““Kojanglish”: Korean and Kojanglish”: Korean and Japanese English vocabularyJapanese English vocabulary

Judy Yoneoka 2012

““Janglish” and “Konglish”Janglish” and “Konglish” Janglish The language of Nippon is being

subtly transformed through a reckless frenzy of linguistic borrowing, and … this katakana revolution will ultimately only dilute and pollute it. 　 (Denbushi blog, Aug. 3, 2003)

Konglish How bad can bad English get? Very bad indeed, … "Konglish“ (is) the hybrid of jazzy Korean and messy English that, "like heavy traffic is an unpleasant but tolerable side of life" in the East Asian capital. (Cohen 2001)

1. Historically similar 1. Historically similar “Kojanglish”“Kojanglish”

Prewar “Kojanglish”Prewar “Kojanglish”

--More than 1,400 words from foreign languages (especially English) in Japanese before 1945

– mishin (sewing machine) 1861– ou rai (all right) 1864– stove (heater) 1868– match (matches) 1870– stand (lamp) 1872 – gown (robe) 1884– trump (cards) 1884– hairpin (hair clip) 1885– hotchkiss (stapler) 1906

Postwar Postwar KojanglishKojanglishKonglishKonglish

After World War II, there were efforts to delete Japanese and Japanese style English loan words from the Korean lexicon, and/or to “correct” the pronunciation of Japanese English.

e.g. ppada ‘butter’ pӧthӧ takusi ‘taxi’ thaeksi hoteru ‘hotel’ hotel (Shim 1994:228)

But “Kojanglish” still existsBut “Kojanglish” still exists50-60% of “Konglish”=“Janglish”Another 20% or so is “understandably similar”

– ball pen (ball-point pen)– talent (entertainer)– vinyl (plastic)– rimocon (remote control)– sign pen (felt pen)– symbol mark (logo)– golden time (prime time)

… …And “Konglish” from JapanAnd “Konglish” from Japan

hand(i)phone (cell phone) motel skinship Japanese Konglish: “jake” “pas” “bansoko”

“kisu” White day -- originated in Japan 1980, and

spread to Korea. “Black Day” – April 14 is for people who did not give or receive

gifts, and it is celebrated by eating black Jajang noodles.

2. Formally similar Korean 2. Formally similar Korean and Japanese Englishand Japanese English

““Kojanglish Creation”Kojanglish Creation”process 1: Truncationprocess 1: Truncation

Prewar: apart(ment building), note(book), ero(tic), cray(on)-pas(tel) centi(meter), demo(nstration)

Postwar: remo(te) con(trol), cream sand(wich), (news)caster, air con(ditioning), (loud)speaker

JE only: anime(shon), barten(der), fami(ly) res(taurant), mail ad(dress), appli(cation), pro wres(tling), mother com(plex)

KE only: night (club), white(-out), le(isure)(s)ports, depre(ssion), gang(ster) movie, (com)ment 、 (mee)ting

Sharp pencil -- sharp in KE, shapen in JE Kentucky Fried Chicken -- kenchiki in JE and Kentucky chiken in

KE

=the process of truncation was in place in both languages before the war, and has continued independently since.

““Kojanglish Creation”Kojanglish Creation”process 2: “Plurality“process 2: “Plurality“

“Extra”　pluralsdonuts, peanuts, shirts, fruits　“Missing”　plurals　sunglass, slipper, corn flake, manner, suspender,　match

Very　regular!!　　　

=No plurality in either variety

““Kojanglish Creation”Kojanglish Creation”3: Acronyms3: Acronyms

Largely postwar except SOS (1912)). Common to KE and JE: SF, OL, OA

KE alone: D/B = Database, D/C = discount, O/D = Owner-driver, O/T = Orientation, MT = membership training, OST = sound track, PD = producer director

JE alone: OB old boy, OG old girl, QC quality control, (L)DK=living, dining, kitchen, LL=language lab, BF= boyfriend, GF= girlfriend, SL=steam locomotive, TT =team teaching

commercial CF in KE CM in JE After sales service A/S in KE after-service in JE

=The process of creating acronyms developed independently, possibly commonly based on US military English? (GHQ, GI, etc.)

““Kojanglish 4” : HybridsKojanglish 4” : Hybrids

Common to both: 電子 range, 検索 engine

JE only KE only PET bottle PET 瓶 mailing list mail 目録 image change image 変身 発砲 styrol styropon vinyl 袋 vinyl bag hairpin 머리 pin

= Hybridization is an independent but similar process in both languages

３３ . Functionally similar . Functionally similar Korean and Japanese Korean and Japanese

EnglishEnglish

English = Westernization = English = Westernization = modernizationmodernization

“decorative English”

English in business, advertising, music, TV, etc. promotes a “cool” image.

Examples:Examples:

LOTTE ExamplesLOTTE Examples

More Examples of Bridging More Examples of Bridging the Gap with Englishthe Gap with English

“ “Kojanglish” can play a role as a Kojanglish” can play a role as a bridge between Korea and Japanbridge between Korea and JapanFor three reasons:1. In terms of common script, Korea and Japan

have no other choice (kanji have different readings).

2. Like Cinderella, it is familiar and appealing, and has a positive image for both.

3. Because of historical and formal similarity, there is no need for either country to worry about being “wrong” -- JE and KE are already “wrong” in so many of the same ways.

Selected BibliographySelected Bibliography Przybyla　III,　L.　H.　Konglish2　(2004)　available　online　at　Leon’s　EFL　Planet　http://efl.htmlplanet.com/konglish.htm

Shim,　Rosa　Jinyoung　(1999).　"Codified　Korean　English:　Process,　Characteristics　and　Consequence."　World Englishes　18:　247-258.

Song,　Jae　Jung　(1998).　“English　in　South　Korea”,　Australian　Linguistic　Society,　available　online　at　http://www.cltr.uq.edu.au/als98/jsong426.html

Tranter,　Nicolas　(1997).　“Hybrid　Anglo-Japanese　loans　in　Korean”,　Linguistics　35　133-166.　Tranter,　Nicolas　(2000).　“The　phonology　of　English　loan-words　in　Korean”,　Word.　51-3,　p.　337-404.　

Umegaki,　Minoru,　ed.　(1977). A Dictionary of Loan-words (Gairaigo Jiten,　in　Japanese).　Tokyo:　Tokyodo　shuppan.