KRISHNA UNIVERSITY, MACHILIPATNAM

Course structure and syllabus M.SC., ZOOLOGY(2-YEARS COURSE)

SEMESTER-I

Paper Code Title of the Paper No of

hrs/week Core/ Elective

Marks No. of Credits

Exte

rnal

Inte

rna

l

Theory

Z 101 Structure and Function of Invertebrates and Gamete biology

4 Core

70 30 4

Z 102 Comparative Anatomy of vertebrates,Biodiversity and wild life

4 Core

70 30 4

Z 103 Molecular Cell Bioogy 4 Core 70 30 4

Z 104 Ichthyology 4 Core 70 30 4 Practicals

ZP 1 Anatomy and Invertebrates 8 Core 70 30 4

ZP 2 Gamete Biology 8 Core 70 30 4 TOTAL 32 24 SEMESTER-II

Paper Code Title of the Paper

No of hrs/week

Core/ Elective

Marks No. of Credits

Exte

rnal

Inte

rnal

Theory Z201 Population Genetics and Evolution 4 Core 70 30 4

Z202 Comparative animal physiology 4 Core 70 30 4 Z203 General and Population ecology 4 Core 70 30 4 Z204 Abstract Liminology 4 Core 70 30 4 Practical ZP 3 Anatomy and Vertebrates 8 Core 70 30 4 ZP 4 Physiology and Ecology 8 Core 70 30 4 TOTAL 32 24

SEMESTER-III

Paper Code Title of the Paper No of hrs/week

Core/ Elective

Marks No. of Credits

Exte

rnal

In

tern

al

Theory Z301 Tools and Techniques in Biology 4 Core 70 30 4 Z302

Capture fisheries 4 Core 70

30

4

Z303

Applied Liminology 4 Core 70

30

4

Z304 Pathobiology-Fisheries 4 Core 70

30

4

Practical ZP 5 Fisheries Sciences 8 Core 70 30 4 ZP 6 Pathobiology-Fisheries 8 Core 70 30 4 TOTAL 32 24 SEMESTER-IV

Paper Code Title of the Paper No of hrs/week

Core/ Elective

Marks No. of Credits

Exte

rnal

In

tern

al

Theory Z401 Aquatic Toxicology 4 Core 70 30 4 Z402 Aquaculture Management 4 Core 70 30 4 Z403 Aquaculture 4 Core 70 30 4 Z404 Immunology 4 Core 70 30 4 Practical ZP 7 Pond water analysis 8 Core 70 30 4 ZP 8 Pond biota 8 Core 70 30 4 TOTAL 32 24

I Semester Paper-I (Z 101) : STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION O INVERTEBRATES

AND GAMETE BIOLOGY Unit-I Important human and veterinary parasites; Life cycle and biology of Trypanosoma gambiense.Life cycle and biology of Schistosoma haematobium, Life cycle and biology of Leishmania donovani, Molecular, cellular and physiological basis of host parasitic interaction Arthropods and Vectors of human diseasesMode of transmission of pathogens by Vector; Chemical, biological and environmental control of Arthropod Vectors Unit-II Nutrition and Digestion;Patterns of feeding and digestion in cnidarians Filter feeding in Polychaeta, Mollusa and Echinodermata UNIT-III Respiration:Organs of respiration: gills, lungs and tracheae in Annelida, Arthropoda and Mollusca; Mechanisms of respiration Unit-IV Minor Phyla:Concept and significance:Organization and general characters of: Rotifera, Sipunculoidea ,Echiuroidea , Myzostomida, Phoronida, Ectoprocta,. Entoprocta, Chetognatha Unit-V Gamete Biology:Gametogenesis in animals – origin of germ cells and significance of gametogenesis;Molecular events during fertilization Cleavage patterns and fate maps;Concepts of determination,Totipotency and nuclear transfer experiments;Cell differentiation, Morphogenetic determinants in egg cytoplasm SUGGESTED READING MATERIAL 1. Hyman, L.H. The Invertebrates, Vol.1, Protozoa through Ctenophora, McGrw Hill Co., New York. 2. Barrington, E.J.W. Invertebrate structure and function, Thomas Nelson and Sons Ltd., London. 3. Hyman, L.H. The Invertebrates, Vol.2, McGraw Hill Co., New York. 4. Hyman, L.H. The Invertebrates, Vol.8, McGraw Hill Co., New York and London. 5. Barnes, R.D. Invertebrates Zoology, III edition, W.B. Saunders Co., Philadelphia. 6. Hyman, L.H. The Invertebrates: Smaller coelomate groups, Vol.V, McGraw Hill Co., New York. 7. Read, C.P. Animal parasitism, Prentice Hall, Inc., New Jersey.

Paper-II (Z 102) - COMPARATIVE ANATOMY OF VERTEBRATES, BIODIVERSITY AND WILDLIFE

Unit-I Vertebrates – Important characters, nature of morphology, scope and relation to other disciplines.Importance of study of vertebrate morphology.

Unit-II Comparative anatomy of protochordates.Comparative account of respiratory organs. Comparative anatomy of brain in relation to its functions. Comparative anatomy of spinal cord, cranial, peripheral and autonomous nervous systems. Unit-III

Evolution of heart, evolution of aortic arches, and portal systems of blood Types of skulls and their evolutionary significance:Evolution of urinogenital systems of vertebrate series:Organs of olfactory and taste, lateral line system.

Unit-IV

Biodiversity and Taxonomy;Biodiversity, characterization, biodiversity at global, national and local level(magnitude and distribution of diversity)Zoological nomenclature; definition and scope, eligibility of names in zoological nomenclature, criteria of publication. Types: Homonymy, synonymy, allotype, holotype, paratype, lectotype, neotype and syntype.Structural, biochemical and molecular systematics. DNA finger printing related to taxonomy. Unit-V Wildlife management and conservation

IUCN classification of wildlife, values of wildlife, causes of depletion, wildlife protection Act, measures taken by central and state governments. Wildlife conservation strategies, sanctuaries and national parks, inventorying and monitoring for conservation, cryopreservation, hotspots. REFERENCE BOOKS: 1. T.J. Parker and W.A. Haswell. Text Book of Zoology, Vol. 2, Vertebrates (Eds.), A.J. Marshall, ELPS and

MacMillan, 1972. 2. J.Z. Young. The Life of Vertebrates. 3. J.Z. Young. The Life of Mammals, Clarendon Press, 1966. 4. G. Arnold, Kluge and Elaal. Chordate Structure and Function, Macmillan

Publishing Co., Inc., New York, London, 1977. 5. Y. Anjaneyulu. Introduction to Environmental Science. B.S. Publications, 2004. 6. International Code of Zoological Nomenclature, third edition.

Unit-I

Paper-III (Z 103) : MOLECULAR CELL BIOLOGY

Bioenergetics; Role of Mitochondria in cell entropy, enthalpy – Overall energy balance; Autotrophic – Heterotrophic nutrition; flow of ions in relation to Molecular configuration of membrane, Cell secretion, regulation Mechanism. Biogenesis of Ribosomes – 5S RNA component, Lysosomes in Autolysis and Heterolysis. Two enzymes. Proteolytic enzymes. Concepts.

Unit-II

Molecular evolution of gene, gene concept, Muton, Recon, cistron regulation in prokaryotes, Eukaryotes, Structure of chromatin, nucleosome, chromatin organization and remodeling, higher order organization. Unit-III DNA as genetic material – Griffiths – Harshchase experiment – Heterochromatin, Euchromatin, Cell cycle – DNA regulation, Supernumerary chromosomes, replications, enzymes, chromosomal number in relation to Evolution. Mechanism of cell division, significance of Meiosis. Unit-IV Mechanism of eukaryotic transcription and post-transcriptional events-splicing, capping, poly adenylation,Evolutionary significance and deciphering of genetic code ;Mechanism of protein synthesis-initiation, elongation and termination Unit-V Recombinant Biotechnology, Applications and types of Enzymes, DNA sequences, DNA finger printing, Southern blotting, Northern blotting, Polymerase chain reaction – Role in Aquaculture. SUGGESTED READING MATERIAL 1. De Robertis, RDP Saez, De Robertis RMF, 1970 Cell Biology, Academic Press, New York. 2. Bourne, G.H. 1970. Division of Labour in Cells, Academic Press, New York. 3. Stahl, F.W. 1965. Mechanics of Inheritance. Prentice-Hall. 4. White, M.J.D. 1973. Animal Cytology and Evolution, Cambridge Univ. Press. 5. Levine, L. 1969. Biology of the Gene, Toppan. 6. Weaver, 1999. Molecular Biology, WCB McGraw Hill. 7. James D. Watson, M.Gilnam and Witkowski. Recombinant DNA. Second

Edition. Scientific American Books, W.H. Freeman and Company, New York.

8. Alexander, J. Nifa & David P.Ballar, 1998. Biochemistry and Bio-technology. Fitzgerald Press, Inc.

Bethesole, Maryland. 9. Gerald Karpgen, 1999. Cell and Molecular Biology, Concepts & Epts. Sec.

edn. John Wiley & Sons, Inc., New York. 10. Sadava, 1993. Cell Biology, Jones and Bartlett Publishers, London. 11. Malacinski and D.Freifelder. Molecular Biology. 1998, Jones and Bartlett Publishers, London. 12. Brochet, J. and Mirsky, A.E. (ed.) 1961. Cell, Academic Press.

ICHTHYOLOGY Unit-I Classification of fishes – major groups upto subclass and their important characters; Zoogeography – major groups of freshwater fish and their distribution.

UNIT-II

Food and Feeding habits, and feeding adaptations in fishes. Respiration in fish – Structure and functioning of gills and accessory respiratory organs;Circulation – Structure and functioning of cardiovascular system

Unit-III Excretory organs – Structure and functioning of kidneys.Osmoregulation – Ionic regulation in fresh water, marine and diadromous fishes.

Unit-IV

Endocrine glands in fishes – Pituitary, Thyroid, Ultimobranchial glands.Adrinocortical tissue, Chromaffin tissue, Corpuscles of stannius – Structure and function.

UNIT-V Reproduction – Reproductive structures in elasmobranchs and teleosts – oviparity, ovo viviparity and vivipartiy – parental care in fishes – fecundity, gonadosomatic index.

Recommended Books: 1. Lagler, K.E. et. al., Ichthyology, John Wiley, 1977. 2. Nikolsky, G.V. Ecology of Fishes, Academic Press, 1963. 3. Hoar, W.S. and Randall, D.J. Fish Physiology, Vol. I-IX, AP, 1970. 4. Bond, E.Carl. Biology of Fishes, Saunders, 1979. 5. Norman, J.R. and Greenwood, P.H. A History of Fishes, Halsted Press, 1975. 6. Potts, G.W. and R.J. Wootten, Fish Reproduction: Strategies and Tactics, Academic Press. 7. Prosser, C.L. Comparative Animal Physiology. 8. Moyle, P.B. and Joseph J. Cech, Jr. Fishes: An Introduction to Ichthyology, Prentice Hall. 9. Halver, J.E. Fish Nutrition, Academic Press, 1972. 10. Lovell, J. Nutrition and Feeding of Fish, Van Nostrand, 1989.

Practical-I (ZP 1) : ANATOMY OF

INVERTEBRATES 1. Nervous system: Squilla and Sepia. 2. Reproductive system: Vaginulus 3. Digestive system: Vaginulus 4. Mounting: Appendages of Squilla, Sting of honey bee, gnathochilarium of millipede. 5. Museum specimens and slides relevant to the type study in theory.

Practical-II (ZP 2) :

GAMETE BIOLOGY 1. Identification of Invertebrate larvae – slides. 2. Identification of chick embryo stages 18 to 72 hours – slides 3. Developmental stages of Frog and Mammal – slides 4. Estimation of calcium in egg shell.

II Semeste

r

Paper-V (Z 201) : POPULATION GENETICS AND EVOLUTION

Unit-I Human Genetics: Human genome project, Quantitative and Qualitative traits of human beings, blood groups, concepts of eugenics, inborn errors of metabolism, chromosomal abnormalities. Unit-II

Genetic Principles: Mendelian principles, interaction of genes, linkage and crossing over, sex linkage and sex determination, behaviour genetics in Drosophila and bees. Extra-chromosomal inheritance. Unit-III

Quantitative Genetics:Polygenic traits and mode of inheritance, analysis of variation: genetic and environmental factors, Heritability, Inbreeding and consequences, Co-efficient of inbreeding and consanguinity. L Unit-IV Concepts of Evolution: Theories of organic Evolution, Drawinism, Modern synthetic theory, Mutations, HardyWeinberg Law, Natural selection as a force for evolution.

Unit-V Mega Evolution: Speciation, phylogenetic and biological concepts of species, pattern and mechanism of reproductive isolation, Models of speciation Allopatric, sympatric, parapatric, convergent and divergent evolution, Adaptive radiation in amphibians, reptiles and mammals.

SUGGESTED READING MATERIAL 1. De Robertis, RDP Saez, De Robertis RMF, 1970 Cell Biology, Academic Press, New York. 2. Bourne, G.H. 1970. Division of Labour in Cells, Academic Press, New York. 3. Stahl, F.W. 1965. Mechanics of Inheritance, Prentice-Hall. 4. White, M.J.D. 1973. Animal Cytology and Evolution, Cambridge Univ.Press. 5. Levine, L. 1969. Biology of the Gene, Toppan. 6. Harth & E.W. Jones, 1998. Genetics – Principles and Analysis, Jones and BarHett Publishers, Boston. 7. Baer, A.S., Hazen, M.E., Johnson, D.L., Sloan W.C., 1971, Central Concepts of Biology. The Macmillan

Company. 8. Yost, H.T. 1978. Cellular Physiology, Prentice Hall, Inc., New Jercy. 9. Pedder, I.J. 1972. Genetics as a basic guide. W.Norton & Company, Inc. 10. Burns, G.W. 1972. TheScience of Genetics. An Introduction to Heredity, Macmillan Publishing Co., Inc. 11. Gardner, E.F. 1975. Principles of Genetics, John Wiley & Sons, Inc., New York.

Unit-I

Paper-VI (Z 202) : COMPARATIVE ANIMAL PHYSIOLOGY

Transformation of Energy in Animals: Bio-energetics; diversity in operations; Factors regulating enzyme activity; energy producing reactions, proteolytic enzymes; pathways of cellular metabolism, Nutrition impairment and stress.

Unit-II Nervous system: Comparative account of nervous system and mechanism of nerve impulse transmission in animals; Receptor physiology – Chemo-Mechano and photoreceptors in animals; Bioluminescence.

Unit-III Respiration in biological systems: Mechanism of gaseous exchange in animals; General account of circulatory system in animals and role of respiratory pigments; excretion and osmo regulation; thermo-regulation in animals.

Unit-IV

Muscle physiology – striated and smooth muscle, Adaptations of muscles for various activities, Neuronal control of muscle contraction, Electric organs. Unit-V Reproduction: Reproductive mechanisms;, Role of hormones in reproduction; growth and development – Regeneration, moulting and metamorphosis. REFERENCE BOOKS: Eckert, H. Animal Physiology: Mechanisms and Adaptation, W.H. Freeman & Company. Floray, E. An Introduction to General and Comparative Animal Physiology, W.B. Saunders Co., Philadelphia. Hoar, W.S. General and Comparative Physiology, Prentice Hall of India, New Delhi. Lehninger, A.L., Nelson and Cox, Principles of Biochemistry, Lange Medical Publications, New Delhi. Prosser, C.L. and Brown, F.A. Comparative Animal Physiology, W.B. Saunders Company, Philadelphia. Schmidt-Nielson, K. Animal Physiology, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.

Unit-I

Paper-VII (Z 203) - GENERAL AND POPULATION ECOLOGY

Nature and scope of Ecology, Ecosystem: Concepts, structure and function, simulation and modeling. Classification of ecosystems with examples, feedback loop.Ecosystem dynamics and management; stability and complexity of ecosystem speciation and extinctions.

Unit-II Interaction between environment and biota, concept of habitat and ecological niches; concept of productivity; limiting factors; energy flow, food chain, food web, trophic levels, ecological pyramids and recycling.

Unit-III Demography; Life tables generation time, net productive rate, reproductive value, population growth of organisms with non-overlapping generations, exponential growth. Verhulst peral logistic growth models, stochastic and time log models of population growth. Stable distribution, population growth projection using Lesile Matrix.

Unit-IV Population regulation; extrinsic and intrinsic mechanism. r- and k selection, predation, role of predation in nature. UNIT-V Environmental impact assessment; principles of conservation; conservation strategies, sustainable development.

REFERENCE BOOKS 1. Odum, E.P. 1983. Basic Ecology, Saunders Publishing. 2. Chapman, J.L. and M.J. Reiss, 1995. Ecology Principles and Application, Cambridge University Press. 3. Krebs, C.J. Ecology, Harper and Row, New York. 4. Krebs, C.J. Ecological Methodology. Harper and Row, New York. 5. Kormondy, E.J. Concepts of Ecology. Eastern Economy Edition.

Paper-VIII (Z 204) : ABSTRACT LIMNOLOGY

Unit-I Definitions and facts of Limnology. Limnology as an applied science. Light: Penetration and zonation in natural waters. Compensation point. Factors affecting light penetration in natural waters and fish ponds.

Unit-II Temperature: Direct and inverse stratification and its overall impact. Thermal bar. Thermal classification of lakes. Unit-III Dissolved gases in lakes and fish ponds. Oxygen: sources, losses and spatial and temporal distribution patterns.Algal die-offs. Identification of oxygen depletion problems and control mechanisms.Carbon dioxide: Sources, losses and distribution patterns. Role of carbon dioxide system in chemical buffering. Redox potential and its implications. Unit-IV Nutrients: Biogeochemical cycling of phosphorus and nitrogen. Macro- and micro-nutrients in fish ponds. Primary nutrients in fish ponds. Properties of chemical fertilizers. Unit-V Management of natural water bodies.Biomanipulation concepts: Zooplankton as a tool in lake management. Turbidity: Causes, consequences and control.Liming and its implications in fish ponds.

Recommended Books: 1. Wetzel, R.G. 1983. Limnology. W.B. Saunders Co. 2. Goldman, C.R. & A.J. Horme, 1983. Limnology, McGraw Hill International Book Co. 3. Cole, G.A. 1983. Limnology, The C.V. Mosby Co. 4. Reid, G.K. & R.D. Wood, 1976. Ecology of Inland waters and Estuaries. D. Van Nostrand Co., New York. 5. Welch, P.S. 1952. Limnology. McGraw-Hill Book Co. 6. Kerfoot, W.C. & A.Sih, 1987. Predation: Direct and indirect impacts.

Univ. Press of New England, Hanover & London. 7. Carpenter, S.R. & J.F. Kitchell (eds.), 1993. The trophic cascade in lakes. Cambridge Univ. Press.

Practical-III (ZP 3) : ANATOMY OF VERTEBRATES

1. Rat-neck nerves 2. Scoliodon – IX and X cranial nerves 3. Rat – digestive system 4. Trichiurus – IX and X cranial nerves 5. Catfish – Weberian ossicles 6. Anabas – Accessory respiratory organs 7. Fish brain and rat brain 8. Skulls 9. Museum specimens and slides relevant to the type study in theory.

PHYSIOOGY

Practical-IV (ZP 4) : PHYSIOLOGY AND ECOLOGY

1. Qualitative identification and estimation of Ammonia, Urea, and Uric acid. 2. Estimation of Proteins. 3. Estimation of tissue glycogen. 4. Estimation of tissue somatic index.

ECOLOGY 1. Area species curve 2. Species quadrate curve 3. Determination of frequency 4. Soil pH 5. Estimation of primary productivity (Light and Dark bottle method).

Unit-I

III Semester

Paper-IX (Z 301) : TOOLS AND TECHNIQUES IN BIOLOGY

Principles and applications of Microscopy. Optical microscopy. Electron microscopy. Types of Electron microscopy. Fixation and staining. Ultracentrifugation and application of centrifugation.

Unit-II Principles and applications of spectroscopies. UV spectroscopy.Infrared spectroscopy Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy (AAS). Nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy. Absorption spectroscopy. Unit-III Chromatography: Principles and applications of gel-filtration, Ion exchange and affinity chromatography. Thin- layer, Gas and High pressure liquid chromatography. Electrophoresis and Electro-focussing. Unit-IV Principles and techniques of nucleic acid hybridization. Sequencing of proteins and nucleic acids. Southern,Northern and south western blotting techniques. Polymerage chain-reaction technique. Unit-V Bio-statistics: Sampling and tabulation of data. Basic statistics – averages, central tendencies, co-efficient of variation, standard error, confidence limits; Biononial, poisson, and normal distributions. Tests of statistical significance, correlation & regression. Analysis of variance – Software usage in statistical analysis. REFERENCES BOOKS 1. Lehninger, A.L., Nelson and Cox, Principles of Biochemistry, CBS Publishers & Distributors, New Delhi. 2. Voet, D. and Voet, J.G. Biochemistry, John Wiley & Sons, Singapore. 3. Freifelder, D. Physical Biochemistry, W.H. Freeman & Company, New Delhi. 4. Creighton, T.E. Proteins Structure and Molecular Properties, W.H. Freeman & Company New York. 5. Freifelder, D. Essentials of Molecular Biology, W.H.Freeman & Company, New Delhi.

Unit-I

Paper-X (Z 302) : CAPTURE FISHERIES

Importance of fisheries; Natural populations: Recruitment, Growth and Mortality, Population Dynamics, Estimation of Population size, Effects of fishing and Impact of Alien species.

Unit-II Age : Methods of determination of age, Application of the methods to the study of age in tropical fishes.

Unit-III Growth:Methods of study of growth, Factors affecting growth, Length-weight relationship, Condition factor, Tagging and Marking of fish.

Unit-IV Fishery legislations in India; Reservoir Fisheries and Management in India; Fish migration: Types of migration, Migration of eel and salmon.

Unit-V Fish catching methods: Fishing gear and craft in marine, estuarine and freshwaters. Fish methods: Traditional methods, canning, and freezing. Fishery by-products. Recommended Books: 1. Rounsefell, G.A. and W.H. Everhart. Fisheries Science: Its Methods and Applications, John Wiley, 1963. 2. Royce, W.F. An Introduction to Fisheries Sciences, Academic Press, 1963. 3. Lagler, K.F. Freshwater – Fishery Biology, 1977 Weatherly. 4. Bal, K.N. and Rao, K.V. Marine Fisheries, Oxford, 1987 Von Brandt Fish

catching methods of the World, Fishing News, 1978. 5. Harden Jones, F.R. Fish Migration, Edward Arnold, 1968. 6. Nikolsky, G.V. Ecology of Fishes, Academic Press. 7. Ricker, W.E. (ed.). Methods of assessment of fish production (Timothy &

Beganal) in freshwaters. IBP Handbook 3. 8. Govindan, T.K. Fish Processing Technology, Oxford & IBH Publishing Pvt. Ltd., New Delhi, 1985. 9. Nikolsky, G.V. Edited by R. Jones. “Theory of fish population Dynamics”, Bishen Singh Mahendra Pal

Singh & Otto Koeltz Science Publishers, 1980.

Paper-XI (Z 303) : APPLIED LIMNOLOGY

Unit-I Biotic division of aquatic habitat.Plankton: Classification, horizontal, vertical and temporal distribution in natural water bodies and fish ponds.

Unit-II

Plankton production in fish ponds. Effect of fertilization on plankton. Culture of phyto- and zooplankton: Spirulina, Chlorella, Chaetoceros etc., Brachionus, Moina, Ceriodaphnia, Nitokra, Artemia.

Unit-III Benthos: Composition, classification and distribution. Role of benthos in fish and shrimp ponds. Macrophytes: Composition, distribution and limnological role, and control measures. Unit-IV Productivity: Types, methods of estimation of primary and secondary productivity.Classification of water bodies based on productivity. Eutrophication: Causes, consequences and control.

Unit-V Study of Biota (a) Phytoplankton, Zooplankton and their inter-relationship. (b) Aquatic insects, birds and their environmental significance. Ecological classification of aquatic fauna higher aquatic plants and their significance Recommended Books: 1. Wetzel, R.G. 1983. Limnology. W.B. Saunders Co. 2. Goldman, C.R. & A.J. Horme, 1983. Limnology, McGrawhill International Book Co. 3. Cole, G.A. 1983. Limnology, The C.V. Mosby Co. 4. Reid, G.K. & R.D. Wood, 1976. Ecology of Inland waters and Estuaries. D. Van Nostrand Co., New York. 5. Welch, P.S. 1952. Limnology. McGraw-Hill Book Co. 6. Kerfoot, W.C. & A.Sih, 1987. Predation: Direct and indirect impacts.

Univ. Press of New England, Hanover & London. 7. Carpenter, S.R. & J.F. Kitchell (eds.), 1993. The trophic cascade in lakes. Cambridge Univ. Press.

Unit-I VIRAL DISEASES

Paper-XII (Z 304) : PATHOBIOLOGY - FISHERIES

FISH DISEASES: Clinical symptoms, pathology and control measures of Viral Hemorrhagic Septicemia (VHS) and Infectious Hematopoietic Necrosis (IHN) SHRIMP DISEASES: Pathology, clinical symptoms, prevention and treatment of Monodon Baculoviral disease, Infectious Hypodermal and Hemateopoietic Necrosis Viral disease, Hepato Pancreatic Parvolike Viral disease, Yellowhead baculoviral disease and White spot Baculoviral disease.

Unit-II

BACTERIAL DISEASES FISH DISEASES:Clinical symptoms, pathology and control measures of Bacterial Hemorrhagic Septicemia (BHS), Bacaterial gill disease and Tail and fin rot. SHRIMP DISEASES:Brown spot disease, Black gill diseases, Filamentous bacterial gill disease.

Unit-III FUNGAL DISEASES FISH DISEASES:Pathology, clinical symptoms, prevention and treatment of Clinical symptoms, pathology and control measures of Saprolegniasis and Branchiomycosis SHRIMP DISEASES:Pathology, clinical symptoms, prevention and treatment of Clinical symptoms, pathology and control measures of Lagenidium Disease (Larval Mycosis) and Fusarium Disease Unit-IV PROTOZOAN, CRUSTACEAN AND HELMINTHIC DISEASES FISH DISEASES:Clinical symptoms, pathology and control measures of Ichthyophthiriasis, Nodular disease and Myxosporidiasis; Clinical symptoms, pathology and control measures of argulosis and lernaeasis;Clinical symptoms, pathology and control measures of gyrodactylosis and dactylogyrosis SHRIMP DISEASES:Morphology of the parasite, disease signs and management of Ecotocommensal protozoa, Epistylis, Zoothamnium, Corthenia and Acineta. Clinial symptoms, pathology and control measures of Microsporidiasis.

Unit-V NUTRITIONAL AND ECOLOGICAL DISEASES FISH DISEASES:Diseases of vitamin deficiency and fatty liver degeneration

Clinical symptoms, pathology and control measures of gas bubble disease, lack of oxygen and Temperature disturbances SHRIMP DISEASES:Clinical symptoms, pathology and control measures of Cramped tails, Muscle Necrosis,Gas bubble disease, Black death disease, Chronic soft shell syndrome, Black gill disease, Blue shell syndrome, Red disease and White syndrome.

REFERENCES 1. H.H.Reichanbach, Klinke, Fisher Pathology, TFH (Gt. Britain Ltd.,) England, 1965. 2. W.E. Ribelin and G. Miguki. The Pathology of Fishes. The Univ. of Wisconsin Press Ltd., 70 Great Russel

Street, London, 1975. 3. C.A.Conroy and R.L. Herman. Text book of Fish Diseases. TFH Great Britain Ltd., England, 1968. 4. Shuzo Egusa. Infectious Diseases of Fish. Oxonian Press Pvt.Ltd., N56 Connaught Circus, New Delhi,

1978.

Practical-V (ZP 5) : FISHERIES SCIENCE

1. Collection, preservation and identification of commonly occurring fishes

in the ponds – Collection of biometric data. 2. Study of commercially important marine, freshwater and brackish water fishes. 3. Dissection and mounting of the pituitary gland of the fish – preparation,

dosage and injection of pituitary extract. 4. Stages of maturation 5. Biostatistics – Collection of data, Presentation of data – tabulation and

presentation in the form of histograms, polygon and smoothed frequency curve.

6. Calculation of Mean, Mode and Median. 7. Calculation of Standard Deviation and Standard Error 8. Comparison of samples employing t-test. 9. Chi-square test 10. Application of software technology for the above statistical analysis.

Practical-VI (ZP 6) : PATHOBIOLOGY - FISHERIES

1. External examination of the diseased fish – diagnostic features – procedures. 2. Exploration of the skin: smear. 3. Exploration of the gill: smear. 4. Autopsy – examination of the infected organs. 5. Maceration and squash preparation of organs for microscopical observation. 6. Collection of protozoan and metazoan parasites. 7. Spotters/slides of parasites. 8. Museum specimens of fish infected with different parasites. 9. Antigen antibody interaction – Haemagglutination 10. Antigen antibody interaction – Immunodiffusion 11. Histology of lymphoid organs 12. Study of bone marrow cells.

IV Semester Paper-XIII (Z 401) - AQUATIC TOXICOLOGY

Unit-I Causes of pollution of Aquatic Resources, their management and conservation. Use and misuse of inland waters.. Industrial Pollution: Metallic and non-metallic pollutants, Acid rains. Unit-II Pesticide Pollution:Origin and classification of pesticides, Bioconcentration, B.C.F., Bioaccumulation, Sources of contamination, Bio-magnification, Effects on non-target organisms, Metabolites – Uptake & Depuration of Toxic chemicals.

Unit-III Thermal Pollution: Power plants, temperature effects on growth and

metabolisRadiation pollution, alpha, beta, gamma rays effects, Nuclear fission and fusion experiments. Unit-IV Methods of water quality testing BOD and COD and treatment. Sewage – Definition, composition and its treatment.. Bioindicators- Aquatic flora and fauna in relation to water quality in an aquatic environment Unit-V Environmental impacts on biological, socio-economic and cultural environments. Environmental Policy and Planning, Pollution Control Laws and Acts, Safety of Environment.

Recommended Books: 1. Environmental Pollution by Pesticides. 1973, C.A.Edwards, Plenum Press, London/New York. 2. River Pollution. 1968, KLEIN Volumes 1,2,3, Butter Worths, London. 3. Ecology Pesticides, 1978, A.W.A. Brown, Academic Press, London. 4. Insecticides Action and Metabolism. 1978, R.D. O'Brien, Academic Press, New York. 5. Pesticides in Aquatic Environment. 1978, Mohammad Abdul Quadden Khan, Plenum Press, NewYork/London. 6. Qualitative Toxicology. 1979, V.A.Filov, John Viley Sons, New York. 7. Pesticide Residue Management. 1977, D.L. Watson and A.W.A. Brown, Academic press/NewYork/London. 8. Radiation Bio-physics. 1974, H.L. Andrews, Prentice Hall, Inc., New York, USA. 9. Man and His Environment. 1974, D.Lee and D. Maindad, Academic Press, New York. 10. Water Toxicology. 1971, V.V. Matehev and A.I.Kanaer, Amerind Publishing Co. Pvt. Ltd., New Delhi. 11. Fish and River Pollution. 1964, JRE Jones, Butter Worths, London. 12. Aquatic Pollution. 1981, E.A. Laws Wiley & Sons, New York. 13. Environmental Protection. 1973,E.T. Chanlett, McGraw Hill, Inc., Japan.

Unit-I

Paper-XIV (Z 402) : AQUACULTURE MANAGEMENT

Aquaculture: history, definition, scope & importance,Fishery resources of India in g & Andhra Pradesh in particular. Abiotic & biotic factors of water necessary for fish life.Ecological characteristics of lakes & rivers. Organic Aquaculture – Concept, Principle and Practices.

Unit-II Design and construction of fish and shrimp farms: Types of culture systems: Open culture system (cages, pens, rafts, racks and long-lines); semi-closed culture system (Ponds and Raceways) and closed culture system (Tanks, Silos, water recirculation systems).

Unit-II

Management of fish ponds: Management of fish production; Natural productivity of ponds; Biological means of increasing fish production. Techniques and management practices adopted for the Reservoir Fisheries in India.

Unit-III

Feed Management: Supplementary feeds; Nutritional requirements of fish and shrimp; Feed composition – Formulation and preparation of fish feeds; Feed conversion efficiencies and ratios.

Unit-V

Fishery economics: Principles of aquaculture economics – Capital costs, Variable costs – Cost benefit analysis and concept of fish marketing.

Reference Books: 1. Pillay, T.V.R. 1990. Aquaculture Principles and Practices, Fishing News Books Ltd. 2. Pillay, T.V.R. 1994. Aquaculture Development - Progress and Prospects, Wiley. 3. Stickney, R.R. 1979. Principles of Warmwater Fish Culture, John Wiley. 4. Huet, J. 1997. A text book of Fish Culture. 5. Bardach, J.E. et al. (Ed.). 1972. Aquaculture, Wiley-Intersci. 6. Shang, Y.C. 1981. Aquaculture Economics.

Unit-I

Paper-XV (Z 403) : AQUACULTURE

Culture Fisheries – a knowledge of inland water bodies - suitable for culture in India. Criteria for the selection of a species for culture. Culture practices of fish and shrimp: Traditional, extensive, modified extensive, semi- intensive and intensive cultures. Concept of composite fish culture and Integrated fish farming.

Unit-II Carp Culture: Bundh breeding and Induced breeding by Hypophysation and use of synthetic hormones. Preparation and Management of carp culture ponds – nursery, rearing and production ponds. Culture of Giant fresh water prawn and Asian catfish. Unit-III Culture of brackish water fish – Chanos and Lates. Culture of tiger shrimp Penaeus monodon. Culture of pearl oysters and Edible oysters. Culture of sea weeds.

Unit-IV Culture of ornamental fishes. Improvement of fish stocks: Genetic improvement/Hybridization of fish – Indian studies; mariculture (mussels, oysters, sea weeds) and their importance

Unit-V Biotechnological approaches: Genetic engineering – Gynogenesis, Androgenesis and Polyploidy; production of transgenic fish, impact of GMOs on aquatic biodiversity;Cryopreservation of fish gametes.

Recommended Books: 1. Stickney, R.R. 1979. Principles of Warmwater Fish Culture, John Wiley & Sons. 2. Huet, J. 1986. A Text Book of Fish Culture. Fishing News Books Ltd. 3. Bardach, J.E. 1972 (Ed.). Aquaculture, Wiley Inter Sci. 4. Pillay et al., T.V.R. 1990. Aquaculture Principles and Practices, Fishing News Books Ltd. 5. Jhingran, V.G. Fish and Fisheries of India. 6. MPEDA: Handbooks on culture of carp, shrimp etc.

Unit-I

Paper-XVI (Z 404) : IMMUNOLOGY

IMMUNE SYSTEM IN HUMANS: Natural & acquired immunity; Structure & function of immunoglobulins ; Humoral and cell mediated immunity; Lymphocytes & accessory cells

Unit-II IMMUNE SYSTEM IN HUMANS:MHC class I & II; Immediate & delayed type of hypersensitivity ;Mechanism of immune response and generation of immunological diversity

Unit-III FISH IMMUNE SYSTEM:Natural & acquired immunity ;Fish immunoglobulins;Structure and function of lymphoid organs;Crusteacean immune system

Unit-IV APPLICATION OF IMMUNOLOGICAL TECHNIQUES: Immunodiffusion, Immunoelectrophoresis ELISA, MLR, Immunoblotting,Hybridoma, Radio immunoassays

Unit-V Vaccines & immunostimulants in humans & fish ; Development of fish vaccines

Fish vaccines-strategy and use in aquaculture. Suggested Literature: 1. Fishponds in Farming Systems, Zijpp, V. D., Verreth, J. A. J., Tri, L. Q., van Mensvoort, M. E. F., Bosma, R. H., and Beveridge, M. C. M., Wageningen Academic Publishers, Netherlands 2. Aquaculture Principles and Practices, Pillay, T. V. R., Blackwell Publishing, USA 3. Aquaculture and Fisheries Biotechnology Genetic Approaches, Dunham, R. A., CABI Publishing, Reference Books 1. T.C.Cheng. The Biology of Animal Parasites. Saunders Company,

Philadelphia, 1964. 2. 2. H.H.Reichanbach, Klinke. Fish Pathology. TFH (Gt. Britain Ltd.,) England, 1965. 3. W.E. Ribelin and G. Miguki. The Pathology of Fishes. The Univ. of Wisconsin Press Ltd., 70 Great Russel

Street, London, 1975. 4. C.A. Conroy and R.L. Herman. Text book of Fish Diseases. TFH Great Britain Ltd., England, 1968. 5. Shuzo Egusa. Infectious Diseases of Fish. Oxonian Press Pvt.Ltd., N56 Connaught Circus, New Delhi,

1978. 6. M.J. Manning and M.F. Tatner, Fish Immunology. Academic Press, London, 1985. 7. K.R.Joshi and N.O. Osamo. Immunology. Agro Botanical Publishers (INDIA), Bikaner, 1994.

8. R.A. Goldsby, T.J. Kindt and B.A. Osborne, KUBY Immunology, W.H. Freeman and Company, New York,

1999.

Practical-VII (ZP 7) : POND WATER ANALYSIS

1. Determination of pH Temperature, Turbidity and COD/BOD. 2. Spectrophotometer/Colorimeter: Principles & Instrument Working – Estimation of Phosphates, Iron and

Nitrites. 3. Determination of LC50 values by Finney’s probit analysis.

Practical-VIII (ZP 8) : POND BIOTA

1. Collection, Preservation and identification of common phytoplanktonic organisms in the ponds. 2. Collection, preservation and identification of common zooplanktonic

organisms in the ponds – Rotifers, copepods and cladocerans. 3. Estimation of relative abundance of different groups using counter – Numerical analysis and quantitative

estimation. 4. Collection, preservation and identification of benthos. 5. Acquaintance with the common floating, emergent and submerged aquatic vegetation.

*****

M.Sc., I Semester Paper-I (Z 101) : STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION OF INVERTEBRATES AND

GAMETE BIOLOGY

Model Question Paper

Time : Three Hours Max.Marks :70

All the questions are compulsory All questions carry equal marks

Draw the diagrams wherever necessary Unit-1

1. a. Write an essay on life cycle of Trypanosoma gambiense or

b. Write a short notes on : i. Vectors associated with human disease ii. Biological control of Arthropod vectors

Unit-2

2. a. What is Nutrition? Describe the feeding and digestion in Cnidarians. or

b. Write a short note on : i. Filter feeding in Echinoderms ii. Gills in Arthropods

Unit-3

3. a. Write a detailed note on respiratory system of aquatic arthropods. or

b. Write a short note on: i. Tracheal system in arthropods ii. Respiration in Molluscans

Unit-4

4. a. Describe the general characteristics and reproduction if Rotifers or

b. Write a short note on : i. Polymorphism in Ectoprocta ii. Chaetognatha

Unit-5

5. a. Explain the phenomenon of fertilization or

b. write a short not on : i. Types of eggs ii. Gametogenesis in animals

M.Sc., I Semester Paper-II (Z 102) - COMPARATIVE ANATOMY OF VERTEBRATES, BIODIVERSITY AND WILDLIFE

Model Question Paper

Time : Three Hours Max.Marks :70

All the questions are compulsory All questions carry equal marks

Draw the diagrams wherever necessary Unit-1

1. a. Explain the characteristics of Vertebrates or

b. Write a short notes on : i. Evolutionary evidence of chordates ii. Importance of vertebrate morphology study

Unit-2 2. a. Give a comparative account on brain of Fishes and Reptiles.

or b. Write a short note on : i. Autonomous nervous system ii. Peripheral nervous system

Unit-3 3. a. Describe the structure of heart in fishes, reptiles and mammals

or b. Write a short note on : i. Olfactory organs ii. Lateral line system

Unit-4 4. a. Write an essay on Biodiversity

or b. Write a short note on : i. Zoological nomenclature ii. DNA finger printing in relation to taxonomy

Unit-5 5. a. Write an account on wild life conservation.

or b. Write a short not on : i. Wild life protection acts. ii. Cryopreservation

M.Sc., I Semester Paper-III (Z 103) : MOLECULAR CELL BIOLOGY

Model Question Paper

Time : Three Hours Max.Marks :70

All the questions are compulsory All questions carry equal marks

Draw the diagrams wherever necessary Unit-1

1. a. Describe the role of Mitochondria in cell metabolism or

b. Write a short notes on : i. Lysosomes in Autolysis and Heterolysis ii. Biogenesis of ribosomes

Unit-2

2. a. Explain the gene expression mechanism. or

b. Write a short note on : i. Structure of chromatin ii. Cistron regulation in Prokaryotes

Unit-3

3. a. Write an essay on structure of DNA or

b. Write a short note on : i. Cell cycle ii. Significance of meiosis

Unit-4

4. a. Give a detailed note on protein synthesis or

b. Write a short note on : i. Gene splicing ii. Evolutionary significance of genetic code.

Unit-5

5. a. What is PCR? Write a detailed note on it. or

b. write a short not on : i. Applications of recombinant DNA technology ii. Southern blotting

M.Sc., I Semester Paper-IV (Z 104) : ICHTHYOLOGY

Model Question Paper

Time : Three Hours Max.Marks :70

All the questions are compulsory All questions carry equal marks

Draw the diagrams wherever necessary Unit-1

1. a. Write a note on distinguishable characteristics of cartilaginous and bony fishes or

b. Write a short notes on : i. Dipnoi fishes ii. Biology of commercially important Fresh water fishes

Unit-2

2. a. Describe the structure of gill and physiology of respiration in fishes or

b. Write a short note on : i. Accessory respiratory organ ii. Structure of fish heart

Unit-3

3. a. What are the main osmoregulatory organs in fishes? Describe their structure & function.

or b. Write a short note on : i. Osmoregulation in marine fishes ii. Osmoregulation in fresh water fishes

Unit-4

4. a. Give a detailed note on pituitary and thyroid glands. or

b. Write a short note on : i. Corpuscles of stannous ii. Adrinocortical tissue

Unit-5

5. a. Explain the different kinds of parental care in fishes or

b. write a short not on : i. Reproductive structures in Teleost fishes ii. oviparity, ovoviviparity, viviparity in fishes