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Korean General Social Survey, 2003-2016

CUMULATIVE CODEBOOK

September 2018

Conducted by Sungkyunkwan University, Survey Research Center

http://kgss.skku.edu/

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KOREAN GENERAL SOCIAL SURVEYS, 2003-2016 CUMULATIVE CODEBOOK

Principal Investigator: Jibum Kim

Co-Principal Investigator: Jeong-han Kang

Seok-ho Kim

Changhwan Kim

Wonho Park

Yun-Suk Lee

Seulgi Choi

Research Associates: Sori Kim,

Chaemin Hyun,

Mi hee Ban,

Research Assistants: Yebong Lee,

Heejin Joo,

Jeongmin Shin

BIBLIOGRAPHIC REFERENCE Manuscripts using this data file should contain the following citation:

Kim, Jibum, Jeong-han Kang, Seok-ho Kim, Changhwan Kim, Wonho Park, Yun-Suk Lee, Seulgi Choi, and Sori Kim. (2017). Korean General Social Survey 2003-2016. Seoul, Korea: Sungkyunkwan University.

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Part1Introduction of KGSS Introduction • IV Survey Contents • VI Survey Methods • IX Calculation of Weights for KGSS 2003 – 2016 • XI Index (by table order) • 1

Part2Statistical table 1. 2003-2016 KGSS Cumulative Codebook •39 2. ISSP Module • 344

1) ISSP 2003/2013 National Identity ··· 344

2) ISSP 2004/2014 Citizenship ··· 357

3) ISSP 2005 Work Orientations ··· 372

4) ISSP 2006/2016 Role of Government ··· 386

5) ISSP 2007 Leisure Time and Sports ··· 498

6) ISSP 2008 Religion ··· 411

7) ISSP 2009 Social Inequality ··· 425

8) ISSP 2010 Environment ··· 442

9) ISSP 2011 Health and Health Care ··· 452

10) ISSP 2012 Family and Changing Gender Roles ··· 462

3. EASS Module • 478 1) EASS 2006/2016 Family ··· 478

2) EASS 2008 Globalization & Culture ··· 519

3) EASS 2010 Health ··· 534

4) EASS 2012 Network Social Capital ··· 547 - 4. KGSS 2003-2016 Characteristics of household members • 561

Part3Appendix Appendix1 the KGSS bibliography • 585

Appendix2 Variables by Year • 622

Appendix3 the subject index • 660

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INTRODUCTION

The Korean General Social Survey (KGSS) conducted by the Sungkyunkwan University Survey Research Center was established in 2003 to gauge social changes in and the stability of Korean society. The Korean General Social Survey is a Korean version of the General Social Survey (GSS) of the United States.Like the GSS, the KGSS is a large academic survey database. Researchers can download KGSS cumulative data and documentation from the KGSS website (http://kgss.skku.edu ). The KGSS comprises four parts: The first part includes replicating core questions that cover the core content of Korean society. The second part is the International Social Survey Program (ISSP) module, which is a cross-national survey of 45 countries from all over the world (http://www.issp.org). The third part is the East Asian Social Survey (EASS) module. The EASS is a joint survey of four East Asian countries (Korea, Japan, China and Taiwan) conducting a GSS-type social survey (http://www.eassda.org). Since 2016, the EASS has been conducted jointly by the Sungkyunkwan University Survey Research Center and the Seoul National University Social Development Institute. The last part contains modules proposed by researchers. The high quality of the KGSS is upheld through the efforts to maintain methodological rigor:(1) Representativeness: The KGSS is faithful to the survey principle that the representativeness of respondents is more important than the number of respondents. (2) Repeatability: The cumulative nature of the repeated survey of the core items of the KGSS is very important for studying both the stability of and the changes in Korean society.

DATA

The KGSS samples men and women aged 18 and over nationwide based on the multi-stage area probability sampling method. It is conducted by a person-to-person interview. The KGSS has a relatively high response rate compared to other surveys while maintaining strict probabilistic sampling principles. The number of respondents per year and the response rate were as follows: 2003 (1,315) (66%); In 2004, 1,312 (66%); 1,613 in 2005 (65%); 1,605 (64%) in 2006; In 2007, 1,431 (57%); 1,507 (60%) in 2008; 1,599 (64%) in 2009; 1,576 (65%) in 2010; 1,535 (61%) in 2011; 1,396 (56%) in 2012; 1,294 (52%) by 2013; 1,370 (55%) by 2014; In 2016, 1,051 (47%).

The 2003-2016 Cumulative KGSS are updates of the 2003-2014 cumulative data. Since the value of repeated cross-national surveys can be maximized when they are pooled, the first 2003-2013 cumulative data were created using the previously published yearly data in 2016. In the process of harmonizing each year's files, if the variable name is the same as the other variable in the existing published data, the variable name is newly assigned in the cumulative data set (e.g. in the case of 2013 variable, INTERNET, is changed to INTRNT13 in the cumulative data). In this case, two variable names (yearly data variable name and cumulative data variable name) were provided in the questionnaire included in the codebook. While we combined 2016 KGSS and 2003-2014 cumulative data, we have corrected any errors published in yearly data. We recommend that users use the recent cumulative data (version 3), which is updated from time to time on our homepage, kgss.skku.edu Below is a table showing the cumulative data collection for the users of the data collection. Table 120 Trust on leaders of the congress

[Questionnaire] I am going to name some institutions in this country. As far as the people running these institutions are

concerned, would you say you have a great deal of confidence, only some confidence, or hardly any confidence at all in them?...

Congress

[VAR] CONLEGIS

RESPONSE PUNCH 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2016 TOTAL

A great deal confidence 1 1.4 1.1 1.1 1.4 2.5 3.2 2.7 3.5 2.9 3.6 2.5 2.8 4.2 2.5

Only some confidence 2 19.1 16.5 18.7 23.9 22.4 23.3 18.4 24.8 26.8 24.4 27.7 23.6 23.9 22.5

Hardly any confidence at all 3 75.7 80.5 76.0 71.7 73.8 71.7 76.4 69.0 66.2 69.5 67.4 73.4 70.1 72.4

DK/NA -8 3.7 1.9 4.2 3.1 1.3 1.8 2.4 2.7 4.0 2.5 2.4 0.3 1.8 2.5

N 1315 1312 1613 1605 1431 1508 1599 1576 1535 1396 1294 1370 1051 18605

* SHOW CARD(05-16)

The table consists of title, item information, frequencies, availability of show cards, and changes in question or response categories. The title of the table shows the serial number and a brief description of the question, and below it shows the total questionnaire item and variable name. The frequency table lists the response categories and corresponding variable values, and the distribution of responses in the years from 2003 to 2016 when the items were examined. The frequency figures were expressed in percentages, up to one decimal place. Because it is

http://kgss.skku.edu/

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rounded to the second digit, it is sometimes marked as 0 (for example, 0 for 0.04%). At the bottom of the frequency table, there are total number of respondents (N) responding each year, so you can see how many people responded to the corresponding response category with distribution and number of respondents. Percentages in the table were not weighted.

Other items include show cards, changes in survey questions and response categories, and keywords. If a show card is provided for an item (show cards were provided for all questions in 2016), it is noted in the annotation, and if no show cards are available for all the years examined, only the year in which the show card is provided is added. “Yes, 05-16” means that a viewing card was provided from 2005 to 2016, and a viewing card was not provided to respondents in 2003 and 2004. Even if the same variable name was used, all of the question items and the response categories were recorded so that differences could be compared. Finally, we tried to make keywords as borrowed as possible from the words used in the questionnaire, but sometimes they are not. In addition, if the keyword is found in the index of the cumulative data base, other variables corresponding to the same keyword can be identified.

The appendix includes a bibliography using Appendix 1, the KGSS bibliography, Appendix 2, variables by year, which can be used to identify which year a specific variable was asked, and Appendix 3, the subject index.

Without the generous support of Sungkyunkwan University and the National Research Foundation of Korea, the KGSS would never have been possible. Finally, we would like to thank 2,311 student interviewers and 94 professors who has involved in the KGSS data collection.

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Survey Contents

(1) Survey Contents

The Korean General Social Survey (KGSS) is the South Korean version of the General Social Survey (GSS). The KGSS is conducted by organically integrating Repeated Core Research, ISSP Topical Module Research, EASS Topical Module Research, and Researcher Suggested Module every year as needed. Through this survey, it was possible to study various fields of Korean society, study of social science research methodology, research on Korean social change and cross-national comparative survey academically, and it is utilized in all fields of society and widely used as educational material. The nature and content of each investigation will be described in detail as follows.

• Repeated Core Survey

The Repeated Core Surveyis the item that is repeatedly asked every year.The questionnaire consists of about 150 items to grasp the socio-demographic background variables as well as key elements of political economy and society. This questionnaire identifies the stability and volatility of Korean society by repeatedly and continuously investigating major social issues with academic significance. The following are the specific repeating core questionnaires item by item. (1) Political questions: National pride(KRPROUD 2003-2016), Political orientation (PARTYLR 2003-2016), Satisfaction on the current Korean politics (SATPOL 2003-2014), Prospect on South Korean politics (POLPROS 2004-2014), Supporting political party (PRTYID 2003-2016), Preferring political party (PRTYPR 2003-2009, 2013-2016), Assessment on the current government's state affair administrations (CURGOV 2003-2016)

North Korea · National unification issue View on North Korea NORTHWHO 2003-2016 Admitting the North Korean defectors NKACCEPT 2011-2016 Need for unification between South and North Korea UNIFI 2003, 2006-2016

(2) Economic questions: Satisfaction on the current economic state of Korea SATECO 2003-2008, 2011-2014, Prospect on the economic situation in South Korea ECOPROS 2003-2014 (3) Social questions:

Social trust and fairness Assessment on fairness of most people FAIR 2003, 2005, 2007-2009, 2011-2016 Trustworthiness of the society RELIABLE 2004-2009, 2011-2014 Trust on people CANTRUST 2004, 2007-2008, 2010-2012, 2014-2016 Trust on most people TRUST 2003, 2005-2006, 2009, 2013-2014

Trust in leaders who lead social groups (2003-2016) Leaders of major companiesCONBUS, Leaders of the congress CONLEGIS, Leaders of the Supreme Court CONJUDGE, Leaders of the academic community CONSCI, Leaders of the military CONARMY, Leaders of banks and financial institutions CONFINAN, Leaders of the Blue House CONBLUHO, Leaders of the civic activist organizations CONCSO, Leaders of organized religion CONCLERG, Leaders of education CONEDUC, Leaders of organized labor CONLABOR, Leaders of newspaper CONPRESS, Leaders of broadcasting network CONTV, Leaders of medicine CONMEDIC, Leaders of national government CONGOVT, Leaders of local government CONLGOVT, Leaders of public opinion research centers CONRCH 2013-2016

Assessment of government efforts to solve various social problems The government's responsibility to decrease the income gap GOVEQINC 2003, 2009-2011, 2014

(1) Background variable question:

Respondent Respondent’s ageAGE 2003-2016 Respondent’s sexSEX 2003-2016 Respondent’s marital status MARITAL 2003-2016 Monthly household incomeINCOME/INCOM0 2003-2016

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Respondent’s academic background EDUC 2003-2016 Whether Respondenthas a job INCMR 2003-2016, EMPLY 2003-2016 Respondent’s reason for unemployment WHYNOE 2003-2016 Respondent’s industry INDUSTRY 2003-2016, INDUS08 2010-2016 Respondent’s occupation OCC 2003-2016 OCC08 2010-2016

Spouse Spouse's age OLD2 2012-2016 Spouse's sex GENDER2 2012-2016 Spouse's academic background SPEDUC 2003-2016 Whether living together or away AWAY2 2012-2016 Reason for not living together WHYAWY2 2012-2016 Whether the spouse has a job SPINCMR 2003-2016, EMPLY2 2012-2016 Reason for unemployment WHYNOE2 2012-2016 Spouse's industry SPIND 2003-2016, SPIND08 2010-2016 Spouse's occupation SPOCC 2003-2016, SPOCC08 2010-2016

Householder Relation to respondent HDHEAD 2003-2016 Household head's relation to respondent number HHWHO 2003-2016 Household head’s age HHAGE 2003-2016 Household head’s sex HHSEX2003-2016 Household head’s marital status HHMARI 2003-2016 Household head’s employment status HHEMPLY 2003-2016 Household head’s reason for not living together HHWHYAWY 2003-2016 Whether living together or away HHAWAY 2003-2016 Reason for unemployment HHWHYNOE 2003-2016

Parent's education level Father's academic background: highest school level PAEDUC 2003-2016 Mother's academic background: highest school level MAEDUC 2003-2016

Number of household member Number of family members living together HOMPOP 2003-2016 Number of family members living away from respondent SEPAPOP 2003-2016 Number of non-family members living together UNRELAT 2003-2016

Religious status and frequency of religious attendance Respondent's religion RELIG 2003-2016 Respondent's religiousness RELITEN2003-2016 Respondent's frequency of attending religious meetings ATTEND 2003-2009, 2011-2016

Hierarchy Subjective class identification (scale of 10) RANK 2003-2016 Subjective class identification (scale of 6) CLASS 2003-2005 Subjective class identification (scale of 6, 2006) CLASS06 2006-2009

Employee Whether respondent is an employee EMPED 2003-2016 Respondent's employment status WGSTAT 2003-2016 Part-time or full time WGPTFL 2003-2016 Respondent's working hours WGWKHR2003-2016 Respondent's working stability WGSTAB 2003-2004, 2006-2016 Number of employees in Respondent's work WGNOEMP 2003, 2005, 2013-2016 Whether Respondent is a union member WGUNN 2003-2016 Respondent's past experience as a union member WGUNNP 2004-2016 Respondent's self-employment status SFSTAT2003-2016 Number of employees who work for Respondent SFNOHI 2003-2016 Part-time or full time SFPTFL 2004-2016 Respondent's working hours SFWKHR Respondent's work period for the current job SFTENYR, SFTENMO 2005, 2007, 2009-2016 Number of Respondent's subordinates NUMSUP 2009-2016 Whether Respondent has subordinates or not EMSUBO 2003-2016 Total average monthly income from the main job RINCOM0/RINCOME 2003-2016 Whether Respondent has any extra income RXTINC/RXTINC0/RXTINCM 2008-2016 Respondent's attempt of job search for the past week UNSRCH 2003-2004, 2006-2016 Whether Respondent has income UNXTINC2008-2016 Respondent's monthly income UNXTINCM 2008-2016 Whether Respondent has any work experience UNWKEX 2011-2016 Respondent's last work position UNSTAT 2003-2016 Respondent's number of employees for last self-employment UNNOHI 2004-2016 Whether Respondent had employees UNSUBO 2004-2016

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Respondent's past working hours UNWKHR 2003-2016 Whether the spouse is an employee SPEMPED 2003-2016 Spouse's employment status SPWGSTAT 2003-2016 part-time or full-time SPWGPTFL 2003-2016 Spouse's working hours SPWGWKHR 2003-2016 Spouse's working stability SPWGSTAB 2003-2016 Spouse's past union experience SPWGUNNP 2003-2016 Spouse's past union experience SPWGUNNP 2004-2016 Spouse's self-employment status SPSFSTAT2003-2016 Number of employees of the spouse SPSFNOHI 2003-2016 Part-time or full-time SPSFPTFL 2004-2016 Spouse's working hours SPSFWKHR2004-2016 number of spouse's subordinates SPNUMSUP 2009-2016 Whether spouse has subordinates SPEMSUBO 2004-2016 Spouse's monthly income SPINCOME/SPINCOM0 2003-2016 Whether the spouse has any extra income SPXTINC 2008-2016 Spouse's monthly extra income SPXTINCM/SPXTINC0 2008-2016 Spouse's attempt to find a job for the past week SPUNSRCH 2003-2004, 2006-2016 Whether the spouse has an income SPUNXTN 2008-2016 Total average monthly income SPUNXTN0/SPUNXTNM 2008-2016 Whether the spouse has any work experience SPUNWKEX 2011-2016 Spouse's last work position SPUNSTAT2003-2016 Number of Spouse's last employees SPUNNOHI 2004-2016 Whether the spouse had any subordinate SPUNSUBO 2004-2016 Spouse's past working hours SPUNWKHR 2003-2016

Employment status R's employment sector WGSECT 2003-2016 Spouse's employment sector SPWGSECT 2003-2016

2) Cross-National Comparative Survey

The Korean General Social Survey (KGSS) was conducted by participating in ISSP and EASS, as well as domestic social changes, and collecting comparative research data among countries.

ISSP Topical Module Investigation

The ISSP is a cross-national collaboration programme conducting annual surveys on diverse topics relevant to social sciences. Established in 1984, the ISSP has since included members covering various cultures around the globe, and by 2016, it has 45 participating countries. The ISSP regularly responds to current developments in social sciences by including new topics or developing new modules. Members of the Organization shall jointly determine and investigate survey topics and questionnaires at the annual general meeting.

Sungkyunkwan University East Asia Academy Survey Research Center was officially designated as a representative member organization in Korea at the ISSP General Meeting in 2003 and collected data from the national identity module in 2003. There are 11 subject modules that ISSP has developed so far (see Table 1).

ISSP Topical Module Research, 1985-2016

ISSP Subject Module ISSP Subject Module Year Years of Korea’s participation

Role of Government 1985 1990 1996 2006 2016 2006 2016

Social Networks and Social Resources 1986 2001 2017

Social Inequality 1987 1992 1999 2009 2009

Family & Changing Gender Role 1988 1994 2002 2012 2012

Work Orientations 1989 1997 2005 2015 2005

Religion 1991 1998 2008 2008 2018

scheduled

Environment 1993 2000 2010 2010

National Identity 1995 2003 2013 2003 2013

Citizenship 2004 2014 2004 2014

https://books.google.co.kr/books?id=IeRsBQAAQBAJ&pg=PA400&lpg=PA400&dq=Comparative%20Survey%20%20among%20nations&source=bl&ots=gjNtdqalUn&sig=zjwt3Le7guNlACH0PgtjSqEXLWo&hl=ko&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwiQns2E0YnbAhXBvbwKHZ_XBmw4ChDoAQgkMAAhttp://www.issp.org/about-issp/history/

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Leisure Time & Sports 2007 2007

Health 2011 2012

* In 1986, the module name of Social Networks and Support Systems was used. In 2001, the name of the Social Networks II was used.

EASS Topical Module Research

The EASS was initiated by Korea in 2003 to promote the comparative study of East Asia among the institutions of four countries (Korea, Japan, China, Taiwan) conducting social survey in the form of General Social Survey (GSS) in East Asia. EASS has conducted five surveys (see Table 2).

After the establishment of EASS, the Survey Research Center has been playing a leading role as a data archiving organization that builds data and spreads it around the world through the process of cleaning, integrating and harmonizing EASS materials on behalf of EASS as a whole (EASSDA, http://www.eassda.org/).

EASSSubject Module Research, 1985-2016

EASS Subject Module EASS Subject Module Year Years of Korea’s participation

Family in East Asia 2006 2016 2006 2016

Globalization & Culture in East Asia 2008 2008 2018

scheduled

HealthinEastAsia 2010 2009

Network Social Capital in East Asia 2012 2012

Work Life in East Asia 2015

The total number of applications for EASSDA so far is 1,956, and the number of applications per module by

country is as follows: (1)Application Status by Country: Requested to use materials in various countries and regions including 417 cases in China, 299 cases in Korea, 285 cases in Japan, 213 cases in the United States, 137 cases in Taiwan, 102 cases in the UK, 37 cases in Hong Kong, 34 cases Singapore. (2)Application status by module: family (2006) 542 cases, culture (2008) 579 cases, health (2010) 504 cases, social networks (2012) 279 cases, unknown 50 cases.

Survey Methods

The Survey Research Center has endeavored to steadily improve the quality of the KGSS overthe last 14 years.To generate trustworthy research results using KGSS data, data representativeness and reduction of overall survey errors are bothnecessary. To produce quality data,KGSS researchers and data managers continually work to prevent and correct problems arising from the current survey process, utilizing knowledge and experiences of earlier surveys. 1) 2003 – 2016 Sample Design 2003 – 2014 (1) Sample Selection The KGSS population consists ofconsists of non-institutionalized residents in Korea who are 18 years of age or older and who can communicate in Korean.The sample size of the first (2003) and the second (2004) surveys was 2,000 but it was increased to 2,500 withthe third (2005) survey to reduce standard errors and increase effective sample sizes. Between 2003 and 2005, data from the Ministry of the Interior and Safetywasutilized instead of constructing sampling frames of households. The sample was selected using amulti-stage area probability sampling method. This method selectsclusters with probability proportional to size (PPS) within stratum at each stage, and details are as follows:

1) Afterdetermining the number of primary sampling units (PSUs -Dong/Eup/Myun) as 200 and allocating the 200 to each Si/Do based on “Resident Registry Statistics”, the allocated number of PSUs was randomly selected from each Si/Do with the PPS method.

2) Fromtheselected Dong/Eup/Myuns, the secondary sampling units (Tong/Ban for Dong, and Li for Myun) were randomly selected with the PPS method.

3) Within the selected Tong/Ban or Li, listers constructed the sampling frame using the traditional listing method or dependent listing method when a resident center’s household list is available. After receiving

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the completed sampling frame, the Survey Research Center randomly selects 12 or 13 households in each of the selected areas and sends the list of selected households to each School Survey Team Coordinator. I

4) Interviewers visit the selected households in person, carefully list all adults 18 years of age and older within each selected household, and select an adult with the earliest birthday for the main interview. However, in 2006 and 2007, an adult member with the last birthday was selected for the main interview.

2016 The 2016 KGSS populationconsists of non-institutionalized residents in Korea who are 18 years of age or older and who can communicate in Korean. We directly selected the required number of persons if a well-defined list of all adult persons was available. Ifsuch list was not available, we selected a set of potential respondents in four stages utilizing an area probability sampling method. The first three stages select the required number of households. The fourth stage selects an eligible person from each selected household. 1) Selection of PSUs The primary sampling unit (PSU) for the 2016 KGSS is a Dong, Eub, or Myon. We selected 100 PSUs for the 2016 KGSS with probability proportional to size.

A. Sampling Frame The sampling frame was the list of Dong/Eub/Myon’s from the 2015 Korean Census. There were 3,496 Dong/Eub/Myon’s as of the 2015 Korean Census.

B. Stratification and Sample Allocation We explicitly stratified the frame to improve the efficiency of estimates considering potential geographic and urban/rural homogeneity. Required numbers of PSUs were independently selected from eachKwangYok Si/Do. The 100 PSUs were proportionally allocated to each KwangYok Si/Do based on the number of households. Let 𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖 be the number of households in jth Dong/Eub/Myon in ithKwangYok Si/Do. Then, the allocated number(𝑛𝑛𝑖𝑖) of PSUs for the ithKwangYok Si/Do is

𝑛𝑛𝑖𝑖 = 100 ×∑ 𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑁𝑁𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖=1

∑ ∑ 𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑁𝑁𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖=1

17𝑖𝑖=1

,

where𝑁𝑁𝑖𝑖 is the number of Dong/Eub/Myon’s in the ithKwangYok Si/Do. Note that ∑𝑛𝑛𝑖𝑖 = 100, and ∑𝑁𝑁𝑖𝑖 = 3,496, the total number of Dong/Eub/Myon’s in Korea (ROK).The integral number of rounded 𝑛𝑛𝑖𝑖 was used. Table 1 shows stratum sizes and the allocated numbers of PSUs.II

C. Selection The required number of PSUs wassystematically selected from the list of Dong/Eub/Myon’s in each KwangYok Si/Do. The frame was sorted by KwangYok Si/Do and Gu/Gun before selecting samples. Details on the systematic selection method can be found in Cochran (1977), Kish (1965), and Sarndal, et al. (1992). The inclusion probability, 𝑝𝑝𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖 , of the jth Dong/Eub/Myon in theithKwangYok Si/Do is

𝑝𝑝𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖 = 𝑛𝑛𝑖𝑖 ×𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖

∑ 𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑁𝑁𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖=1

.

2) Selection of SSUs The secondary sampling unit (SSU) is defined as Tong/Ban (for Dong) or Li (for Myun). EachSSU is systematically selected from each selected PSU with probability proportional to size. Let 𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖 be the number of households in kth Tong/Ban/Ri in jth Dong/Eub/Myon in ithKwangYok Si/Do. The conditional selection probability,𝑝𝑝𝑖𝑖\𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖, of the kth Tong/Ban/Ri is

𝑝𝑝𝑖𝑖\𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖 =𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖

.

3) Selection of Households After completing the sampling frame for each selected Tong/Ban, afixed number (m) of Husissystematically selected. The conditional selection probability, 𝑝𝑝𝑙𝑙\𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖 , of thelthHU of the selected m HUs in kth Tong/Ban/Ri in jth Dong/Eub/Myon in ithKwangYok Si/Do is

𝑝𝑝𝑙𝑙\𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖 =𝑚𝑚

𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖.

The overall unconditional selection probability of an HU is,

𝑝𝑝𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑙𝑙 = 100 ×∑ 𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑁𝑁𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖=1

∑ ∑ 𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑁𝑁𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖=1

17𝑖𝑖=1

×𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖

∑ 𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑁𝑁𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖=1

×𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖

×𝑚𝑚

𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖

= 100 ×𝑚𝑚

∑ ∑ 𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑁𝑁𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖=1

17𝑖𝑖=1

,

IKGSS Sampling frame Reference: Ku, M., Kim, S., Kim, H., & Kim, J. (2014). Creating the Household Sampling Frame: The Korean General Social Survey (KGSS). Survey Research, 15(4), 153-174. IIThe allocated number of PSUs for Sejong Si is 0, which implies an exclusion of SeJong Si from KGSS 2016. To include SeJong Si in the Study, one unit is allocated to Stratum 8 (Sejong Si).

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which is a constant number. That is, the 2016 KGSS sample of HUs is an epsem (equal probability of selection method) sample. 4)Selection of Persons After compilinga list of adults 18 years of age or older for each selected household, an adult is selected using the last birthday method at the time of interview. In 2016, the total number of completed interviews was1, 052.

References

Cochran, W. G. (1977). Sampling Techniques (3rd ed.). New York: Wiley. Kish, L. (1965). Survey Sampling. New York: Wiley. Sarndal, C.-E., Swensson, B., &Wretman, J. (1992). Model Assisted Survey Sampling. New York: Springer.

Table 1. Stratum Size and Sample Allocation Stratum Si/Do Household Count Percent Allocated PSUs 1)

1 Seoul Special Metropolitan City 4,194,176 20.23 20 2 Busan Metropolitan City 1,416,648 6.83 7 3 Daegu Metropolitan City 970,618 4.68 5 4 Incheon Metropolitan City 1,136,280 5.48 5 5 Gwangju Metropolitan City 573,043 2.76 3 6 Daejeon Metropolitan City 592,508 2.86 3 7 Ulsan Metropolitan City 442,250 2.13 2 8 Sejong Metropolitan Autonomous City 62,807 0.30 1 9 Gyeonggi-do Province 4,786,718 23.08 23

10 Gangwon-do Province 673,978 3.25 3 11 Chungcheongbuk-do Province 656,321 3.17 3 12 Chungcheongnam-do Province 871,459 4.20 4 13 Jeollabuk-do Province 774,562 3.74 4 14 Jeollanam-do Province 840,864 4.06 4 15 Gyeongsangbuk-do Province 1,153,559 5.56 6 16 Gyeongsangnam-do Province 1,343,984 6.48 6 17 Jeju Special Self-Governing Province 246,516 1.19 1

All 20,736,291 100.00 100 Note: 1) 1 unit is allocated to stratum 8.

Calculation of Weights for KGSS 2003 - 2016 The current document describes the methods for the calculation of weights for KGSS 2003 - 2016 survey data. Let 𝑊𝑊1.𝑖𝑖 be the initial weight for the ithsample adult of each annual sample.Sample housing units were selected with equal probability for each annual survey. An adult (18 and over) was randomly selected from eligible adults within each household [Cite Sampling Report]. Therefore, 𝑊𝑊1.𝑖𝑖 is

𝑊𝑊1.𝑖𝑖 = 𝐸𝐸, where𝐸𝐸 is the number of eligible adults in each selected household, an inverse of within-household selection probability.III In the absence of non-response and non-coverage, the initial weights (𝑊𝑊1.𝑖𝑖) would be the weights of KGSS analyses. Post-stratification adjustment to the initial weight was done to correct potential non-response bias and coverage errors. Post-stratification adjustment cells were constructed using the following 4 variables with specific

III There were 17 one-person households with missing age for the whole 2003-2016 surveys. A value of one was assigned to the missing number of adults for the 17 households since eligible KGSS respondents were 18+ adults. For a few multiple-person households with household members without age for the whole 2003-2016 surveys, the value of 𝐸𝐸 is the count of adults with valid age value.

xii

categories: Gender (Male, Female) Age (18-29, 30-39, 40-49, 50-59, 60 and over)

Region (Seoul, Kyunggi, Kangwon/Jeju, Chungchong, Kyungsang, Cholla) Urbanicity (Urban, Rural). For each year, let 𝑇𝑇𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑙𝑙𝑗𝑗 be a population total for a combination of gender, age, region, and urbanicity. The post-stratified weights, 𝑊𝑊2.𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑙𝑙𝑗𝑗, of the ith person within cell (j,k,l,m) is

𝑊𝑊2.𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑙𝑙𝑗𝑗 = 𝑊𝑊1.𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑙𝑙𝑗𝑗𝑇𝑇𝑗𝑗𝑗𝑗𝑗𝑗𝑗𝑗

∑ 𝑊𝑊1.𝑖𝑖𝑗𝑗𝑗𝑗𝑗𝑗𝑗𝑗𝑖𝑖.

If the 4-way tables for the population totals were available and the number of completed interviews for each annual KGSS was large enough to support the 4-way tables (i.e., each cell size is sufficiently large, e.g., 20), we could create the post-stratified weights using the above formula. However, we decided to use an alternative method (iterative proportional fitting procedure or raking method) for post-stratification adjustment to the initial weights after considering the sparseness of 4-way cross-tabulation and the availability of the corresponding population distribution. The method of raking is to find the population counts, 𝑇𝑇𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑙𝑙𝑗𝑗∗ , by an iterative proportional fitting procedure under marginal constraints:

𝑇𝑇𝑖𝑖+++∗ = ∑ ∑ ∑ 𝑇𝑇𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑙𝑙𝑗𝑗∗ = 𝑇𝑇𝑖𝑖+++𝑗𝑗𝑙𝑙𝑖𝑖 , j=1,…,J 𝑇𝑇+𝑖𝑖++∗ = ∑ ∑ ∑ 𝑇𝑇𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑙𝑙𝑗𝑗∗ = 𝑇𝑇+𝑖𝑖++𝑗𝑗𝑙𝑙𝑖𝑖 , k=1,…,K 𝑇𝑇++𝑙𝑙+∗ = ∑ ∑ ∑ 𝑇𝑇𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑙𝑙𝑗𝑗∗ = 𝑇𝑇++𝑙𝑙+𝑗𝑗𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖 , l=1,…,L 𝑇𝑇+++𝑗𝑗∗ = ∑ ∑ ∑ 𝑇𝑇𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑙𝑙𝑗𝑗∗ = 𝑇𝑇+++𝑗𝑗𝑙𝑙𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖 , m=1,…,M

The marginal population distributions of Sex, Age, Region, and Urbanicity were obtained from [insert sources]. Table 1 shows the population distributions for adults (18 and over). There are three columns of census distributions for 2005, 2010, and 2015. The distributions for 2005 are “control totals” for 2003 – 2005 KGSS. Similarly, as shown in Table 1, the distributions for 2010 and 2015 are the control totals for respective KGSS annual survey. At the first step, the estimators are

𝑇𝑇𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑙𝑙𝑗𝑗(1) = 𝑛𝑛𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑙𝑙𝑗𝑗

𝑇𝑇𝑗𝑗+++𝑛𝑛𝑗𝑗+++

,

where𝑛𝑛𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑙𝑙𝑗𝑗 is the number of completed interviews in the cell (j,k,l,m). Note that ∑ ∑ ∑ ∑ 𝑛𝑛𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑙𝑙𝑗𝑗𝑗𝑗𝑙𝑙𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖 = 𝑛𝑛, the number of completed interviews for each year. Then, the next estimators are

𝑇𝑇𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑙𝑙𝑗𝑗(2) = 𝑇𝑇𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑙𝑙𝑗𝑗

(1) 𝑇𝑇𝑖𝑖+++𝑇𝑇𝑖𝑖+++

(1) ,

and so on until converge. The iterative proportional fitting procedure was first introduced by Deming and Stephan (1940), and more details can be found in Bishop, Fienberg, and Holland (1975), Fienberg (1980), and Little and Rubin (1987). Before the computation of the weights began, we randomly imputed values for 20 missing values for 2003 – 2016 surveys for Age variable with probabilities proportional to observed distributions. The “raked” weights, 𝑊𝑊2.𝑖𝑖, for the ith person in cell (j,k,l,m) is

𝑊𝑊2.𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑙𝑙𝑗𝑗 = 𝑊𝑊1.𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑙𝑙𝑗𝑗𝑇𝑇𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑙𝑙𝑗𝑗∗

∑ 𝑊𝑊1.𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑙𝑙𝑗𝑗𝑖𝑖.

The final weights, 𝑊𝑊3.𝑖𝑖, were “normalized” as

𝑊𝑊3.𝑖𝑖 = 𝑊𝑊2.𝑖𝑖𝑛𝑛

∑ 𝑊𝑊2.𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖,or

xiii

�𝑊𝑊3.𝑖𝑖

𝑛𝑛

𝑖𝑖

= 𝑛𝑛.

That is, the sum of the final weights for each survey is equal to the number of completed interviews. References Bishop, Y. M. M., S. E. Fienberg, and P. W. Holland. 1975. Discrete Multivariate Analysis: Theory and Practice.

MIT Press. Deming, W. E. and F. F. Stephan. 1940. “On a least squares adjustment of a sampled frequency table when the

expected marginal totals are known.” Annals of mathematical Statistics 11: 427-444. Fienberg. S. E. 1980.The Analysis of Cross-Classified Categorical Data, 2nd ed. MIT Press. Little, R. J. A and D. B. Rubin. 1987. Statistical Analysis with Missing Values.Wiley.

Table 1. Population Distributions (Proportions) for 18 and Over (Control Totals)

Characteristics Categories Year 2005 (used for 2003,

2004, 2005, 2006, 2007)

2010 (used for 2008, 2009, 2010, 2011,

2012)

2015 (used 2013, 2014, 2016)

Sex Men 0.491 0.490 0.495 Women 0.509 0.510 0.505

Age

18-29 0.236 0.209 0.189 30-39 0.227 0.204 0.181 40-49 0.222 0.215 0.207 50-59 0.142 0.172 0.196 60+ 0.173 0.200 0.227

Region

Seoul 0.215 0.207 0.198 Kyunggi 0.265 0.282 0.293 Kangwon/Jeju 0.042 0.042 0.042 Chungchong 0.101 0.103 0.106 Kyungbuk 0.270 0.264 0.260 Cholla h ll

0.107 0.102 0.101

Urbanicity Urban 0.809 0.816 0.815 Rural 0.191 0.184 0.185

Source:

1

INDEX(by table order)

No. Variable Name Variable Labels 1 SEX R's sex 2 AGE R's age 3 MARITAL R's marital status 4 EMPLY R's employment status 5 WHYNOE R's reason for unemployment 6 EDUC R's academic background: highest school level 7 GRADUATE R's academic background: graduated or not 8 DROPYR R's academic background: dropout grade 9 CURRYR R's academic background: current grade 10 HIEDUCYR R's academic background: formal schools after high school 11 SPEDUC Spouse's academic background: highest school level 12 SPGRAD Spouse's academic background: graduated or not 13 SPDROPYR Spouse's academic background: dropout grade 14 SPCURRYR Spouse's academic background: current grade 15 PAEDUC Father's academic background: highest school level 16 PAGRAD Father's academic background: graduated or not 17 PADROPYR Father's academic background: dropout grade 18 PACURRYR Father's academic background: current grade 19 MAEDUC Mother's academic background: highest school level 20 MAGRAD Mother's academic background: graduated or not 21 MADROPYR Mother's academic background: dropout grade 22 MACURRYR Mother's academic background: current grade 23 EMPED whether R is an employee 24 WGSTAT R's employment status (if R is working for someone) 25 WGPTFL part-time or full time (If R is working for someone) 26 WGWKHR R's working hours (if R is working for someone) 27 WGSTAB R's working stability (if R is working for someone) 28 WGTENYR R's working period (year) for the current job (if R is working for someone) 28 WGTENMO R's working period (month) for the current job (if R is working for someone) 29 NUMPRMT Number of promotions or raises 30 WGSECT R's employment sector (if R is working for someone) 31 WGUNN Whether R is a union member (if R is working for someone) 32 WGUNNP R's past experience as a union member (if not now) 33 WGPOSTN R's current work position (if R is working for someone) 34 WGNOEMP Number of employees in R's work (if R is working for someone) 35 SFSTAT R's self-employment status 36 SFNOHI Number of employees who work for R (if R has any employees) 37 SFPTFL Part-time or full time (if R is self-employed) 38 SFWKHR R's working hours (if R is self-employed) 39 SFTENYR R's work period (year) for the current job (if R is self-employed) 39 SFTENMO R's work period (month) for the current job (if R is self-employed) 40 SFWHY R's main reason for self-employment 41 NUMSUP Number of R's subordinates 42 EMSUBO Whether R has subordinates or not 43 WHYUNEM R's reason for not working (if unemployed) 44 UNWKEXB R's past working experience (if unemployed) 45 UNSTAT R's last work position (if unemployed, but had worked before) 46 UNNOHI R's number of employees for last self-employment (if unemployed, but had worked before) 47 UNSUBO Whether R had employees (if unemployed, but had worked before) 48 UNWKHR R's past working hours (of unemployed, but had worked before) 49 UNSRCH R's attempt of job search for the past week (if unemployed) 50 RINCOME R's monthly income for the current job (categorical) 51 ROEARN R's extra income outside the current job 52 RXTINC Whether R has any extra income 53 RXTINCM R's monthly extra income (categorical) 54 UNWKEX Whether R has any work experience 55 UNXTINC Whether R has income (if unemployed) 56 UNXTINCM R's monthly income (if unemployed) (categorical) 57 INDUSTRY R's industry 58 OCC R's occupation 59 INDUS08 R's industry (year 2008) 60 OCC08 R's occupation (ISCO08) 61 SPINCMR Whether the spouse has a job 62 SPEMPED Whether the spouse is an employee 63 SPWGSTAT Spouse's employment status 64 SPWGPTFL part-time or full-time (if the spouse is working for someone) 65 SPWGWKHR Spouse's working hours (if the spouse is working for someone) 66 SPWGSTAB Spouse's working stability (if the spouse is working for someone) 67 SPWGTNYR Spouse's working period (year) (if the spouse is working for someone) 67 SPWGTNMO Spouse's working period (month) (if the spouse is working for someone) 68 SPWGSECT Spouse's employment sector (if the spouse is working for someone) 69 SPWGUNN Whether the spouse is a union member 70 SPWGUNNP Spouse's past union experience 71 SPSFSTAT Spouse's self-employment status 72 SPSFNOHI number of employees of the spouse 73 SPSFPTFL part-time or full-time (if the spouse is self-employed) 74 SPSFWKHR Spouse's working hours (If the spouse is self-employed)

2

No. Variable Name Variable Labels 75 SPSFTNYR Spouse's working period (year) for the current job (if the spouse is self-employed) 75 SPSFTNMO Spouse's working period (month) for the current job (if the spouse is self-employed) 76 SPSFWHY Main reason for the spouse's self-employment (if the spouse is self-employed) 77 SPNUMSUP number of spouse's subordinates 78 SPEMSUBO Whether spouse has subordinates (if the spouse has a job) 79 SPUNWKEX Whether the spouse has any work experience 80 SPWUNEM reason for spouse's unemployment (if the spouse is unemployed) 81 SPUNWKEXA Whether the spouse had worked over a year in the past (if the spouse is unemployed) 82 SPUNWKEXB Whether the spouse has any work experience (if the spouse is unemployed) 83 SPUNSTAT Spouse's last work position (if the spouse is unemployed, but had worked before) 84 SPUNNOHI Number of Spouse's last employees (if the spouse is unemployed, but had worked before) 85 SPUNSUBO Whether the spouse had any subordinate (if the spouse is unemployed, but had worked before) 86 SPUNWKHR Spouse's past working hours (if the spouse is unemployed, but had worked before) 87 SPUNSRCH Spouse's attempt to find a job for the past week (if the spouse is unemployed) 88 SPUNJSRC Spouse's current job search (if the spouse is unemployed) 89 SPINCOME Spouse's monthly income (if the spouse has a job) 90 SPOEARN Spouse's extra income outside the current job (if the spouse has a job) 91 SPXTINC Whether the spouse has any extra income (if the spouse has a job) 92 SPXTINCM Spouse's monthly extra income (if the spouse has a job) (categorical) 93 SPUNXTN Whether the spouse has an income (if the spouse is unemployed) 94 SPUNXTNM Spouse's monthly income (if the spouse is unemployed) (categorical) 95 SPIND Spouse's industry 96 SPOCC spouse's occupation 97 SPIND08 Spouse's industry (year 2008) 98 SPOCC08 Spouse's occupation(ISCO08) 99 INCOME Monthly household income (categorical) 100 RELIG R's religion 101 RELDEN R's religious denomination (if R has any religion) 102 ATTEND R's frequency of attending religious meetings 103 RELITEN R's religiousness 104 RELAFFCT influence of the religion (if R has religion) 105 URBRURAL subjective assessment on the size of the residential area 106 RELIAB03 Trustworthiness of the society (year 2003) 107 RELIABLE Trustworthiness of the society 108 HELPFUL assessment on people's willingness to help 109 FAIR assessment on fairness of most people 110 TRUST Trust on most people 111 CONBUS Trust on leaders of major companies 112 CONCLERG Trust on leaders of organized religion 113 CONEDUC Trust on leaders of education 114 CONLABOR Trust on leaders of organized labor 115 CONPRESS Trust on leaders of newspaper 116 CONTV Trust on leaders of broadcasting network 117 CONMEDIC Trust on leaders of medicine 118 CONGOVT Trust on leaders of national government 119 CONLGOVT Trust on leaders of local government 120 CONLEGIS Trust on leaders of the congress 121 CONJUDGE Trust on leaders of the Supreme Court 122 CONSCI Trust on leaders of the academic community 123 CONARMY Trust on leaders of the military 124 CONFINAN Trust on leaders of banks and financial institutions 125 CONBLUHO Trust on leaders of the Blue House 126 CONCSO Trust on leaders of the civic activist organizations 127 FEAR Whether there is a too dark region on the neighborhood 128 CONRCH Trust on leaders of public opinion research centers 129 PROPCRM Possibility of property crime 130 VIOLCRM Possibility of violent crime 131 FEARCRM possibility of crime in the neighborhood 132 NATENVIR Appropriateness of expenses on environment protection 133 NATHEAL Appropriateness of expenses on national healthcare 134 NATCITY Appropriateness of expenses on city problems 135 NATCRIME Appropriateness of expenses on crime control 136 NATEDUC Appropriateness of expenses on educational system improvement 137 NATARMS Appropriateness of national defense expenses 138 NATFARE Appropriateness of welfare expenses 139 NATMASS Appropriateness of expenses on public transportation problems 140 NATPARK Appropriateness of expenses on leisure facilities 141 NATCHLD Appropriateness of expenses on childcare 142 PARTYLR Political orientation 143 PRTYID03 Supporting political party (2003) 144 PRTYID04 Supporting political party (2004) 145 PRTYID05 Supporting political party (2005) 146 PRTYID06 Supporting political party (2006) 147 PRTYID07 Supporting political party (2007) 148 PRTYID08 Supporting political party (2008) 149 PRTYID09 Supporting political party (2009) 150 PRTYID10 Supporting political party (2010) 151 PRTYID11 Supporting political party (2011) 152 PRTYID12 Supporting political party (2012) 153 PRTYID13 Supporting political party (2013) 154 PRTYID14 Supporting political party (2014) 155 PRTYPR03 Preferring political party (2003) if R has no supporting party

3

No. Variable Name Variable Labels 156 PRTYPR04 Preferring political party (2004) if R has no supporting party 157 PRTYPR05 Preferring political party (2005) if R has no supporting party 158 PRTYPR06 Preferring political party (2006) if R has no supporting party 159 PRTYPR07 Preferring political party (2007) if R has no supporting party 160 PRTYPR08 Preferring political party (2008) if R has no supporting party 161 PRTYPR09 Preferring political party (2009) if R has no supporting party 162 PRTYPR13 Preferring political party (2013) if R has no supporting party 163 PRTYPR14 Preferring political party (2014) if R has no supporting party 164 PRTYAB03 Party with the most possibility of taking political power (2003) 165 PRTYAB04 Party with the most possibility of taking political power (2004) 166 PRTYAB05 Party with the most possibility of taking political power (2005) 167 PRTYAB06 Party with the most possibility of taking political power (2006) 168 PRTYAB07 Party with the most possibility of taking political power (2007) 169 PRTYAB08 Party with the most possibility of taking political power (2008) 170 PRTYAB09 Party with the most possibility of taking political power (2009) 171 PRTYAB11 Party with the most possibility of taking political power (2011) 172 PRTYAB12 Party with the most possibility of taking political power (2012) 173 PRTYAB13 Party with the most possibility of taking political power (2013) 174 PRTYAB14 Party with the most possibility of taking political power (2014) 175 VOTE02 Voted or not for the 2002 presidential election 176 VOTE041 Political party of the candidate whom R voted for in 2004 National Assembly election 177 VOTE042 Political party that R voted for representation 178 VOTE04 Voted or not for the 2004 National Assembly election 179 VOTE06 Voted or not for the 2006 local government election 180 VOTE07 Voted or not for the 2007 presidential election 181 VOTE071 Political party and the candidate that R voted for in 2007 Presidential Election 182 VOTE08 Voted or not for the 2008 legislative action 183 VOTE10 Voted or not for the 2010 nationwide local elections 184 VOTE101 Political party of the local government's head that R voted for in 2010 nationwide local elections 185 VOTE12 Voted or not for the 2012 South Korean legislative actions 186 VOTE121 Political party that R voted for in 2012 South Korean legislative actions 187 VOTE13 Voted or not for the 2012 Presidential election 188 VOTE131 Candidate that R voted for in the 2012 Presidential election 189 VOTE14 Voted or not for the 2014 nationwide local elections 190 VOTE141 Political party that R voted for in 2014 nationwide local elections 191 WELFSPD Opinion on Korea's social welfare spending 192 POLPROS Prospect on South Korean politics 193 CURGOV Assessment on the current government's state affair administrations 194 EQWLTH Assessment on the government's effort to reduce income gap 195 FEMPLYMT Assessment on the government's effort to expand employment opportunities for women 196 FIRMREG Assessment on the government's effort to deregulate businesses 197 LABORRE Assessment on the government's effort to arbitrate labor conflicts 198 CORRUPT Assessment on the government's effort to prevent corruption 199 RGIONLSM Assessment on the government's effort to resolve regional conflicts 200 PUBORDER Assessment on the government's effort to establish public order 201 TAXFAIR Assessment on the government's effort to maintain just taxation policies 202 NORTHPOL Assessment on the government's policy towards North Korea 203 EDUPOLCY Opinion on the government's educational policies 204 POLNEWS Frequency of hearing political news 205 POLNEW14 Frequency of reading political news 206 POLTV Frequency of watching political news on TV 207 POLRADIO Frequency of listening to political news on the radio 208 POLINTER Frequency of encountering political news online 209 NORTHWHO View on North Korea 210 SEDISTAN Country that R feels the closest 211 WARPOS Possibility of war on the Korean peninsula 212 UNIFI Need for unification between South and North Korea 213 SATPOL Satisfaction on the current Korean politics 214 IMACAP1 First thing that comes up when R thinks of capitalism 215 IMACAP2 Second thing that comes up as R thinks of capitalism 216 EXPINC Importance of increasing exports for the firm to win people's favor 217 EMPLINC Importance of increasing employment for the firm to win people's favor 218 HONESTAX Importance of paying tax honestly for the firm to win people's favor 219 STOCKRI Importance of raising its stock price for the firm to win people's favor 220 TRANMANA Importance of ensuring transparent management for the firm to win people's favor 221 GOODCOM Importance of producing quality goods for the firm to win people's favor 222 CEOIMAGE Importance of projecting good image of the CEO for the firm to win people's favor 223 PUBSER Importance of contributing to social welfare for the firm to win people's favor 224 PROENV Importance of protecting the environment for the firm to win people's favor 225 FAVOR1 Most important factor to win people's favor 226 CEOLEAD Importance of the CEO's leadership for the firm's success 227 FAVOR2 Second important factor to win people's favor 228 ABLEMEN Importance of talented workers for the firm's success 229 SKILLS Importance of technological capacity for the firm's success 230 FINSTRUC Importance of the financial stability for the firm's success 231 ETHMANA Importance of the ethical management for the firm's success 232 BRAND Importance of brand value for the firm's success 233 RELGOV Importance of the relationship with the government for the firm's success 234 SUCCESS1 Most important factor for the firm's success 235 SUCCESS2 Second important factor for the firm's success 236 BIGECO Large corporations' contribution to the national economy 237 BIGECO0 Large corporations' influence on the national economy

4

No. Variable Name Variable Labels 238 BIGECOFU Large corporations' future contribution to the national economy 239 BIGECOF0 Large corporations' future influence on the national economy 240 BIGSIZE Opinion on the size change of the large corporations 241 UNIONDSR The most desirable kind of labor unions 242 UNIONACT Stubbornness of the Korean labor union 243 UNION06 Stubbornness of the Korean labor union (year 2006) 244 ECOPROS Prospect on the economic situation in South Korea 245 ACHIEVE Agree or disagree: workers with higher ability should be better rewarded than those with seniority 246 NATIONAL Agree or disagree: workers' nationality is not an important criterion 247 SATECO Satisfaction on the current economic state of Korea 248 SATFIN Satisfaction on the financial condition of the family 249 FINALTER Fluctuation of the financial condition of the family 250 FINRELA Self-assessment of R's family income compared to general family income 251 FINREL05 Self-assessment of R's family income compared to general family income (2005) 252 FINPROS Prospect on future family's financial conditions 253 KIDS Children 254 PARSOL Change of standard of living compared to that of R's parents' when they were R's age 255 KIDSSOL Expectation on the standard of living for R's children when they become R's age 256 KIDSOL06 Expectation on the standard of living for R's children when they become R's age 257 CLASS subjective class identification (scale of 6) 258 RANK10 subjective class identification 10 years ago 259 CLASS06 subjective class identification (scale of 6, 2006) 260 FAMILY Importance of family 261 FRIENDS Importance of friends 262 NEIGHBOR Importance of neighbors 263 WORK Importance of work 264 LEISURE Importance of leisure time 265 MONEY Importance of money 266 POWER Importance of power 267 EDUCATN Importance of educational attainment 268 HEALTH Importance of health 269 RELIGION Importance of religion 270 NEWS Frequency of reading the newspaper 271 NEWSHR Average time reading newspapers: hours 271 NEWSMN Average time reading newspapers: minutes 272 NEWSKIND Most often read newspaper section (2003) 273 NEWSKND0 Most often read newspaper section (2005) 274 TVHOURS Average time watching TV: hours 274 TVMINUTE Average time watching TV: minutes 275 TVKIND Most frequently watched kind of TV program 276 WWWHR Average time using the Internet: hours 276 WWWMN Average time using the Internet: minutes 277 EMAILHR Average time using e-mails: hours 277 EMAILMN Average time using e-mails: minutes 278 EMAILUSE Main usage for the e-mails (if R uses e-mails) 279 WWWUSE Main usage of the Internet aside from e-mails 280 CELLHR Average time using the mobile phone: hours 280 CELLMN Average time using the mobile phone: minutes 281 CELLUSE Main usage of the mobile phone 282 IMPLF1 The most important thing in life 283 IMPLF2 Second most important thing in life 284 EXTROVRT Personal traits: extraverted, enthusiastic 285 CRITICAL Personal traits: critical, quarrelsome 286 CONSCNTS Personal traits: dependable, self-disciplined 287 EMOTIONL Personal traits: Anxious, easily upset 288 OPEN Personal traits: Open to new experiences, complex 289 INTROVRT Personal traits: Reserved, quiet 290 AGREEALE Personal traits: Sympathetic, warm 291 HASTY Personal traits: Disorganized, careless 292 EVENTMPD Personal traits: Calm, emotionally stable 293 CLOSED Personal traits: Conventional, uncreative 294 WRKIMP Opinion on jobs: work is the most important activity 295 RPROMOTN Importance of good opportunities for advancement for jobs 296 RINTJOB Importance of being interesting for a job 297 RWRKINDP Importance of allowing someone to work independently for a job 298 RHLPOTHS Importance of allowing someone to help others for a job 299 RHLPSOC Importance of being useful to the society for a job 300 RFLEXHRS Importance of allowing someone to decide one's own times and days of work for jobs 301 RCAREER Importance of good opportunities for advancement for jobs 302 FULLPART Job preference: part-time or full-time 303 FINDJOB Availability of an acceptable job 304 ATTJB103 Working conditions: job stability 305 ATTJB203 Working conditions: high income 306 ATTJOB3 Working conditions: interesting jobs 307 ATTJB403 Working conditions: high opportunities for advancement 308 ATTJOB5 Working conditions: helping others 309 ATTJB603 Working conditions: working independently 310 ATTJB703 Working conditions: being useful to the society 311 JOBSAT Job satisfaction 312 OCCCOM1 Willingness of having a career in this occupation 313 OCCCOM2 Willingness to accept the job as an ideal vocation for life 314 OCCCOM3 Willingness to choose this occupation again

5

No. Variable Name Variable Labels 315 ABSENT Absent days for the last 6 months 316 FEJOBIND Agree or disagree: having a job is a best way for a woman to be independent 317 FEWRKSUP Agree or disagree: most women have to work to support the family 318 MRMOM Agree or disagree: it is not good for men to stay home and care for the children and women go out to work 319 MEOVRWRK Agree or disagree: family life often suffers because men concentrate too much on their work 320 WRKNOKD Women working after marriage but before having children 321 WRKBABY Women working when a child is under school age 322 WRKSCH Women working after the youngest child starts school 323 WRKGRWN Women working after the children leave the home 324 FEJOBAFF Controversy over giving preference in hiring and promotion for women 325 KIDEMPTY Agree or disagree: people who have never had a child lead empty lives 326 DIVIFKD1 Agree or disagree: parents should stay together when there are children 327 DIVNOKD1 Agree or disagree: parents should stay together even when there are no children 328 MARFIN Agree or disagree: main advantage of marriage is to be financially stable 329 MARKIDS Agree or disagree: the main purpose of marriage these days is to have children 330 MARNOMAR Agree or disagree: It is better to have a bad marriage than no marriage at all 331 COHABFST Opinions on marriage: It’s a good idea for a couple who intend to get married to live together first 332 MAPAID Controversy over the paid maternity leave 333 CHLDCARE Controversy over the financial benefits when both of the parents work 334 ABCHOOSE Controversy over the legal abortion 335 HAPMAR Happiness in marriage 336 CONAGE Social group conflicts: young people and old people 337 PAYSKILL Estimate on the income of a skilled worker in a factory 338 PAYDOC Estimate on the income of a doctor in general practice 339 PAYEXEC Estimate on the income of a chairman of a large national corporation 340 PAYLAW Estimate on the income of a lawyer 341 PAYSALES Estimate on the income of a salesclerk in a department store 342 PAYFCTRY Estimate on the income of an owner-manager of a large factory 343 PAYJUDGE Estimate on the income of a Supreme Court Justice 344 PAYUNSKL Estimate on the income of an unskilled worker in a factory 345 PAYMINI Estimate on the income of a member of the cabinet in the central government 346 PAYROCC Estimate on the income of the people in R's occupation 347 GIVSKILL Appropriate income of a skilled worker in a factory 348 GIVDOC Appropriate income of a doctor in general practice 349 GIVEXEC Appropriate income of a chairman of a large national corporation 350 GIVLAW Appropriate income of a lawyer 351 GIVSALES Appropriate income of a salesclerk in a department store 352 GIVFCTRY Appropriate income of an owner-manager of a large factory 353 GIVJUDGE Appropriate income of a Supreme Court Justice 354 GIVUNSKL Appropriate income of an unskilled worker in a factory 355 GIVMINI Appropriate income of a member of the cabinet in the central government 356 GIVROCC Appropriate income of the people in R's occupation 357 PAYSUP Income level decision factors: supervising others 358 PAYEDTM Income level decision factors: length of the time spent on education and training 359 GETAHEAD what is important to get ahead in life 360 JOBSAT1 R's satisfaction for the current job 361 ATTJB104 R's job security 362 HLPORG04 willingness to work harder than one has to in order to help the organization (2004) 363 BSTWK04 Willingness to turn down other job offers even when the pay is higher (2004) 364 SKILUSE Ability to use the past work experience and job skills 365 JOBSAT2 Enjoyment in the job 366 FNDNEWJB Availability of an acceptable job 367 ILM R's organization holds the practice of beginning at the bottom and working up 368 PRDWK04 Pride of working for this organization (2004) 369 JOBSAT3 Being enthusiastic about the job 370 AUTO2 Being able to decide when to start and finish the work 371 TURNINT Likelihood of finding a job in another organization within the next 12 months 372 SIBNUM Number of alive siblings whose ages are 18 and older 373 SIBMOST Brother or sister that R has the most contact with 374 SIBVISIT Frequency of seeing/visiting the brother/sister 375 SIBCALL Frequency of contacting with the brother/sister via telephone, letter, fax, or e-mail 376 KIDNUM Number of alive children whose ages are 18 and older 377 KIDMOST The gender of a child that R has the most contact with 378 KIDVISIT Frequency of seeing/visiting the son/daughter 379 KIDCALL Frequency of contacting with the son/daughter via telephone, letter, fax, or e-mail 380 PAVISIT1 Frequency of seeing/visiting R's father 381 PACALL1 Frequency of contacting with R's father via telephone, letter, fax, or e-mail 382 MAVISIT1 Frequency of seeing/visiting R's mother 383 MACALL1 Frequency of contacting with R's mother via telephone, letter, fax, or e-mail 384 UAFCONT Frequency of having contacts with R's paternal uncles or aunts 385 UAMCONT Frequency of having contacts with R's maternal uncles or aunts 386 COUSINS Frequency of having contacts with R's cousins 387 PARSLAW Frequency of having contacts with R's parents-in-law 388 SIBINLAW Frequency of having contacts with R's brothers- or sisters-in-law 389 NIECENEP Frequency of having contacts with R's nieces and nephews 390 COWRKFRD Number of close friends at work place 391 NEIFRD Number of friends who live in the neighborhood 392 OTHFRD Number of close friends from other connections 393 BESTFRD A person who R feels the closest (aside from the partner) 394 BSTVISIT Frequency of seeing/visiting the closest friend 395 BSTCALL Frequency of contacting with the best friend via telephone, letter, fax, or e-mail 396 CONTACT Average number of people whom R makes contacts with per day

6

No. Variable Name Variable Labels 397 SICK1 first person who R would ask for help when sick 398 SICK2 second person who R would ask for help when sick 399 BORROW1 first person who R would ask for help when R needs to borrow large sum of money 400 BORROW2 second person who R would ask for help when R needs to borrow large sum of money 401 DOWN1 first person who R would ask for help when depressed 402 DOWN2 second person who R would ask for help when depressed 403 HELPHWRK Frequency of helping others with housework and grocery shopping 404 LENTTO Frequency of helping others by lending large sum of money 405 TALKEDTO Frequency of helping others by spending time to talk with the depressed person 406 HELPJOB Frequency of helping others on finding a new job 407 LEARNJOB Source of information about the current/recent job 408 FRDTHINK Criteria for a good friend: importance of intelligence and making R think 409 FRDHELPS Criteria for a good friend: importance of helping R gets things done 410 FRDKNOWS Criteria for a good friend: importance of understanding R 411 FRDENJOY Criteria for a good friend: importance of being enjoyable 412 KIDPARS Attitude on adult children's duty to support their elderly parents 413 FIRSTYOU Attitude on taking care of oneself and own family first before helping others 414 HELPFRDS Attitude on helping friends who are less well off 415 USEFRDS Attitude on developing friendship to make use of them 416 AIDKIDS Whether it is a government's responsibility to provide childcare for everyone who wants it 417 AIDOLD Government's responsibility on providing a decent standard of living for the old 418 EQEDUC How much equal R feels about education opportunities 419 EQJOB How much equal R feels about work opportunities 420 EQLAW How much equal R feels about law enforcement 421 EQPOWER How much equal R feels about political power 422 EQINC How much equal R feels about income and property 423 EQGENDER How much equal R feels between men and women 424 EQFEMALE How fair is the preferential treatment for women 425 OCCSTA01 Social status of taxi drivers 426 OCCSTA02 Social status of newspaper reporters 427 OCCSTA03 Social status of nurses 428 OCCSTA04 Social status of barbers 429 OCCSTA05 Social status of directors of bureau 430 OCCSTA06 Social status of apartment guards 431 OCCSTA07 Social status of carpenters 432 OCCSTA08 Social status of maids and housecleaners 433 OCCSTA09 Social status of junior high school teachers 434 OCCSTA10 Social status of dry cleaners 435 OCCSTA11 Social status of farmers 436 OCCSTA12 Social status of factory foremen 437 OCCSTA13 Social status of factory workers 438 OCCSTA14 Social status of assistant directors of bank 439 OCCSTA15 Social status of entertainers 440 OCCSTA16 Social status of judges 441 OCCSTA17 Social status of local level civil servants 442 OCCSTA18 Social status of professors 443 OCCSTA19 Social status of the section chiefs of a department in a small and medium company 444 OCCSTA20 Social status of auto mechanics 445 OCCSTA21 Social status of army generals 446 OCCSTA22 Social status of sewers 447 OCCSTA23 Social status of sales persons in department store 448 OCCSTA24 Social status of manual workers 449 OCCSTA25 Social status of owners of electronic goods sales agents 450 OCCSTA26 Social status of heads of departments in large companies 451 OCCSTA27 Social status of restaurant owners 452 OCCSTA28 Social status of street venders 453 OCCSTA29 Social status of traffic police 454 OCCSTA30 Social status of pharmacists 455 ORGDUTY1 Company's responsibility to guarantee job security 456 ORGDUTY2 Company's responsibility of listening to voices 457 ORGDUTY3 Company's responsibility to support career development 458 ORGDUTY4 Company's responsibility to provide competitive fringe benefits and incentives 459 ORGDUTY5 Company's responsibility to treats employees in family-like environment 460 ORGDUTY6 Company's responsibility to share gains 461 ORGDUTY7 Company's responsibility to implement family-friendly policies 462 PAYATT1 longer work period as a decision factor for higher wage 463 PAYATT2 higher education as a decision factor for higher wage 464 PAYATT3 having more certificates as a decision factor for higher wage 465 PAYATT4 being a male as a decision factor for higher wage 466 PAYATT5 higher age as a decision factor for higher wage 467 PAYATT6 higher performance as a decision factor for higher wage 468 PAYATT7 having more family members to support as a decision factor for higher wage 469 PAYATT8 working more competently as a decision factor for higher wage 470 MYVALUE1 Employee's self-evaluation: my company considers me as a company asset

471 MYVALUE2 Employee's self-evaluation: my company considers that my experiences and skills contribute to the company's value 472 MYVALUE3 Employee's self-evaluation: my company provides me with good opportunities for my growth 473 MYVALUE4 Employee's self-evaluation: my experiences and skills are marketable in the labor market 474 MYVALUE5 Employee's self-evaluation: competitors of my company appreciate my market value as well 475 RDUTY1 Staying on the job for a certain period of time as an obligation of the employee 476 RDUTY2 Showing loyalty to the company as an obligation of the employee 477 RDUTY3 Taking voluntary efforts to enhance task capability as an obligation of the employee

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No. Variable Name Variable Labels 478 RDUTY4 Doing overtime work if necessary as an obligation of the employee 479 RDUTY5 Sharing and transferring task skills and know-hows with peers as an obligation of the employee 480 RDUTY6 Participating actively in innovations initiated by the company as an obligation of the employee 481 DISJUS1 Fairness on reward regarding R's contributions of intelligence 482 DISJUS2 Fairness on reward regarding R's contributions of job skills 483 DISJUS3 Fairness on reward regarding R's contributions of effort 484 DISJUS4 Fairness on reward regarding R's educational attainment 485 DISJUS5 Fairness on reward regarding R's career 486 DISJUS6 Fairness on reward regarding R's contributions of performance 487 DISJUS7 Fairness on reward regarding R's responsibility 488 DISJUS8 Fairness on reward regarding R's job stress 489 ORGFULF1 Assessment on the company's obligation implement: guaranteeing job security 490 ORGFULF2 Assessment on the company's obligation implement: listening to employees' opinions 491 ORGFULF3 Assessment on the company's obligation implement: supporting career development 492 ORGFULF4 Assessment on the company's obligation implement: providing competitive fringe benefits and incentives 493 ORGFULF5 Assessment on the company's obligation implement: treating employees like family members 494 ORGFULF6 Assessment on the company's obligation implement: sharing gains

495 ORGFULF7 Assessment on the company's obligation implement: innovating organization for strengthening competitiveness of company 496 ORGFULF8 Assessment on the company's obligation implement: implementing family friendly policies 497 RFULF1 Assessment on the fulfillment of employee's obligations: staying on the job for a certain period of time 498 RFULF2 Assessment on the fulfillment of employee's obligations: showing loyalty to the company 499 RFULF3 Assessment on the fulfillment of employee's obligations: taking voluntary efforts to enhance task capability 500 RFULF4 Assessment on the fulfillment of employee's obligations: doing overtime work if necessary

501 RFULF5 Assessment on the fulfillment of employee's obligations: sharing and transferring task skills and know-hows with peers

502 RFULF6 Assessment on the fulfillment of employee's obligations: participating actively in innovations initiated by the company

503 DCDMID1 Opinion on the decision on the personnel policy: My company listens to the opinions of most employees who are affected by the decisions 504 DCDMID2 Opinion on the decision on the personnel policy: My company collects enough information for quality decision

505 DCDMID3 Opinion on the decision on the personnel policy: The decision making is influenced by social connections tied to schools, hometowns, and kinships

506 DCDMID4 Opinion on the decision on the personnel policy: The decision making is affected by decision makers' prejudices and sentiments 507 DCDMID5 Opinion on the decision on the personnel policy: The rules and principles of decision making are not consistent

508 DCDMID6 Opinion on the decision on the personnel policy: The decision making is influenced by external power or private patrons' 'pulls' and 'politics' 509 DCDMID7 Opinion on the decision on the personnel policy: Levels of educational attainment are taken into consideration

510 DCDMID8 Opinion on the decision on the personnel policy: Levels of efforts, performance, ability, or skills are taken into consideration 511 DCDMID9 Opinion on the decision on the personnel policy: Gender discrimination occurs in the decision making

512 DCDMID11 Opinion on the decision on the personnel policy: The decision making does not reflect the opinions of people who would be affected by the decision

513 DCDMID21 Opinion on the decision on the personnel policy: The decision is made without sufficiently gathering the necessary information 514 DCDAFT1 What happens after the decision on the personnel policy: informs employees the decisions 515 DCDAFT2 What happens after the decision on the personnel policy: informs employees how the decisions were made 516 DCDAFT3 What happens after the decision on the personnel policy: explains potential consequences 517 DCDAFT4 What happens after the decision on the personnel policy: takes complementary measures 518 STRESWHY Main cause of stress (if stressed) 519 STRESFUL Level of stress 520 SATFACE1 life satisfaction in family relations 521 SATFACE2 life satisfaction in marital life 522 SATFACE3 life satisfaction in income 523 SATFACE4 life satisfaction in work 524 SATFACE5 life satisfaction in leisure 525 SATFACE6 life satisfaction in life as a whole 526 ARTOCC01 Occupations that are artists: Novelist 527 ARTOCC02 Occupations that are artists: Korean traditional percussion quartet 528 ARTOCC03 Occupations that are artists: Fashion designer 529 ARTOCC04 Occupations that are artists: Photographer 530 ARTOCC05 Occupations that are artists: Librarian 531 ARTOCC06 Occupations that are artists: Craftsman 532 ARTOCC07 Occupations that are artists: Announcer 533 ARTOCC08 Occupations that are artists: Pop singer 534 ARTOCC09 Occupations that are artists: Sound equipment operator 535 ARTOCC10 Occupations that are artists: TV drama producer 536 ARTOCC11 Occupations that are artists: Computer graphics designer 537 ARTOCC12 Occupations that are artists: Performing arts and entertainment planner 538 ARTCNCP1 Opinions about arts: the arts are artists' subjective expression of social reality 539 ARTCNCP2 Opinions about arts: the arts are aesthetic sublimation of artists' inner world 540 ARTCNCP3 Opinions about arts: artistic creation requires cooperation of many people

541 ARTCNCP4 Opinions about arts: the criteria that distinguish between great and mediocre arts are absolute across time and space 542 ARTFUNC1 Social functions of the arts: help refine people's sentiment and stabilize society 543 ARTFUNC2 Social functions of the arts: help create new values and advance the aesthetic level of society 544 ARTFUNC3 Social functions of the arts: help reveal and criticize social contradictions 545 ARTFUNC4 Social functions of the arts: help raise tolerance towards other people and cultures 546 ARTFUNC5 Social functions of the arts: contribute to regional economic growth 547 POPCNCP1 Opinion on mass culture: culture is generally classified into high and low culture 548 POPCNCP2 Opinion on mass culture: mass culture is neither good nor bad; it should be regarded as a matter of personal taste

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No. Variable Name Variable Labels 549 POPCNCP3 Opinion on mass culture: If mass culture develops too much, it deteriorates the quality of culture as a whole 550 ARCUPOL1 Opinion on popular culture: the government should support the arts and culture 551 ARCUPOL2 Opinion on popular culture: foreign arts and culture help advance Korean arts

552 ARCUPOL3 Opinion on popular culture: the government should support the economically disadvantaged students for their cultural and artistic experience

553 ARCUPOL4 Opinion on popular culture: free exchange of music or movie files through the Internet is of great help for many people

554 ARCUPOL5 Opinion on popular culture: there should be more TV programs which deal with serious arts(such as classical music, fine arts, play, literature, etc.) than are currently available 555 CULFAV1 Favorite cultural activity 556 CULFAV2 Second favorite cultural activity 557 CULACT01 Frequency of listening to music during the past year 558 CULACT02 Frequency of watching movies and animated films during the past year 559 CULACT03 Frequency of playing computer games during the past year 560 CULACT04 Frequency of going to watch live performance of traditional Korean arts during the past year 561 CULACT05 Frequency of watching theater play during the past year 562 CULACT06 Frequency of attending classical music concert during the past year 563 CULACT07 Frequency of going to watch musicals on stage during the past year 564 CULACT08 Frequency of attending pop music concerts the past year 565 CULACT09 Frequency of going to watch ballet or Western dance performance during the past year 566 CULACT10 Frequency of attending fine arts exhibitions during the past year 567 CULACT11 Frequency of visiting museums and cultural heritage sites during the past year 568 INTSRCH Frequency of web-searching for the information of live performances 569 MUSICUSA how much more/less R listens to American songs compared to Korean songs 570 MUSICJPN how much more/less R listens to Japanese songs compared to Korean songs 571 MUSICCHN how much more/less R listens to Chinese, Taiwanese, and Hong Kong songs compared to Korean songs 572 MUSICEUR how much more/less R listens to European songs compared to Korean songs 573 MOVIEUSA how much more/less R watches to American movies compared to Korean movies 574 MOVIEJPN how much more/less R watches to Japanese movies compared to Korean movies 575 MOVIECHN how much more/less R watches to Chinese, Taiwanese, and Hong Kong movies compared to Korean movies 576 MOVIEEUR how much more/less R watches to European movies compared to Korean movies 577 TVFAV1 Favorite TV show 578 TVFAV2 Second favorite TV show 579 MUSICFAV Favorite genre of music

580 CULREFER Consulting factors when making a decision to attend a performing art event, an artistic exhibition or a cultural event 581 MUSICVEH The most often used method to listen to music 582 MOVIEVEH The most often used method to watch movies 583 DOWNEXP Experience on downloading motion pictures or music from the Internet 584 UPEXP Experience on uploading motion pictures or music from the Internet 585 ITUSE01 Whether R uses the high-speed internet 586 ITUSE02 Whether R uses the cellular phone wireless Internet 587 ITUSE03 Whether R uses the ground DMB/satellite DMB 588 ITUSE04 Whether R uses the satellite TV/cable TV 589 ITUSE05 Whether R uses the Internet TV/ VOD 590 ITUSE06 Whether R uses the personal home page/mini home page/blog 591 ASSGRP01 R's experience in participating in hobby clubs related to the musical 592 ASSGRP02 R's experience in participating in hobby clubs related to the classical music 593 ASSGRP03 R's experience in participating in hobby clubs related to the ballet or dance 594 ASSGRP04 R's experience in participating in hobby clubs related to the traditional Korean arts 595 ASSGRP05 R's experience in participating in hobby clubs related to the fine arts 596 ASSGRP06 R's experience in participating in hobby clubs related to the photography 597 ASSGRP07 R's experience in participating in hobby clubs related to the play 598 ASSGRP08 R's experience in participating in hobby clubs related to the pop music 599 ASSGRP09 R's experience in participating in hobby clubs related to the movies and animated films 600 ASSGRP10 R's experience in participating in hobby clubs related to book reading 601 ASSGRP11 R's experience in participating in hobby clubs related to cartoons 602 ASSGRP12 R's experience in participating in hobby clubs related to TV dramas 603 ASSGRP13 R's experience in participating in hobby clubs related to the museums and cultural heritage 604 ASSGRP14 R's experience in participating in hobby clubs related to sports 605 INT1_R Internet's contribution to R: increasing education and cultural knowledge 606 INT2_R Internet's contribution to R: understanding foreign culture 607 INT3_R Internet's contribution to R: increasing attendance at performing arts or exhibitions 608 INT4_R Internet's contribution to R: expanding the range of music to listen to 609 INT5_R Internet's contribution to R: expanding the range of movies to watch 610 INT6_R Internet's contribution to R: increasing the time of reading 611 INT1_KR Internet's contribution to the Korean society: expanding the opportunities for cultural enjoyment 612 INT2_KR Internet's contribution to the Korean society: increasing cultural diversity 613 INT3_KR Internet's contribution to the Korean society: expanding Korean wave (Hallyu) 614 INT4_KR Internet's contribution to the Korean society: developing Korean film industry 615 INT5_KR Internet's contribution to the Korean society: expanding the domestic popular music market 616 INT6_KR Internet's contribution to the Korean society: reducing the cultural gap between generations 617 INT7_KR Internet's contribution to the Korean society: increasing the size of audience in performing arts 618 ARTRN R's education in the arts and culture 619 ARTRNYR1 R's age of receiving education in music for the first time 620 ARTRNYR2 R's age of receiving education in ballet or dance for the first time 621 ARTRNYR3 R's age of receiving education in fine arts and calligraphy for the first time 622 ARTRNYR4 R's age of receiving education in other arts and culture for the first time 623 ARTRNDU1 Period of time that R received music related education 624 ARTRNDU2 Period of time that R received ballet or dance related education 625 ARTRNDU3 Period of time that R received fine arts and calligraphy related education 626 ARTRNDU4 Period of time that R received other arts and culture related education

9

No. Variable Name Variable Labels 627 ARTOBS01 Barriers in attending performing arts events and arts exhibitions: lack of time 628 ARTOBS02 Barriers in attending performing arts events and arts exhibitions: expensive costs 629 ARTOBS03 Barriers in attending performing arts events and arts exhibitions: lack of interest 630 ARTOBS04 Barriers in attending performing arts events and arts exhibitions: no one to go with 631 ARTOBS05 Barriers in attending performing arts events and arts exhibitions: hard to bring family members 632 ARTOBS06 Barriers in attending performing arts events and arts exhibitions: feel uneasy and awkward about attending 633 ARTOBS07 Barriers in attending performing arts events and arts exhibitions: hard to understand 634 ARTOBS08 Barriers in attending performing arts events and arts exhibitions: health issues 635 ARTOBS09 Barriers in attending performing arts events and arts exhibitions: uncomfortable with the arts 636 ARTOBS10 Barriers in attending performing arts events and arts exhibitions: lack of arts facilities around 637 ARTOBS11 Barriers in attending performing arts events and arts exhibitions: low quality of the arts that are accessible 638 ARTOBS12 Barriers in attending performing arts events and arts exhibitions: inconvenient transportation 639 ARTOBS77 Barriers in attending performing arts events and arts exhibitions: other 640 NUMCNTCT Average number of people whom R has contacts on a day (2009) 641 HAPPINSS Happiness in life in general 642 EQPROMTN How fair are the opportunities for advancement 643 EQREGION How fair are differences among regions 644 SUCCESS Self-evaluation on R's socio-economic success 645 OCCST901 Social status of taxi drivers 646 OCCST902 Social status of newspaper reporters 647 OCCST903 Social status of nurses 648 OCCST931 Social status of barbers 649 OCCST905 Social status of directors of bureau 650 OCCST906 Social status of apartment guards 651 OCCST932 Social status of biological engineers 652 OCCST908 Social status of maids and housecleaners 653 OCCST909 Social status of junior high school teachers 654 OCCST910 Social status of dry cleaners 655 OCCST911 Social status of farmers 656 OCCST912 Social status of factory foremen 657 OCCST913 Social status of factory workers 658 OCCST914 Social status of assistant directors of bank 659 OCCST915 Social status of entertainers 660 OCCST916 Social status of judges 661 OCCST917 Social status of local-level civil servants 662 OCCST918 Social status of university professors 663 OCCST919 Social status of chief personnel in a section or department of small and medium companies 664 OCCST920 Social status of auto mechanics 665 OCCST921 Social status of army generals 666 OCCST933 Social status of medical doctors 667 OCCST923 Social status of sales persons in department store 668 OCCST924 Social status of manual workers 669 OCCST925 Social status of owners of electronic goods sales agents 670 OCCST926 Social status of managers or head persons in a larger section or department of large-scale companies 671 OCCST927 Social status of restaurant owners 672 OCCST928 Social status of street venders 673 OCCST929 Social status of traffic police 674 OCCST930 Social status of pharmacists 675 CONJPWR4 Decision making person for investment and asset management 676 DINNER main person to prepare dinner 677 CLEANING main person to clean the house 678 RAISE Main person to care and educate the children 679 STRSSECO Stress due to economic problems 680 STRSSJOB stress due to business or job problems 681 STRSSFAM stress due to family members such as spouse, children or parents 682 ORGAN Willingness to donate organs 683 SUICIDE1 Controversy over suicide: everybody has the likelihood to commit a suicide 684 SUICIDE2 Controversy over suicide: people have a right to commit a suicide 685 SUICIDE3 Controversy over suicide: there is a situation in which suicide is the only solution 686 SUICIDE4 Controversy over suicide: it is understandable for somebody who has an incurable disease to commit a suicide 687 SUICIDE5 Controversy over suicide: those who kill themselves in order to protect other people should be respected 688 SUICIDE6 Controversy over suicide: suicide attempts essentially are the request for assistance 689 SUICIDE7 Controversy over suicide: suicide can be prevented 690 SUICIDE8 Controversy over suicide: one should not talk about the suicide 691 SUICIDE9 Controversy over suicide: suicide is a very serious ethical sin 692 SUICID10 Controversy over suicide: those who kill themselves have mental problems 693 SUICID11 Controversy over suicide: suicide is one of the worst things to family and relatives 694 SUICID12 Controversy over suicide: I cannot understand how people kill themselves 695 SUICID13 Controversy over suicide: responsibility for the suicide lies not in the individual but in the society

696 SUICID14 Controversy over suicide: suicide of famous people such as entertainers has an impact on the suicide of ordinary people 697 THINKDIE R's experience of wishing to harm himself/herself during the past month 698 HURTSELF R's experience of thinking that he/she would be better off dead during the past month 699 THNKSUI R's experience of thinking of suicides during the past month 700 PLANSUI R's experience of having a suicide plan during the past month 701 ATTMTSUI R's experience of attempting a suicide during the past month 702 SUIKNEW1 Someone close to R thinks about suicide 703 COMMTSUI R's experience of attempting a suicide ever in his/her life 704 SUIKNEW2 Someone close to R attempted suicide but failed 705 SUIKNEW3 Someone close to R committed suicide 706 DOMOREWK Agree or disagree: still has many things left to do 707 RSNTOLIV Agree or disagree: believes that he/she can find a purpose of life

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No. Variable Name Variable Labels 708 HAVEPLAN Agree or disagree: has future plans 709 LIFCNTRL Agree or disagree: believes that he/she has control over life and destiny 710 SLPDSODR Mental issues over the last 2 weeks: having trouble falling asleep, staying asleep, or sleeping too much 711 FATIGUE Mental issues over the last 2 weeks: feeling tired or having little energy 712 EATDSODR Mental issues over the last 2 weeks: poor appetite or overeating 713 STRDECLN Mental issues over the last 2 weeks: little interest or pleasure in doing things 714 FEELDOWN Mental issues over the last 2 weeks: feeling down, depressed, or hopeless

715 FEELBAD Mental issues over the last 2 weeks: feeling bad about yourself, feeling that you are a failure, or feeling that you have let yourself or your family down

716 HRDFOCSD Mental issues over the last 2 weeks: having trouble concentrating on things such as reading the newspaper or watching television

717 FEELNRVS Mental issues over the last 2 weeks: moving or speaking so slowly that other people could have noticed. Or being so fidgety or restless that you have been moving around a lot more than usual

718 BETTRDIE Mental issues over the last 2 weeks: thinking that you would be better off dead or that you want to hurt yourself in some way 719 EMOTION Frequency of having difficulties to control behaviors when upset

720 HRDSOC (if checked off any problem) how much those problems caused R to have difficulties on doing R's job, taking care of things at home, or getting along with others 721 ASCRPSLF Belief that unpleasant things are caused by R 722 ASCRPOTH Belief that unpleasant things are caused by others 723 FRACTURE Fracture, joint injuries 724 ARTHRITS Arthritis, rheumatism 725 HEARTPRB Heart diseases 726 ASTHMA Breathing problems, Lung diseases Asthma 727 STROKE Stroke 728 DIABETES Diabetes 729 HYPRTNSN Hypertension 730 BACKPAIN Back or neck problems 731 CANCER cancer 732 DENTLPRB Dental and oral problems 733 VSIONPRB Eyesight problems 734 HEARPRB Auditory problems 735 ALZHEIMR Dementia 736 DPRESSN Depression, anxiety, or emotional problems 737 RETARD Mental retardation 738 OBESITY Obesity 739 AGEING Old age 740 SYMPTOTH Other