krishna university details chemistry 1...

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Krishna University Course structure and syllabus for M.Sc., Pharmaceutical Chemistry

Details 1 Title of the course M.Sc., Pharmaceutical Chemistry

2 Duration of the course 2 years (four semesters) 3 Eligibility criteria for

admission B.Sc. with Chemistry as main or one of the equal subjects in common core system or passed in B. Pharmacy

4 Intake 30 seats (Five seats for B. Pharmacy and 25 for others) In case of non availability of the candidates in one stream, seats will be transferred to the other stream.

5 Mode of admission The admission will be through any of the following procedures.

1. Entrance examination 2. Merit in qualifying examination (only group percentage shall be considered.

6 Objectives Of The Course 1. To train the students to acquire competence in the pharmaceutical chemistry and to develop competency in research and methodologies in the field of pharmaceutical chemistry. 2. to train the students to acquire competence to get placements in the pharmaceutical industries engaged in the synthesis and analysis of drugs and pharmaceuticals.

7 Course requirement The course shall include theory papers, practicals, seminars, assignments, project works.

8 Course structure and scheme of examination

The course will be conducted on credit system and evaluation will be on seven point grading system.

9 Credit system In this system credits will be allotted to each paper Each theory paper will be given credits on the basis number of teaching hours shown against each paper. One hour of teaching theory paper in a week will be given one credit. Each practical will be given credits on the basis of number of practical hours.

10 Gradation system The course will be evaluated and the students will be graded on ten point scale with seven letter grades i.e., O, A, B, C, D, E, F.

11 No. of working days In each semester at least 90 working days (15 weeks of 6 working days) must be dedicated for theory classes, practical classes and seminars.

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Semester-wise Paper Titles - M.Sc., Pharmaceutical Chemistry Course structure

Semester-1

Subject code Name of the subject

Internal marks

External marks

Total marks

No.of hours /week

No. of credits /week

PHC101 General Chemistry - 1 30 70 100 4 4 PHC102 Inorganic Chemistry- 1 30 70 100 4 4 PHC103 Organic Chemistry – 1 30 70 100 4 4 PHC104 Physical Chemistry - 1 30 70 100 4 4 PHC105 Organic Chemistry Practical-1 30 70 100 4 4 PHC106 Inorganic Chemistry Practical-1 30 70 100 4 4 PHC107 Physical Chemistry Practical-1 30 70 100 4 4

PHC 108 Seminars ( two) 100 4 4 TOTAL 32 32

Semester-II

Subject code

Name of the subject Internal marks

External marks

Total marks

No.of hours /week


PHC201 Organic Spectroscopy 30 70 100 4 4 PHC202 Inorganic Chemistry-2 30 70 100 4 4 PHC203 Organic Chemistry- 2 30 70 100 4 4 PHC204 Physical Chemistry- 2 30 70 100 4 4

PHC205 Organic Chemistry Practicals -2

30 70 100 4 4

PHC206 Inorganic Chemistry Practicals-2

30 70 100 4 4

PHC207 Physical Chemistry Practicals-2

30 70 100 4 4

PHC 208 Seminar (Two) 100 4 4

TOTAL 32 32

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Semester-III

Subject code Name of the subject Internal

marks External marks

Total marks

No.of hours /week


PHC301 Pharmaceutical Analysis 30 70 100 4 4

PHC302 Pharmaceutical Technology 30 70 100 4 4

PHC303 Natural Products & Medicinal Chemistry

30 70 100 4 4

PHC304 Good manufacture practices and Good lab practices

30 70 100 4 4

PHC305 Pharmaceutical Analysis 30 70 100 4 4

PHC306 Pharmaceutical Technology (Practical)

30 70 100 4 4

PHC307 Applications of Spectorscopy

30 70 100 4 4

PHC 308 Seminar 100 4 4

TOTAL 32 32

Semester-IV

Project Work

In IV semester students should carry out the project work.

Subject code

Name of the subject External marks

Total marks

No. of credits

PHC 401 Seminar on Proposed Project Work

100 4

PHC 402 Mid -term Seminar on the project work

100 4

PHC 403 PROJECT WORK 200 8 PHC 404 Viva-Voce 100 4 Total 20

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TOTAL NUMBER OF CREDITS AT THE END OF COURSE

S.No semester credits 1 1st semester 32 2 2nd semester 32 3 3rd semester 32 4 4th semester 20 Total 116

Procedure to evaluate internal assessment

Theory Internal Assessment

Internal examination 15 marks Assignment 5 marks Seminars 5 marks Attendance 5 marks Total 30 marks

Practical Internal Assessment

PRACTICAL EXTERNAL EXAMINATION (LAB)

Practical Examination 40 marks

Viva 20 marks

Record 10 marks

Total 70 Marks

Internal exam 15 marks Lab attendance 5 marks Record 5marks Lab performance 5marks Total 30 marks

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Gradation system Grade points are allotted based on percentage of marks as shown in the table

S.No. Range of Marks Grade Grade Points

1 >85% O 10.0 2 75% - 85% A 9.0 3 67% - 74% B 8.0 4 58% - 66% C 7.0 5 50% - 57% D 6.0 6 40% - 49% E 5.0 7 < 40% F(Fail) 0.0

1. Calculation of SGPA (Semester Grade point Average) For example if a student gets the grades in one semester A,A,B,B,B,D in six subjects having credits 2(S1) 4(S2) , 4(S3), 4(S4), 4(S5), 2(S6), respectively.

The SGPA is calculated as follows:

9(A) x 2 (S1) + 9 (A) x 4 (S2) + 8(B) x 4(S3) + 8(B) x 4(S4) + 8(B) x 4(S5) +6(D) x 2(S6)

SGPA= ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 2(S1) + 4 (S2) + 4(S3) + 4(S4) + 4(S5) + 2(S6)

162 = --------- = 8.10 20 A student securing ‘F’ grade there by securing 0.0 grade points has to appear and secure at least ‘E’ grade at the subsequent examination(s) in that subject.

If a student gets the grades in another semester D,A,B,C,A,E,A in seven subjects having credits 4(S1), 2(S2), 4(S3), 2(S4), 4(S5), 4(S6), 2(S7) respectively.

6(D) x 4 (S1) + 9 (A) x 2(S2) + 8(B) x 4(S3) + 7(C) x 2(S4) + 9(A) x 4(S5) + 5(E)x 4(S6) + 9(A) x2(S7)

SGPA= ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 4(S1) + 2(S2) + 4(S3) + 2(S4) + 4(S5) + 4(S6) + 2(S7)

162

= --------- = 7.36 22

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(9x2 + 9x4 + 8x4 + 8x4 + 8x4 + 6x2 + 6x4 + 9x2 + 8x4 + 7x2 + 9x4 + 5x4 + 9x2) CGPA = ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ (20+22)

324

= --------- = 7.71 42 3.1) A candidate shall be declared to have passed in a paper if the candidate secures a minimum of ‘E’ grade in theory and a minimum of ‘D’ grade in practicals/ project/viva-voce/ industrial training. This includes sessionals wherever applicable. Further, a candidate has to secure a minimum of 5.5 SGPA for a pass in each semester. Further, a candidate will b e permitted to choose any paper(s) to appear for improvement in case the candidate fails to secure the minimum prescribed SGPA/ CGPA to enable the candidate to pass at the end of any semester examination.

3.2) Pass/fail shall not be indicated in the marks statement against each individual paper.

3.3) A candidate will be declared to have passed in a course if a candidate secures 5.5 CGPA.

3.4) Further, classification of successful candidates is based on CGPA as follows.

Distinction – CGPA 8.0 or more

I Class – CGPA 6.5 or more but less than 8.0

II Class – CGPA 5.5 or more but less than 6.5

Pass – CGPA 5.0 or more but Less than 5.5

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DETAILED SYLLABUS

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M.Sc. CHEMISTRY (ORGANIC CHEMISTRY SPECIALIZATION) Effective for the students admitted from the year 2012-2013

SEMESITER - I PAPER – I : GENERAL CHEMISTRY CODE: PHC 101

UNIT I

Data Analysis :

A. Classification of errors - Determinate and indeterminate errors - Minimization of errors - Accuracy and precision- Distribution of random errors - Gaussian distribution - Measures of central tendency

B. Measures of precision - Standard deviation - Standard error of mean - student's t test - Confidence interval of mean - Testing for significance - Comparison of two means – F-test - Criteria of rejection of an observation - propagation of errors - Significant figures and computation rules - Control charts - Regression analysis - Linear least squares analysis.

UNIT-II

Methods of Purification: A. Distillation: Basic principles. Distillation types, continuous distillation, batch distillation,

fractional distillation, vacuum distillation and steam distillation. Deans-stork Distillation and their Industrial applications. Drying Techniques: Drying of Hexane, Benzene, Toluene, Xylene, Tetrahydrofuran, DMF, DMSO, Methanol, Ethanol, Diethylether, Dioxane

B. Solvent extraction: Basic principles. Different types of extraction. Selection of solvents. Avoiding emulsion formation. Basic concepts on Soxhlet extraction. Industrial applications CrystalizationTechniques : Different kinds of crystallization, Single crystal generation and analysis of crystal structure

UNIT III

Adsorption and Partition Chromatography A) Introduction to chromatography. Different types of Chromatography. Adsorption chromatography- adsorbents, solvents, solutes, apparatus. Column Chromatography-stationary phase, Mobile phase, packing of column, advantages and disadvantages. B).Thin Layer chromatography: Basic Principles. Common stationary phases, Methods of preparing TLC plates, Selection of mobile phase, Development of TLC plates, Visualization methods, Rf value. Application of TLC in monitoring organic reactions.identification and quantitative analysis.

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Paper chromatography: Basic Principles. Ascending and descending types. Selection of mobile phase, Development of chromatograms, Visualization methods. Application of paper chromatography in the identification of sugars and amino acids. One and two dimensional paper chromatography.

UNIT IV

Gas chromatography & HPLC A. Gas chromatography: Basic Principles. Different types of GC techniques. Selection of columns and carrier gases. Instrumentation.detectors; RT values. B. High Performance liquid chromatography (HPLC): Basic Principles. Normal and

reversed Phases. Selection of column and mobile phase. Instrumentation. detectors; RT values. Applications in the separation, identification and quantitative estimation of organiccompounds. Concepts on HPLC method development.

UNIT V

Titrimetric Analysis:

A) Classification of reactions in titrimetric analysis- Primary and secondary standards-Neutralisation titrations-Theory of neutralisation indicators-Mixed indicators- Neutralisation curves-Displcement titrations

B) Precipitation titrations-Indicators for precipitation titrations-Volhard method-Mohr method- Theory of adsorption indicators-Oxidation redution titrations-Change of electrode potentials during titration of Fe(II) with Ce (IV)-Detection of end point in redox titrations-Complexometric titrations.

REFERENCES: 1. Vogel's text book of quantitative analysis. Addition Wesley Longmann Inc. 2. Quantitative analysis R.A Day and A.L.Underwood. Prentice Hall Pvt.Ltd. 3. Principles of Instrumental Analysis by D. A. Skoog, F. J. Holler and T. A. Nieman, Harcourt College Pub. 4. Separation Techniques by M. N. Sastri, Himalaya Publishing House (HPH), Mumbai. 5. Introduction to Organic Laboratory Techniques-D. L. Pavia, G. M. Lampman,G. S. Kriz and R. G. Engel, Saunders College Pub (NY). 6. Instrumental methods of Chemical Analysis by H. Kaur, PragatiPrakasan, Meerut. 7. Protein Purification-Principles and practice, III Edn- R. K. Scopes, Narosa Publishing House , Delhi.

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PAPER – II, INORGANIC CHEMISTRY-1 Code : PHC 102 UNIT I

Part A Introduction to Exact Quantum Mechanical Results : Schrodinger equation ,Importance of wave function ,Operators , derivation of wave equation using operator concept . Discussion of solutions of Schrodinger’s equation to some model systems viz. particle in one dimensional box ( applications ) , three dimensional box ,Rigid rotator system and the Hydrogen atom . Part B Approximate Methods - Variation theorem , linear variation principle perturbation theory , ( first order and non degenerate ) . Application of variation method to the Hydrogen atom . Angular momentum - Eigen functions and Eigen values of angular momentum , Addition of angular momenta . UNIT II Part A Chemistry of non- transition elements - Inter halogen compounds, Halogen oxides and oxyfluorides. Noble gas compounds with special reference to clathrates. Spectral and Magnetic properties of Lanthanides and Actinides. Analytical applications of Lanthanides and Actinides. Synthesis, properties and structure of B-N, S-N, P-N cyclic compounds and intercalation compounds. Part B Structure and bonding - pπ - dπ bonding - Evidences (in non-transition metal compounds). Concept of Hybridization , Bent’s rule , energetics of Hybridisation , concept of Resonance, Non-valence cohesive forces , Hydrogen bonding -Symmetric and Unsymmetric, VSEPR theory, Walsh diagrams for linear(Be H2 ) and bent ( H2O) molecules . Molecular Orbital theory, Symmetry of Molecular orbitals,Molecular orbitals in triatomic( Be H2 ) molecules and ions (NO2-) and energy level diagrams . Simple reactions of covalently bonded molecules. UNIT III Part A Metal –ligand bonding - Crystal Field Theory of bonding in transition metal complexes – Splitting of d-orbitals in Trigonalbipyramidal and Square pyramidal fields .Tetragonal distortions - Jahn Teller effect . Part B Applications and limitations of CFT . Experimental evidences for covalence in complexes .Moleccular Orbital Theory of bonding for Octahedral , tetrahedral and square planar complexes. π- bonding and MOT - Effect of π - donor and π -acceptor ligands on Δo. Experimental evidence for π - bonding in complexes .

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UNIT IV Part A Metal – ligand Equilibria in solutions - Step wise and over all formation constants .Trends in stepwise constants ( statistical effect and statistical ratio ) . Determination of formation constants by Spectrophotometric method ( Job’s ) and pH metric method( Bjerrum’s ) . Part B Stability correlations - Irwing – William’s series . Hard and soft acids and bases – Acid-base strength and HSAB , Electronegetivity and HSAB . Macrocyclic complexes - Crown ethers and Cryptates. Preparation and structures of Isopoly and Heteropoly acids and their salts .

UNIT V Part A Non aqueous solvents: Introduction, leveling effect of the solvent, classification of solvents, types of chemical reactions in solvents --- precipitation reactions, salt formation, solvolysis, solvate formation and redox reactions, measurement of solvent strength – ligand field theory and Z-value scale of Kosower. Part B Liquid ammonia as solvent: Auto-ionisation of solvent, acid base reactions i.e,Reactions of ammono acids and ammono bases, precipitation reactions, complex formation, ammonolysis of inorganic halides, ammonolysis of organic compounds, solubility of organic compounds, non-metals, metals in liquid ammonia, reactions of metal- ammonia solutions, redox reactions in liquid ammonia, advantages and disadvantages of using ammonia as solvent. Reference Books 1. Inorganic Chemistry Huheey, Harper and Row. 2. Physical methods in inorganic chemistry, R.S. Drago. Affliated East-West Pvt. Ltd. 3. Concise inorganic chemistry, J. D. Lee, ELBS. 4. Modern Inorganic Chemistry , W. L. Jolly, McGrawHill. 5. Inorganic Chemistry , K. F. Purcell and J. C. Kotz Holt Saunders international. 6. Concepts and methods of inorganic chemistry , B. E. Douglas and D.H.M.C. Daniel, oxford Press. 7. Introductory quantum mechanics , A. K. Chandra 8. Quantum Chemistry ,R. K. Prasad. 9. Inorganic Chemistry ,Atkins, ELBS 10. Advanced Inorganic Chemistry ,Cotton and Wilkinson, Wiley Eastern 11. Quantum Chemistry ,R. K. Prasad. 12. Text book of Coordination chemistry ,K.SomaSekharrao and K.N.K. Vani, Kalyani Publishers .

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PAPER – III, ORGANIC CHEMISTRY-1 Code : PHC 103 UNIT-I

A) Nature of Bonding in Organic Molecules: Localised and Delocalized covalentbonds, Delocalised chemical bonding conjugation, cross conjugation, hyper conjugation,Tautomerism. B) Aromaticity: Concept of Aromaticity, Aromaticity of five membered, six membered rings andfused systems.- Non benzonoid aromatic compounds:-cyclopropenylcation, Cyclobutadienyldication,cyclopentadienyl anion-tropylliumcation and cyclooctatetraenyldianion, Metallocenes, Ferrocene, Azulenes, Fulvenes, Annulenes, Fullerenes, Homoaromaticity, Anti aromaticity and pseudo aromaticity .

UNIT – II

REACTIVE INTERMEDIATES: A. Generation, Structure, Stability,Detection and Reactivity of Carbocations,Carbanions,

Free radicals, Carbenes, Nitrenes and Arynes. B. Reactive Species: Generation and reactivity of Electrophiles, Nucleophiles, Dienophiles,

Ylids, Enophiles.

UNIT-III Methods for determining Reaction mechanisms by kinetic and non-kinetic studies.

A) Kinetics of reaction, Energy profile diagram, Intermediate versus transition state, Reaction rate and rate limiting step. Identification of products,

B) Testing possible intermediates, trapping of intermediates, Cross over experiments, Isotopic labeling

UNIT-IV Types of Reactions:substitutions :

A. Aliphatic Nucleophilic substitutions: The SN2, SN1, mixed SN1 and SN2 and SNireactions : Mechanism, factors effecting substitution reactions. The neighbouring group mechanism, neighbouring group participation by σ and π bonds, anchimeric assistance.

B. Aromatic substitution:Aromatic electrophilic substitution, Nitration, sulphonation, alkylation, acylation, halogenation.

Aromatic Nucleophilic substitution: The SNAr, SN1 mechanisms and benzyne mechanism. Reactivity- effect of substrate structure, leaving group and attacking nucleophile.

UNIT-V A. Additions: Addition to carbon – carbon multiple bonds, HX, X2, stereo chemistry of

addition, formation and reaction of epoxides, syn and anti hydroxylation, hydrogenation (catalytic and Non catalytic), synthetic reactions of CO and CN and Cram’s rule. B. Eliminations Types of elimination (E1,E1CB,E2) reactions, mechanisms, stereochemistry and orientation,Hofmann and Saytzeff’s rules, Syn elimination versus anti elimination.

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Competitions betweenelimination and substitution.Dehydration, dehydrogenation, decarboxylative elimination, pyrolyticelimination, molecular rearrangement during elimination

Reference Books : 1.Advanced organic chemistry, Reaction, mechanism and structure, Jerry March, John Wiley. 2. Advanced organic chemistry, F.A.Carey and R.J.Sundberg,Springer , New York. 3. A guide book to Mechanism in organic chemistry, Peter Sykes, Longman. 4. Organic chemistry ,I.L.Finar, Vol. I & II, Fifth ed. ELBS,1975. 5. Organic chemistry, Hendrickson, Cram and Hammond (McGraw – Hill). 6. Modern organic Reactions, H.O.House, Benjamin. 7. Structure and mechanism in organic chemistry, C.K.Ingold, Cornell University Press. 8. Principles of organic synthesis, R.O.C.Norman and J.M.Coxon, Blakie Academic & Professional. 9.Reaction Mechanism in OganicCemistry, S.M.Mukherji andS.P.Singh, Macmillan. 10. Basic Principles of Organic Chemistry by J. B. Roberts and M. Caserio.

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PAPER – IV, PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY-1 Code:- PHC104

UNIT-I Thermodynamics – I Part A Classical thermodynamics - Brief review of first and second laws of thermodynamics - Entropy change in reversible and irreversible processes - Entropy of mixing of ideal gases - Entropy and disorder – Free energy functions - Gibbs-Helmoboltzeuqation - Maxwell partial relations Part B Conditions of equilibrium and spontaneity - Free energy changes in chemical reactions: Van't Hoff reaction isotherm - Van't Hoff equation - ClassiussClapeyron equation - partial molar quantities - Chemical potential - Gibbs- Duhem equation - partial molar volume - determination of partial molar quantities - Fugacity - Determination of fugacity - Thermodynamic derivation of Raoult's law.

UNIT – II Part A Surface phenomena and phase equilibria- Surface tension - capillary action - pressure difference -across curved surface (young - Laplace equation) - Vapour pressure of small droplets (Kelvin equation) -Gibbs-Adsorption equation - BET equation - Estimation of surface area - catalytic activity of surfaces - ESCA , X- ray flouresence and Augar electron spectroscopy. Part B Surface active agents - classification of surface active agents - Micellisation - critical Micelle concentration (CMC) - factors affecting the CMC of surfactants, microemulsions - reverse micelles -Hydrophobic interaction.

UNIT – III Part A Electrochemistry – I - Electrochemical cells - Measureement of EMF - Nernst equation – Equilibrium constant from EMF Data - pH and EMF data - concentation cells with and without transference – Liquid junction potential and its determination - Activity and activity coefficients - Determination by EMF Method - Determination of solubility product from EMF measurements. Part B Debye Huckel limiting law and its verification. Effect of dilution on equivalent conductance of electrolytes - Anamolousbehaviour of strong electrolytes.DebyeHuckel-Onsagar equation - verification and limitations - Bjerrum treatment of electrolytes -conductometric titrations..

UNIT – IV Part A Chemical kinetics- Methods of deriving rate laws - complex reactions - Rate expressions for opposing, parallel and consecutive reactions involving unimolecular steps. Theories of reaction

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rates -collision theory - Steric factor - Activated complex theory - Thermodynamic aspects – Unimolecular reactions - Lindemann's theory - Lindemann-Hinshelwood theory. Part B Reactions in solutions - Influence of solvent - Primary and secondary salt effects - Elementary account of linear free energy relationships - Hammet - Taft equation - Chain reactions - Rate laws of H2-Br2, photochemical reaction of H2 - Cl2 .Decomposition of acetaldehyde and ethane - Rice-Hertzfeld mechanism.

UNIT – V Radioactivity and Isotopes: Part A Introduction to radioactivity, properties of alpha rays , beta rays and gamma rays, theory of radioactive disintegration, rate of disintegration, Geiger-Nuttal rule, radioactive equilibrium. Isotopes- radioactive and non- radioactive isotopes, group displacement law. Part B Analysis of isotopes – Aston’s mass spectrograph, Dempster’s method, Bainbridge’s method. Separation of isotopes – diffusion method , evaporation and distillation method , chemical methods. Basic idea of artificial and induced radioactivity.Applications of isotopes in – chemical analysis, exchange reactions, reaction mechanisms and carbon dating. REFERENCES: 1. Physical Chemistry P.W.Atkins, ELBS 2. Chemical Kinetics - K.J.Laidler, McGraw Hill Pub. 3. Text Book of Physical Chemistry. Samuel Glasstone, Mcmillan Pub. 4. Physical Chemistry, G.W.Castellan. Narosa Publishing House 5. Thermodynamic for Chemists. Samuel Glasstone 6. Electrochemistry,SamuelGlasstone, Affiliated East West 7. Physical Chemistty,W.J.Moore, Prentice Hall 8. Atomic structure and chemical bond. Manaschanda. Tata McGraw Hill Company Limited.

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PRACTICALS FOR FIRST SEMESTER

PRACTICAL I

ORGANIC CHEMISTRY PRACTICAL-1 PHC-105

1. General methods of separation and purification of organic compounds with special reference to:

(a) Solvent extraction. (b) Fractional Distillation. (c) Steam distillation and distillation under reduced pressure. (d) Azotropic distillation

2. Reactions with Different Temperatures (-100C to 2500C) 3. Column, paper and thin layer chromatography. 4. Preparation of Sodium wire 5. Preparation of Sodium Granules 6. Preparation of sodium t-butoxide 7. Preparation of Grignard Reagent and its usage one reaction 8. Preparation of wittig reagent 9. Preparation of Butyl lithium

Reference: 1. A.I.Vogel, “A Text Book of Practical Organic Chemistry”, Longman 2. A.I.Vogel, “Elementary Practical Organic Chemistry”, Longman 3. F.G.Manu and B.C.Saunders, “Practical Organic Chemistry”, Longman 4. Reaction and Synthesis in Organic Laboratory, B.S.Furniss, A.J.Hannaford, Tatchell,

University Science Books mills valley 5. Purification of Laboratory chemicals, manual, W.L.F.Armarego EDD Perrin 6. Reaction and Synthesis in Organic Chemistry Laboratory, Lutz-Friedjan-

Tietze,TheophilEicher, University Science Book

Practical – II

INORGANIC CHEMISTRY PRACTICAL -1 PHC-106

I. Preparation of some complex compounds: a) Potassium trisoxalate ferrate (III) b) Mercury tetrathiocyanatecobalate (II) c) Tristhiourea copper (1) sulphate d) Cis and trans potassium diaquodioxalato chromium (III) e) Hexa ammine cobalt (III) chloride f) Nitro and Nitrite pentaammine Cobalt III chloride (Minimum four Preparation) II. Qualitative Analysis:

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Semimicro analysis of six radical mixtures containing one interfering radical and one less familiar cation each, Interfering anions : Oxalate, tartrate, phosphate, chromate.

Less familiar Cations : Thallium, molybdenum, thorium, zirconium,vanadium, uranium. (Minimum three Mixtures) BOOKS SUGGESTED

1. Vogels Text Books of Qulitative analysis, Revised. J. asset, R.C. Denny, G.H. Jeffery and J. Mendhan.ELBS.

2. Vogels Text Book of Quantitative analysis, revised. J. Bassett, R.C. Denny, G.H. Jeffery and J.Mendhan, ELBS. 3. Synthesis and Characterisation of Inorganic Compounds, W.L.Jolly. Prentice Hall. 4. Practical Inorganic chemistry by G. Pass and H. Sutcliffe Chapman and Hall. 5. Practicle Inorganic Chemistry by. K. SomasekharRao and K.N.K. Vani.

PRACTICAL – III

PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY PRACTICAL -1 PHC-107

1. Determination of rate constant of the oxidation of iodide ion with persulphate ion.

2. Relative strengths of acids by studying the hydrolysis of ethylacetate / methyl acetate

3. Determination of equilibrium constant of KI3 „\ KI + I2 by partition coefficient method and

determination of unknown concentration of potassium iodide.

4. Distribution coefficient of Benzoic acid between Benzene and water.

5. Determination of critical solution temperature of phenol-water system Study of the effect of

eletrolyteon the miscibility of phenol-water system

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SEMESTER – II

PAPER – I, ORGANIC SPECTROSCOPY Code: PHC- 201

UNIT-1

UV- Visible Spectroscopy ::

A) Beer-Lambert's law - Deviations from Beers law - Instrumentation - Mechanics of measurement – Energy transitions – Simple chromophores – Auxochrome, Absorption shifts (Bathochromic shifts, Hypsocromic shift, Hyper chromic shift, Hypo chromic shift) UV absorption of Alkenes – polyenes unsaturated cyclic systems .

B) UV absorption of Carbonyl compounds α,β-unsaturated carbonyl systems - UV absorption aromatic systems – solvent effects – geometrical isomerism – acid and base effects – typical examples – calculation of λmax values using Woodward Fieser-rules. Applications. Simultaneous spectrophotometric determinations

UNIT – II

IR Spectroscopy:

A) Mechanics of measurement – Fundamental modes of vibrations -Stretching and bending vibrations – Factors effecting vibrational frequency-hydrogen bonding

B) Finger print region and its importance Typical group frequencies for – CH, -OH, -NH, -CC, -CO and aromatic systems - Application in structural determination – Examples – simple problems

UNIT – III

Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy (1HNMR): -

A) Introduction:- Basic principle of -NMR Nuclear spin- nuclear resonance- saturation-Relaxation- Instrumentation (CW & FT)

B) shielding and deshielding of magnetic nuclei- chemical shift and its measurements, factors influencing chemical shift- spin – spin interactions-factors influencing-Dynamic NMR- coupling constant J. and factors effecting J value.

UNIT – IV

A) Higher order PMR spectra – AB – A2 – AB2. ABX – ABC – AMX interactions ––typical examples of PMR spectroscopy.- PMR Spectroscopy chemical exchange

B) Electron Spin Resonance Spectroscopy. : - Basic principles, zero field splitting and kranners’s degeneracy, factors affecting the ‘g’ value.Istropic and anisotropic hyperfine coupling constants – applications involving organic radicals

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UNIT – V

Mass Spectrometry : A) Introduction- ion production-EI, CI, ES, MALDI and FAB-determination of Molecular weight and formulae –Behavior of organic compounds in Mass spectrometer – fragmentation of typical organic compounds – stability of fragments – Rearrangements –factors, affecting fragmentation, ion analysis, ion abundance. B) Mass spectral fragmentation of organic compounds, common functional groups, molecular ion peak, meta stable peak, Mc-Lafferty rearrangement. Nitrogen rule. High resolution mass spectrometry. Examples of mass spectral fragmentation of organic compounds with respect of their structure determination. References: . 1. Introduction to Spectroscopy – D. L. Pavia, G.M. Lampman, G. S. Kriz, 3rd Ed. (Harcourt college publishers). 2. Spectrometric identification of organic compounds R. M. Silverstein, F. X. Webster, 6thEd. John Wiley and Sons. 3. Spectroscopic methods in organic chemistry - D. H. Williams and I. FlemmingMcGraw Hill 4. Absorption spectroscopy of organic molecules – V. M. Parikh 5. Nuclear Magnetic Resonance – Basic Principles- Atta-Ur-Rehman, Springer-Verlag (1986). 6. One and Two dimensional NMR Spectroscopy – Atta-Ur-Rehman, Elsevier (1989). 7. Organic structure Analysis- Phillip Crews, Rodriguez, Jaspars, Oxford University Press (1998) 8. Organic structural Spectroscopy- Joseph B.Lambert, Shurvell, Lightner, Cooks, Prentice-Hall (1998). 9. Organic structures from spectra –Field L.D., Kalman J.R. and Sternhell S. 4th Ed. John Wiley and sons Ltd.

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PAPER-II INORGANIC CHEMISTRY-2 Code:- PHC 202

UNIT I Part A Non metal cages and metal clusters: Nonmetal cages, structure and bonding in phosphorous- oxygen and phosphorous -sulphurcages;structure and bonding in higher boranes with (special reference to B12 icosahedra). Carboranes ,metalloboranes, metallocarboranes. Part B Metal clusters: Classification- LNCs and HNCs ,Isoelectronic and Isolobalrelation ships , electron counting rules: Wade’s and Lauher’s rules. M-M multiple bonding; preparation, structrure and bonding in dinuclear [Re2Cl8] 2- ion, trinuclear [Re3Cl9] , tetra nuclear W4OR16, hexa nuclear [Mo6Cl8]4+ and [Nb6Cl12]2+ ,poly atomic Zintle ions and Chevrel phases. Applications of clusters Metal π- complexes: preparation, structrure and bonding in Nitrosyl ,Dinitrogen and Dioxygen complexes.

UNIT II Part A Organometallic complexes of transition metals & Bioinorganic chemistry: Classification and electron counting rules, hapticity, synthesis, structure and bonding of Olefinic complexes, Acetylene complexes, ferrocene, dibenzene chromium, cycloheptatriene and tropylium complexes of transition metals Part B Reactions of organometallic compounds - oxidative addition reductive elimination, insertion and elimination. Applications of organometallic compounds- Catalytic hydrogenation, Hydro formylation, Zeigler- Natta catalyst for polymerization of olefins, storage and transport of dioxygen by Hemoglobin and Myoglobin. Vitamin B12 and its importance.

UNIT III Part A Reaction mechanism of transition metal complexes: Kinetics of octahedral substitution, acid hydrolysis, base hydrolysis -conjugate base (CB) mechanism.Direct and indirect evidences in favour of CB mechanism. Anation reactions. Reactions without metal ligand bond cleavage. Factors affecting the substitution reactions in octahedral complexes. Part B Trans effect on substitution reactions in square planar complexes. Mechanism of redox reactions, outer sphere mechanism, cross reactions and Marcus –Hush equation, inner sphere mechanism, complementary and non – complementary reactions. Photo reactions: Introduction, Adamsons rules, photo redox reactions, photo isomerisation, photo anation and photo aquation reactions. Photo chemical decomposition of water, photo reactions of Fe(II) and Fe(III).

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.

UNIT IV Part A: Electronic spectra of transition metal complexes Electronic configurations and Spectroscopic terms . Selection rules ,Slator – Condon parameters , Racah parameters, Term separation energies for dn configurations Correlation diagrams and Orgel diagrams. Tanabe- Sugano diagrams for d1 to d9 configurations . Calculations of Dq ,B and β parameters . Charge transfer spectra. Electronic Spectra of diatomic molecules, vibrational structure of an electronic transition, classification of bands, rotational fine structure of electronic vibrational transition.– Applications. Part B: Magnetic properties of transition complexes Types of magnetism, factors affecting paramagnetism, anomalous magnetic moments - Orbital and spin contribution , spin - orbit coupling and magnetic moments. Chiro optical properties ,Cotton effect and Faraday effect .

UNIT V Part A Motion of molecules-Degrees of freedom –Energy associates with the degrees of freedom Type of spectra Microwave Spectroscopy: Classification molecules, rigid rotator model, effect of isotopic substitution on the transition frequencies, Intensities non-rigid rotator-Microwave spectra of polyatomic molecules. Part B

Rotational Vibrational Spectroscopy:

Harmonic oscillator, vibrational energies of diatomic molecules, zero point energy, force constant and bond strengths, anhoremonicity Morse potential energy diagram. Vibration – rotation spectroscopy. PQR braches, Born – openheimer approximation, Break down Born – openheimer approximation, selection rules, normal modes of vibration group frequencies, overtones, hot bands, application of IR spectra to polyatomic molecules. References: 1. Inorganic Chemistry ,Huheey. Harper and Row. 2. Concise inorganic chemistry ,J. D. Lee, ELBS. 3. Inorganic chemistry ,K.F. Purcell and J.C. Kotz, Holt Saunders international 4. Organometallic chemistry ,R.C. Mehrotra and A. Singh. New Age International. 5. Advanced Inorganic Chemistry ,Cotton and Wilkinson, Wiley Eastern 6. Inorganic reaction mechanism ,Basolo and Pearson, Wiley Eastern 7. Bioinorganic Chemistry ,K. Hussan Reddy 8. Biological Aspects of inorganic chemistry , A. W. Addiso, W. R. Cullen, D. Dorphin and G. J. 9. Photochemistry of coordination compounds, V.BalzaniandV.Carassiti. Academic Press 10. Text book of Coordination chemistry by K.SomaSekharrao and K.N.K. vani, Kalyani Public 11 Fundamentals of Molecular spectroscopy: by C.N.Banwell 12..Molecular spectroscopy by B.K.Sharma 13. Vibrational Spectroscopy by D.N.Sathyanarayana New Age Int. Pub. 14. Spectroscopy by Aruldas.

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PAPER – III, ORGANIC CHEMISTRY-2 Code: PHC 203 UNIT – I

STEREOCHEMISTRY: A) Concept of Chirality: Recognition of symmetry elements and chiral structures (one and

more than one chiral centers); D-L and R-S nomenclature, diastereoisomerism; Inter-conversion of Fischer, Newman and Sawhorse projections. Threo and Erythro isomers, methods of resolution- stereo specific and stereoselective synthesis. Asymmetric synthesis. - Optical activity in the absence of chiral carbon (biphenyls, allenes and spiranes).Chirality due to helical shape, Crams Rule-concept of dynamic enatiomerism.

B) Recemic Modifications – Nature and formation of recemic modifications – by mixing, by synthesis, byrecemization, by chemical tranformations Geometrical isomerism – E, Z- nomenclature – physical and chemical methods of determining the configuration of geometrical isomers. Stereochemistry of compounds containing nitrogen, sulphur and phosphorous

UNIT – II. CONFORMATIONAL ANALYSIS:

A) Conformation of acyclic molecules – alkanes and substituted alkanes –compounds having intramolecular hydrogen bonding, conformations around C-C and carbon hetero atom bonds having C – O & C – N. Conformations of monocyclic compounds – cyclohexane- chair, boat and twist boat cyclohexanes, energy profile diagram –Mono and di- substituted cyclohexanes- conformations and physical properties. B)Effect of conformation on reactivity in mono and di- substituted cyclohexane derivatives. Elementary treatment of fused and bridged ring systems – DecalinesandBornanes. Conformation of sugars, steric strain due to unavoidable crowding

UNIT – III

Green Chemistry & Phase transfer catalysis A) Green Chemistry :Introduction, Principles& concepts of Green chemistry, Atom economy,

measuring and controlling Environmental performance, Green Catalysis, Biocatalysis, , Environmentally benign solutions, renewable resources, Green Reagents, examples of green reactions-synthesis of Ibuprofen, Clean Fischer-Indole synthesis comparison of the above with conventional methods.

B) Introduction to Microwave organic synthesis, Applications: solvents (water and organic solvents), solvent free reactions (solid state reactions), multistep V/s single pot synthesis. Phase transfer catalysis-Principle, Types , advantages and applications, Crown ethers.

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UNIT – IV

Nanochemistry A) Introduction, carbon nanotubes: structure of single and multiwalled carbon nanotubes, synthesis-solid and gaseous carbon source-based production techniques, synthesis with controlled orientation. B) Growth mechanism of carbon nanotubes-catalyst free growth, catalyst activated growth, properties-general, adsorption, electronic & optical, Mechanical and reactivity. Applications

UNIT – V

Protecting groups:

A. Theory and importance of functional group protection and deprotectionin organic synthesis:-Protecting agents for the protection of functional groups: Hydroxyl group,Amino group, Protecting agents for the protection of functional groups: Carbonyl group and Carboxylic acid group

B. carbon-carbon multiple bonds; chemo- and regioselective protection and deprotection; illustration of protection and deprotection in synthesis

Books suggested: 1. Advanced organic chemistry –Reaction, mechanism and structure, Jerry March, John Wiley. 2. A guide book to Mechanism in organic chemistry, Peter Sykes, Longman. 3. Organic chemistry, I.L.Finar, Vol. I & II, Fifth ed. ELBS, 1975. 4. Stereo Chemistry of carbon compounds – E.L. Eliel. 5. Nano The Essentials: T.Pradeep,The mc Graw Hill 6.Principles of organic synthesis, R.O.C.Norman and J.M.Coxon, BlakieAcademic& Professional. 7.Reaction Mechanism in organic chemistry, S.M.Mukherji and S.P.Singh,Macmillan. 8. Green chemistry Theory and Practice by Paul T. Anastas and John C.warner, Oxford University press. 9. Methods and reagents for Green chemistry, PietroTundo, AlvisePerosa, FulvioZecchini; Wiley interscience, John wiley& sons Inc., 10. Protecting Groups in Organic Chemistry,P.J.Kocienski , Georg thiemevers, 11. Protecting Groups in Organic Chemistry, T.W.Greene, Wiley Interscience Publishers, New York

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PAPER – IV, PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY-2 Code:- PHC 204

UNIT – I Part A Thermodynamics II : Third law and Statistical thermodynamics- Nernst Heat theorem - Third law of thermodynamics - Its limitations - Determination of absolute entropy - concept of Distribution - Thermodynamic probability and most probable distribution - Ensemble-ensemble averaging -Maxwell-Boltzmann distribution law Part B Partition function - Fermi-Dirac statistics - Bose Einstein statistics- Entropy and probability - Boltzmann-Plank equation - calculation of thermodynamic properties in terms of partition function - Application of partition function - Chemical equilibrium and partition function - Translational, rotational and electronic partition function - Entropy of Monoatomic gases (Sackur -Tetrode equation).

UNIT – II Polymer chemistry Part A Classification of polymers - Free radical , ionic and Zeigler -Natta Polymerisation - kinetics of free radical polymerisation - Techniques of polymerisation - Glass transition temperature - Factors influencing the glass transition temperature Part B Number average and Weight average, Molecular weights –molecular weights determination - End group analysis - Osmometry - Light scattering and ultra centrifugation methods.

UNIT – III Part A Advantages of potentiometric methods -Reference electrode - Standard hydrogen electrode . Calomel electrode -Indicator electrodes: Metal-metal ion electrodes - Inert electrodes -Membrane electrodes - theory of glass membrane potential - Direct potentiometry , potentiometric titrations - Applications.

Electro Chemistry-II : Electrode potentials - Double layer at the interface - rate of charge transfer - Decomposition potential - Over potential - Part B Tafel plots - Derivation of Butler-Volmer equation for one electron transfer - electro chemical potential. Electro catalysis - - Fuel cells-Theory of polarography - Diffusion current - Ilkovic equation – Equation for half- wave potential –Applications of polarography - Amperometric titrations -Corrosion - Forms of corrosion - prevention methods.

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UNIT – IV Part A Chemical kinetics and photo chemistry - Branching Chain Reactions - Hydrogen-oxygen reaction - lower and upper explosion limits - Fast reactions - Study of kinetics by flow methods - Relaxation methods - Flash photolysis - Mechanism of homogeneous catalysis - Acid base catalysis -protolytic and prototropicmechanism . Enzyme catalysis - Michelis-Menten kinetics Part B. Photochemical Reactions : - Quantum yield and its determination - Actinometry - Reactions with low and high quantum yields - Photo sensitisation - Exciplexes and Excimers - Photochemical equilibrium - Chemieluminescence-Kinetics of collisional quenching-Stern - Volmer equation - Photo Galvanic cells.

UNIT – V A) Raman spectroscopy& Symmetry and Group theory in Chemistry Classical and quantum theories of Raman effects, pure rotational, vibrational and Vibrational – rotational Raman spectra, selection rules, mutual exclusion principle Symmetry elements, symmetry operation, definition of group, sub group, relation between order of a finite group and its sub group. B) GMT tables Abelian and nonabelian groups Point symmetry group.Schonfiles symbols,Find out of Point group of a molecule ( yes or no Method) Representation of groups by Matrices (representation for the Cn, Cnv, Cnh, Dnetc.groups to be worked out, explicitely). Character of a representation.The great orthogonality theorem (without proof) and its importance. Character tables and their use.- Construction of Character table- Application of group theory in IR and Raman spectroscopy.

REFERENCE BOOKS: 1. Physical chemistry, G.K.Vemulapalli (Prentice Hall of India). 2. Physical chemistry, P.W.Atkins. ELBS 3. Chemical kinetics - K.J.Laidler, McGraw Hill Pub. 4. Text book of Physical Chemistry, Samuel Glasstone, Macmillan pub. 5. Statistical Thermodynamics - M.C.Gupta. 6. Polymer Sceince, Gowriker,Viswanadham, Sreedhar 7. Elements of Nuclear Science, H.J.Arniker, Wiley Eastern Limited. 8. Quantitative Analysis, A.I. Vogel, Addison Wesley Longmann Inc. 9. Physical Chemistry-G.W.Castellan, Narosa Publishing House, Prentice Hall 10. Physical Chemistry, W.J.Moore, Prentice Hall 11. Polymer Chemistry - Billmayer 12.Fundamentals of Physical Chemistry, K KRohatgi-Mukherjee. Wiley Eastern Ltd publications. 13. Statistical Thermodynamics-M.Dole

14. Introductory Group Theory for Chemists – George Davidson 15 .Group theory for chemistry – A.K.Bhattacharya 16.Fundamentals of Molecular spectroscopy: by C.N.Banwell

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PRACTICALS FOR IInd Semester

ORGANIC CHEMISTRY PRACTICAL-2 PHC 205

1. Preparation of organic compounds: Single stage preparations by reactions involving nitration, halogenation, oxidation, reduction, alkylation, acylation, condensation and rearrangement. (A student is expected to prepare at least 10 different organic compounds by making use of the reactions given above).

2. Preparation of organic compounds: Two stage preparations by reactions involving nitration, halogenation, oxidation, reduction, alkylation, acylation, condensation and rearrangement. (A student is expected to prepare at least 5 different organic compounds by making use of the reactions given above).

3. Systematic qualitative analysis of organic compounds with different functional groups (5)

Reference: 1 A.I.Vogel, “A Text Book of Practical Organic Chemistry”, Longman 2 A.I.Vogel, “Elementary Practical Organic Chemistry”, Longman 3 F.G.Manu and B.C.Saunders, “Practical Organic Chemistry”, Longman 4 Reaction and Synthesis in Organic Laboratory, B.S.Furniss, A.J.Hannaford, Tatchell,

University Science Books mills valley 5 Purification of Laboratory chemicals, manual, W.L.F.Armarego EDD Perrin 6 Reaction and Synthesis in Organic Chemistry Laboratory, Lutz-Friedjan-

Tietze,TheophilEicher, University Science Book

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INORGANIC CHEMISTRY PRACTICAL-2 PHC 206

Quantitative analysis: a) Determination of Zn2+ with potassium ferrocyanide (Volumetric) b) Complexomatric titrations: Determination of Mg 2+, Ni2+ and hardness of water using EDTA. c) Determination of Fe3+ by photochemical reduction. d) Argentometry: Determination of chloride by argent metric titration using a) K2CrO4 (b) Fluorescein as indicators. e) Determination of nickel using dimethyl glyoxime, “Cupper using ammonium thicyanate, Zn using di ammonium hydrogen phosphate – gravimetrically (Minimum two Gravimetric experiment) BOOKS SUGGESTED

1. Vogels Text Books of Qulitative analysis, Revised. J. asset, R.C. Denny, G.H. Jeffery and J. Mendhan.ELBS. 2. Vogels Text Book of Quantitative analysis, revised. J. Bassett, R.C. Denny, G.H. Jeffery and J.Mendhan, ELBS. 3. Synthesis and Characterisation of Inorganic Compounds, W.L.Jolly. Prentice Hall. 4. Practical Inorganic chemistry by G. Pass and H. Sutcliffe Chapman and Hall. 5. Practicle Inorganic Chemistry by. K. SomasekharRao and K.N.K. Vani.

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PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY PRACTICAL -2 PHC -207

1. Potentiometric determination of Fe(II) with Cr (VI) 2. pH-metric determination of strong acid with strong base. 3. pH-metric determination of strong acid + Weak acid with strong base 4. Condctometric titration of strong acid with strong base 5. Condctometric titration of strong acid + Weak acid with strong base 5. Verification of Beers Law using potassium permanganate/Potassium dichromate.

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SEMESTER – III

PAPER – I - Paper Code – PHC 301 PHARMACEUTICAL ANALYSIS

Unit 1 A. Treatment of analytical data – Sampling –Techniques of sampling – sampling of gases, liquids and solids – Classification of errors – Determinate and indeterminate errors – Minimization of errors – Accuracy and precision – Distribution of random errors – Gaussian distribution – Measures of central tendency – Measures of precision – Standard deviation – standard error of mean.

B. student’s t test – Confidence interval of mean – testing for significance – comparison of two means – F-test – Criteria of rejection of an observation – propagation of errors – significant figures and computation rules – control charts – regression analysis – linear least squares analysis.

Unit 2 A. Introduction, Principle, Electrodes (Reference, Indicator and Membrane/ Ion selective electrode), Instrumentation, and Applications of potentiometric titrations.

B. Introduction, Principle, Instrumentation, and Applications of conductometry titrations.

Unit 3 A. Principles of Volumetric Analysis: Standardization; Use of primary and secondary standards. Acid base concept, common ion effect and solubility product, pH and Buffers.

B. Principles and applications of Gravimetric Analysis. Unit 4 A. General principles and theory of acidimetry, alkalimetry, Oxidation,

reduction methods, precipitation methods. An account of the indicators used in these titrations.

B. Principal, types, Procedure and Applications of Diazotization titrations. Unit 5 A. Complexometric titrations: Theory, types and application in

pharmaceutical Analysis. Masking and demasking and its application. B. Non-aqueous Titrations: Theory, types and application in pharmaceutical

Analysis. Text books Author Title Publisher 1 A.G.Beckett and

J.B. Stresnlake Practical Pharmaceutical Chemistry Vol. I & II

Athlone press of the University of London.

2 B.K. Sharma, Instrumental methods of Chemical Analysis

GOEL Pub. House,

3 Vogels textbook of Quantitative chemical analysis,sixth Edition J. Mendham, R.C.

G.H.Jeffery Publication

4 K.A. Connors A Text Book of Pharmaceutical Analysis

Wiley Interscience, New York

5 Crouch Analytical Chemistry Cengage

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Reference books Author Title Publisher

1 by A.M.Knevel & F.E. Digengl,

Jenkin’s Quantitative Pharmaceuticals Chemistry.

McGraw Hill Book Co., New York

2 by Higuchi.T and Hansen E.B.

Pharm.Analysis McGraw Hill Book Co., New York

3 B.P. / U.S.P./Extra Pharmacopoeia. Own Publication

4 D.A. Skoog, F. James Holler, Timothy

. Principles of Instrumental Analysis, fifth edition

Cangage

5 Ravisankar A Text Book of Pharmaceutical Analysis RX Publication

6 Camboj A Text Book of Pharmaceutical Analysis Vallabh Publishers

7 DevalaRao A Text Book of Pharmaceutical Analysis Birl Publishers

8 Arnikar & Kadam Essential of Physical Chemistry and Pharmacy

Cangage

9 Chatwal Pharmaceutical Analysis Himalaya

10 Ashutosh Kar Drug Pharmaceutical Analysis McGraw Hill Book Co., New York

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PAPER CODE – PHC 302 GENERAL PHARMACY AND PHARMACEUTICAL TECHNOLOGY

Unit 1 A. History of Pharmacy: Pharmacy Profession, Evolution of Pharmacy-

Pharmacopoeia of India and other Countries, B.P., B.P.C., USP. B. Introduction to Dosage Forms - Classification; Types with examples,

Definitions and Essential Characteristics of Different dosage forms; and Formulation additives in solid, semi-solid and parenteral dosage forms.

Unit 2 A. Definitions, General formulation, methods of preparation, uses of Official and other products in common usage of the following liquid dosage forms: Solutions - Aromatic waters, Spirits, Syrups, Elixirs, Dry Syrups, Mixtures

B. Monophasic Liquids for external and other uses : Definitions, general formulation, methods of preparation, uses of official and other products in common usage of the following: Lotions, Liniments, Throat paints and Suppositories.

Unit 3 A. Monophasic Liquids for external and other uses : Definitions, general formulation, methods of preparation, uses of official and other products in common usage of the following dosage forms Gargles, Mouthwashes, Glycerins, Collodions, Ear Drops, Nasal Drops And Sprays, Douches.

B. Study of the principles, formulation, manufacturing process and quality control of Emulsions and Suspensions.

Unit 4 A study of the principles, formulation, manufacturing process and quality control and Definitions, Ideal requirements, Types of bases, Selection of base, typical examples of the following dosage forms

1. Ointments and creams 2. Pastes and Jellies.

Unit 5 A. Tablets: Types, Typical examples - Formulation additives, Formulation, manufacture and quality control of tablets-Examples (I.P.) Processing problems. Tablet coating: Purpose-sugar, film and enteric coating methods

B. Capsules: Hard and soft: Formulation, manufacture and their quality control.

Text books Author Title Publisher 1 Lachman Theory and Practice of Industrial

Pharmacy Mc.Grawhill Publications

2 Bentley’s Text Book of Pharmaceutics Aitbs Publications

3 Remington’s Pharmaceutical Sciences Mark Publications

4 Tablets by H.A.Liberman

Pharmaceutical Dosage Forms Mc.Grawhill Publications

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Paper Code – PHC 303

NATURAL PRODUCTS AND MEDICINAL CHEMISTRY

Unit 1 Alkaloids: Definition, nomenclature, isolation- Classification, general methods of structural elucidation and their Therapeutic uses of Alkaloids : Morphine, Atropine, quinine, Glaucine, Narcotine, Researpine, Ellipticine, olivacine.

Terpenoids : Occurrence, general methods of isolation and classification of terpenes, Structural features and inter relationship of geraniol, citral, limonene, α-terpineol and menthol. Structural elucidation of citral, menthol and camphor

Unit 2 Flavanoids: Classification, Structural elucidation, Synthesis and bio synthesis of flavoniods

Steroids : Steroid nomenclature, stereochemistry and numbering, changes to modify pharmacokinetic properties of steroids. Synthesis of cholesterol and Estrone

Unit 3 Antibiotics: Definition, classification, structure elucidation and synthesis of antibiotics: Penicilins, Chloramphenicol, tetracyclines, stryptomycins

Sulphanalamides: Preparation of Sulfa drugs, sulphanamides, sulphaguanidine, sufapyridines

Vitamins: Structure and synthesis of Vitamins Structure and synthesis of vitamins A, C, B1 and Biotin.

Unit 4 A. Physico-Chemical Properties in relation to biological action of drugs, Study about Absorption, Distribution, Metabolism and Excretion of drugs and concept of drug receptor.

B. Cardiovascular Agents: Antianginal agents, Calcium channel blockers, Anti-arrhythmic drugs, antihypertensive agents, antihyperlipidemic agents and anticoagulants. Synthesis of methyldopa, amlodipine, clonidine, hydralazine, verapamil, clofibrate, dicoumorol, warfarin

Unit 5 A study of the following group of drugs : classification, synthesis of drugs, mode of action, structure activity relationship and uses of the following drugs should be covered.

a. Antineoplastic drugs : chlorambucil, cyclophosphamide, thiotepa, busulphan, 5-fluorouracil and 5-mercaptopurine Antiepileptic drugs : phenytoin, valproic acid and ethosuximide

b. Antihistaminic agents : diphenhydramine, mepyramine, promethazine and cetrizine

Narcotic and non-narcotic analgesics : codeine, nalorphine, pethidine and pentazocin

Antiparkinsonism drugs and dopaminergic antagonists

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Text books Author Title Publisher 1 I.L.Finar Organic Chemistry ELBS

2 Gurdeep Chatwal Organic Chemistry of Natural Products

Himalaya

3 Kadam Principles of Medicinal Chemistry Nirali Prakashan (2007 / 18th edition)

4 Wilson & Gisvold Textbook of Organic & Medicinal Chemistry

Lippincott Williams

5 Ashatoshkar Medicinal Chemistry Newage International


2 Peech and M.V.Tracey

Modern Methods of Plant Analysis

3 Miller Phytochemistry Vol-I and II Jan Nostrant Rein Hold

4 Scikel Runeckles Recent Advances in Phytochemistry-Vol-I-IV

5 IWPAC Chemistry of Natural Products Vol-I 6 Nakanishi Golo Natural Products Chemistry

7 Raphael Ikan Natural Products Chemistry “A

Laboratory Guide”-, IInd Edition

Academic Press New York

8 RHF Manske The Alkaloid Chemistry and Physiology-Volumes

9 CHJ Wells, Chapmannstall

Introduction to Molecular Phytochemistry

10 Gurdeep Chatwal Organic Chemistry of Natural products-

Vol-I & II Himalaya Publishing house, Mumbai

11 I.L.Finar Organic Chemistry Vol-I & II ELBS Longman, 5th Edition, London

12 P.K.Gupta Elements of biotechnology

13 S.P.Vyas and V.K.Dixit

Pharmaceutical Biotechnology CBS publisher, New Delhi

14 Purohit and Mathur Biotechnology Agro Botanical publishers, Bikaner

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15 Harborne Phytochemistry method

16 John Wiley and Sons Burger’s Medicinal Chemistry, 5th

Edition, Vol.I, II New York

17 John Wiley and Sons,

Burger’s Medicinal Chemistry, 4th Edition, Vol. II, Part-II,

New York.

18 Corwin Hansch Comprehensive Medicinal Chemistry,

Vol.II Pergamon Press, New York

19 O.P.Agarwal Chemistry of Natural Products Goel Publications

20 T.Swain Comparitive Phytochemistry

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Paper Code – PHC 304 GOOD MANUFACTURING AND LABORATORY PRACTICES

Details of the syllabus Unit 1 a)General introduction to GMP. Philosophy and concept of GMP.

B)Applications of GMP, cGMP, WHO guidelines, USFDA Guidelines. Unit 2 A)Packaging and Labeling Controls: Line clearance, cartons and other packaging

materials, types and tests assuring quality of glass, types of plastics used B)permeation, leaching, sorption, chemical reactions, biological tests, modification of plastics by drugs, different types of closures and closer liners.

Unit 3 A)Ware housing: Types of ware housing, design, construction, maintenance and sanitation for material and products, good ware housing practices. B) materials management, and selection order receiving, quarantine, stores management, stock keeping release.

Unit 4 A)Records and reports: Documentation of general requirements for equipment cleaning, master production record and control records, B)Production record review, complaint files, treatment of returned goods, withdrawn goods.

Unit 5 A)Concepts and philosophy of GLP, SOP, B)ICH and ISO-9000.

Text books Author Title Publisher 1 Mehra Good manufacturing practice Vandana Publications 2 PP Sharma How to practice GMP CBS Publications 3 K. Maitra ans S K

Ghosh A guide to total quality management Vallabh Publishers

4 Weinberg Good laboratory practice regulations American Chemical Society

5 Keele Production facilities & Planning GMP, GLP

Marcell Dekker

Reference books and Web Author Title Publisher

1 Switzerland, 1994. ISO, International Organisation for Standardisation, Switzerland, 1994.

Switzerland, 1994.

2 www.gmpquality .com

3 Joseph D.Nally GMP/ISO Quality Audit Manual for Healthcare Manufacturers and their Suppliers, Sixth Edition, (Volume 1 - With

Informa Publications

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Checklis)

4 Douglas.J.Pisano FDA, Regulatory Affairs CRC Press

5

James M. Miller (Editor), Jonathan B. Crowther (Editor), Jim Miller (Author)

Analytical Chemistry in a GMP Environment: A Practical Guide

Informa Healthcare

6 Ludwig Huber (Author)

Validation and Qualification in Analytical Laboratories

Informa Healthcare

7 Checklis GMP/ISO Quality Audit Manual for Healthcare Manufacturers and their Suppliers, Sixth Edition, (Volume 1 - With

Informa Healthcare

8 G.Andrew A Signole Tery

Good Design Practices for GMP Marcell Dekker

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Paper Code – PHC 305 PHARMACEUTICAL ANALYSIS (PRACTICAL)

Details of the syllabus Expt - 1 Estimation of Nalidixic acid in Nalidixic acid oral suspension Expt – 2 Estimation of Calcium Gluconate in Calcium Gluconate injection

Expt – 3 Assay of Calcium Lactate Expt – 4 Assay of Magnesium Sulphate Expt – 5 Assay of Copper Sulphate Expt – 6 Assay of boric acid Expt – 7 Estimation of Dapsone in tablets by colorimetry Expt - 8 Estimation of Sulfamethoxazole in oral suspension by colorimetry Expt – 9 Determination of absorption maximum for Potassium permanganate Expt - 10 Estimation of paracetamol by UV spectrophotometry

Text books Author Title Publisher 1 A.H Beckett and J.B

Stenlake, Practical Pharmaceutical Chemistry,

Part – I, 4th

Edition,

CBS Publications, New Delhi, 2004.

2 Watson Pharmaceutical Analysis Practical Manual

Elsevier Health Science

3 IP Indian Pharmacopoeia IPS Publications

Reference books Author Title Publisher 1 Vogels Textbook of Quantitative chemical

analysis,sixth Edition J. Mendham, R.C. G.H.Jeffery Publication

2 BP British Pharmacopoeia Own Publications

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Paper Code – PHC 306 PHARMACEUTICAL TECHNOLOGY (PRACTICAL)

Details of the syllabus Expt - 1 Formulation of an anti-pyretic liquid oral for a child below ten years. Expt – 2 Formulation of paediatric liquid oral of ibuprofen Expt – 3 Formulation of an antacid liquid oral Expt – 4 Aqueous iodine solution (Lugol’s solution) Expt – 5 Cresol with soap solution I.P. (Lysol solution) Expt – 6 Calamine lotion Expt – 7 Preparation and Evaluation of Dummy lactose tablets Expt – 8 Preparation and Evaluation of Paracetamol tablets Expt – 9 Manufacture of ibuprofen-tablets by direct compression Expt – 10 Compound iodine paint (Mandl’s throat paint) Expt – 11 Magnesium carbonate suspension BPC Expt – 12 Magnesium hydroxide suspension IP (Milk of magnesia) Expt – 13 Manufacture of Cold Cream Expt – 14 Manufacture of Sodium alginate jelly Expt - 15 Manufacture of Sodium CMC lubricating jelly

Text books Author Title Publisher

1 I.P Indian Pharmacopoeia, 2nd, 3rd and 4th Editions,

The Controller of Publications, Delhi, 1966, 1985 and 1996.

2

C.V.S Subrahmanyam, J. Thimma Setty and G.C. Prabhu Shankar,

Laboratory Manual of Pharmaceutics,

Vallabh Publications, New Delhi, 2006.

3 Hoover, Dispensing of Medication, 8th Edn, Mack Publishing Company,

Pennsylvania, 1976.


1 P.S. Kohli, Drug Formulation Manual,. Eastern Publishers, Delhi, 1991

2 G.D.Gupta Practical Pharmaceutics CBS Publications

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Text books

Author Title Publisher 1 R.S Gaud and G.D

Gupta Practical Pharmaceutics, CBS

Publications 2

Cooper and Gunn’s Dispensing for Pharmaceutical Students Churchill Livingstone |isbn

3 I.P Indian Pharmacopoeia IPS Publication 4 Remington Pharmaceutical Science Morley

Publications

PRACTICAL – III Application of Spectroscopy PHC-307 Characterization of organic compounds using IR, UV-Vis, Mass and NMR spectral Data.

Atleast 30 molecules

TEXT BOOKS:

1. Practical Organic Chemistry A.I.Vogel (Longmans)

2. Text Book of practical organic Chemistry F.G.Mann& B.C. Sanders.

3. A Manual of Practical Organic Chemistry Day Sitaramam&Govindachari

4. Organic Experiments L.F.Fieser.

5. Practical Organic Chemistry H.T.Openshaw

6. Systematic Identification of Organic Compounds, P.L.Shriner, R.C.Fuson&D.Y.Curtin.

7. Identification of Organic Compounds N.D.Cheronis&J.B.Entrilkin

8. Advanced Organic Synthesis by R.S.Monson Academic Press

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SEMESTER IV

PROJECT WORK

The project will be assigned in the final semester and will last the entire semester. The project

will be performed at the established industry (or) with one of the faculty research groups

supervised by the faculty-in-charge of the laboratory. It may involve experimental and/or

theoretical work as well as critical review of the literature. Each of the students has to carry out

original research in a topic in accordance with the work chosen under the guidance and

supervision of a teacher in the concerned Department of the College.

Dissertation must be submitted at the end of the semester which will be assessed by the

external examiners. Dissertation must be prepared with introduction, Review of the literature,

Experimental Session, Results and Discussion, Conclusion and References.

Instructions to Question Paper Setters:

The syllabus of each theory paper has five Units. While setting the question papers,

equal weight is to be given to each of the Units for choosing questions. Each question paper is

of 3 hours duration. And the each paper external examination is for 70marks

KRISHNA UNIVERSITY M.SC. PHARMACEUTICAL CHEMISTRY

III -SEMESTER-PHC.301 PHARMACEUTICAL ANALYSIS Time:3:00 hrs Max.Marks: 70. Answer the following questions(5*14=70)

Unit-I

1. a)Define Accuracy, Precision & Errors and how to minimize errors in Analysis (8)

b)Briefly discuss about Determinate & Indeterminate Errors? (6)

(OR)

2.Write short notes on

i)Gausssian Distribution and Significant Figures (8)

ii)Control Charts (6)

Unit-II

3. a. Give the Principle and Instrumentation of Potentiometric titrations (8)

b. Define Electrode & classify them? Explain in detail about Hydrogen Electrode & Glass Electrode? (6)

(OR)

4. a) Explain the theory of conductometry titrations? (8)

b)Give the pharmaceutical applications of conductometry titrations? (6)

Unit-III

5. a)Explain any two theories of Acid & Base? (8)

b)Write short note on Common Ion Effect? (6)

(OR)

6. a)Expalin the principle of Gravimetric Analysis? (8)

b)Give the method of precipitation in Gravimetric Analysis ? ( 6)

Unit-IV

7. a)Give the principle of Redox Titration? (8)

b)Explain any two Indicators used in the Redox Titrations? (6)

(OR)

8. a)Write short note on principle of Diazotization titrations? (6)

b) Explain the procedure and Applications of Diazotization titrations? (8)

Unit-V

9. a)What is Masking & Demasking agents & Explain it? (8)

b)Write short note on Complexing Agent? (6)

(OR)

10. a)Define Non-Aqueous Titration and Explain What are the solvents used in Non-Aqueous Titration? (8)

b)Method of determination of End Point in Non-Aqueous Titrations? (6)


III- SEMESTER PHC-302 PHARMACEUTICAL TECHNOLOGY

Time:3:00 hrs Max.Marks: 70. Answer the following questions(5*14=70)

Unit-I

1. A. write about the careers in Pharmacy (6)

B. Define Pharmacopeia and discuss about Indian Pharmacopeia (8)

(OR)

2. A. Define dosage form and classify them with example. Discuss about ideal characters of solid dosage forms.(6)

B. What are additives used in Parentral dosage forms and explain them.(8)

Unit-II

3. A. Write short note on Aromatic water.(6)

B. Define syrups. And give the method of preparation and Uses of Syrups. (8)

(OR)

4. A. Write short note on Lotions (6)

B. Define Suppositories and explain bases and method of preparation and uses. (8)

Unit-III

5. A. Briefly discuss about method of preparation and applications of Gargles (6)

B. write short note on Eye drops and Sprays(8)

(OR)

6. A. Give the method of preparation of Emulsions (6)

B. Define Suspension and give the formulation and uses of Suspensions (8)

Unit-IV

7. A. Define Ointment and classify them. And explain Ointment bases. (8)

B. write short note on creams. (6)

(OR)

8. A. Write short note on Paste (6).

B. write short note on Jellies. (8)

Unit-V

9. A. Explain the formulation of tablets (6)

B. Give the invitro Quality control test for tablets (8)

(OR)

10. A. Distinguish between Hard and Soft gelatin capsules. (6)

B. Give Manufacturing method of Capsules. (8)


III- SEMESTER PHC 303- NATURAL PRODUCTS AND MEDICINAL CHEMISTRY

Time:3:00 hrs Max.Marks: 70.

UNIT-I

A 1.write the total synthesis of Morphine ? 8M

2.How do you convert the morphine in to Apomorphine? 6M

( OR)

B 1.write the synthesis of α-Terpenol? 8M

2.What is special isoprene rule ? 6M

UNIT-II

A 1.Write the synthesis of Campherol? 8M

2.Write the classification of Flavanoids? 6M

( OR)

B 1.Write about the stereochemistry of Choleserol? 8M

2.Write the synthesis of oestrone? 6M

UNIT-III

A 1.Write the synthesis of pencillin –A? 8M

2.Write the stuctural elucidation of Chloramphenicol? 6M

(OR)

B 1.Write thesynthesis of Vitamin-A? 8M

2.Write the synthesis of Ascorbic acid? 6M

UNIT-IV

A 1.Explain the physical properties involved in pharmacologiocally active drugs ? 8M

2.Define Bio-Transformatuion? And explain any three methods with examples? 6M

(OR)

B 1.Write about SAR of Anti hypertensives? 8M

2.Write the synthesis of Hydralazine and Methyl dopa ? 6M

UNIT-V

A 1.Write about the mechanism of action of antineoplastic drugs ? 8M

2.Write about SAR and uses of Anti histaminic drugs ? 6M

( OR)

B 1.Write the SAR of Antiparkinsonism Drugs ? 8M

2.Write the Mechanism of action of Nalorphione? 6M


III- SEMESTER PHC.304 GOOD MANUFACTURING & LABORATORY PRACTICES

Time:3:00 hrs Max.Marks: 70.

Answer the following questions(5*14=70)

Unit-I

1. a)What is the concept of GMP & cGMP? (6)

b)Explain the Principles of GMP? (8)

(OR)

2. a)Write notes on USFDA and its application (8)

b) write about WHO. (6)

Unit-II

3. a) Write about the types and tests assuring quality of glass in Pharmaceutical Industry? (6)

b) Explain the permeation, leaching and biological test for packaging materials (8)

(OR)

4. a) Give the detail about different types of closures and closer liners used in Pharmaceutical dosage forms. (8)

b)Write short note on modification of plastics in containers and closures. (6)

Unit-III

5. a)What is Ware Housing and give the details about warehouse design? (6)

b)Explain about maintanence and Sanitation for Material & Product in Ware Housing? (8)

(OR)

6. a)Give the role of Ware House Management? (8)

b)Discuss about selection order receiving and stock keeping release of warehouse? (6)

Unit-IV

7. a. Discuss about Master Production Record (8)

b. Explain the Documentation of General Requirements in Pharmaceutical Industry? (6)

(OR)

8. a.Briefly discuss about Production record in products manufacturing (8)

b. write short note on treatment of returned goods (6)

Unit-V

9. a)Define GLP, SOP, Validation, Documentation? (6)

b)Write the Concept & Role of SOP? (8)

(OR)

11. a)Briefly explain about ISO-9000 (6)

b) Describe ICH guidelines (8)

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