krischik u of m, 2012 mn honey producers meeting, duluth, mn “do label rates of imidacloprid...
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Krischik U of M, 2012 MN Honey Producers Meeting, Duluth, MNKrischik U of M, 2012 MN Honey Producers Meeting, Duluth, MN““Do Label Rates of Imidacloprid Result in Residues in Flowers that Kill Do Label Rates of Imidacloprid Result in Residues in Flowers that Kill Bees?”Bees?”
Systemic insecticidesSystemic
Organophosphatesaldicarb (Temik), oxamyl (Vydate), dimethoate (Cygon)
Neonicotinylimidacloprid (Marathon, Merit), clothianidin, thiamethoxam, dinotefuran
Novel mode of actionpymetrozine (Endeavor)
Translaminar, or local, systemic activityMicrobial- abamectin (Avid) IGR- pyriproxyfen (Distance)PR- chlorfenapyr (Pylon)SP-spinosad (Conserve)OP- acephate (Orthene)C-Carbofuran (Furadan)
Threats to bees: soybean aphid management
Organophosphates + Pyrethroids, are very toxic to bees. Organophosphates + Pyrethroids, are very toxic to bees.
•Dimethoate is highly toxic, LD50 15 ng/bee
•Chlorpyrifos is toxic, LD50 70 ng/bee
•Methyl parathion is highly toxic, LD50 11 ng/bee
•Coumaphos is 180 times less than methyl parathion, with LD50 of 2030 ng/ bee
•Esfenvalerate is highly toxic, LD50 15 ng/bee
•Cyfluthrin is highly toxic, LD50 37ng/bee
•Zeta-cypermethrin is extremely toxic, LD50 2 ng/bee
•Lambda cyhalothrin is highly toxic, LD50 38 ng/bee
•Permethrin is extremely toxic, LD50 8 ng/bee
Since 1990, neonicotinoids and pyrethroids replaced organophosphates (OP)
• Application: Seed treatment (Gaucho), granular or drench treatment into soil (Merit), soil injection (Merit), trunk injection (Ima-Jet).
• Systemic, from roots throughout plant to nectar and pollen (Merit, Admire, Marathon).
• Moves less thru a plant when applied to leaves (Provado)
Case study: neonicotinyl consequences on bees
Commonly used neonics are very toxic to bees.Commonly used neonics are very toxic to bees.
•Thiamethoxam (seed treatment)oral, highly toxic 30 ng/bee
•Clothianidin (metabolite thiamethoxam) (seed treatment)oral, highly toxic 22 ng/bee
•Imidacloprid (granular, seed treatment)oral, highly toxic ng/bee 18 ng/bee
•Dinotefuran (granular)oral, highly toxic ng/bee 75 ng/bee
Case study: neonicotinyl consequences on bees
Not as toxic to bees.Not as toxic to bees.
•Acetamipridcontact, moderately toxic 7.1 microg/bee
•Thiaclopridoral, slightly toxic 14.6 microg/bee
Water solubility: Neonicotinyl insecticidesWater solubility: Neonicotinyl insecticides
imidacloprid clothianidin dinotefuranthiameth-oxam
emamectinbenzoate
nameMeritMarathon
Arena SafariFlagshipMeridian
Treeage
KOC 132-310 160 23 64 283,000Solubility(mg/l) 514 259 259 327 101
LD50 (acute rat oral) (mg/kg)
>5,000 4,870 >2,000 5,523 1,516
dinotefuran is 80 times more water soluble than imidaclopridemamectin benzoate has very low mobility (KOC) and long duration
Table 1. Level applied for commodities and level detected in nectarCommodity Treatment
rate (AI)Residue in nectar/pollen
Research Paper
Seed Treatment Gaucho*
*most research on this treatment level
0.11mgAI/seed
0.6-0.8 ppb canola nectar1.9ppb sunflower nectar6 ppb bee pollen loads in France
Scott-Dupree and Spivak, 2001Schmuck et al, 2001Chauzat et al, 2006
Field cropsFormulas Admire Pro, etc.
4mgAI/sqft 10 ppb nectar, 14 ppb pollen squash
122 ppb pollen pump17 ppb nectar
2012 Stoner + Eitzer
2012 Dively + Kamal
Greenhouse/nursery pots before planting outdoors; can reapply Marathon
300mgAI/3gal pot
20 to 54 ppb Krischik et al, 2007, 2012
3ft plant in landscape, rose
630mg AI Not researched
Table 1. Level applied for commodities and level detected in nectar?DBH apple-tree method
?DBH eucalyptus method
16 in DBH tree-soil drench
24in DBH tree-soil
Maple flowers
Rhododendron
AmelanchierCornus mas
Tilia chordata
Aesculus
Unknown
Unknown
50g AI
76g AI
Soil
SoilSoilSoilSoilsoil
Soil
Trunk inject
4000 ppb
550 ppb
Not researched
Not researched
130 ppb
19 ppb 3 - 6 yrs post application27-850 ppb 6 mo66-4560 ppb18 mo1038-2816 ppb 17 mo
146 ppb dead bees134 ppb olefin5-283 ppb 7dy
Bayer, unpublished
Tim Payne, UC Riverside
2003 USDA APHIS
Doering et al 2004
Doering et al 2005
CA DPR 2009
Maus et al. 2004
Insect Species Effect Research PaperGreenhouse research Kills beneficial insects: ladybeetle predator (4sp), green lacewing predator, parasitic wasp
15 ppb Krischik et al 2007
Kills honey beesin one sipNOEC Acute oralAcute contact
158-185 ppb<5ppb20 ppb
40 ng/bee = 4-400 ppb40-102 ng/bee
Bayer report 2007Pan-Europe 2009 letterMaus et al, 2003Suchail et al, 2001Nauen 2001
honey bee behavior 24 ppb disrupts learning and olfactory conditioning
Decourtye et al 2004
6 ppb disruption of feeding
Colin et al. 2004
100 ppb decrease in foraging
Kirchner 1999
ppb Effect Research paper
honey bee behavior
All bees show abnormal forage behavior100- 37%200 -34%400-74%600-78% (34% missing bees)800-83% (51% missing bees)Ingest 36.3 to 86.5 microl/bee1.82ng/bee=18 ppb 4.33 ng/bee =43 ppb 8 ppb-50 ppb bees in free flightsig dif in mortality except at 4ppb, but sig decline in PER learning for all concentrations 24 ppb1/3 decrease syrup consumption, decrease brood production, strong decrease in no. of foraging bees, sig. lower responses PER
Yang et al 2008
Bortolotti et al 2003
Decourtye et al et al. 2004
Jan 30 2012Table. Krischik, V and J. Wu. 2012. The dose makes the poison: Understanding how much a bee consumes to standard LD50 values. In progress. Not yet for publication
ppbnectar, pollen orsolution
Frasier 20114 mg pollen/day
Frasier 201110 mg nectar/day
standard volume ld 50 studies1 microl
real worldbee gut 10 microl
real worldbee gut 100microl
ng (lab LD50 studies show that >4-40ng (orange) kills a bee)LD50 solution 40,000
1600ppb=160 ng 4000ppb=400ng 40ng 400ng 4,000ng
LD50 solution 4,000
160ppb=16 ng 400ppb=40ng 4ng 40ng 400ng
Krischik 200912,000ppb 2X milkweed
480ppb =24ng 1200ppb =120ng 12ng 120ng 1200ng
Krischik 20096,000ppb 1X milkweed
240ppb =24ng 600ppb=60ng 6ng 60ng 600ng
600ppb 24ppb =2.4ng 60ppb=6ng 0.6ng 6ng 60ng500ppb 20 ppb=2ng 50 ppb=5ng 0.5ng 5ng 50ng250ppb 10 ppb=1ng 25 ppb=2.5ng 0.25ng 2.5ng 25ng200ppb2011 Cig
8 ppb=.8ng 20 ppb=2ng 0.2ng 2ng 20ng
100ppb 2011 Cig
4 ppb=.4ng 10 ppb=1ng 0.1ng 1ng 10ng
50ppb 2011 Cig
2 ppb=.2ng 5 ppb=0.5ng 0.05ng 0.5ng 5ng
20ppb 0.8ppb= 0.08ng 2 ppb=0.2ng 0.02ng 0.2ng 2ng
Jan 30 2012Table. Krischik, V and J. Wu. 2012. The dose makes the poison: Understanding how much a bee consumes to standard LD50 values. In progress. Not yet for publication
ppbnectar, pollen orsolution
Frasier 20114 mg pollen/day
Frasier 201110 mg nectar/day
standard volume ld 50 studies1 microl
real worldbee gut 10 microl
real worldbee gut 100 microl
ng (lab LD50 studies show that >4-40ng (orange) kills a bee)LD50 solution 40,000
1600ppb=160 ng 4000ppb=400ng 40ng 400 4,000
LD50 solution 4,000
160ppb=16 ng 400ppb=40ng 4ng 40 400
Krischik 200912,000ppb 2X milkweed
480ppb =24ng 1200ppb =120ng 12ng 120 1200
Krischik 20096,000ppb 1X milkweed
240ppb =24ng 600ppb=60ng 6ng 60 600
600ppb 24ppb =2.4ng 60ppb=6ng 0.6ng 6 60500ppb 20 ppb=2ng 50 ppb=5ng 0.5ng 5 50250ppb 10 ppb=1ng 25 ppb=2.5ng 0.25ng 2.5 2510ppb pollen loads France
0 .4ppb= 0.04ng 1 ppb=0.1ng 0.01ng 0.1 1
seed trt 5ppb 0.2ppb=0.02ng 0.5 ppb=0.05ng 0.005ng 0.05 0.5seed trt 2ppb 0.02ppb=0.002ng 0.05ppb=0.005ng 0.002ng 0.02 0.2seed trt 1ppb 0.04ppb= .004ng 0.1 ppb=.01ng 0.001ng 0.01 0.1
Linden trees: Imidacloprid applied to linden to kill adult JB,Linden trees: Imidacloprid applied to linden to kill adult JB,but linden is a favorite bee plantbut linden is a favorite bee plant
Beneficial Insects:
Adults AdultsLarvae Larvae
Flowers provide food for adults. Larvae kill pests
Gaucho (imidacloprid-seed treatment) banned Gaucho (imidacloprid-seed treatment) banned in France from 1999-2008in France from 1999-2008
Neonicotinyl insecticides banned in Germany May Neonicotinyl insecticides banned in Germany May 2008 see recent research Marzaro 2011, Kruke 2012, 2008 see recent research Marzaro 2011, Kruke 2012, Tapparo 2012Tapparo 2012• German Federal Office of Consumer Protection and Food
Safety (BVL) suspended registration of seed treatment used in canola and corn.
• Suspended are:Antarc (imidacloprid),Chinook (imidacloprid),Cruiser (thiamethoxam),Elado (clothianidin),Faibel (imidacloprid),Poncho (clothianidin).
• 2010 April/May at Purdue, Indiana, data captured,
USDA-AMS-NSL results in PPM
Canadian lab results in PPM
Client ID Imidacloprid5 -Hydroxy
Imidacloprid Imidacloprid Olefin Imidacloprid5 -Hydroxy
Imidacloprid Imidacloprid Olefin
1X.1.1-1.4 7.57 0.157 0.386 8.20 0.565 0.4051X.1.5-1.7 10.4 0.177 0.495 9.4 0.565 0.3901X.2.1-2.4 6.43 0.241 0.471 4.80 0.720 0.5001X.2.5-2.7 5.44 0.198 0.410 5.10 0.510 0.3602X.1.1-1.3 14.7 0.393 0.504 16.0 0.710 0.4102X.1.4-1.8 15.6 0.436 0.609 18.0 0.940 0.7102X.2.1-2.4 8.02 0.256 0.437 6.40 0.300 0.2002X.2.5-2.9 6.93 0.192 0.460 4.60 0.250 0.180C.2.4-2.6 0.0121 N.D. N.D. N.D. N.D. N.D.
C.2.7-2.10 0.0135 N.D. N.D. N.D. N.D. N.D.C.3.5-3.7 0.0216 N.D. N.D. N.D. N.D. N.D.
C.3.8-3.10 5.46 0.208 0.453 3.63 0.338 0.186
USDA-AMS-NSL results in PPM
Canadian lab results in PPM
Client IDImidaclopr
id5 -Hydroxy
ImidaclopridImidacloprid
OlefinImidaclo
prid5 -Hydroxy
ImidaclopridImidacloprid
Olefin
200 1X 14.6 0.908 1.47 18.0 2.200 3.70201 1X 8.80 0.527 0.946 24.00 3.400 2.900202 1X 22.5 1.47 2.54 26.0 3.50 2.70203 1X 32.5 1.59 2.34 34.0 4.60 2.702092X 36.1 1.99 2.52 42.0 6.10 2.70210 2X 53.7 2.68 3.14 42.0 5.90 3.20211 2X 34.0 1.79 2.11 32.0 4.20 1.90212 2X 43.3 1.23 2.52 68.0 8.20 4.30121 C 0.0117 N.D. N.D. N.D. N.D. N.D.122 C 0.0060 N.D. N.D. N.D. N.D. N.D.123 C 0.0091 N.D. N.D. N.D. N.D. N.D.125 C 0.0184 N.D. N.D. 0.0390 N.D. N.D.
penick.net
2011 Imidacloprid residue plants
Dose in mg/soil Dead bees on Agastache
Agastache spp.nectarppb
Asclepias spp.nectarppb
Esperanza spp.nectarppb
Rosa spp.pollenppb
0 0.6b 6b 3c 0c 26b25 0.6b 52b 80c 8c 36b50 0.5b 133b 175bc 21c 30b300 1X 3 gal pot
1.1ab 1973b 1568bc 106c 95b
600 2X 3 gal pot
2.4a 5265ab 2950b 276b 332b
1200 2.4a 9335a 8337a 9162a 720aF=3.2, 0.01 F=3.7, 0.017 F=25.8, 0.0001 F=166, 0.0001 F=5.7, 0.0025
2009, 2010, 2011 Imidacloprid residue rose
Dose in mg/soilMarathon 1%G
Rose 2009field
Rose 2010GH
Rose 2011field
0 9d 0c 26b25 na 5c 36b50 na 7c 30bHomeowner 1X 270 mg
812c na na
Homeowner 2X 270 mg
1648a na na
300 1X 3 gal pot 1175b 32bc 95b600 2X 3 gal pot na 161ab 332b1200 na 268a 720a
F=256, 0.0001 F=4.9, 0.0045 F=5.7, 0.0025
2005, 2007, 2011 Imidacloprid residue buckwheat, milkweedDose in mg/soilMarathon 1%G
Buckwheat 2005Nectar ppb
Milkweed 2007Nectar ppb
2011 MilkweedNectar ppb
0 3c
25 na na 80c
50 na na 175bcHomeowner 1X 270 mg
na na na
Homeowner 2X 270 mg
na na na
300 1X 3 gal pot 6000 6000 1568bc
600 2X 3 gal pot 12000 12000 2950b
300 21 days later na 20000 na
600 21 days later na 34000 na
1200 na na 8337a
F=25.86, (2,22)0.001
F=22.72, (2,6) 0.0016
F=25.8, 0.0001
2012 Imidacloprid residue canola pollenDose in mg/soil April 5 2010, E
June 1 flowers1 appApril
May 19, 2010, WJuly 2 flowers1 appMay
July 2, 2010, EAugust 18 flowers2 appApril+July
July 29, WSept 15 flowered1 appMay
Black WI aust 0 0Ponchoblue invigor 601
0 0
Gaucho red invigor 701
0 0
0 0c 0b 0b 0b4 0c 0b 313b 5b8 14c 7b 179b 8b
80 461b 15b 342b 24b
160 2072a 341a 3860a 162a
F=410, 0.0001 F=271, 0.001 F=7.5, 0.0002 F=70.6, 0.0001
2012 Imidacloprid residue canola soilDose in mg/soil April 5
June 1 flowers1 appApril
May 19July 2 flowers1 appMay
July 2August 18 flowers2 appApril + July 6
July 29Sept 15 flowered1 appMay 7
Seed trt no insect
51
Poncho na na na 4Gaucho na na na 770 na na 0 13164 na na 1552 1998 na na 743 25780 na na 1816 517
160 na na 9727 3913
F=2.8, p=0.07 F=5.3, p=0.0009
Efficacy and duration imidacloprid in Efficacy and duration imidacloprid in field grown poplarsfield grown poplars at at 12 mo12 mo
• Cottonwood leaf beetle, Chrysomela scripta (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae)
• 4 generations occur in MN, >8 in southern US.
• Adults overwinter under bark and leaf litter.
Whitney Cranshaw, Colorado State University, Lacy L. Hyche, Auburn University, www.forestryimages.org
Efficacy and duration imidacloprid in Efficacy and duration imidacloprid in field grown poplarsfield grown poplars at at 12 mo12 moTreatment 1 mo 10 mo 12 mo
Control 90.0±3.0 a 100.0±0.0 a 91.2±4.3 a
Granular 0.12x 3.3±2.6 ef 33.3±16.7 bc 55.6±6.7 bcd
Granular 0.25x 0.0±0.0 f 16.7±16.7 bc 41.7±7.3 cd
Granular 0.5x 0.0±0.0 f 0.0±0.0 c 0.0±0.0 e
Drench 0.25x 30.8±8.5 cd 50.0±12.9 abc 73.6±7.4 ab
Drench 0.5x 0.8±0.8 f 25.0±17.1 bc 36.1±8.9 d
Drench 1x 3.3±2.6 ef 0.0±0.0 c 24.1±8.2 de
Tablet 0.12x 15.0±7.2 def 16.7±16.7 bc 68.5±9.3 abc
Tablet 0.25x 20.8±9.3 cdef 0.0±0.0 c 2.8±2.8 e
Tablet 0.5x 54.2±9.7 b 0.0±0.0 c 2.8±2.8 e
Stick Soak 0.5x 55.0±8.6 b 100.0±0.0 a 76.5±7.9 ab
Stick Soak 1x 42.5±8.8 bc 75.0±17.1 ab 70.3±6.9 abc
Stick Soak 2x 22.8±9.2 cde 75.0±17.1 ab 70.1±8.1 abc
F (df), P ANOVA 17.6 (12, 182), <0.001 10.1 (12, 65), <0.001 21.8 (12, 216), <0.001
Efficacy and duration of imidacloprid in Efficacy and duration of imidacloprid in container grown container grown poplarspoplars at at 12 mo12 mo
Efficacy and duration of imidacloprid in Efficacy and duration of imidacloprid in container grown poplarscontainer grown poplars at at 12 mo12 moTreatment 1 mo 8 mo 12 mo
Control 88.8±2.79 a 76.2±8.8 a 86.4±7.0 a
Granular 0.12x 0.0±0.0 c 0.0±0.0 b 0.0±0.0 c
Granular 0.25x 0.0±0.0 c 0.0±0.0 b 0.0±0.0 c
Granular 0.5x 0.0±0.0 c 0.0±0.0 b 0.0±0.0 c
Drench 0.5x 0.0±0.0 c 0.0±0.0 b 0.0±0.0 c
Drench 1x 0.0±0.0 c 0.0±0.0 b 0.0±0.0 c
Drench 2x 0.0±0.0 c 0.0±0.0 b 0.0±0.0 c
Tablet 0.25x 27.9±8.0 b 0.0±0.0 b 0.0±0.0 c
Tablet 0.5x 13.9±7.3 bc 0.0±0.0 b 0.0±0.0 c
Tablet 1x 13.9±6.1 bc 0.0±0.0 b 0.0±0.0 c
Stick Soak 0.5x 0.0±0.0 c 0.0±0.0 b 20.8±11.4 bc
Stick Soak 1x 0.7±0.7 c 0.0±0.0 b 20.8±9.6 bc
Stick Soak 2x 0.0±0.0 c 0.0±0.0 b 8.3±5.6 c
Root Dip 1x 0.0±0.0 c 0.0±0.0 b 39.4±13.2 b
Root Dip 2x 0.0±0.0 c 0.0±0.0 b 7.1±7.1 bc
Root Dip 4x 0.0±0.0 c 0.0±0.0 b 5.0±5.0 c
F (df), P ANOVA 49.8 (15, 269), <0.001 62.6 (15, 81), <0.001 15.3 (15, 165), <0.001
Rose ‘Mr. Lincoln’Rose ‘Mr. Lincoln’
Efficacy and duration imidacloprid in Efficacy and duration imidacloprid in container grown container grown rose at rose at 12 mo12 mo
Japanese beetle adultJapanese beetle adult(Coleoptera: Scarabidae)Adults feed on foliageAdults feed on foliageGrubs feed on grass rootsGrubs feed on grass roots
Treatment % Mortality±SEM
Mean flip time±SEM (s)
% Leaf eaten area±SEM (cm2)
2006 2007 2006 2007 2006 2007
Control 2.6±0.4 e 0.7±0.7 e 30.4±2.e 29.5±2 e100.0±0.0
a89.4±1 a
GR 1x 35.9±4 b 25.0±4 bc 101.9±3 bc 74.4±7 cd 3.4±0.3 cd 12.1±1 de
GR 3x 42.7±4 b 37.5±5 b 106.0±3 ab 61.5±7 d 2.7±0.cd 11.8±1 de
DR 1X 30.1±3 bc 2.1±2 de 98.6±3 bc 57.6±4 d 2.1±0.3 cd 38.6±6 b
Tab 1X 9.1±2de 20.8±3 cd 82.0±3 d 109.7±2 a 11.8±2 b 7.5±1 de
Tab 2X 10.6±2.de22.2±3
bcd95.5±3 bcd
100.9±3 ab
7.1±1 bcd 5.0±0.3 de
IRt Dip,3.1 ml
21.3±3cd 36.1±3 b 95.9±3bcd 106.9±3 a 2.3±0.3 cd 23.9±3 c
Discus 83.3±2.a 75.0±4a 120.0±0 a 112.7±2 a 0.2±0.1 d 2.9±0.7 e
F (df), P treatment
66.3(9, 218),
<0.0001
41.7 (9, 302),
<0.0001
72.5 (9, 218),
<0.0001
47.4 (9, 302),
<0.0001
631.4 (9, 218),
<0.0001
180.1 (9, 302),
<0.0001
Relationship of imidacloprid applied to soil and imidacloprid translocate to canola pollen
imidacloprid in soil (mg)
imid
aclo
prid
in p
olle
n (p
pb)
0 4 8 80 1600 0 13
461
2072
0 0 7 15
341
0
313179
342
0 5 824
162
0
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
April
May
July (2 treatments on plot April and July)
August no insecticide
Relationship of imidacloprid applied to soil and imidacloprid residue in soil (ppb)
0 4 8 80 160 Poncho Gaucho Gauchoimidacloprid in soil (mg)
imid
aclo
prid
in s
oil (
ppb)
July soilAugust soil no treatment
4
1555
743
18161318
199 258
518
3913
4 51 77
0500
100015002000250030003500400045005000
Table 3. Krischik, V and J. Wu. 2011. Understanding LD50 imidacloprid to bees in relation to ppb in nectar or pollen. In progress. Not yet for publication
ppbnectar orsolution
1microl ld50 studies
10microl
50microl
100microl
150microl
200microl
250microl
300microl
hb gut bb gut 40,000 40ng 400 2,000 4,000 6,000 8,000 10,000 12,000
4,000 4 ng 40 200 400 600 800 1000 1200
tree 400 0.4 4 20 40 60 80 100 120
landscape 100 0.1 1 5 10 15 20 25 30
landscape 50 0.05 0.5 2.5 5 7.5 10 12.5 15
landscape 20 0.02 0.2 1 2 3 4 5 6
10 0.01 0.1 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3
seed trt 2 0.002 0.02 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
0.2ng/bee= alters memory in bb PERS
oral LD50 HB imidacloprid 41 ng/bee to 81 ng/bee (Schmuck 1999) oral LD50 HB imidacloprid 4 to 80 ng/bee (French)oral LD50 HB imidacloprid 3.7 ng/bee to 41 ng/bee (EPA from http://npic.orst.edu/factsheets/imidacloprid.pdf) oral LD50 HB imidacloprid 8 ng/bee (EPA from California, (http://www.cdpr.ca.gov/docs/emon/pubs/fatememo/Imidclprdfate2.pdf))
Site Imidacloprid Treatment Rate
Seed treatment Gaucho*
0.11 mg AI imidacloprid/1 plantFRENCH RESEARCH
Field crops 4 mg/sq ft NOT RESEARCHED
Greenhouse/nursery pot
300 mg AI/potKRISCHIK
Landscape, rose
630 mAI/plantNOT RESEARCHED
15 in DBH24 in DBH
50 g AI76 g AINOT RESEARCHED
Insect Species Level
Kills beneficial insects: lady beetle, lacewings
15 ppb
Kills honeybees in one sip
158-185 ppb
Altering honey bee behavior
6-100 ppb
Altering bumblebee behavior
10-30 ppb
LD50 imidacloprid LD50 clothianidin
40 ng/bee = 400 ppb43 ng/bee
Imidacloprid residue in nectarImidacloprid residue in nectar
Gaucho seed treatments: Imidacloprid in nectarGaucho seed treatments: Imidacloprid in nectar•1.9 ppb in sunflower nectar (Schmuck et al. 2001)
•0.6-.8 ppb in canola nectar (Scott-Dupree+Spivak 2001)
Imidacloprid soil treatments: Imidacloprid in nectarImidacloprid soil treatments: Imidacloprid in nectar•3-10 ppb in purple tansy nectar (Wallner et al. 1999)
•15 ppb (1X) and 27 ppb (2X) buckwheat nectar (Krischik et al. 2007)
•26 ppb (27d), 12 ppb (38d), 9 ppb (63d), reapplied 53 ppb (21d) in tropical milkweed
Imidacloprid residue in nectarImidacloprid residue in nectar
• Marathon applied to containers in the greenhouse results in higher concentrations of imidacloprid in nectar compared to Gaucho: 15 ppb vs. 1.9 ppb (Schmuck et al. 2001).
• Beneficial insects in the foraging environment may be exposed to imidacloprid in nectar from a range of sources.
• Other systemic neonicotinyls, such as acetamiprid, dinotefuran, clothianidin and thiamethoxam are also being used, and may kill beneficials.
Imidacloprid residue in nectarImidacloprid residue in nectar
21-27d21-27d 33-38d33-38d 59-63d59-63d21-63d21-63d
meanmean21d 221d 2ndnd appliedapplied
CC
0.02 ±
0.0a
(n=3)
2.39 ± 2.4a
(n=3)
2.45 ± 2.5a
(n=3)
1.62 ± 1.1a
(n=9)
0.00 ± 0.0a
(n=9)
1X1X
26.37 ±26.37 ± 6.6b6.6b
(n=2) (n=2)
12.15 ±12.15 ± 1.7ab1.7ab
(n=3) (n=3)
9.06 ±9.06 ± 2.1ab2.1ab
(n=3) (n=3)
14.54 ±14.54 ± 3.0ab3.0ab
(n=9) (n=9)
53.03 ±53.03 ± 6.3b6.3b
(n=9) (n=9)
2X2X
60.79 ±
6.4
(n=2)
15.65 ± 3.4b
(n=3)
15.70 ± 1.4b
(n=3)
27.0 ± 7.6b
(n=9)
109.59 ± 9.8c
(n=9)
FF
(df)(df)
PP
52.48
(2,4)
0.0013
6.95
(2,6)
0.0272
10.73
(2,6)
0.0104
77.22
(2,22)
<0.0001
63.00
(2,24)
<0.0001
Imidacloprid translocation to nectarImidacloprid translocation to nectar
Gaucho treated-seed: Imidacloprid in nectarGaucho treated-seed: Imidacloprid in nectar •1.9 ppb in sunflower nectar (Schmuck et al. 2001)
•0.6-.8 ppb in canola nectar (Scott-Dupree+Spivak 2001)
Imidacloprid soil treatments: Imidacloprid in nectarImidacloprid soil treatments: Imidacloprid in nectar
•3-10 ppb in purple tansy nectar (Wallner et al. 1999)
•15 ppb (1X) and 27 ppb (2X) buckwheat nectar(Krischik et al. 2007)
Treat-ment
% Mortality±SEM
Mean flip time±SEM (s)
% Leaf eaten ±SEM (cm2)
2006 2007 2006 2007 2006 2007
Control 2.6e 0.7 e 30.4 e 29.5e 100a 89.4a
IMD GR 1x 35.9b 25.0bc 101.9bc 74.4cd 3.4cd 12.1de
IMD Drench
30.1 bc 2.1de 98.6bc 57.6d 2.1cd 38.6b
IMD Tab 19.1de 20.8cd 82.0d 109.7a 11.8b 7.5 de
Discus (IMD+CYF)
83.3a 75.0a 120.0a 112.7a 0.2d 2.9e
Insecticides to kill adult Japanese beetleInsecticides to kill adult Japanese beetle