kp manu v. chairman, scrutiny committee for verification of community certificate.pdf

8/9/2019 KP Manu v. Chairman, Scrutiny Committee for verification of Community Certificate.pdf

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Reportable

IN THE SUPREME COURT OF INDIA

CIVIL APPELLATE JURISDICTION

CIVIL APPEAL No. 7065 OF 2008

K.P. Manu ….. Appellant

Versus

Ca!r"an# S$rut!n% C&""!ttee '&rVer!'!$at!&n &' C&""un!t% Cert!'!$ate … Resp&n(ent

J U D G M E N T

Dipak Misra, J.

In t!s appeal# )% spe$!al lea*e# te assa!l !s t& te +u(,"ent

an( &r(er (ate( -t Mar$# /0 passe( )% te D!*!s!&n 1en$

&' te H!, C&urt &' Kerala !n M.F.A. N&. 22 &' /0 3ere!n te

H!, C&urt as a$$epte( te rep&rt &' te S$rut!n% C&""!ttee

$&nst!tute( un(er te Kerala 4S$e(ule( Castes an( S$e(ule(

Tr!)es5 Re,ulat!&n &' Issue &' C&""un!t% Cert!'!$ates A$t# -660

4'&r s&rt 7te A$t85 3ere!n te $aste $ert!'!$ate ,rante( !n

'a*&ur &' K.P. Manu# te appellant ere!n# a( )een $an$elle(.


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2. Te 'a$ts ,!*!n, r!se t& te present appeal are tat &ne

Sr! S. Sree9u"ar Men&n !n*&9e( te +ur!s(!$t!&n &' te

S$rut!n% C&""!ttee un(er Se$t!&n --4:5 &' te A$t $allen,!n,

te ,rant &' $aste $ert!'!$ate# na"el%# H!n(u Pula%a t& te

appellant &n te ,r&un( tat te sa!( $ert!'!$ate a( )een

&)ta!ne( )% !" &n "!srepresentat!&n# an( tat apart te

$&n$erne( aut&r!t% a( !ssue( te $aste $ert!'!$ate !n t&tal

trans,ress!&n &' la3. Te C&""!ttee $&n(u$te( an en;u!r% an(

e*entuall% )% !ts &r(er (ate( &annan an( Paul&se

3ere )&rn. Te 'ater &' te appellant# Paul&se# ,&t "arr!e( t&

Kun+a""a 3& 3as a Cr!st!an. Te appellant 3& 3as )&rn &n

:.-.-60 s&"et!"e !n te %ear -6?< at te a,e &' /< $&n*erte(


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!"sel' t& H!n(u rel!,!&n an( $an,e( !s na"e t& tat &' K.P.

Manu. On te )as!s &' te $&n*ers!&n e appl!e( '&r a $aste

$ert!'!$ate t& A9!la 1arata A%%appa Se*a San,a". 1e !t

state(# te appellant a'ter $&n*ers!&n a( &)ta!ne( a $ert!'!$ate

'r&" te $&n$erne( $&""un!t% &n 2t Fe)ruar%# -6?


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e"pl&%er &' te appellant# resp&n(ent N&. / ere!n# t& re"&*e

!" 'r&" ser*!$e an( re$&*er a su" &' Rs.-2 la9s t&3ar(s te

salar% pa!( t& !". Te sa!( rep&rt &' te C&""!ttee an( te

&r(er !n se;u!tur a*!n, te )ase &n te rep&rt 3ere te su)+e$t

"atter &' $allen,e )e'&re te H!, C&urt !n appeal.

2. On a perusal &' te &r(er passe( )% te H!, C&urt !t !s

per$ept!)le tat !t as a''!r"e( te '!n(!n,s &' te C&""!ttee &n

te )as!s tat te paternal as 3ell as "aternal ,ran('ater &' te

appellant )el&n,e( t& Cr!st!an $&""un!t% an( pr&'esse(

Cr!st!an 'a!t tat te parents &' te appellant 3ere )&rn as

Cr!st!ans an( te% $&nt!nue( t& pr&'ess Cr!st!an!t% tat te

appellant als& 3as )&rn as a Cr!st!an tat tere !s n& $aste )%

na"e BPula%a $&n*ert tat ne!ter te state ,&*ern"ent n&r te

re*enue &''!$!als a*e te p&3er t& e''e$t an% alterat!&n !n te

$aste na"e $&ntrar% t& te C&nst!tut!&n 4S$e(ule( Castes5

Or(er# -62 !ssue( un(er te aut&r!t% &' te C&nst!tut!&n &'

In(!a tat te appellant $ann&t $la!" te $aste status &' Pula%a

"erel% &n te ,r&un( tat e a( e")ra$e( H!n(u!s" at te a,e

&' /


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te su)+e$t an( tat ne!ter te appellant n&r !s parents a(

en+&%e( te $aste status &' Pula%a. On te a'&resa!( )as!s# te

H!, C&urt &p!ne( tat )% e")ra$!n, H!n(u!s" at te a,e &' /


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3!$ as )een $&nst!tute( un(er Se$t!&n 6 &' te A$t t& !n;u!re

!nt& $erta!n aspe$ts t&u, as ,!*en a $ate,&r!$al '!n(!n, tat

te appellant a( pr&(u$e( te re;u!s!te $ert!'!$ate# %et as

'alla$!&usl% $&n$lu(e( tat a'ter $&n*ers!&n e as n&t )een

'&ll&3!n, te tra(!t!&ns &' Cr!st!an rel!,!&n# '&r e as entere(

!nt& 3e(l&$9 3!t a Cr!st!an 3&"an. Learne( sen!&r $&unsel

as als& pla$e( rel!an$e &n a t3&Ju(,e 1en$ (e$!s!&n !n

!odikunnil "uresh # J. Monian v. $.". "a%i !uar & Ors.' .

. Res!st!n, te su)"!ss!&ns $an*asse( )% Mr. Napa(e#

learne( sen!&r $&unsel '&r te appellant# Ms. L!= Mate3# learne(

$&unsel '&r te resp&n(entState su)"!tte( tat te reas&n!n, &'

H!, C&urt $ann&t )e 'aulte( !nas"u$ as te C&nst!tut!&n

1en$ (&es n&t la% (&3n tat a pers&n )&rn as a Cr!st!an

3&se ,ran(parents a( e")ra$e( Cr!st!an!t% $an# &n

re$&n*ers!&n# $&"e )a$9 t& te strea" &' !sGer &r!,!nal $aste

&n a$$eptan$e )% te $&""un!t%# an( 'urter te pr!n$!ple

state( tere!n s&ul( n&t )e stret$e( t& $&*er tat arena. Tat

apart# su)"!ts se# te &nus !s &n te appellant t& a((u$e pr&&'

!n respe$t &' te 'a$t tat a'ter $&n*ers!&n e as )een '&ll&3!n,

2 (2011) 6 SCC 430


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te H!n(u r!tes an( $ust&"s tat !s "eant '&r te $aste an( !n

te $ase at an( te sa!( )ur(en as n&t )een (!s$ar,e(.

?. As 3e per$e!*e# te $&ntr&*ers% 'un(a"entall% as tree

arenas# na"el%# 4-5 3eter &n $&n*ers!&n an( at 3at sta,e a

pers&n )&rn t& Cr!st!an parents $an# a'ter re$&n*ers!&n t& te

H!n(u rel!,!&n# )e el!,!)le t& $la!" te )ene'!t &' !s &r!,!nal

$aste 4!!5 3eter a'ter !s el!,!)!l!t% !s a$$epte( an( !s &r!,!nal

$&""un!t% &n a $&lle$t!*e )as!s ta9es !" 3!t!n !ts '&l(# e st!ll

$an )e (en!e( te )ene'!t an( 4!!!5 tat 3& s&ul( )e te

aut&r!t% t& &p!ne tat e as )een '&ll&3!n, te tra(!t!&ns an(

$ust&"s &' a part!$ular $aste &r n&t. e a*e enu"erate( te

)as!$ tests an( !n $&urse &' &ur (!s$uss!&n# 3e sall (el*e !nt&

$erta!n an$!llar% !ssues re,ar( )e!n, a( t& te area &' anal%s!s.

9. T& appre$!ate te ;uest!&ns tat 3e a*e '&r"ulate(# !t !s

ne$essar% t& re'er t& te aut&r!t!es !n $r&n&l&,%. A

treeJu(,e 1en$ !n C.M. (ruuga ). ". Ra%gopal and

others * # 3!le (eal!n, 3!t te $&n$ept &' $aste# re'erre( t& te

pr&n&un$e"ents !n Coopoosai Chett+ ). Duraisai Chett+ ,

3 (1976) 1 SCC 8634 ILR 33 Mad 57


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Muthusai ). Masilaani - an( G. Michael ). ".

)enkatesaran / an( &p!ne( tus

7It !s n& (&u)t true# an( tere 3e a,ree 3!t teMa(ras H!, C&urt !n G. Michael case tat te ,eneralrule !s tat $&n*ers!&n &perates as an epuls!&n 'r&"te $aste# &r# !n &ter 3&r(s# te $&n*ert $eases t&a*e an% $aste# )e$ause $aste !s pre(&"!nantl% a'eature &' H!n(u s&$!et% an( &r(!nar!l% a pers&n 3&$eases t& )e a H!n(u 3&ul( n&t )e re,ar(e( )% te&ter "e")ers &' te $aste as )el&n,!n, t& te!r '&l(.1ut ult!"atel% !t "ust (epen( &n te stru$ture &' te

$aste an( !ts rules an( re,ulat!&ns 3eter a pers&n3&ul( $ease t& )el&n, t& te $aste &n !s a)+ur!n,H!n(u!s". I' te stru$ture &' te $aste !s su$ tat !ts"e")ers "ust ne$essar!l% )el&n, t& H!n(u rel!,!&n# a"e")er# 3& $eases t& )e a H!n(u# 3&ul( ,& &ut &' te $aste# )e$ause n& n&nH!n(u $an )e !n te $astea$$&r(!n, t& !ts rules an( re,ulat!&ns. ere# &n te&ter an(# a*!n, re,ar( t& !ts stru$ture# as !t ase*&l*e( &*er te %ears# a $aste "a% $&ns!st n&t &nl% &'

pers&ns pr&'ess!n, H!n(u rel!,!&n )ut als& pers&nspr&'ess!n, s&"e &ter rel!,!&n as 3ell# $&n*ers!&n 'r&"H!n(u!s" t& tat &ter rel!,!&n "a% n&t !n*&l*e l&ss &' $aste# )e$ause e*en pers&ns pr&'ess!n, su$ &terrel!,!&n $an )e "e")ers &' te $aste. T!s "!,tappen 3ere $aste !s )ase( &n e$&n&"!$ &r&$$upat!&nal $ara$ter!st!$s an( n&t &n rel!,!&us!(ent!t% &r te $&es!&n &' te $aste as a s&$!al ,r&up!s s& str&n, tat $&n*ers!&n !nt& an&ter rel!,!&n (&es

n&t &perate t& snap te )&n( )et3een te $&n*ert an(te s&$!al ,r&up. T!s !s !n(ee( n&t an !n're;uentpen&"en&n !n S&ut In(!a 3ere# !n s&"e &' te$astes# e*en a'ter $&n*ers!&n t& Cr!st!an!t%# a pers&n!s re,ar(e( as $&nt!nu!n, t& )el&n, t& te $aste. enan ar,u"ent 3as a(*an$e( )e'&re te Ma(ras H!,C&urt !n G. Michael case

7tat tere 3ere se*eral $ases !n 3!$ a "e")er&' &ne &' te l&3er $astes 3& as )een $&n*erte(

5 ILR 33 Mad 342; Mad I.J. 496 IR 1952 Mad. 474


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t& Cr!st!an!t% as $&nt!nue( n&t &nl% t& $&ns!(er!"sel' as st!ll )e!n, a "e")er &' te $aste# )utas als& )een $&ns!(ere( s& )% &ter "e")ers &' te $aste 3& a( n&t )een $&n*erte(8#

Ra+a"annar# C.J.# 3 !t $an sa'el% )e presu"e(#3as 'a"!l!ar 3!t te $ust&"s an( pra$t!$espre*alent !n S&ut In(!a# a$$epte( te p&s!t!&n 7tat!nstan$es $an )e '&un( !n 3!$ !n sp!te &' $&n*ers!&n te $aste (!st!n$t!&ns "!,t $&nt!nue8#t&u, e treate( te" as e$ept!&ns t& te ,eneralrule.8

E"pas!s suppl!e(

-. Terea'ter# te C&urt re'erre( t& nu")er &' aut&r!t!es &'

*ar!&us H!, C&urts an( rule( tat !t $ann&t )e la!( (&3n as an

a)s&lute rule un!'&r"l% appl!$a)le !n all $ases tat 3ene*er a

"e")er &' $aste !s $&n*erte( 'r&" H!n(u!s" t& Cr!st!an!t%# e

l&ses !s "e")ers!p &' te $aste. It !s true tat &r(!nar!l% &n

$&n*ers!&n t& Cr!st!an!t%# e 3&ul( $ease t& )e a "e")er &' te

$aste# )ut tat !s n&t an !n*ar!a)le rule# an( !t 3&ul( (epen( &n

te stru$ture &' te $aste an( !ts rules an( re,ulat!&ns. Te

C&urt re'erre( t& $erta!n $astes# part!$ularl% !n S&ut In(!a#

3ere t!s $&nse;uen$e $&ul( n&t '&ll&3 )% $&n*ers!&n s!n$e

su$ $astes $&"pr!se )&t H!n(us an( Cr!st!ans. E*entuall%#

te C&urt &p!ne( tat

7Tere !s n& reas&n e!ter &n pr!n$!ple &r &n aut&r!t% 3!$ s&ul( $&"pel us t& (!sre,ar( t!s *!e3 3!$as pre*a!le( '&r al"&st a $entur% an( la% (&3n a

(!''erent rule &n te su)+e$t. I' a pers&n 3& ase")ra$e( an&ter rel!,!&n $an )e re$&n*erte( t&


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H!n(u!s"# tere !s n& rat!&nal pr!n$!ple 3% e s&ul(n&t )e a)le t& $&"e )a$9 t& !s $aste# !' te &ter"e")ers &' te $aste are prepare( t& rea("!t !" as a"e")er. It stan(s t& reas&n tat e s&ul( )e a)le t&

$&"e )a$9 t& te '&l( t& 3!$ e &n$e )el&n,e(#pr&*!(e( &' $&urse te $&""un!t% !s 3!ll!n, t& ta9e!" 3!t!n te '&l(. It !s te &rt&(& H!n(u s&$!et% st!ll (&"!nate( t& a lar,e etent# part!$ularl% !n ruralareas# )% "e(!e*al!st!$ &utl&&9 an( status&r!ente(appr&a$ 3!$ atta$es s&$!al an( e$&n&"!$(!sa)!l!t!es t& a pers&n )el&n,!n, t& a s$e(ule( $astean( tat !s 3% $erta!n 'a*&ure( treat"ent !s ,!*en t&!" )% te C&nst!tut!&n. On$e su$ a pers&n $eases t&

)e a H!n(u an( )e$&"es a Cr!st!an# te s&$!al an(e$&n&"!$ (!sa)!l!t!es ar!s!n, )e$ause &' H!n(u rel!,!&n$ease an( en$e !t !s n& l&n,er ne$essar% t& ,!*e !"pr&te$t!&n an( '&r t!s reas&n e !s (ee"e( n&t t&)el&n, t& a s$e(ule( $aste. 1ut 3en e !sre$&n*erte( t& H!n(u!s"# te s&$!al an( e$&n&"!$(!sa)!l!t!es &n$e a,a!n re*!*e an( )e$&"e atta$e( t&!" )e$ause tese are (!sa)!l!t!es !n'l!$te( )% H!n(u!s". A Maar &r a K&l! &r a Mala 3&ul( n&t )e

re$&,n!se( as an%t!n, )ut a Maar &r a K&l! &r aMala a'ter re$&n*ers!&n t& H!n(u!s" an( e 3&ul(su''er 'r&" te sa"e s&$!al an( e$&n&"!$ (!sa)!l!t!es'r&" 3!$ e su''ere( )e'&re e 3as $&n*erte( t&an&ter rel!,!&n. It !s# tere'&re# &)*!&us tat te&)+e$t an( purp&se &' te C&nst!tut!&n 4S$e(ule(Castes5 Or(er# -62 3&ul( )e a(*an$e( rater tanretar(e( )% ta9!n, te *!e3 tat &n re$&n*ers!&n t&H!n(u!s"# a pers&n $an &n$e a,a!n )e$&"e a "e")er

&' te s$e(ule( $aste t& 3!$ e )el&n,e( pr!&r t&!s $&n*ers!&n.8

4E"pas!s a((e(5

--. Te a'&resa!( pr&n&un$e"ent as t& )e un(erst&&( 'r&"

$&nst!tut!&nal an( s&$!al perspe$t!*e as te C&urt as *!e3e(

tat tere !s n& rat!&nal pr!n$!ple 3% s&ul( a pers&n# 3& as

e")ra$e( an&ter rel!,!&n s&ul( n&t )e a)le t& $&"e )a$9 t& !s


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$aste# an( 'urter te &)+e$t an( purp&se &' te C&nst!tut!&n

4S$e(ule( Castes5 Or(er# -62 3&ul( )e a(*an$e( !'# &n

re$&n*ers!&n# t& !s &r!,!nal rel!,!&n# e 3&ul( )e$&"e a "e")er

&' !s &r!,!nal $aste an( n&t su''er 'r&" te sa"e s&$!al an(

e$&n&"!$ (!sa)!l!t!es.

-/. 1e'&re te C&nst!tut!&n 1en$# !n Y. Mohan Rao 4supra5#

te ;uest!&n ar&se 3eter a pers&n 3&se parents )el&n, t& a

s$e(ule( $aste )e'&re te!r $&n*ers!&n t& Cr!st!an!t% $an# &n

$&n*ers!&n &r re$&n*ers!&n t& H!n(u!s"# )e re,ar(e( as a

"e")er &' te S$e(ule( Caste s& as t& )e el!,!)le '&r te )ene'!t

&' reser*at!&n &' seats '&r s$e(ule( $astes !n te "atter &'

a("!ss!&n t& a "e(!$al $&lle,e. Te parents &' te resp&n(ent

tere!n &r!,!nall% pr&'esse( H!n(u rel!,!&n an( )el&n,e( t&

Ma(!,a $aste 3!$ !s a("!tte(l% a $aste (ee"e( t& )e a

s$e(ule( $aste !n te State &' An(ra Pra(es as spe$!'!e( !n

Part I &' te s$e(ule t& te C&nst!tut!&n 4S$e(ule( Castes5

Or(er# -62. Te resp&n(ent 3as )&rn a'ter te $&n*ers!&n# tat

!s t& sa%# e 3as )&rn &' Cr!st!an parents an( e a( ,&t

!"sel' $&n*erte( t& H!n(u!s" &n Septe")er /# -6: 'r&"

An(ra Pra(es Arun$at!%a San,a" stat!n, tat e a(

ren&un$e( Cr!st!an!t% an( e")ra$e( H!n(u!s" a'ter ,&!n,


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tr&u, Su((! $ere"&n% an( e 3as terea'ter re$e!*e( )a$9

!nt& Ma(!,a $aste &' H!n(u '&l(. On te stren,t &' te

$ert!'!$ate# e a( appl!e( '&r a("!ss!&n !n respe$t &' te

reser*e( seat t& @untur Me(!$al C&lle,e. In!t!all% e 3as

pr&*!s!&nall% sele$te( '&r a("!ss!&n# )ut !s sele$t!&n 3as

$an$elle( as e 3as n&t H!n(u )% )!rt. On a 3r!t pet!t!&n )e!n,

'!le(# te H!, C&urt re'erre( t& te C&nst!tut!&n 4S$e(ule(

Castes5 Or(er# -62 an( &p!ne( tat a $an(!(ate# !n &r(er t& )e

el!,!)le '&r a seat reser*e( '&r s$e(ule( $aste# nee( n&t )el&n, t&

a s$e(ule( $aste )% )!rt an( 3en su$ a st!pulat!&n !s "a(e

)% te @&*ern"ent N&t!'!$at!&n# !t as tra*elle( )e%&n( te -62

&r(er. Te *!e3 epresse( )% te learne( S!n,le Ju(,e !n te

3r!t pet!t!&n 3as a$$epte( )% te D!*!s!&n 1en$. It 3as

$&nten(e( )% te State )e'&re te lar,er 1en$ tat 3en te

resp&n(ent 3as $&n*erte( t& H!n(u!s"# e (!( n&t aut&"at!$all%

)e$&"e a "e")er &' te Ma(!,a $aste# )ut !t 3as &pen t& te

"e")ers &' te Ma(!,a $aste t& a$$ept !" 3!t!n te!r '&l( an(

!t 3as &nl% !' e 3as s& a$$epte(# tat e $&ul( a*e $la!"e( t&

a*e )e$&"e a "e")er &' te sa!( $aste. Te C&nst!tut!&n

1en$ re'erre( t& te treeJu(,e 1en$ !n C.M. (ruuga

4supra5 an( p&se( te !ssue !n te '&ll&3!n, "anner


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7N&3# )e'&re 3e pr&$ee( t& $&ns!(er t!s $&ntent!&n# !t!s ne$essar% t& p&!nt &ut tat tere !s n& a)s&lute ruleappl!$a)le !n all $ases tat 3ene*er a "e")er &' a$aste !s $&n*erte( 'r&" H!n(u!s" t& Cr!st!an!t%# e

l&ses !s "e")ers!p &' te $aste. T!s ;uest!&n as)een $&ns!(ere( )% t!s C&urt !n C. M. (ruuga v.". Ra%gopal an( !t as )een p&!nte( &ut tere tat&r(!nar!l% !t !s true tat &n $&n*ers!&n t& Cr!st!an!t%#a pers&n 3&ul( $ease t& )e a "e")er &' te $aste t&3!$ e )el&n,s# )ut tat !s n&t an !n*ar!a)le rule. It3&ul( (epen( &n te stru$ture &' te $aste an( !tsrules an( re,ulat!&ns. Tere are s&"e $astes#part!$ularl% !n S&ut In(!a# 3ere t!s $&nse;uen$e

(&es n&t '&ll&3 &n $&n*ers!&n# s!n$e su$ $astes$&"pr!se )&t H!n(us an( Cr!st!ans. eterMa(!,a !s a $aste 3!$ 'alls 3!t!n t!s $ate,&r% !s a(e)ata)le ;uest!&n. Te $&ntent!&n &' te resp&n(ent!n !s 3r!t pet!t!&n 3as tat tere are )&t H!n(us an(Cr!st!ans !n Ma(!,a $aste an( e*en a'ter $&n*ers!&nt& Cr!st!an!t%# !s parents $&nt!nue( t& )el&n, t&Ma(!,a $aste an( e 3as# tere'&re# a "e")er &' Ma(!,a $aste r!,t 'r&" te t!"e &' !s )!rt. It !s n&t

ne$essar% '&r te purp&se &' te present appeal t&(e$!(e t!s ;uest!&n. e "a% assu"e tat# &n$&n*ers!&n t& Cr!st!an!t%# te parents &' teresp&n(ent l&st te!r "e")ers!p &' Ma(!,a $aste an(tat te resp&n(ent 3as# tere'&re# n&t a Ma(!,a )% )!rt. Te ;uest!&n !s $&ul( te resp&n(ent )e$&"e a"e")er &' Ma(!,a $aste &n $&n*ers!&n t& H!n(u!s" Tat !s a ;uest!&n &n 3!$ $&ns!(era)le l!,t !str&3n )% te (e$!s!&n &' t!s C&urt !n C.M.

(ruuga 4supra5.8

Terea'ter# te C&urt a$$ept!n, te pr!n$!ple state( !n C.M.

(ruuga 4supra5 pr&$ee(e( t& &p!ne tat te reas&n!n, ,!*en

!n te sa!( +u(,"ent as t& )e a$$epte( an( "a(e appl!$a)le t&

a $ase 3ere te parents &' a pers&n are $&n*erte( 'r&"

H!n(u!s" t& Cr!st!an!t% an( e !s )&rn a'ter te!r $&n*ers!&n


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14

an( as su)se;uentl% e")ra$e( H!n(u!s". In a((!t!&n t& te

$&n*ers!&n# e as t& )e a$$epte( )% te "e")ers &' te $aste

an( !s ta9en as a "e")er 3!t!n !ts '&l(. In tat $&ntet# te

C&urt rule( tus

7Te reas&n!n, &n 3!$ t!s (e$!s!&n pr&$ee(e( !se;uall% appl!$a)le !n a $ase 3ere te parents &' apers&n are $&n*erte( 'r&" H!n(u!s" t& Cr!st!an!t% an( e !s )&rn a'ter te!r $&n*ers!&n an( &n !s

su)se;uentl% e")ra$!n, H!n(u!s"# te "e")ers &' te $aste t& 3!$ te parents )el&n,e( pr!&r t& te!r$&n*ers!&n a$$ept !" as a "e")er 3!t!n te '&l(. It!s '&r te "e")ers &' te $aste t& (e$!(e 3eter &rn&t t& a("!t a pers&n 3!t!n te $aste. S!n$e te $aste!s a s&$!al $&")!nat!&n &' pers&ns ,&*erne( )% !tsrules an( re,ulat!&ns# !t "a%# !' !ts rules an(re,ulat!&ns s& pr&*!(e# a("!t a ne3 "e")er +ust as !t"a% epel an e!st!n, "e")er. Te &nl% re;u!re"ent

'&r a("!ss!&n &' a pers&n as a "e")er &' te $aste !ste a$$eptan$e &' te pers&n )% te &ter "e")ers &' te $aste# '&r# as p&!nte( &ut )% K!rsnas3a"!A%%an,ar# J.# !n Durgaprasada Rao v."udarsanasai 0 , 7!n "atters a''e$t!n, te 3ell)e!n, &r $&"p&s!t!&n &' a $aste# te $aste !tsel' !s tesupre"e +u(,e8. 4e"pas!s suppl!e(5. It 3!ll#tere'&re# )e seen tat &n $&n*ers!&n t& H!n(u!s"# apers&n )&rn &' Cr!st!an $&n*erts 3&ul( n&t )e$&"e a"e")er &' te $aste t& 3!$ !s parents )el&n,e(pr!&r t& te!r $&n*ers!&n t& Cr!st!an!t%# aut&"at!$all% &r as a "atter &' $&urse# )ut e 3&ul( )e$&"e su$"e")er# !' te &ter "e")ers &' te $aste a$$ept !"as a "e")er an( a("!t !" 3!t!n te '&l(.8

un(erl!n!n, !s &urs

-:. Fr&" te a'&resa!( para,rap# !t !s pla!n as (a% tat !' te

parents &' a pers&n are $&n*erte( 'r&" H!n(u!s" t& Cr!st!an!t% 7 IR 1940 Mad 513 ! ILR 1940 Mad 653 ! (1940) 1 MLJ 800


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15

an( e !s )&rn a'ter te $&n*ers!&n an( e")ra$es H!n(u!s" an(

te "e")ers &' te $aste a$$ept !"# e $&"es 3!t!n te '&l( &'

te $aste.

-


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16

!n a (e$!s!&n &' t!s C&urt !n te $ase &' G.M.Arumugam *. S. Rajagopal .8

-2. Te C&urt# a'ter re'err!n, t& se*eral (e$!s!&ns !n$lu(!n, te

(e$!s!&n !n C.M. (ruuga 4supra5# as el( tus

731. In &ur &p!n!&n# te "a!n test s&ul( )e a ,enu!ne!ntent!&n &' te re$&n*ert t& a)+ure !s ne3 rel!,!&nan( $&"pletel% (!ss&$!ate !"sel' 'r&" !t. e "ustasten t& a(( ere tat t!s (&es n&t "ean tat tere$&n*ers!&n s&ul( )e &nl% a ruse &r a pretet &r a$&*er t& ,a!n "un(ane 3&rl(l% )ene'!ts s& tat te

re$&n*ers!&n )e$&"es "erel% a s&3 '&r a$!e*!n, apart!$ular purp&se 3ereas te real !ntent!&n "a% )esr&u(e( !n "%ster%. Te re$&n*ert "ust e!)!t a$lear an( ,enu!ne !ntent!&n t& ,& )a$9 t& !s &l( '&l(an( a(&pt te $ust&"s an( pra$t!$es &' te sa!( '&l(3!t&ut an% pr&test 'r&" "e")ers &' !s erst3!le$aste. In &r(er t& +u(,e t!s 'a$t&r# !t !s n&t ne$essar% tat tere s&ul( )e a (!re$t &r $&n$lus!*e pr&&' &' teepress!&n &' te *!e3s &' te $&""un!t% &' te

erst3!le $aste an( !t 3&ul( )e su''!$!ent $&"pl!an$e&' t!s $&n(!t!&n !' n& e$ept!&n &r pr&test !s l&(,e( )% te $&""un!t% "e")ers# !n 3!$ $ase te $aste3&ul( re*!*e &n te re$&n*ers!&n &' te pers&n t& !s&l( rel!,!&n.

32. An&ter aspe$t 3!$ &ne "ust n&t '&r,et !s tat3en a $!l( !s )&rn ne!ter as e an% rel!,!&n n&r !se $apa)le &' $&&s!n, &ne unt!l e rea$es te a,e &'

(!s$ret!&n an( a$;u!res pr&per un(erstan(!n, &' tes!tuat!&n. Hen$e# te "ere 'a$t tat te parents &' a$!l(# 3& 3ere Cr!st!ans# 3&ul( !n &r(!nar% $&urse,et te usual )apt!s" $ert!'!$ate an( per'&r" &ter$ere"&n!es 3!t&ut te $!l( 9n&3!n, 3at !s )e!n,(&ne )ut a'ter te $!l( as ,r&3n up an( )e$&"es'ull% "ature an( a)le t& (e$!(e !s 'uture# e &u,tn&t t& )e )&un( )% 3at !s parents "a% a*e (&ne. Tere'&re# !n su$ $ases# !t !s te !ntent!&n &' te

$&n*ertee 3!$ 3&ul( (eter"!ne te re*!*al &' te$aste. I' )% !s $lear an( $&n$lus!*e $&n(u$t te


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17

pers&n re$&n*erts t& !s &l( 'a!t an( a)+ures te ne3rel!,!&n !n une;u!*&$al ter"s# !s $aste aut&"at!$all% re*!*es.8

-0. at !s !"p&rtant '&r &ur purp&se !s para,rap :< &' te

sa!( (e$!s!&n# 3!$ !s as '&ll&3s

7In &ur &p!n!&n# 3en a pers&n !s $&n*erte( t&Cr!st!an!t% &r s&"e &ter rel!,!&n te &r!,!nal $astere"a!ns un(er e$l!pse an( as s&&n as (ur!n, !sGerl!'et!"e te pers&n !s re$&n*erte( t& te &r!,!nalrel!,!&n te e$l!pse (!sappears an( te $aste

aut&"at!$all% re*!*es. eter &r n&t te re*!*al &' te$aste (epen(s &n te 3!ll an( (!s$ret!&n &' te"e")ers &' te $&""un!t% &' te $aste !s a ;uest!&n&n 3!$ 3e re'ra!n 'r&" ,!*!n, an% &p!n!&n )e$ause!n te !nstant $ase tere !s &*er3el"!n, e*!(en$e t&s&3 tat te resp&n(ent 3as a$$epte( )% te$&""un!t% &' er &r!,!nal Kat!a $aste. E*en s !' te'a$t &' te a$$eptan$e )% te "e")ers &' te$&""un!t% !s "a(e a $&n(!t!&n pre$e(ent t& te

re*!*al &' te $aste# !t 3&ul( lea( t& ,ra*e$&nse;uen$es an( unne$essar% epl&!tat!&n#s&"et!"es "&t!*ate( )% p&l!t!$al $&ns!(erat!&ns. O' $&urse# !' apart 'r&" te &ral *!e3s &' te $&""un!t% tere !s an% re$&,n!se( (&$u"entar% pr&&' &' a $ust&"&r $&(e &' $&n(u$t &r rule &' la3 )!n(!n, &n apart!$ular $aste# !t "a% )e ne$essar% t& !ns!st &n te$&nsent &' te "e")ers &' te $&""un!t%# &ter3!se!n n&r"al $!r$u"stan$es te $ase 3&ul( re*!*e )%

appl%!n, te pr!n$!ples &' (&$tr!ne &' e$l!pse. e "!,tpause ere t& a(( a r!(er t& 3at 3e a*e sa!( !.e.3eter !t appears tat te pers&n re$&n*erte( t& te&l( rel!,!&n a( )een $&n*erte( t& Cr!st!an!t% s!n$ese*eral ,enerat!&ns# !t "a% )e (!''!$ult t& appl% te(&$tr!ne &' e$l!pse t& te re*!*al &' $aste. H&3e*er# tat;uest!&n (&es n&t ar!se ere.8

E"pas!s a((e(


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18

-. Learne( $&unsel '&r te State as la!( !""ense e"pas!s

&n te last part &' te a'&re;u&te( para,rap 3ere!n te C&urt

as &)ser*e( tat !n a $ase 3ere te pers&n re$&n*erte( t& te

&l( rel!,!&n a( )een $&n*erte( t& Cr!st!an!t% s!n$e se*eral

,enerat!&ns# !t "a% )e (!''!$ult t& appl% te (&$tr!ne &' e$l!pse t&

te rele*ant $aste. Mr. Napa(e# learne( sen!&r $&unsel 3&ul(

$&nten( tat te treeJu(,e 1en$ as n&t re'erre( t& te

C&nst!tut!&n 1en$ (e$!s!&n !n Y. Mohan Rao 4supra5 an( a(

tat )een a(*erte( t !n all p&ss!)!l!t%# te C&urt $&ul( a*e el(

!' !t $&ul( tra*el t& te !""e(!ate ,enerat!&n# tere 3as n&

3arrant &r +ust!'!$at!&n n&t t& ta9e !n !ts '&l( te ,ran(parents.

H!s 'urter su)"!ss!&n !s !n te $ase at an(# !t !s n&t a $ase &'

se*eral ,enerat!&ns# )ut &nl% te ,ran(parents.

-?. In t!s $&ntet# a re'eren$e "a% )e "a(e t& te aut&r!t% !n

". (n1alagan v. 2. Devara%an and others 6. In te sa!( $ase#

te C&urt (3elt up&n te le,al p&s!t!&n !n re,ar( t& te $aste#

te!r status &n $&n*ers!&n# &r re$&n*ers!&n t& H!n(u!s". A'ter

re'err!n, t& *ar!&us aut&r!t!es# na"el%# (dinistrator3General

o4 Madras v. (nandachari -# Muthusai Mudaliar v.

Masilaani 4supra5# Gurusai $adar v. 5rulappa !onar --#

9

(1984) 2 SCC 11210 ILR 9 Mad 34211 1934 MLJ 389; IR 1934 Mad 630


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19

Ra%agopal v. (ruga -/# Perual $adar v. Ponnusai -:#

)erani v. )erani -


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)% ,enerat!&n l&st seep appear t& return t& te$aste'&l( an( are &n$e a,a!n ass!"!late( !n tat '&l(. T!s appears t& )e part!$ularl% s& !n te $ase &' "e")ers &' te S$e(ule( Castes# 3& e")ra$e &ter

rel!,!&ns !n te!r ;uest '&r l!)erat!&n# )ut return t&te!r &l( rel!,!&n &n '!n(!n, tat te!r (!sa)!l!t!es a*e$lun, t& te" 3!t ,reat tena$!t%. e (& n&t t!n9 tatan% (!''erent pr!n$!ple 3!ll appl% t& te $ase &' $&n*ers!&n t& H!n(u!s" &' a pers&n 3&se '&re'atersa( a)an(&ne( H!n(u!s" an( e")ra$e( an&terrel!,!&n 'r&" te pr!n$!ple appl!$a)le t& te $ase &' re$&n*ers!&n t& H!n(u!s" &' a pers&n 3& !"sel' a(a)an(&ne( H!n(u!s" an( e")ra$e( an&ter rel!,!&n.8

Un(erl!n!n, !s &urs

Tus# !n te a'&resa!( $ase te C&urt as rule( tat tere !s

n& reas&n tat an% (!''erent pr!n$!ple 3!ll appl% t& a pers&n

3&se '&re'aters a( a)an(&ne( H!n(u!s".

-6. In Puneet Rai v. Dinesh Chaudhar+ -0# S.1. S!na# J. !n

!s $&n$urr!n, &p!n!&n as &)ser*e( tus

730. In Caste and the Law in India )% Just!$e S.1. a(at p. : un(er te ea(!n, 7S&$!&l&,!$al I"pl!$at!&ns8#!t !s state(

7Tra(!t!&nall%# a pers&n )el&n,s t& a $aste !n

3!$ e !s )&rn. Te $aste &' te parents(eter"!nes !s $aste )ut !n $ase &' re$&n*ers!&n a pers&n as te l!)ert% t&ren&un$e !s $asteless status an( *&luntar!l% a$$ept !s &r!,!nal $aste. H!s $aste status at)!rt !s n&t !""uta)le. Can,e &' rel!,!&n (&esn&t ne$essar!l% "ean l&ss &' $aste. I' te&r!,!nal $aste (&es n&t p&s!t!*el% (!sappr&*e#te a$$eptan$e &' te $aste $an )e presu"e(.

Su$ a$$eptan$e $an als& )e presu"e( !' e !s16 (2003) 8 SCC 204


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21

ele$te( )% a "a+&r!t% t& a reser*e( seat.Alt&u, !t appears tat s&"e (ent !s "a(e !nte $lass!$al $&n$ept &' $aste# !t "a% )en&t!$e( tat te pr!n$!ple tat $aste !s $reate(

)% )!rt !s n&t (etr&ne(. Tere !s als& a +u(!$!al re$&,n!t!&n &' $aste aut&n&"% !n$lu(!n, te r!,t t& &ut$aste a pers&n.8

31. I' e !s $&ns!(ere( t& )e a "e")er &' teS$e(ule( Caste# e as t& )e a$$epte( )% te$&""un!t%.8

/. In "tate o4 !erala & (nr. v. Chandraohanan -# te

appellant a( l&(,e( a $&"pla!nt a,a!nst te resp&n(ent alle,!n,

tat e a( ta9en &ne e!,t %ear &l( ,!rl t& te $lassr&&" !n

Patta")! @&*ern"ent U.P. S$&&l 3!t an !ntent t& (!s&n&ur

an( &utra,e er "&(est%. Te sa!( $&"pla!nt 3as treate( as

'!rst !n'&r"at!&n rep&rt un(er Se$t!&n 26 &' te I.P.C. Te

In*est!,at!n, O''!$er# (ur!n, !n*est!,at!&n# $a"e t& 9n&3 tat te

'ater &' te *!$t!" )el&n,e( t& Mala Ar%an $&""un!t%# 3!$ !s

$&ns!(ere( t& )e a S$e(ule( Tr!)e !n te State &' Kerala an(

l&(,e( an&ter FIR $ar,!n, te resp&n(ent un(er Se$t!&n :4-5

4!5 &' te S$e(ule( Castes an( S$e(ule( Tr!)es 4Pre*ent!&n &'

Atr&$!t!es5 A$t# -6?6 4'&r s&rt# Bte -6?6 A$t5 as 3ell as un(er

Se$t!&n 26 &' te I.P.C. 1e!n, a,,r!e*e( )% te sa!( &r(er# te

resp&n(ent '!le( a pet!t!&n un(er Se$t!&n


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22

Se$t!&n :4-54!5 &' te -6?6 A$t an( te H!, C&urt t&&9 te *!e3

tat s!n$e te *!$t!"s parents a( e")ra$e( Cr!st!an!t%# te

*!$t!" a( $ease( t& )e a "e")er &' te S$e(ule( Tr!)e an(

a$$&r(!n,l% ;uase( te $ar,es !n respe$t &' te sa!( &''en$es.

Te treeJu(,e 1en$ re'erre( t& Art!$le :


23/43

23

)een '&ll&3!n, te $ust&"ar% la3s &' su$$ess!&n#!ner!tan$e# "arr!a,e et$. e "a% n&t )e a$$epte( t&)e a "e")er &' a tr!)e. In t!s $ase# !t as )een$&nten(e( tat te 'a"!l% &' te *!$t!" a( )een

$&n*erte( a)&ut / %ears )a$9 an( !n 'a$t te 'ater&' te *!$t!" "arr!e( a 3&"an )el&n,!n, t& a R&"anCat&l!$# 3ere'r&" e a,a!n )e$a"e a R&"anCat&l!$. Te ;uest!&n# tere'&re# 3!$ "a% a*e t&)e ,&ne !nt& !s as t& 3eter te 'a"!l% $&nt!nue( t&)e a "e")er &' a S$e(ule( Tr!)e &r n&t. Su$ a;uest!&n $an )e ,&ne !nt& &nl% (ur!n, tr!al.8

/-. A'ter s& &l(!n,# te C&urt re'erre( t& !n etens& te

(e$!s!&n !n C.M. (ruuga 4supra5 an( $a"e t& rule tus

718. Te a'&re"ent!&ne( (e$!s!&n !s# tus# als& anaut&r!t% '&r te pr&p&s!t!&n tat up&n $&n*ers!&n# apers&n "a% )e ,&*erne( )% a (!''erent la3 tan tela3 ,&*ern!n, te $&""un!t% t& 3!$ e &r!,!nall% )el&n,e( )ut tat 3&ul( n&t "ean tatn&t3!tstan(!n, su$ $&n*ers!&n# e "a% n&t $&nt!nue

t& )e a "e")er &' te tr!)e.

19. Learne( $&unsel '&r te appellant as (ra3n &urattent!&n t& te $!r$ulars !ssue( )% te State &' Kerala3!t a *!e3 t& s&3 tat te "e")ers &' te tr!)es are)e!n, treate( !n te sa"e $apa$!t% (esp!te $&n*ers!&n.e are a'ra!( tat su$ $!r$ulars )e!n, n&t la3 3!t!nte "ean!n, &' Art!$le -: &' te C&nst!tut!&n &' In(!a#3&ul( )e &' n& ass!stan$e.

20. e# tere'&re# are &' te &p!n!&n tat alt&u, asa )r&a( pr&p&s!t!&n &' la3 !t $ann&t )e a$$epte( tat"erel% )% $an,e &' rel!,!&n a pers&n $eases t& )e a"e")er &' te S$e(ule( Tr!)e# )ut te ;uest!&n as t&3eter e $eases t& )e a "e")er tere&' &r n&t "ust)e (eter"!ne( )% te appr&pr!ate $&urt as su$ a;uest!&n 3&ul( (epen( up&n te 'a$ts &' ea$ $ase. Insu$ a s!tuat!&n# !t as t& )e esta)l!se( tat a pers&n

3& as e")ra$e( an&ter rel!,!&n !s st!ll su''er!n,'r&" s&$!al (!sa)!l!t% an( als& '&ll&3!n, te $ust&"s


24/43

24

an( tra(!t!&ns &' te $&""un!t%# 3!$ e earl!er)el&n,e( t&. Un(er su$ $!r$u"stan$es# 3e set as!(ete &r(er un(er appeal an( re"!t te sa"e t& teSess!&ns C&urt# Pala99a(# t& pr&$ee( !n a$$&r(an$e

3!t la3.8

//. At t!s +un$ture# 3e are (!sp&se( t& t!n9 tat re'eren$e t&

$erta!n rep&rts an( art!$les 3&ul( )e pr&'!ta)le '&r te purp&se &'

un(erstan(!n, te ,r&un( real!t% an( appre$!ate 'a$tual s$&re !n

pr&per perspe$t!*e. In te art!$le# na"el%# 7Dal!ts !n In(!a8 )%

Ja"es Masse%# 1.R. A")e(9ar# as !s re'le$te( 'r&" te sa!(

art!$le# as (e*&te( t3& l&n, essa%s &n te su)+e$t un(er te t!tle

7Cr!st!an!s!n, te Unt&u$a)les8 an( 7Te C&n(!t!&n &' te

C&n*ert8. Spea9!n, a)&ut te ,eneral $&n(!t!&ns &' Cr!st!ans

Dal!ts# A")e(9ar a( put a (!re$t $allen,e )% sa%!n,

7It !s ne$essar% t& )ear !n "!n( tat In(!an Cr!st!ansare (ra3n $!e'l% 'r&" te Unt&u$a)les 4Dal!ts5 an(#t& a "u$ less etent 'r&" l&3 ran9!n, Su(ra $astes. Te s&$!al ser*!$es &' M!ss!&ns "ust tere'&re )e +u(,e( !n te l!,t &' te nee(s &' tese $lasses. atare t&se nee(s Te ser*!$es ren(ere( )% teM!ss!&ns !n te '!el(s &' e(u$at!&n an( "e(!$al rel!e'

are )e%&n( te 9en &' te In(!an Cr!st!ans. Te% ,&"&stl% t& )ene'!t te !, $aste H!n(u.8

/:. Ja"es Masse% as anal%se( te reas&ns as$r!)e( )%

A")e(9ar )% stat!n,

7at as Cr!st!an!t% a$!e*e( !n te 3a% &'

$an,!n, te "ental!t% &' te $&n*ert Has teUnt&u$a)le $&n*ert r!sen t& status &' te t&u$a)les


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Ha*e te t&u$a)le an( unt&u$a)le $&n*erts(!s$ar(e( $aste Ha*e te% $ease( t& 3&rs!p te!r&l( pa,an ,&(s an( t& a(ere t& te!r &l( pa,ansuperst!t!&ns Tese are 'arrea$!n, ;uest!&ns. Te%

"ust )e ans3ere( an( Cr!st!an!t% !n In(!a "uststan( &r 'all )% te ans3ers !t ,!*es t& tese;uest!&ns.8

/


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Caste!s" !s ra"pant a"&n, te $ler,% an( terel!,!&us. T&u, Dal!t Cr!st!ans "a9e 02 per $ent &' te - "!ll!&n Cr!st!ans !n te S&ut# less tan < per$ent &' te par!ses are entruste( t& Dal!t pr!ests.

Tere are n& Dal!ts a"&n, -: Cat&l!$ )!s&ps &' Ta"!l Na(u &r a"&n, te V!$ars,eneral an( re$t&rs &' se"!nar!es an( (!re$t&rs &' s&$!al ass!stan$e $entres.8

/0. Man(al C&""!ss!&n rep&rt &' te 1a$93ar( Classes

C&""!ss!&n -6?# spea9!n, a)&ut te In(!an Cr!st!ans !n

Kerala a( epresse( tus

7.... Cr!st!ans !n Kerala are (!*!(e( !nt& *ar!&us(en&"!nat!&ns &n te )as!s &' )el!e's an( r!tuals an(!nt& *ar!&us etn!$ ,r&ups &n te )as!s &' te!r $aste)a$9,r&un( .... e*en a'ter $&n*ers!&n# te l&3er $aste$&n*erts 3ere $&nt!nue( t& )e treate( as Har!+ans )% all se$t!&ns &' te s&$!et% !n$lu(!n, te S%r!anCr!st!ans# e*en t&u, 3!t $&n*ers!&n te '&r"er$ease( t& )e Har!+ans an( unt&u$a)les..... In te

presen$e &' r!$ S%r!an Cr!st!ans# te Har!+anCr!st!ans a( t& re"&*e te!r ea((ress 3!lespea9!n, 3!t te!r S%r!an Cr!st!an "asters. Te% a( t& 9eep te!r "&ut $l&se( 3!t a an( ........ It3as '&un( tat te S%r!an an( Pula%a "e")ers &' tesa"e Cur$ $&n(u$t rel!,!&us r!tuals separatel% !nseparate )u!l(!n,s ... Tus l&3er $aste $&n*erts t& a*er% e,al!tar!an rel!,!&n l!9e Cr!st!an!t%# e*er an!&ust& epan( !ts "e")ers!p# e*en a'ter ,enerat!&ns 3eren&t a)le t& e''a$e te e''e$t &' te!r $aste )a$9,r&un(.8

/. A Cur$ &' S&ut In(!a C&""!ss!&n !n -60< !n*est!,at!n,

te ,r!e*an$es &' Dal!t Cr!st!ans# 3eter te% spl!t &'' &r

re"a!n 3!t te Cur$ &' S&ut In(!a# 3r&te

7F!rst an( '&re"&st !s te 'eel!n, tat te% are

(esp!se(# n&t ta9en ser!&usl%# &*erl&&9e(# u"!l!ate(


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27

&r s!"pl% '&r,&tten. Te% 'eel tat a,a!n an( a,a!na''a!rs !n te (!&$ese are arran,e( as !' te% (!( n&te!st. Caste appellat!&ns are st!ll &$$as!&nall% use( !nCur$ 3en te% a*e )een a)an(&ne( e*en )%

H!n(us. 1a$93ar( $lass (es!res an( $la!"s see"a,a!n an( a,a!n t& )e put &n te 3a!t!n, l!st# 3!lepr&+e$ts 3!$ te% 'eel a!" $!e'l% at te )ene'!t &' teS%r!an $&""un!t% see" t& ,et pre'erent!al$&ns!(erat!&n. In app&!nt"ents# !n (!str!)ut!&n &' $ar!t%# !n past&ral $are an( !n te att!tu(e s&3n t&te"# !n (!sputes 3!t te aut&r!t!es# te treat"entte% re$e!*e# 3en $&"pare( 3!t tat re$e!*e( )% te!r S%r!an )r&ters# su,,ests a la$9 &' s%"pat%#

$&urtes% an( respe$t.8

/?. C!nappa C&""!ss!&n Rep&rt 4-665 states

71% an( lar,e# te Cr!st!an $&""un!t% !n Karnata9a!s an a(*an$e( $&""un!t% e$ept '&r SC an( ST $&n*erts# 3&se p&s!t!&n as n&t !"pr&*e( *er% "u$'&r te )etter. Tan9s t& te all per*as!*e $aste

s%ste" 3!$ as penetrate( te )arr!ers &' rel!,!&nals SC an( ST $&n*erts t& Cr!st!an!t% an( te!r(es$en(ants $&nt!nue# t& a ,reat (e,ree# t& )e *!$t!"s&' te sa"e s&$!al !n+ust!$e t& 3!$ te SCs an( STsare su)+e$ts8.

/6. Dr. >. Ant&n% Ra+# te aut&r &' 7S&$!al I"pa$t &'

C&n*ers!&n8 $&""ents

7Te "ass $&n*ers!&n 'r&" Cr!st!an!t% t& H!n(u!s"#Isla" an( 1u((!s" !s &'ten epla!ne( as te'rustrat!&n &' te $&*erts t& Cr!st!an!t%. De*a(as&nna"es te reas&n '&r su$ re$&n*ers!&n asB(!s!llus!&n"ent a"&n, te CSCO. 7T!ll re$entl%8 sa%se# 7te $&n*ers!&n t& Cr!st!an!t% 3as $&ns!(ere( anattra$t!*e pr&p&s!t!&n. Tat tren( as sl&3e( (&3n# !' n&t st&ppe(. T!s 3as )e$ause &' te (!s!llus!&n"ent

a"&n, te Har!+an $&n*erts# 3& (!s$&*ere( tat te%


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a( $arr!e( 3!t te" te!r $aste st!,"a an( tat!nter$aste "arr!a,e an( &ter $&nta$ts $&nt!nue( t&)e as (!''!$ult as )e'&re.8

:. As per te anal%s!s "a(e )% J&n C.1. e)ster# !n te

)&&9# 7Te Dal!t Cr!st!ans A H!st&r%8# !n Capter III t!tle(

7Te P&l!t!$s &' Nu")ers8# Dr. A")e(9ar# )e!n, a3are &' te

$&nt!nu!n, pr&)le"s &' Dal!t Cr!st!ans a( rule( &ut

$&n*ers!&n t& Cr!st!an!t%. T& ;u&te te learne( aut&r

7He 3as $erta!nl% a3are &' te". In 3at 3as pr&)a)l% te "&st per$ept!*e anal%s!s &' te Cr!st!an$&""un!t% 'r&" t!s per!&(# A")e(9ar n&te( tat$aste H!n(us 3ere te $!e' )ene'!$!ar!es &' Cr!st!ane(u$at!&nal an( "e(!$al 3&r9# tat $aste $&nt!nue(3!t!n te $ur$es# an( tat Dal!ts su''ere( 'r&" tesa"e (!sa)!l!t!es a'ter as )e'&re $&n*ers!&n t&Cr!st!an!t%. M&re !"p&rtantl%# Cr!st!an!t% 'a!le( te

p&l!t!$al test. F&r &ne t!n,# 3!le Cr!st!an!t% "a% a*e !nsp!re( Dal!t $&n*erts t& $an,e te!r s&$!alatt!tu(es# !t a( n&t !nsp!re( te" t& ta9e pra$t!$alsteps t& re(ress te 3r&n,s 'r&" 3!$ te% su''ere(.8

:-. In t!s $&ntet# !t 3!ll )e 'ru!t'ul t& "a9e a re'eren$e t& te

aut&r!t% !n "tate o4 M.P. and (nother v. Ra !ishna

2alothia and (nother /. In te sa!( $ase# te t3&Ju(,e 1en$

3as $alle( up&n t& (eal 3!t te *al!(!t% &' te S$e(ule( Castes

an( S$e(ule( Tr!)es 4Pre*ent!&n &' Atr&$!t!es5 A$t# -6?6#

espe$!all% Se$t!&n -? tat st!pulates tat Se$t!&n


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29

sa!( A$t. !le up&l(!n, te *al!(!t% &' te pr&*!s!&ns an(

annull!n, te +u(,"ent &' te H!, C&urt &' M.P.# te learne(

Ju(,es a*e re'erre( t& te State"ent &' O)+e$ts an( Reas&ns

a$$&"pan%!n, te S$e(ule( Castes an( S$e(ule( Tr!)es 1!ll#

-6?6 3en !t 3as !ntr&(u$e( !n te Parl!a"ent. T& ;u&te

7It sets &ut te $!r$u"stan$es surr&un(!n, teena$t"ent &' te sa!( A$t an( p&!nts t& te e*!l 3!$te statute s&u,t t& re"e(%. In te State"ent &'

O)+e$ts an( Reas&ns !t !s state(

7Desp!te *ar!&us "easures t& !"pr&*e tes&$!&e$&n&"!$ $&n(!t!&ns &' te S$e(ule(Castes an( te S$e(ule( Tr!)es# te% re"a!n*ulnera)le. Te% are (en!e( nu")er &' $!*!lr!,ts. Te% are su)+e$te( t& *ar!&us &''en$es#!n(!,n!t!es# u"!l!at!&ns an( arass"ent. Te% a*e# !n se*eral )rutal !n$!(ents# )een (epr!*e( &'

te!r l!'e an( pr&pert%. Ser!&us $r!"es are$&""!tte( a,a!nst te" '&r *ar!&us !st&r!$al#s&$!al an( e$&n&"!$ reas&ns

/. … en te% assert te!r r!,ts an( res!stpra$t!$es &' unt&u$a)!l!t% a,a!nst te" &r(e"an( statut&r% "!n!"u" 3a,es &r re'use t&(& an% )&n(e( an( '&r$e( la)&ur# te *este(!nterests tr% t& $&3 te" (&3n an( terr&r!sete". en te S$e(ule( Castes an( teS$e(ule( Tr!)es tr% t& preser*e te!r sel'respe$t&r &n&ur &' te!r 3&"en# te% )e$&"e !rr!tants'&r te (&"!nant an( te "!,t%. O$$upat!&n an($ult!*at!&n &' e*en te @&*ern"ent all&tte( lan()% te S$e(ule( Castes an( S$e(ule( Tr!)es !sresente( an( "&re &'ten tese pe&ple )e$&"e*!$t!"s &' atta$9s )% te *este( !nterests. O' late#tere as )een an !n$rease !n te (!stur)!n,tren( &' $&""!ss!&n &' $erta!n atr&$!t!es l!9e


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"a9!n, te S$e(ule( Caste pers&ns eat !ne(!)lesu)stan$es l!9e u"an e$reta an( atta$9s &nan( "ass 9!ll!n,s &' elpless S$e(ule( Castesan( S$e(ule( Tr!)es an( rape &' 3&"en

)el&n,!n, t& te S$e(ule( Castes an( teS$e(ule( Tr!)es…. A spe$!al le,!slat!&n t& $e$9an( (eter $r!"es a,a!nst te" $&""!tte( )% n&nS$e(ule( Castes an( n&nS$e(ule( Tr!)esas# tere'&re# )e$&"e ne$essar%.8

Te a)&*e state"ent ,rap!$all% (es$r!)es te s&$!al$&n(!t!&ns 3!$ "&t!*ate( te sa!( le,!slat!&n. It !sp&!nte( &ut !n te a)&*e State"ent &' O)+e$ts an(

Reas&ns tat 3en "e")ers &' te S$e(ule( Castesan( S$e(ule( Tr!)es assert te!r r!,ts an( (e"an(statut&r% pr&te$t!&n# *este( !nterests tr% t& $&3 te"(&3n an( terr&r!se te". In tese $!r$u"stan$es# !'ant!$!pat&r% )a!l !s n&t "a(e a*a!la)le t& pers&ns 3&$&""!t su$ &''en$es# su$ a (en!al $ann&t )e$&ns!(ere( as unreas&na)le &r *!&lat!*e &' Art!$le -


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$&""un!t% 3!t a 'urter r!(er tat e 3&ul( pra$t!se te

$ust&"s an( tra(!t!&ns &' te $aste# 3&ul( )e treate( as a

"e")er &' te sa!( S$e(ule( Caste an( !' te sa!( $aste !s &ne

&' te $astes 'all!n, 3!t!n te C&nst!tut!&n 4S$e(ule( Castes5

Or(er# -62# ten e 3!ll )e treate( as a S$e(ule( Caste.

::. As 3e un(erstan( te aut&r!t% !t (&es n&t la% (&3n tat !t

&nl% 3&ul( appl% t& te parents an( e$lu(e te ,ran(parents.

At t!s sta,e# t3& (e$!s!&ns are re;u!re( t& )e pr&perl%

un(erst&&(. In !ailash "onkar 4supra5# te treeJu(,e 1en$

3!le appl%!n, te (&$tr!ne &' e$l!pse t& te &r!,!nal $aste an( te

pr!n$!ple &' re*!*al appl%!n, te sa!( (&$tr!ne# as &)ser*e(

3eter t& a s!tuat!&n 3ere te pers&n re$&n*erte( t& te &l(

rel!,!&n a( )een $&n*erte( t& Cr!st!an!t% s!n$e se*eral

,enerat!&ns# !t "a% )e (!''!$ult t& appl% te (&$tr!ne &' e$l!pse t&

te re*!*al &' $aste. Te C&urt# )% 3a% &' a)un(ant $aut!&n# as

als& pr&$ee(e( t& state tat te ;uest!&n (!( n&t ar!se tere.

Tat apart# !t as n&t epresse( an% &p!n!&n. Tere'&re# !t

$ann&t )e treate( as a pre$e(ent '&r te purp&se tat !t 3&ul(

&nl% en$&"pass te pre*!&us ,enerat!&n. In ". (n1alagan

4supra5 3!$ 3e a*e re'erre( t& !n etens& earl!er# as la!(

(&3n tat !' te $aste (!sappears# !t (!sappears &nl% t& reappear


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32

&n re$&n*ers!&n an( te "ar9 &' $aste (&es n&t see" t& reall%

(!sappear e*en a'ter s&"e ,enerat!&ns a'ter $&n*ers!&n. As as

)een el( tere!n# te pr&$ess ,&es &n $&nt!nu&usl% !n In(!a an(

,enerat!&n )% ,enerat!&n last seep t& return t& te!r $aste '&l(

are &n$e a,a!n ass!"!late( t& tat '&l(. Te treeJu(,e 1en$

as $&""ente( tat te "e")ers &' te s$e(ule( $astes 3&

a( e")ra$e( an&ter rel!,!&n !n te!r ;uest '&r l!)erat!&n# )ut

return t& te!r &l( rel!,!&n &n '!n(!n, tat te!r (!sa)!l!t!es a*e

$lun, t& te" 3!t ,reat tena$!t% an( terea'ter state( tat !t

(&es n&t t!n9 tat an% (!''erent pr!n$!ple 3&ul( appl% t& te

$ase &' $&n*ers!&n t& H!n(u!s" &' a pers&n 3&se '&re'aters

a( a)an(&ne( H!n(u!s" an( e")ra$e( an&ter rel!,!&n 'r&"

te pr!n$!ple appl!$a)le t& te $ase &' re$&n*ers!&n t& H!n(u!s"

&' a pers&n 3& !"sel' a( a)an(&ne( H!n(u!s" an( e")ra$e(

an&ter rel!,!&n. T!s *!e3# !n &ur $&ns!(ere( &p!n!&n# !s !n

$&ns&nan$e 3!t te C&nst!tut!&n 1en$ !n Y. Mohan Rao

4supra5 an( (&es n&t run $&unter t& !t. One "a% ra!se a ;uest!&n

&3 (&es &ne '!n( &ut a)&ut te '&re'aters. Tere $an )e a 'alse

$la!" )ut tat 3&ul( )e te su)+e$t "atter &' !n;u!r%. Tere'&re#

te pr!n$!ple &' 7(e'!n!t!*e tra$ea)!l!t%8 "a% )e appl!e( (ur!n, te

!n;u!r% an( te &nus sall )e &n te pers&n 3& $la!"s te


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)ene'!t a'ter re$&n*ers!&n. T& ela)&rate# e as t& esta)l!s

)e%&n( a sa(&3 &' (&u)t tat !s '&re'aters )el&n,e( t& te

s$e(ule( $aste tat $&"es 3!t!n te C&nst!tut!&n 4S$e(ule(

Castes5 Or(er# -62 an( e as )een re$&n*erte( an( !s

$&""un!t% as a$$epte( !" an( ta9en !" 3!t!n !ts '&l(.

:


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34

su)+e$t t& &ter ;ual!'!$at!&ns# tere $ann&t )e an% s&un(ness &'

l&,!$ tat e $ann&t a*a!l te s!"!lar )ene'!t )e$ause !s

,ran(parents 3ere $&n*erte( an( e 3as )&rn t& te parents

3& 3ere Cr!st!ans. Te% "ust a*e )el&n,e( t& tat $aste an(

a'ter $&n*ers!&n te $&""un!t% as a$$epte(. Our *!e3 !s

'&rt!'!e( )% te aut&r!t% !n ". (n1alagan 4supra5. Tus# te

reas&n!n, as as$r!)e( )% te S$rut!n% C&""!ttee as 3ell as )%

te H!, C&urt &n t!s s$&re !s una$$epta)le.

:0. As 'ar as te $&""un!t% a$$eptan$e !s $&n$erne(# Mr.

Napa(e as (ra3n &ur attent!&n t& te en;u!r% rep&rt

su)"!tte( )% te epert a,en$%# $&n$lus!&n &' 3!$ rea(s tus

7CONCLUSION

Tus# te antr&p&l&,!$al stu(% as re*eale( tatte $la!"ant K.P. Manus $ase 'ater K.P. Paul&sean( !s "&ter Kun+a""a )el&n, t& Cr!st!anC&""un!t% &' Pula%an &r!,!n. Te !n*est!,at!&n asre*eale( te% st!ll pr&'ess Cr!st!an!t%.

In te @&*ern"ent C!r$ular N&. -?


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35

$la!"ant an( !s $!l(ren (& n&t '&ll&3 Cr!st!anrel!,!&n.8

:. Te $&""un!t% $ert!'!$ate 3!$ 3as pr&(u$e( )% te

appellant !s as '&ll&3s

7AKHILA 1HARTA A>>APPA SEVA SANA@HOM

HEAD OFFICE KOTTA>AM

At te re;uest &' Mr. K.P. JOHN an( !s 'a"!l% res!(!n, !n Kana%annur Talu9# Mula"turut%

V!lla,e# ar(VI# Kan!%a"&l H&use# te pers&nsl!ste( )el&3 !s $&n*ert!n, t&(a% &n )eal' &' A%%appaSe*a San,a" 'r&" Cr!st!an Pula%an $&""un!t% t&H!n(u Pula%an $&""un!t%# a'ter per'&r"!n, Su(!Kar"a a$$&r(!n, t& te H!n(u r!tes an( $ust&"s.

Te ne3 na"es a(&pte( are "ent!&ne( a,a!nstte &l( na"es &' te pers&ns l!ste( )el&3

K&tta%a" 2G/G-6?<

@eneral Se$retar%

N&. Ol( Na"e Ne3 Na"e Date &' 1!rt A,e

-./.

K.P. J&nK.P. T&"as

K.P. ManuK.P. 1a)u

:-.-.-60/.


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terea'ter 3as a$$epte( )% te $&""un!t%. He as )een ta9en

3!t!n !ts '&l(.

:6. At t!s +un$ture# $erta!n '!n(!n,s re$&r(e( )% te S$rut!n%

C&""!ttee re;u!re t& )e repr&(u$e(

7Te C&""!ttee ea"!ne( te aspe$t 3eter tea'&re"ent!&ne( (e$!s!&ns $an a*e an% appl!$at!&nt& te $la!"ants $&n*ers!&n t& H!n(u!s" !n -6?


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37

Te sa!( rep&rt as )een ,!*en te sta"p &' appr&*al )% te

H!, C&urt. In te !"pu,ne( &r(er# te D!*!s!&n 1en$# a'ter

re'err!n, t& te rep&rt# as el( tus

7Te paternal as 3ell as "aternal ,ran( 'ater &' teappellant )el&n,e( t& Cr!st!an $&""un!t% an(pr&'esse( Cr!st!an 'a!t. Patents &' te appellant3ere )&rn as Cr!st!ans an( te% $&nt!nue( t& pr&'essCr!st!an!t%. Te appellant als& 3as )&rn as aCr!st!an. AnneureI Cert!'!$ate s&3s tat !n teSSLC )&&9 e !s s&3n as a pers&n )el&n,!n, t&

Cr!st!an rel!,!&n. As r!,tl% '&un( )% te resp&n(enttere !s n& $aste )% na"e BPula%a $&n*ert. Ne!ter testate ,&*ern"ent n&r te re*enue &''!$!als a*e tep&3er t& e''e$t an% alterat!&n !n te $aste na"e$&ntrar% t& te Pres!(ent!al Or(er !ssue( un(er teaut&r!t% &' te C&nst!tut!&n &' In(!a. Appellant$ann&t $la!" te $aste status &' Pula%an "erel% &n te,r&un( tat e e")ra$e( H!n(u!s" at te a,e &' /


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38

e$&""un!$ate( &r epelle(# te sa"e 3&ul( n&t )e a

(!s;ual!'!$at!&n.


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39

n&t!'!$at!&n un(er Art!$le :


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$aste# ra$es &r tr!)es# espe$!all% s$e(ule( $astes '&r te purp&se

&' C&nst!tut!&n# an( !t !s )e$ause 3at as )een !n$lu(e( &r

e$lu(e( tere!n are $&n$lus!*e an( 4!!5 tat a pers&n )&rn t&

Cr!st!an parents# 3& !n!t!all% )el&n,e( t& te S$e(ule( Caste#

e*en a'ter !s re$&n*ers!&n $ann&t $la!" t& )e a S$e(ule(

Caste. As 'ar as '!rst pr&p&s!t!&n &' la3 !s $&n$erne(# tere $an )e

n& $a*!l &*er te sa"e an( 3e respe$t'ull% $&n$ur.


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41

7


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42

'a$ets &' ant!$!pat&r% )a!l enu"erate( un(erSe$t!&n


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)een (!''erent. Te a$$eptan$e !s !n $&nt!nuu". Er, te

reas&n!n,s as$r!)e( )% te S$rut!n% C&""!ttee 3!$ a*e )een

$&n$urre( 3!t )% te H!, C&urt are 3&ll% unsusta!na)le.

kp manu v. chairman, scrutiny committee for verification of community certificate.pdf

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