC s ta tions , as a p roa cti e me as' re, A s" 6 a ter ec(cli n g/ ( s tem 2A6 /3 "as # ee n p ro i d e d. n t " e A6 / , t " e e G l' e n t f rom as" pond is circ ' la te d #a c? t o t " e s t a tion fo r f' rt " er as" s l' icin g t o t " e as" pond. T" is " el ps in sa i n g s of f re s" wa ter re J' ireme n t s fo r tr anspo rt a tion of as" f rom t " e p lan t .

T" e as" w a ter rec(cli n g s ( s tem "as a lre ad ( # ee n ins ta lle d and is in op er a tion a ta m a g 'nda m, / im "ad ri, i "and , Ta lc" er M an i"a , Ta lc" er T" erm a l, M a"a lg aon , M o r#a and Nind" ( a c"a l. T" e s c" eme "as " el p e d s ta tions t o sa e "' ge J'an tit( of f re s" w a terre J' ire d as m a ?e -'p w a ter fo r d isposa l of as".

2 ry sh E4t r a c tion Syst e ( 5 2 ES6:Dr( as" "as m ' c" " ig " er ' tili ,a tion po te n tia l in as"-#as e d p rod' ct s 2s' c" as # ric? s ,a er a te d a' to cla e d c on crete # loc? s , c on crete, P o rtl and po,,o lana ceme n t, etc .3. DAE/ "as # ee n ins ta lle d a t F n c"a"a r, Dad ri, / im "ad ri, a m a g 'nda m, / in gr a' li, M a"a lg aon ,


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+a ra ?? a , Ta lc" er T" erm a l, M o r#a , Nind" ( a c"a l, Ta lc" er M an i"a and * TP/.

! i7u i ' 3 a s te T re a t(e n t " la n ts + M a na g e(e n t S y ste ( : T" e o#j ecti e of ind's tri a l liJ' id e G l' e n t tre a tme n t p lan t 2ETP3 is t o d is c"a rge le ss er and cle an er e G l' e n t f ro m t " e po wer p lan t s t o meet e n ir on me n ta l reg ' la tions. Af ter p rim a r(tre a tme n t a t t " e so' rce of t " eir ge n er a tion , t " e e G l' e n t s a re s e n t t o t " e ETP fo r f' rt " ertre a tme n t . T" e c o m pos ite li J' id e ff l' e n t tre a tme n t p lan t "as # ee n d e s ig n e d t o tre a t a llliJ' id e ff l' e n ts w " ic" o rigi na te wit " in t " e po wer s ta tion e .g . 6 a ter T re a tme n t Pl an t26 TP3, Cond e nsa te P o lis" in g F n it 2CPF 3 e ff l' e n t,Coa l Hand lin g Pl an t 2CHP3 e G l' e n t, f loo r w as" in g s , s er ice w a ter d ra ins etc . T" es c" eme i n o l e s c o llecti on of a rio's e ff l' e n t s and t " eir app rop ria te tre a tme n tce n tr a ll( and re -circ ' la tion of t " e tre a te d e G l' e n t fo r a rio's p lan t 's e s.

> TPC "as im p leme n te d s' c" s ( s tem s in a n' m # er of it s po wer s ta tions s' c" as a m a g 'nda m, / im "ad ri, M a ( a m? ' la m, / in gr a' li, i "and , Nind" ( a c"a l, M o r#a , "ano r7 and"a r, +a rida#ad , +a ra ?? a , M a"a lgaon and Ta lc" er M an i"a. T" e s e p lan t s "a e " el p e d t o con tr o l J'a lit( and J'an tit( of t " e e G l' e n t s d is c"a rge d f rom t " e s ta tions.

Se & age Tr e at( e nt "l a nts + ) a cil itie s :/ ew a ge T re a tme n t Pl an ts 2/T Ps3 s ew a ge tre a tme n t fa cilitie s "a e # ee n p ro i d e d a t a ll

> TPC s ta tions t o t a ?e c a re of / ew a ge EG l' e n t f ro m Pl an t and t owns" ip a re as. n a n' m # er of > TPC p roj ect s m od er n t( p e /T Ps wit " Cla rif loc ' la to rs , ec "an ica l Agit a to rs ,s l'd ge d r(i n g # e ds , 7 as Co llecti on C"a m # er s etc "a e # ee n p ro i d e d t o im p ro e t " ee ff l' e n t J'a lit( . T" e e G l' e n t J'a lit( i s m on ito re d reg ' la rl( and tre a te d e G l' e n tconfo rmi n g t o t " e p re s cri # e d limit i s d is c"a rge d f rom t " e s ta tion. At s e er a l s ta tions ,tre a te d e G l' e n t s of /T Ps a re # ei n g 's e d fo r "o rtic ' lt ' re p' rpos e .

En v iron( e n t al Instit u t io n al S e t -up:e a li, in g t " e im po rt an ce of p ro tecti on of t " e e n ir on me n t wit " sp ee d ( d e el op me n t of t" e po wer s ect o r, t " e c om pan ( "as c ons tit ' te d d iG ere n t gr o'ps a t p roj ect, regi ona l and Co rpo ra te Ce n tre le el t o c a rr( o' t sp eci f ic e n ir on me n t rel a te d f'n cti ons. T" eEn ir on me n t ana geme n t 7r o'p , As" Ftili sa tion 7r o'p and Ce n tre fo r P o wer EG icie n c( &En ir on me n t Pr o tecti on 2CE>P EEP3 f'n cti on f ro m t " e Co rpo ra te Ce n tre and in itia teme as' re s t o mitig a te t " e im pa ct of po wer p roj ect im p leme n ta tion on t " e e n ir on me n tand p re s er e ec o lo g( i n t " e ici n it( of t " e p roj ect s. En ir on me n t ana geme n t and As" Ftili sa tion 7r o'ps e s ta# lis" e d a t e a c" s ta tion , l oo ? af ter a rio's e n ir on me n ta l iss' e s of


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t" e i nd i i d'a l s t a tion .

En v iron( e nt Re v ie & s: To m a in ta in c ons t an t igil on e n ir on me n ta l c o m p lian ce, En ir on me n ta l e iew s a reca rrie d o' t a t a ll op er a tin g s ta tions and reme d ia l me as' re s "a e # ee n t a ?e n w " ere ern ece ssa r( . As a f ee d#a c? and fo llow -'p of t " e s e En ir on me n ta l e iew s , a n' m # er of retr of it and 'p- gr ada tion me as' re s "a e # ee n 'nd ert a ?e n a t d iff ere n t s ta tions.

/' c" p eri od ic En ir on me n ta l e iew s and e 1 te ns i e m on ito rin g of t " e fa cilitie s c a rrie do' t a t a ll s ta tions "a e " el p e d in c om p lian ce wit " t " e e n ir on me n ta l no rm s and timel(re n ew a l of t " e Air and 6 a ter Cons e n t s.

3 as t e Ma n age( en tNa rio's t( p e s of w as te s s' c" as 'n icipa l o r do me s tic w as te s , "a,a rdo's w as te s , *i o-e d ica l w as te s get ge n er a te d in po wer p lan t a re as , p lan t "osp ita l and t " e t o wns" ips of p roj ect s. T" e w as te s ge n er a te d a re a n' m # er of so lid and "a,a rdo's w as te s li?e 's e d o ils & w as te o ils , gre as e,le ad a cid #a tterie s , o t" er le ad # e a rin g w as te s 2s' c" as g a r?et s etc .3, o il & cl a rif ier s l'd ge, 's e d re s in , 's e d p"o to- c" emic a ls , as# e s tos pa c?i n g, e -was te, met a l s cr ap , C& w as te s , electrici a l s cr ap , em p t( c(li nd er s 2re f illa# le 3, pap er,r '## er p rod' ct s , c an tee n 2#io-d egr ada# le 3 w as te s , #' id lin g m a teri a l w as te s , s ilica gel,gl ass w oo l, f's e d la m ps & t '# e s , f ire re s is tan t f l' ids etc . T" e s e w as te s fa ll eit " er 'nd er"a,a rdo's w as te s c a teg o r( o r non-"a,a rdo's w as te s c a teg o r( as p er cl ass if ica tion gi e n in 7 o er n me n t of nd ia esides the station has the largest switchyard in the country with apower handling capacity of ") ## $%The station has the uni:ue distinction of ha2ing


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7a4t si5+?Sta3+ ?1

U4it 1 !1 )w

U4it ! !1 )w

U4it # !1 )w

U4it !1 )w

Sta3+?!

U4it $ @ )w

U4it (64d+r , 4str6,ti 4& @ )w

AUTOMATION AND CONTROL SYSTEM

AUTOMATION: THE DEFINITION

T"e word a'tomation is widel( 'sed toda( in relation to ario's t(pes of applications,s'c" as o ce a'tomation, plant or process a'tomation.

T"is s'#section presents t"e application of a control s(stem for t"e a'tomation of aprocess = plant, s'c" as a power station. n t"is last application, t"ea'tomation acti el( controls t"e plant d'ring t"e t"ree main p"ases of operation% plantstart-'p, power generation in sta#le or p't D'ring plant start-'p ands"'t-down, seJ'ence controllers as well as long range mod'lating controllers in or o't ofoperation e er( piece of t"e plant, at t"e correct time and incoordinated modes, ta?ing into acco'nt safet( as well as o erstressing limits.

D'ring sta#le generation of power, t"e mod'lating portion of t"e a'tomation s(stem?eeps t"e act'al generated power al'e wit"in t"e limits of t"edesired load demand.D'ring major load c"anges, t"e a'tomation s(stema'tomaticall( redeQnes new set points and switc"es O> or O++ process pieces, toa'tomaticall( #ring t"e indi id'al processes in an optimall( coordinated wa( to t"e newdesired load demand. T"is load transfer is e1ec'ted according to pre- programmedadapti el( controlled load gradients and in a safe wa(.


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AUTOMATION: THE BENEFITS

T"e main #eneQts of plant a'tomation are to increase o erall plant a aila#ilit( ande cienc(. T"e increase of t"ese two factors is ac"ie ed t"ro'g" a series of feat'ress'mmari ed as follows%

Opti(isation o% house loa' consu(ption d'ring plant start- 'p, s"'t-down andoperation,ia%

+aster plant start-'p t"ro'g" elimination of control errors creating dela(s. +aster seJ'ence of control actions compared to man'al ones. Co-ordination of "o'se load to t"e generated power o'tp't. Ensure an' (aintain plant operation , e en in case of dist'r#ances in t"e control

s(stem, ia% Coordinated O> = O++ and mod'lating control switc"o er capa#ilit( from a s'#

process to a red'ndant one. Pre ent s'#-process and process tripping c"ain reaction following a process

component trip. Re'uce plant 1 process shut'o&n ti(e %or repair and maintenance as well as

repair costs,ia%

Protection of indi id'al process components against o erstress 2in a sta#le or

'nsta#le plant operation3. *ringing processes in a safe stage of operation, w"ere process components areprotected against o erstress

PROCESS STRUCTURE

Anal(sis of processes in Power /tations and nd'str( ad ocates t"e ad isa#ilit( of

di iding t"e comple1 o erall process into indi id'al s'#-processes "a ing distinctl(deQned f'nctions. T"is di ision of t"eprocess in clearl( deQned gro'ps, termed as +F>CT O>A8 7 OFP/, res'lts in a"ierarc"ical process str'ct're. 6"ile t"e "ierarc"ical str'ct're is go erned in t"e"ori ontal direction #( t"e n'm#erof dri es 2motorised al es, fans, dampers, p'mps, etc.3 in ot"er words t"e si e of t"eprocessR in t"e ertical direction, t"ere is a distinction made #etween t"ree f'ndamentalle els, t"ese #eing t"e% -

Dri e 8e el +'nction 7ro'p 8e el Fnit 8e el.


14/47

To t"e Dri e 8e el, t"e lowest le el, #elong t"e indi id'al process eJ'ipment andassociated electrical dri es T"e +'nction 7ro'p is t"at part of t"e process t"at f'lQls apartic'lar deQned tas? e.g., nd'ced Draft Control, +eed 6ater Control, *looming illControl, etc. T"'s at t"e time of planning it is necessar( to identif( eac" f'nction gro'pin a clear manner #( assigning it to a partic'lar process acti it(. Eac" f'nction gro'pcontains a com#ination of its associated indi id'al eJ'ipment dri es. T"e dri e le els ares'#ordinate to t"is le el. T"ef'nction gro'ps are com#ined to o#tain t"e o erall process control f'nction at t"e Fnit8e el.T"e a#o e t"ree le els are deQned wit" regard to t"e process and not from t"econtrol point of iew.

CONTROL SYSTEM STRUCTURE

T"e primar( reJ'irement to #e f'lQlled #( an( control s(stem arc"itect're is t"at it #ecapa#le of #eing organi ed and implemented on tr'e process oriented lines. n ot"erwords, t"e control s(stemstr'ct're s"o'ld map on to t"e "ierarc"( process str'ct're.*HE8T O8 PS, a microprocessor #ased intelligent remote m'ltiple1ing

s(stem, meets t"is reJ'irement completel(.

SYSTEM OVERVIEW

T"e control and a'tomation s(stem 'sed "ere is a micro #ased intelligent m'ltiple1ings(stem T"is s(stem, designed on a mod'lar #asis, allows totig"ten t"e scope of control "ardware to t"e partic'lar control strateg( and operatingreJ'irements of t"e process egardless of t"e t(pe and e1tent of process to controlpro ides s(stem 'niformit( and integrit( for%

/ignal conditioning and transmission od'lating controls

CONTROL AND MONITORING MECHANISMS

T"ere are #asicall( two t(pes of "roble(s %ace' in a "o&er "lant Metallurgical Mechanicalec"anical Pro#lem can #e related to T'r#ines t"at is t"e ma1 speed permissi#le for at'r#ine is B555 rpm , so speed s"o'ld #e monitored and maintained at t"at le eletall'rgical Pro#lem can #e iew as t"e ma1 nlet Temperat're for T'r#ile is 5 5 oC sotemperat'res"o'ld #e #elow t"e limit. onitoring of all t"e parameters is necessar( for t"e safet( of#ot"%Emplo(eesac"ines

/o t"e Parameters to #e monitored are %


15/47

Spee' Te(perature Current Voltage "ressure Eccentricity )lo& o% .ases Vaccu( "ressure Valves !evel Vibration

PRESSURE MONITORING

Press're can #e monitored #( t"ree t(pes of #asic ec"anisms% /witc"es 7a'ges Transmitter t(pe

+or ga'ges we 'se *o'rden t'#es % T"e Bour'on Tube is a non liJ'id press'remeas'rement de ice. t is widel( 'sed in applications w"ere ine1pensi e static press'remeas'rements are needed. A t(pical *o'rdon t'#e contains a c'r ed t'#e t"at is opento e1ternal press're inp't on one end and is co'pled mec"anicall( to an indicatingneedle on t"eot ot"er end, as s"own sc"ematicall( #elow.Typical Bour'on Tube "ressure .auges

Transmitter t(pes 'se transd'cers 2electrical to electrical normall(3 t"e( are 'sed w"erecontin'o's monitoring is reJ'ired>ormall( capacitive trans'ucers are 'sed +or /witc"es pressure s&itches are 'sed and t"e( can #e 'sed for digital means of monitoring asswitc" #eing O> is referred as "ig" and #eing O++ is as low.All t"e monitored data is con erted to eit"er C'rrent or Noltage parameter.

T"e Plant standard for c'rrent and oltage are as'nderVoltage : 8 9 8 Volts rangeCurrent : ; 9


16/47

TEMPERATURE MONITORING

6e can 'se T"ernoco'ples or TDs for temperat'reonitoring. >ormall( TDs are 'sed for low temperat'res. T"ermoco'p?le selection depends 'pon two factors%

Temperat're ange Acc'rac( eJ'ired

>ormall( 'sed T"ermoco'ple is = Type Ther(ocouple %Chro(el 5Nic/el-Chro(iu( lloy6 1 lu(el5Nic/el- lu(iniu( lloy6

T"is is t"e most commonl( 'sed general p'rpose t"ermoco'ple. t is ine1pensi e and,owing to its pop'larit(, a aila#le in a wide ariet( of pro#es. T"e( are a aila#le in t"eW@55 C to V @55 C range. Sensitivity is appro1imatel( K XN= C. TDs are also 'sed

#'t not in protection s(stems d'e to i#rational errors. 6e pass a constant c'rre tt"ro'g" t"e TD. /o t"at if c"anges t"en t"e Noltage also c"angesTDs 'sed in nd'stries are Pt 55 and Pt 555"t 88 : 8 8C 9 88 > 2 Y Z @.9 5C 3"t 888 : 8 8C - 888>Pt 555 is 'sed for "ig"er acc'rac( T"e ga'ges 'sed for Temperat're meas'rements aremerc'r( Qlled Temperat're ga'ges.+or Analog medi'm t"ermoco'ples are 'sed and for Digital medi'm /witc"es are 'sedw"ic" are #asicall( merc'r( switc"es.

FLOW MEASUREMENT

+low meas'rement does not signif( m'c" and is meas'red j'st for metering p'rposesand for monitoring t"e processes

ROTAMETERS:

A otameter is a de ice t"at meas'res t"e [ow rate of liJ'id or gas in a closed t'#e. t isoccasionall( misspelled as !rotometer!. t #elongs to a class of meters called aria#learea meters, w"ic" meas're [ow rate #( allowing t"e cross sectional area t"e ['idtra els t"ro'g" to ar(,ca'sing some meas'ra#le eGect. A rotameter consists of a tapered t'#e, t(picall( madeof glass, wit" a [oat inside t"at is p's"ed 'p


17/47


18/47

controlled #( de ices called act'ators attac"ed to t"e stem. T"e( can #eelectromec"anical act'ators s'c" as an electric motor or solenoid, pneu(aticactuators w"ic" are controlled #( air press're, orhy'raulic actuators w"ic" are controlled #( t"e press're of a liJ'id s'c" as oil orwater. /o t"ere are #asicall( t"ree t(pes of al es t"at are'sed in power ind'stries #esides t"e "andle al es.T"e( are %"neu(atic Valves \ t"e( are air or gas controlled w"ic" is compressed to t'rn or mo et"em2dra0"ic -a"-e/ th+y 6ti7i5+ i7 i4 7a,+ 2 Air as oil "as #etter compressionM t ri/ed -a"-e/ th+s+ 0a70+s ar+ , 4tr 77+d #( electric motors

SATELLITE COMMUNICATION

INTRODUCTION


19/47

A /ate""ite is a4 bj+,t that rbits r r+0 70+s ar 64d a4 th+r bj+,t' Ma4?)ad+ sat+77it+s 7a,+d ar 64d th+

+arth 2 r th+ 6r s+ 2 , ))64i,ati 4 ar+ ,a77+d as , ))64i,ati 4 sat+77it+s' Th+y ar+ hi3h7y s +,ia7i5+d

wir+7+ss r+,+i0+r tra4s)itt+rs that ar+ 7a64,h+d by a r ,*+t a4d 7a,+d i4 rbit ar 64d th+ Earth' Th+r+ ar+

h64dr+ds 2 sat+77it+s ,6rr+4t7y i4 +rati 4' Sate""ite c $$0nicati n is 4+ arti,67ar +Ha) 7+ 2 wir+7+ss

, ))64i,ati 4 syst+)s' Si)i7ar a4d )ayb+ ) r+ 2a)i7iar +Ha) 7+s 2 wir+7+ss syst+)s ar+ radi a4d

t+7+0isi 4 br ad,asti43 a4d ) bi7+ a4d , rd7+ss t+7+ h 4+s' Sat+77it+ , ))64i,ati 4 is 0+ry si) 7y th+, ))64i,ati 4 2 th+ sat+77it+ i4 s a,+ with 7ar3+ 46)b+r 2 +arth stati 4s 4 th+ 3r 64d' Us+rs ar+ th+ 4+s

wh 3+4+rat+ bas+ba4d si34a7s< whi,h is r ,+ss+d at th+ +arth stati 4 a4d th+4 tra4s)itt+d t th+ sat+77it+

thr 63h dish a4t+44as' Th+ sat+77it+ r+,+i0+s th+ 6 7i4* 2r+;6+4,y a4d th+ tra4s 4d+r r+s+4t i4sid+ th+ sat+77it+

d +s th+ r ,+ssi43 264,ti 4 a4d 2r+;6+4,y d w4 , 40+rsi 4 i4 rd+r t tra4s)it th+ d w47i4* si34a7 at

di22+r+4t 2r+;6+4,y' Th+ +arth stati 4 th+4 r+,+i0+s th+ si34a7 2r ) th+ sat+77it+ thr 63h arab 7i, dish a4t+44a

a4d r ,+ss+s it t 3+t ba,* th+ bas+ba4d si34a7'

Th+r+ ar+ tw basi, +7+)+4ts 2 sat+77it+ , ))64i,ati 4 :3

4 S5ace /e#$ent

*4 'r 0nd /e#$ent

Th+ /5ace /e#$ent is ri)ari7y th+ sat+77it+ that is 6s+d 2 r , ))64i,ati 4' Th+ sat+77it+s 6s+d ar+ +H,76si0+7y

i4 th+ G+ ?stati 4ary rbit< 7 ,at+d 4 a4 ar, # < *) ab 0+ th+ +;6at r' This s+3)+4t is a0ai7ab7+ 2r )

r3a4i5ati 4s that ha0+ r ,6r+d sat+77it+s< arra43+d 7a64,h a4d wh +rat+ th+s+ sat+77it+s 4 a , ))+r,ia7

basis' I4 additi 4 t i4t+r4ati 4a7 a3+4,i+s< a 46)b+r 2 ri0at+ 7ay+rs ha0+ +)+r3+d wh w4 r 7+as+sat+77it+s whi,h ar+ 6s+d t ,arry th+ir w4 r th+ir ,6st )+r s data?tra22i,'

Th+ #r 0nd /e#$ent is ri)ari7y ,a77+d th+ Earth t+r)i4a7 s+3)+4t r th+ +arth stati 4' Earth stati 4s ar+

7 ,at+d +ith+r 4 th+ s6r2a,+ 2 th+ +arth< r withi4 +arth s at) s h+r+' It )ai4tai4s , ))64i,ati 4 7i4*

b+tw++4 +arth a4d th+ sat+77it+' ' Maj r , ) 4+4ts 2 a +arth stati 4 ar+ 3+4+ra77y 3r 6 +d i4 tw ,at+3 ri+s+*+ Tran/$i//i n 5at1


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>+*+* Recei-e 5at1

Fi36r+ (!!&? r+,+i0+ ath b7 ,* dia3ra)

T1e 109 /tati n c n/i/t/ f /e-era" $ain /09/2/te$/:3

>+*+8 TRANSMISSION PAT SUBS)STEMS:3

M d+) U , 40+rt+rs -i3h w+r a) 7i2i+r (- A& A4t+44a


32/47

>+*+7 RECEI6E PAT SUBS)STEMS:3

/ w 4 is+ a) 7i2i+r (/NA& D w4 , 40+rt+rs M d+)

Th+ ) d+) i4t+r2a,+s with 0ari 6s +4d 6s+r +;6i )+4t< ra43i43 2r ) sta4d a7 4+ , ) 6t+rs< /ANJs< r 6t+rs+7 T E 6ARIOUS SUBS)STEMS:3

>+7+ MODEM

A $ de$ (mo dulator- dem odulator & is a d+0i,+ that ) d67at+s a4 a4a7 3 ,arri+r si34a7 t +4, d+ di3ita7

i42 r)ati 4< a4d a7s d+) d67at+s s6,h a ,arri+r si34a7 t d+, d+ th+ tra4s)itt+d i42 r)ati 4' Th+ 3 a7 is t

r d6,+ a si34a7 that ,a4 b+ tra4s)itt+d +asi7y a4d d+, d+d t r+ r d6,+ th+ ri3i4a7 di3ita7 data' A /ate""ite

$ de$ r /at $ de$ is a ) d+) 6s+d t +stab7ish data tra4s2+rs 6si43 a , ))64i,ati 4s sat+77it+ as a r+7ay'

Data t b+ tra4s)itt+d ar+ tra4s2+rr+d t a ) d+) 2r ) Data t+r)i4a7 +;6i )+4t (+'3' a , ) 6t+r&' Th+ ) d+)6s6a77y has I4t+r)+diat+ 2r+;6+4,y (IF& 6t 6t (that is< $ ?! M-5&' At NT C th+ ) d+)s has a4 6t 6t 2 IF

that ra43+s 2r ) " 1% M-5 'This 2r+;6+4,y has t b+ , 40+rt+d 6si43 a4 6 ', 40+rt +r b+2 r+ a) 7i2i,ati 4

a4d tra 4s)issi 4' Si)i7ar7y< a si34a7 r+,+i0+d 2r ) a sat+77it+ is 2irst7y d w4 , 40+rt+d th+4 d+) d67at+d by a

) d+)< a4d at 7ast ha4d7+d by data t+r)i4a7 +;6i )+4t'

67ar ) d67ati 4 ty +s b+i43 6s+d 2 r sat+77it+ , ))64i,ati 4s:

a& Bi4ary has+ shi2t *+yi43 (B SK&

b& 6adrat6r+ has+ shi2t *+yi43 ( SK&

,& Orth 3 4a7 ;6adrat6r+ has+ shi2t *+yi43 (O SK&

d& % SK

+& 6adrat6r+ a) 7it6d+ ) d67ati 4 ( AM&< +s +,ia77y 1 AM'

T1e $ d0"ati n tec1ni 0e/ 0/ed at NTPC are $ain"2 @PS% and >@AM+
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Modulationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carrier_wavehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Signal_(information_theory)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digitalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Modulationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carrier_wavehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Signal_(information_theory)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital


34/47

MODEMS USED AT NTPC:3

NT C is ,6rr+4t7y 6si43 2 6r ty +s 2 ) d+)s:?

a& UMOD b& SSE

,& Dat6)d& DMD !

DMD ! is th+ 7at+st ) d+) 6s+d h+r+' Th+ )ai4 2+at6r+s 2 this ) d+) ar+:?

Fre 0enc23 $ ?@ M-5

At NT C " 1% M-5

Data rate3 !' Kb s?! Mb s

At NT C Mb s

M d0"ati n

At NT C SK< 1 AM

Th+ 0ari 6s ti 4s a0ai7ab7+ i4 it ar+:?

M 4it r

M d67ati 4

D+) d67ati 4

T+st

I4t+r2a,+ +t,

Th+ 0ari 6s , 42i36rati 4s d 4+ i4 th+ DMD ! ar+:?

Fr+;6+4,y

M d67ati 4

Data rat+

FEC rat+ +t,


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1 AM is th+ 7at+st ) d67ati 4 t+,h4i;6+ 6s+d at NT C' Th+ )ai4 ad0a4ta3+ 2 this t+,h4i;6+ is that it sa0+s

th+ ba4dwidth' Si4,+ th+r+ ar+ ar 64d !% sit+s t whi,h s+r0i,+ is r 0id+d s th+ ba4dwidth is a77 ,at+d t +a,h

sit+ a,, rdi43 t th+ sit+ tra22i, a4d th+ r+;6ir+)+4t' S th+

!" -5 ba4dwidth is a77 ,at+d a,, rdi437y'

>+7+* UP DO(N CON6ERTER

A4 6 , 40+rt+r w r*s i4 th+ tra4s)itti43 sid+ wh+r+as th+ d w4 , 40+rt+r 264,ti 4s i4 th+ r+,+i0+ ath' Th+

)ai4 264,ti 4 2 th+ 6 , 40+rt+r is that it , 40+rts r tra4s7at+s th+ i4t+r)+diat+ 2r+;6+4,y (whi,h is th+ 6t 6t

2 th+ ) d+)& t th+ radi 2r+;6+4,y (RF& whi,h is G-5' Th+ 6 , 40+rt+r 6s+d at NT C is a b7 ,* 6

, 40+rt+r whi,h , 40+rts a ba4d ( r Lb7 ,*L& 2 2r+;6+4,i+s 2r ) a 7 w+r 2r+;6+4,y t a hi3h+r 2r+;6+4,y' 6st

th+ sit+ w r* is d 4+ by th+ d w4 , 40+rt+r that is it ta*+s th+ radi 2r+;6+4,y a4d , 40+rts it t a4

i4t+r)+diat+ 2r+;6+4,y b+2 r+ 3i0i43 t th+ ) d+)'

>+7+8 I' PO(ER AMPLIFIER PA4

Th+ hi3h w+r a) 7i2i+r (- A& is a4 +arth stati 4 2a,i7ity that r 0id+s th+ RF ,arri+r w+r t th+i4 6t t+r)i4a7s 2 th+ a4t+44a' Th+ 6t 6t w+r ty i,a77y )ay 2+w watts 2 r a si437+ data ,ha44+7< ar 64d a

h64dr+d watts r 7+ss 2 r a 7 w ,a a,ity syst+)< r s+0+ra7 *i7 watts 2 r hi3h ,a a,ity tra22i,' A4 RF w+r

a) 7i2i+r is a ty + 2 +7+,tr 4i, a) 7i2i+r 6s+d t , 40+rt a 7 w w+r radi 2r+;6+4,y si34a7 i4t a 7ar3+r si34a7

2 si34i2i,a4t w+r< ty i,a77y 2 r dri0i43 th+ a4t+44a 2 a tra4s)itt+r' It is 6s6a77y ti)i5+d t ha0+ hi3h

+22i,i+4,y< hi3h 6t 6t w+r , ) r+ssi 4< 3 d r+t6r4 7 ss 4 th+ i4 6t a4d 6t 6t< 3 d 3ai4< a4d ti)6)

h+at dissi ati 4'

C?ba4d hi3h w+r a) 7i2i+rs 22+r 6t 6t w+rs 2 $ < 1 < 1$ r ! watts B6i7t 2 r r+7iab7++7+; ANTENNA SUBS)STEM

Th+ a4t+44a s6bsyst+) , 4sisti43 2 a 7ar3+ a4t+44a ( t @ ) r 11) i4 dia)+t+r& 4 a ) 64t with a tra,*i43

syst+) whi,h a77 ws th+ a4t+44a t 2 77 w th+ sat+77it+ as it ) 0+s 0+ry s7i3ht7y i4 th+ s*y' A 2++d h r4 is 2itt+d

at th+ 2 ,6s 2 th+ dish t , 77+,t th+ r+,+i0+d si34a7s 2r ) th+ a4t+44a a4d t 2++d th+ tra4s)it si34a7s t it'

Software configuration (in NTPC):IF 2r+;6+4,y: " P?1% M-5Thr+sh 7d 7+0+7 (at th+ RH sid+&: ?" dBw+r ra43+ (at th+ TH sid+&: ?!$ dB t dB

Si34a7 t 4 is+ rati (at th+ RH sid+&: @dBTy + 2 ) d67ati 4: B SK< SK< 1 ? AMData rat+: $1! Kb s

>+; MULTIPLE ACCESS SC EMES

Th+ ri)ary bj+,ti0+ 2 th+ 8SAT 4+tw r*s is t )aHi)i5+ th+ 6s+ 2 , )) 4 sat+77it+ a4d th+r r+s 6r,+s

a) 43st a77 8SAT sit+s' Th+ )+th ds by whi,h th+s+ 4+tw r*s ti)i5+ th+ 6s+ 2 sat+77it+ ,a a,ity< a4d

s +,tr6) 6ti7i5ati 4 i4 a 27+Hib7+ a4d , st?+22+,ti0+ )a44+r ar+ r+2+rr+d t as sat+77it+ a,,+ss s,h+)+s' ' G d

4+tw r* +22i,i+4,y d+ +4ds 0+ry )6,h 4 th+ )67ti 7+ a,,+ssi43 s,h+)+s' Th+r+ ar+ )a4y di22+r+4t a,,+ss

t+,h4i;6+s tai7 r+d t )at,h ,6st )+r a 7i,ati 4s'

Th+ 8SAT s+r0i,+s ar+ ri)ari7y bas+d 4 4+ 2 tw t+,h4 7 3i+s:

i'Si437+?,arri+r +r ,ha44+7 (SC C& a4d

ii' Ti)+?di0isi 4 )67ti 7+ a,,+ss (TDMA&'

6.5.1 SCPC (Single-Carrier Per Channel)

SCPC-based design pro2ides a point-to-point technology) +a=ing it the 0S


37/47

>+;+* TDMA Ti$e3di-i/i n $0"ti5"e acce//4

I4 a TDMA 4+tw r*< a77 8SATs shar+ sat+77it+ r+s 6r,+ 4 a ti)+?s7 t basis' R+) t+ 8SATs 6s+ TDMA

,ha44+7s r i4r 6t+s 2 r , ))64i,ati43 with th+ h6b' Th+r+ , 67d b+ s+0+ra7 i4r 6t+s ass ,iat+d with 4+

6tr 6t+' S+0+ra7 8SATs shar+ 4+ i4r 6t+ h+4,+ shari43 th+ ba4dwidth' Ty i,a7 i4r 6t+s +rat+ at r 1!%

Kbit s'

>+;+8 FDMA Fre 0enc2 Di-i/i n M0"ti5"e Acce//4

It is th+ 7d+st a4d sti77 4+ 2 th+ ) st , )) 4 )+th ds 2 r ,ha44+7 a77 ,ati 4' I4 this s,h+)+< th+ a0ai7ab7+

sat+77it+ ,ha44+7 ba4dwidth is br *+4 i4t 2r+;6+4,y ba4ds 2 r di22+r+4t +arth stati 4s' This )+a4s that 36ard

ba4ds ar+ 4++d+d t r 0id+ s+ arati 4 b+tw++4 th+ ba4ds'

i+ PAMA Pre3A//i#ned M0"ti5"e Accee//4

It i) 7i+s that th+ 8SATs ar+ r+?a77 ,at+d a d+si34at+d 2r+;6+4,y' E;6i0a7+4t 2 th+ t+rr+stria7 7+as+d 7i4+s 76ti 4s< AMA s 76ti 4s 6s+ th+ sat+77it+ r+s 6r,+s , 4sta4t7y' C 4s+;6+4t7y< th+r+ is 4 ,a77?6 d+7ay what

)a*+s th+) ) st s6it+d 2 r i4t+ra,ti0+ data a 7i,ati 4s r hi3h tra22i, 0 76)+s' As s6,h< AMA , 44+,ts hi3h

data tra22i, sit+s withi4 a4 r3a4i5ati 4'

SC C (Si437+ Cha44+7 +r Carri+r& r+2+rs t th+ 6sa3+ 2 a si437+ sat+77it+ ,arri+r 2 r ,arryi43 a si437+ ,ha44+7

2 6s+r tra22i,' Th+ 2r+;6+4,y is a77 ,at+d 4 a r+?assi34+d basis i4 ,as+ 2 SC C 8SAT whi,h is a7s

sy4 4y) 6s7y *4 w4 as AMA 8SAT'


38/47


39/47

VSAT Accessing Schemes

>+> IMPLEMENTIN' 6SAT

T1e Pr /:

r 0id+s a4 i4t+3rat+d s 76ti 4 2 r 8 i,+< data a4d 0id+ , ))64i,ati 4'

B+tt+r R+a,h? I4sta77ab7+ i4 di22i,67t t+rrai4< r+) t+ ar+as'

R+7iabi7ity 6 ti)+ 2 6 t @@'$ is a,hi+0ab7+ i4 8SAT 4+tw r* , ) ar+d t 7+as+ 7i4+ (i4 I4dia4

, 4diti 4s&' Mai4t+4a4,+ ? A si437+ i4t , 4ta,t with th+ s+r0i,+ r 0id+r 7+ss+r +7+)+4ts i40 70+d a4d h+4,+

+asy 2a67t 2i4di43'

B+tt+r N+tw r* Ma4a3+)+4t'

6i,* +stab7ish)+4t 2 4+w sit+s'

9id+ 3+ 3ra hi, , 0+ra3+'

T1e C n/:

8+ry hi3h I4itia7 C st 2 I) 7+)+4tati 4'

-i3h r a3ati 4 d+7ay

NTPC NET(OR% TODA)

NT C C ))64i,ati 4 N+tw r* , 44+,ts a77 its r j+,ts< R+3i 4a7 - s< a4d R+3i 4a7 I4s +,ti 4 O22i,+s

C ))+r,ia7 O22i,+s t C r rat+ C+4t+rs at SCO E a4d at EOC NOIDA 2 r 8i,+ a4d Data C ))64i,ati 4

0ia Sat+77it+< M /S /+as+d /i4+s' Th+ data 4+tw r* s6 rts a77 a 7i,ati 4s 7i*+ I4t+r4+t< E)ai7< +t,'

NT C Sat, ) N+tw r* w r*i43 i4 STAR C 42i36rati 4 with th+ -6b Earth Stati 4 7 ,at+d at EOC N ida

(U' '&' Th+s+ ar+ w r*i43 i4 C Ba4d 4 7+as+d ,a a,ity 4 th+ INSAT sat+77it+' Data /i4*s ar+ w r*i43 at th+


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data rat+ 2 1 ! $1!*b s 4 AMA t 2 r) 9AN , 44+,ti0ity 6si43 M67ti rt R 6t+r at h6b +arth stati 4'

I4t+r4+t< Mai7 GDAMS ar+ w r*i43 4 Sat, ) N+tw r*' T+7+ h 4y is thr 63h DAMA 8OI i4 ) st

7 ,ati 4'NT C has i) 7+)+4t+d M /S N+tw r* hir+d 2r ) s6 7i+r 2 r ER a4d th+r 47i4+ a 7i,ati 4s at

th+ data rat+ 2 # Mb s 2 r Data C+4t+r N ida

RIO s C ))+r,ia7 22i,+s' F r r644i43 ER ! Q" a Ba,* 6 r 6t+r i4 ,as+ 2 2ai76r+ 2 )ai4 r 6t+r at Data

C+4tr+ NOIDA< is t b+ i4sta77+d whi,h sha77 b+ +Ha,t r+ 7i,a 2 Mai4 Data C+4tr+ r 6t+r b6t w r* i4 1P1 with)ai7 r 6t+r'

Sate""ite C $$0nicati n Net! rk


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Net! rk Feat0re/

SATE//ITE C?BAND /EASED TRANS ONDER (# th& CA ACIT. ON INSAT #E'

-UB: INSAT T. E A 9IT- 11) ANTENNA

SATE//ITE EART- STATION

has+ I: $ NOS' INSAT T. E B 9IT- "'$ ) ANTENNA 9IT- MC C $1! Kb s DATA RATE

has+ II: NOS' #'% ) ANTENNA 9IT- MC C $1! Kb s DATA RATE'

has+ III: % NOS' #'% ) ANTENNA 9IT- !$ Kb s DATA RATE

has+ I8: # NOS' #'% ) ANTENNA 9IT- !$ Kb s DATA RATE

MICRO9A8E /INKS: ! G-5 ! % MB S DIGITA/ RADIO S.STEM'

NODES CONNECTED: !@ (!! O9ER RO ECTS< $ R- S TO CC EOC NOIDA&

NTPC B0/ine// Reac1


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COA/ BASED SITES ? 1$ N s

SINGRAU/I< RI-AND< DADRI< UNC-A-AR< BADAR UR

TANDA NR NCR

FARAKKA< KA-A/GAON< TA/C-ER


43/47

CONCLUSION


44/47

-+4,+ w+ ha0+ s++4 th+ NT C s , ))64i,ati 4 4+tw r* a4d 7+ar4t ab 6t th+ sat+77it+ 7i4*< sat+77it+ ba4dwidth

what w+ ar+ 6si43< a4d ab 6t th+ )ai4 +;6i )+4ts a4d th+ir t+,h4i,a7 s +,i2i,ati 4s' I ha0+ a7s 7+ar4t th+

basi,s 2 4+tw r*i43 a4d th+ /AN 9AN 4+tw r*i43 t+,h4i;6+s' Si4,+ th+ ,+4tra7 sat+77it+ +arth stati 4 that has

b++4 i4sta77+d at NT C N ida is th+ h6b stati 4 2 r 0ari 6s th+r sit+s th+r+2 r+ it 4++ds a , 4ti46 6s

s6 +r0isi 4 s that th+ r+;6+sts a4d th+ tra22i, 2r ) 0ari 6s th+r sit+s is +22i,i+4t7y ha4d7+d a4d )a4a3+d' I

ha0+ 7+ar4t h w sat+77it+ , ))64i,ati 4 ra,ti,a77y w r*s a4d th+ 264,ti 4i43 2 a 8SAT h6b stati 4' /at+st

t+,h4 7 3i+s *++ , )i43 i4 th+ )ar*+t a4d NT C a7s tri+s t 6 dat+ its+72 s that it is ab7+ t )a4a3+ th+

i4,r+asi43 tra22i, a4d 6ti7i5+ th+ ba4dwidth a77 tt+d t it +22i,i+4t7y'


45/47

FUTURE IMPLICATIONS

I4 26t6r+ i2 I 3+t a4 rt64ity t w r* 4 th+ sa)+ r j+,t th+4 I w 67d 7i*+ t 7+ar4 ) r+ ab 6t th+4+tw r*i43 i4 NT C' N w i4 th+ 4+w +ra 2 ER th+ , ))64i,ati 4 2a,i7iti+s ha0+ t 0+ry r633+d a4d th+y

sh 67d r 0id+ , ))64i,ati 4 with 5+r d w4 ti)+' NT C has i4tr d6,+d 4+w s+r0i,+s 7i*+ ER ' D6+ t ti)+

7i)itati 4 6r )ai4 2 ,6s was 4 th+ sat+77it+ , ))64i,ati 4 b6t i4 26t6r+ I w 67d 7i*+ t r+s+ar,h a4d st6dy

26rth+r ab 6t h w th+ 0id+ , 42+r+4,i43 w r*s i4 NT C a4d th+ 7at+st s+r0i,+s that ar+ b+i43 i4tr d6,+d i4 its

IT d+ art)+4t' I w 67d a7s 7i*+ t 64d+rsta4d h w 7i4* b6d3+t ,a7,67ati 4s ar+ d 4+'


46/47

REFERENCES

"ttp%==en.wi?ipedia.org=wi?i=Comm'nications]satellite "ttp%==www.t'torialswe#.com=satcom=f'ndamentals-of-

satellite-comm'nications."tm "ttp%==www.#ritannica.com=E*c"ec?ed=topic=9@K4 =satellite-

comm'nication "ttp%==www.gatewa(forindia.com=tec"nolog(=satellite."tm

"ttp%==www.wtec.org=lo(ola=satcom=toc."tm "ttp%==en.wi?ipedia.org=wi?i=Eart"]station "ttp%==en.wi?ipedia.org=wi?i=Ner(]small]apert're]terminal "ttp%==www.angelQre.com=electronic= i?ram=tec"= satt't."tml "ttp%=="'#s.com="'#=How-t"e-N/AT-Tec"nolog(-6or?s "ttp%==www.cr(stalcomm'nications.net=satellite= sat=a#o't] s

at."tm

"ttp%==www.gilat.com=Content.asp1^Z"ow]to]comm'nicate]across]satellite]networ?s


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http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Communications_satellitehttp://www.tutorialsweb.com/satcom/fundamentals-of-satellite-communications.htmhttp://www.tutorialsweb.com/satcom/fundamentals-of-satellite-communications.htmhttp://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/524891/satellite-communicationhttp://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/524891/satellite-communicationhttp://www.gatewayforindia.com/technology/satellite.htmhttp://www.wtec.org/loyola/satcom/toc.htmhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earth_stationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Very_small_aperture_terminalhttp://www.angelfire.com/electronic/vikram/tech/vsattut.htmlhttp://hubpages.com/hub/How-the-VSAT-Technology-Workshttp://www.crystalcommunications.net/satellite/vsat/about_vsat.htmhttp://www.crystalcommunications.net/satellite/vsat/about_vsat.htmhttp://www.gilat.com/Content.aspx?Page=how_to_communicate_across_satellite_networkshttp://www.gilat.com/Content.aspx?Page=how_to_communicate_across_satellite_networks

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