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  • Goguryeo 1

    Goguryeo

    Goguryeo

    37BCE668CE

    Goguryeo at its height in 476.Capital Jolbon

    (37 BCE 3 CE)Gungnae(3427)Pyongyang(427668)

    Language(s) Goguryeo language(Part of Old Korean)

    Religion Buddhism, Confucianism, Taoism, Korean shamanism

    Government Monarchy

    Monarch

    - 3719 BCE Dongmyeong

    - 391413 Gwanggaeto the Great

    - 413491 Jangsu

    - 590618 Yeongyang

    Historical era Ancient

    -Establishment 37 BCE

    -Introduction of Buddhism 372

    -Campaigns of Gwanggaeto the Great 391413

  • Goguryeo 2

    -Goguryeo-Sui Wars 598614

    -Goguryeo-Tang Wars 645668

    -Fall of Pyongyang 668 CE

    Population

    - est. 3,500,000 (at the time of its fall at 668 CE)

    Goguryeo or Kogury (Korean pronunciation:[kouj]) was an ancient Korean kingdom located in present daynorthern and central parts of the Korean Peninsula, southern Manchuria, and southern Russian Maritime province.Along with Baekje and Silla, Goguryeo was one of the Three Kingdoms of Korea. Goguryeo was an activeparticipant in the power struggle for control of the Korean peninsula as well as associated with the foreign affairs ofneighboring polities in China and Japan.The Samguk Sagi, a 12th century CE Goryeo text, indicates that Goguryeo was founded in 37 BC by Jumong, aprince from Buyeo, although there is archaeological and textual evidence that suggests Goguryeo culture was inexistence since the 2nd century BCE around the fall of Gojoseon, an earlier kingdom that also occupied southernManchuria and northern Korea.Goguryeo was a major dynasty in Northeast Asia, until it was defeated by a Silla-Tang alliance in 668 CE. After itsdefeat, its territory was divided among the Unified Silla, Balhae, and Tang dynasty.Goguryeo changed its name into Goryeo (Kory) during the reign of King Jangsu, and such name was succeeded byGoryeo Dynasty (918-1392), from which the English word "Korea" stemmed.

    History

    Goguryeo

    Goguryeo tomb mural.

    Korean name

    Hangul Hanja Revised Romanization Goguryeo

    McCuneReischauer Kogury

  • Goguryeo 3

    History of Manchuria

    Not based on timeline

    Early tribes

    Gojoseon

    Yan (state)

    Han Dynasty | Xiongnu

    Donghu | Wiman Joseon

    Wuhuan | Sushen | Buyeo | Okjeo

    Xianbei

    Cao Wei

    Jin Dynasty (265420)

    Yuwen

    Former Yan

    Former Qin

    Later Yan

    Goguryeo

    Balhae (Bohai)

    Northern Yan

    Mohe | Shiwei

    Khitan | Kumo Xi

    Northern Wei

    Tang Dynasty

    Liao Dynasty

    Jin Dynasty (1115-1234)

    Yuan Dynasty

    Ming Dynasty

    Qing Dynasty

    Far Eastern Republic

    Green Ukraine

    Republic of China

    Soviet Union

    Manchukuo

    China (Northeast China)

    Russia (Russian Far East)

  • Goguryeo 4

    Monarchs of KoreaGoguryeo

    Dongmyeong 37-19 BCE Yuri 19 BCE-18 CE Daemusin 18-44 Minjung 44-48 Mobon 48-53 Taejo 53-146 Chadae 146-165 Sindae 165-179 Gogukcheon 179-197 Sansang 197-227 Dongcheon 227-248 Jungcheon 248-270 Seocheon 270-292 Bongsang 292-300 Micheon 300-331 Gogug-won 331-371 Sosurim 371-384 Gogug-yang 384-391 Gwanggaeto the Great 391-413 Jangsu 413-490 Munja 491-519 Anjang 519-531 An-won 531-545 Yang-won 545-559 Pyeong-won 559-590 Yeong-yang 590-618 Yeong-nyu 618-642 Bojang 642-668

  • Goguryeo 5

    Founding of Goguryeo (c. 37 BCE)

    ProtoThree Kingdoms, c. 1 CE.

    According to the 12th century Samguk Sagi and the 13th centurySamguk Yusa, a prince from the kingdom of Buyeo, namedJumong, fled after a power struggle with other princes of theBuyeo court[1] and founded the Goguryeo state in 37 BCE in aregion called Jolbon Buyeo, usually thought to be located in themiddle Yalu and T'ung-chia river basin, overlapping the currentChina-North Korea border. Some scholars believe that Goguryeomay have been founded in the 2nd century BCE.[2] In thegeographic monographs of the Han Shu, the word Goguryeo or" " was first mentioned in 113 BCE as a region under thejurisdiction of the Xuantu commandery.[3] In the Old Book ofTang, it is recorded that Emperor Taizong of Tang refers toGoguryeo's history as being some 900 years old.

    In 75 BCE, a group of Yemaek tribes (a proto-Goguryeo typepeople), which may have included Goguryeo, made an incursioninto China's Xuantu commandery west from the Amnok River

    valley.[4]

    However, the weight of textual evidence from the Old and New Histories of Tang, the Samguk Sagi, the NihonShoki as well as other ancient sources would support a 37 BCE or "middle" 1st century BCE foundation date forGoguryeo.[5] Archaeological evidence would support centralized groups of Yemaek tribes in the 2nd century BCE,but there is no direct evidence that would suggest these Yemaek groups were known as or would identify themselvesas Goguryeo. The first mention of Goguryeo as a group type associated with Yemaek tribes would be a reference inthe Han Shu that discusses a Goguryeo revolt in 12 CE, where they break away from Xuantu influence.[6][7] Whetheror not this revolt was an attempt to restore a previously-held sovereignty (which would imply a somewhat olderfounding date for Goguryeo) or an establishment of a new, independent entity is unclear.

    At its founding, the Goguryeo people are believed to be a blend of Buyeo and Yemaek people, as leadership fromBuyeo may have fled their kingdom and integrated with existing Yemaek chiefdoms.[8] The San Guo Zhi, in thesection titled "Accounts of the Eastern Barbarians", states that Buyeo and the Yemaek people were ethnically relatedand spoke the same language.[9]

    Jumong and the foundation myth

    The earliest mention of Jumong is in the 4th century CE. Stele of Great King Gwanggaeto. Jumong is often said tobe the Korean transcription of the hanja as (Jumong, ), (Chumo, ), or (Jungmo, ).The Stele states that Jumong was the first king and ancestor of Goguryeo and he was the son of the prince of Buyeoand daughter of the river deity Habaek.[10] The Samguk Sagi and Samguk Yusa paints additional detail and namesJumong's mother as Yuhwa. Jumong's biological father was said to be a man named Hae Mosu who is described as a"strong man" and "a heavenly prince."[11] The river god chased Yuhwa away to Ubal river (, ) dueto pregnancy, where she met and became the concubine of King Geumwa of Dongbuyeo.Jumong was known for his exceptional skill at archery. Eventually, Geumwa's sons became jealous of him, andJumong was forced to leave Dongbuyeo.[12] The Stele and later Korean sources disagree as to which Buyeo Jumongcame from. The Stele says he came from Northern Buyeo and the Samguk Sagi and Samguk Yusa say he came fromEastern Buyeo. Jumong eventually made it to the Jolbon Buyeo confederacy, where he married So Seo-no, daughterof its ruler. He subsequently became king himself, founding Goguryeo with a small group of his followers from hisnative country.

  • Goguryeo 6

    A traditional account from the "Annals of Baekje" section in the Samguk Sagi, says that So Seo-no was the daughterof Yeon Ta-bal, a wealthy influential figure in Jolbon[13] and married to Jumong. However, the same sourceofficially states that the king of Jolbon Buyeo gave his daughter to Jumong, who had escaped with his followersfrom Dongbuyeo, in marriage. She gave her husband, Jumong financial support[14] in founding the new statelet,Goguryeo. After Yuri, son of Jumong and his first wife, Lady Ye, came from Dongbuyeo and succeeded Jumong,she left Goguryeo, taking her two sons Biryu and Onjo south to found their own kingdoms.

    Jumong's given surname was "Hae" (), the name of the Buyeo rulers. According to the Samguk Yusa, Jumongchanged his surname to "Go" (), in conscious reflection of his divine parentage.[15] Jumong is recorded to haveconquered the tribal states of Biryu (, ) in 36 BCE, Haeng-in (, ) in 33 BCE, andNorth Okjeo in 28 BCE.[16][17]

    Centralization and early expansion (mid 1st century CE)Goguryeo developed from a league of various Yemaek tribes to an early state and rapidly expanded its power fromtheir original basin of control in the Hun River drainage. The Goguryeo homeland, currently known as central andsouthern Manchuria and northern Korea, was, as it is now, very mountainous and lacking in arable land; this territorycould barely feed Goguryeo's own population and at times proved unable to do so. Goguryeo was known for beingfond of raiding their neighbors so they could expand their resource base and food stores. In the time of king Taejo ofGoguryeo in 53 CE, five local tribes were reorganized into five centrally ruled districts. Foreign relations and themilitary were controlled by the king. Aggressive military activities may have allowed Goguryeo to exact tribute fromtheir tribal neighbors and to even dominate them politically and economically.[18]

    Taejo conquered the Okjeo tribes of what is now northeastern Korea as well as the Eastern Ye and other tribes inSoutheastern Manchuria and Northern Korea. From the increase of resources and manpower that these subjugatedtribes gave him, Taejo led Goguryeo in attacking Han China's commanderies of Lelang, Xuantu, and Liaodong in theKorean and Liaodong peninsulas, becoming fully independent from the Han commanderies.[19]

    Generally, Taejo allowed the conquered tribes to retain their chieftains, but required them to report to governors whowere related to Goguryeo's royal line; tribes under Goguryeo's jurisdiction were expected to provide heavy tribute.Taejo and his successors channeled these increased resources to continuing Goguryeo's expansion to the north andwest. New laws regulated peasants and the aristocracy, as tribal leaders continued to be absorbed into the centralaristocracy. Royal succession changed from fraternal to patrilineal, stabilizing the royal court.[20]

    The expanding Goguryeo kingdom soon entered into direct military contact with the Liaodong commandery to itswest. Pressure from Liadong forced Goguryeo to move their capital in the Hun River valley to the Yalu River valleynear Mt. Hwando.[21]

    Goguryeo-Wei War (244 CE)In the chaos following the fall of the Han Dynasty, the former Han commanderies had broken free of control andwere ruled by various independent warlords. Surrounded by these commanderies, who were governed by aggressivewarlords, Goguryeo moved to improve relations with the newly created Wei Dynasty of China and sent tribute in220. In 238, Goguryeo entered into a formal alliance with the Wei to destroy the Liaodong commandery.When Liaodong was finally conquered by Wei, cooperation between Wei and Goguryeo fell apart and Goguryeoattacked the western edges of Liaodong, which incited a Wei counterattack in 244. On this occasion, Wei reachedand destroyed the Goguryeo capital at Hwando. It is said that the King Dongcheon, with his army destroyed, and fleefor a while to the Okjeo tribes in the east.[22]

  • Goguryeo 7

    Revival and further expansion (300 to 390)The Wei armies thought they had destroyed Goguryeo and soon left the area. However, in only 70 years, Goguryeorebuilt their capital Hwando Mountain Fortress and again began to raid the Liaodong, Lelang and Xuantucommandaries. As Goguryeo extended its reach into the Liaodong peninsula, the last Chinese commandery at Lelangwas conquered and absorbed by Micheon of Goguryeo in 313, bringing the northern part of the Korean peninsulainto the fold.[23] From that point on, until the 7th century CE, territorial control of the peninsula would be contestedprimarily by the Three Kingdoms of Korea.The expansion met temporary setbacks when in winter 342, Former Yan, Chinese Sixteen Kingdoms state of Xianbeiethnicity, attacked Goguryeo's capital, and entering its capital Hwando and forcing its King Gogukwon to flee for awhile. In 371, when King Geunchogo of Baekje sacked one of Goguryeo's largest cities, Pyongyang, and killed KingGogukwon of Goguryeo in the Battle of Chiyang.[24]

    Turning to domestic stability and the unification of various conquered tribes, Sosurim of Goguryeo proclaimed newlaws, embraced Buddhism as the national religion in 372, and established a national educational institute called theTaehak (, ).[25] Due to the defeats that Goguryeo had suffered at the hands of Former Yan and Baekje,Sosurim also instituted military reforms aimed at preventing such defeats in the future.[26]

    Zenith of Goguryeo's Power (391 to 531 CE)

    Goguryeo at its height in 476 CE.

    Gwanggaeto the Great (R. 391412 CE) was a highlyenergetic monarch that is remembered for his rapidmilitary expansion of the realm.[26]

    Gwanggaetto is said to have conquered 64 walled citiesand 1,400 villages from campaigns against Khitan andBaekje,[27] destroyed Later Yan and took the entireLiaodong Peninsula in 404. He also annexed Buyeopractically, and expended to the territory of Mohetribes in north, subjugated Baekje, contributed to thedissolution of the Gaya confederacy, annexed Wa(Japan) overseas and coerced Silla into agreeing tobecome a protectorate through the GoguryeoYamatoWar. In doing so, he brought about a loose unificationof the Korean peninsula that lasted about 50 years. Bythe end of his reign, Goguryeo had achieved undisputedcontrol of southern Manchuria, and the northern andcentral regions of the Korean Peninsula.[28]

    During this period, Goguryeo territory included threefourths of the Korean peninsula, including what is nowSeoul, and much of southern Manchuria and the

    southeastern end of Russian maritime province. Gwanggaeto instituted the reign name of "Yeongnak", thussignifying his belief that he was on an equal footing with the major Chinese dynasties.[29]

    Gwanggaeto's exploits have been recorded on a huge memorial stele located near present day Jilin in southernManchuria, that was erected by his son, Jangsu.King Jangsu ascended to the throne in 413 and moved the capital to Pyongyang in 427, which is evidence of the intensifying rivalries between Goguryeo and the other two peninsular kingdoms of Baekje and Silla to its south. Jangsu, like his father, continued Goguryeo's territorial expansion into Manchuria and reached the eastern Songhua River. Goguryeo expanded its sphere of influence to Didouyu (, ) located in eastern Mongolia with

  • Goguryeo 8

    Rouran during his reign.During the reign of Munja, Goguryeo completely annexed Buyeo, signifying Goguryeo's furthest-ever expansionnorth, while continuing its strong influence over the kingdoms of Silla and Baekje, and also over Malgal and Khitantribes.

    Internal strife (531 to 551)Goguryeo reached its zenith in the 6th century. After this, however, it began a steady decline. Anjang wasassassinated, and succeeded by his brother Anwon, during whose reign aristocratic factionalism increased. Apolitical schism deepened as two factions advocated different princes for succession, until the eight year-oldYang-won was finally crowned. But the power struggle was never resolved definitively, as renegade magistrateswith private armies appointed themselves de facto rulers of their areas of control.Taking advantage of Goguryeo's internal struggle, a nomadic group called the Tuchueh attacked Goguryeo's northerncastles in the 550s and conquered some of Goguryeo's northern lands. Weakening Goguryeo even more, as civil warcontinued among feudal lords over royal succession, Baekje and Silla allied to attack Goguryeo from the south in551.

    Conflicts of the late 6th and 7th centuries CEIn the late 6th and early 7th centuries, Goguryeo was often in conflict with the Sui and Tang Dynasties of China. Itsrelations with Baekje and Silla were complex and alternated between alliances and enmity. A neighbor in thenorthwest were the Eastern Gktrk (a khanate in northwestern China and near Mongolia) which was a nominal allyof Goguryeo.

    Goguryeo's loss of the Han River Valley

    In 551 CE, Baekje and Silla entered into an alliance to attack Goguryeo and conquer the Han River valley, animportant strategic area close to the center of the peninsula and a very rich agricultural region. After Baekjeexhausted themselves with a series of costly assaults on Goguryeo fortifications, Silla troops, arriving on thepretense of offering assistance, attacked and took possession of the entire Han River valley in 553. Incensed by thisbetrayal, Baekje's King Seong in the following year launched a retaliatory strike against Silla's western border butwas captured and killed.The war, along the middle of the Korean peninsula, had very important consequences. It effectively made Baekje theweakest player on the Korean peninsula and gave Silla an important resource and population rich area as a base forexpansion. Conversely, it denied Goguryeo the use of the area, which weakened the kingdom. It also gave Silladirect access to the Yellow Sea, opening up trade and diplomatic access to the Chinese dynasties and acceleratingSilla's process of sinification. Thus, Silla could rely less on Goguryeo for elements of civilization and could getculture and technology directly from China. This increasing tilt of Silla to China would result in an alliance thatwould prove disastrous for Goguryeo in the late 7th century CE.

  • Goguryeo 9

    Goguryeo-Sui Wars

    Goguryeo's expansion conflicted with the Sui Dynasty and increased tensions. Goguryeo military offensives in thewestern Liaoxi region provoked the Sui and resulted in the first of the Goguryeo-Sui Wars in 598. In this campaign,as with those that followed in 612, 613, and 614, Sui was unsuccessful in overrunning Goguryeo, but did gain minorconcessions and promises of submission that were never fulfilled.Sui's most disastrous campaigns against Goguryeo was in 612, in which Sui, according to the History of the SuiDynasty, mobilized 30 Division armies, about 1,133,800 combat troops. Pinned along Goguryeo's line offortifications on the Liao river, a detachment of 9 Division armies, about 305,000 troops, bypassed the maindefensive lines and headed towards the Goguryeo capital of Pyongyang to link up with Sui naval forces whichcontained reinforcements and supplies.However, Goguryeo was able to defeat the Sui navy, thus when the Sui's 9 Division armies finally reachedPyongyang, they didn't have the supplies for a lengthy siege. Sui troops retreated, but General Eulji Mundeok led theGoguryeo troops to victory by luring them into an ambush outside of Pyongyang. At the Battle of Salsu River,Goguryeo soldiers released water from a dam, which split the Sui army and cut off their escape route. Of the original305,000 soldiers, only 2,700 escaped to Sui China.The 613 and 614 campaigns were aborted after launchthe 613 campaign was terminated when the Sui generalYang Xuangan rebelled against Emperor Yang of Sui, while the 614 campaign was terminated after Goguryeooffered surrender and returned Husi Zheng ( ), a defecting Sui general who had fled to Goguryeo, EmperorYang later had Husi executed. Emperor Yang planned another attack on Goguryeo in 615, but due to Sui'sdeteroriating internal state he was never able to launch it. Sui was weakened due to rebellions against EmperorYang's rule. They could not attack further because the soldiers in the Sui heartland would not send logistical support.The wars depleted the national treasury of the Sui and after revolts and political strife, the Sui Dynasty disintegratedin 618. However, the wars also exhausted Goguryeo's strength and its power declined.

    Goguryeo-Tang War and Silla-Tang alliance

    In the winter 642, King Yeongnyu was apprehensive about his general Yeon Gaesomun and was plotting with hisother officials to kill Yeon. When Yeon received the news, he started a coup and killed the king and the high levelofficials. He declared King Yeongnyu's nephew Go Jang as the King, while taking power himself with the title ofDae Mangniji (, , Generalissimo). He increased tensions between Tang and Goguryeo, asYeon took an increasingly provocative stance against Tang. When Emperor Taizong of Tang received the news,there were suggestions that an attack be launched against Goguryeo, suggestions that Emperor Taizong initiallydeclined.

    By summer 645, Goguryeo was attacked by Tang Chinese army. Tang forces had captured Yodong ( , inmodern Liaoyang, Liaoning), and headed southeast toward the Goguryeo capital Pyongyang, and then put Ansi (, in modern Anshan, Liaoning) under siege. However, the capable defense put up by Ansi's commanding general(whose name is controversial but traditionally is believed to be Yang Manchun) stymied Tang forces and, in late fall,with winter fast approaching and his food supplies running out, Emperor Taizong withdrew. The campaign wasunsuccessful for the Tang Chinese, failing to capture fortified Ansi after long time siege.[24] Emperor Taizong muchregretted to launch the campaign and is believed to suffer from an illness.Some Korean sources indicates that Taizong is believed to have died after the failed invasion, largely due to bothphysical and psychological damage that he gained during the campaign; he was shot in his eye during the battle ofAnsi, and he got more and more mentally unstable as the Tang army repeated defeats.[30][31] Contrary to this,Chinese source such as Book of Tang and New Book of Tang did not mention the injury and Zizhi Tongjian did notspecify the nature or the cause.[32] After Tang Taizong's death in 649, Tang armies were again sent to conquerGoguryeo in 661 and 662, but could not overcome the successful defense led by Yeon Gaesomun and was not able toconquer Goguryeo, although the Tang attacks inflicted substantial losses.[33][34]

  • Goguryeo 10

    Fall

    Goguryeo's ally in the southwest, Baekje, fell to the Silla-Tang alliance in 660; the victorious allies continued theirassault on Goguryeo for the next eight years.In summer 666, Yeon Gaesomun died and was initially succeeded as Dae Mangniji by his oldest son YeonNamsaeng. As Yeon Namsaeng subsequently carried out a tour of Goguryeo territory, however, rumors began tospread both that Yeon Namsaeng was going to kill his younger brothers Yeon Namgeon and Yeon Namsan, whomhe had left in charge at Pyongyang, and that Yeon Namgeon and Yeon Namsan were planning to rebel against YeonNamsaeng. When Yeon Namsaeng subsequently sent officials close to him back to Pyongyang to try to spy on thesituation, Yeon Namgeon arrested them and declared himself Dae Mangniji, attacking his brother. Yeon Namsaengsent his son Quan Xiancheng ( ), as Yeon Namsaeng changed his family name from Yeon () to Gwon() observe naming taboo for Emperor Gaozu, to Tang to seek aid. Emperor Gaozong of Tang saw this as theopportunity to destroy Goguryeo, and he sent the army to attack Goguryeo.

    In 667, Chinese army crossed the Liao River and captured Sinseong ( , in modern Fushun, Liaoning). The Tangforces thereafter fought off counterattacks by Yeon Namgeon and joined forces with Yeon Namsaeng, although theywere initially unable to cross the Yalu River. In spring 668, Li Ji turned his attention to Goguryeo's northern cities,capturing the important city Buyeo ( , in modern Siping, Jilin). In fall 668, he crossed the Yalu River and putPyongyang under siege with the Silla army.Yeon Namsan and King Bojang surrendered, and while Yeon Namgeon continued to resist in the inner city, hisgeneral, the Buddhist monk Shin Seong ( ) turned against him and surrendered the inner city to Tang forces.Yeon Namgeon tried to commit suicide, but was seized and treated. This was the end of Goguryeo, and Tangannexed Goguryeo into its territory, with Xue Rengui being put initially in charge of former Goguryeo territory asprotector general.However, there was much resistance to Tang rule (fanned by Silla, which was displeased that Tang did not give theGoguryeo territory to it), and in 669, following Emperor Gaozong's order, a part of the Goguryeo people were forcedto move to the region between the Yangtze River and the Huai River, as well as the regions south of the QinlingMountains and west of Chang'an, only leaving old and weak inhabitants in the original land. Silla thus unified mostof the Korean peninsula in 668, but the kingdom's reliance on China's Tang Dynasty had its price. Tang set up theProtectorate General to Pacify the East, governed by Xue Rengui, but faced increasing problems ruling the formerinhabitants of Goguryeo, as well as Silla's resistance to Tang's remaining presence on the Korean Peninsula. Sillahad to forcibly resist the imposition of Chinese rule over the entire peninsula, which lead to the SillaTang Wars, buttheir own strength did not extend beyond the Taedong River.

    Revival movements

    After the fall of Goguryeo in 668, many Goguryeo people rebelled against the Tang and Silla by starting Goguryeorevival movements. Among these were Geom Mojam, Dae Jung-sang, and several famous generals. The TangDynasty tried but failed to establish several commanderies to rule over the area.In 677, Tang crowned former king Bojang as the "King of Joseon (Chaoxian)" and put him in charge of theLiaodong commandery of the Protectorate General to Pacify the East. However, King Bojang continued to fermentrebellions against Tang in an attempt to revive Goguryeo, organizing Goguryeo refugees and allying with the Mohetribes. He was eventually exiled to Szechuan in 681, and died the following year.The Protectorate General to Pacify the East was installed by the Tang government to rule and keep control over the former territories of the fallen Goguryeo. It was first put under the control of Tang General Xue Rengui, but was later replaced by King Bojang due the negative responses of the Goguryeo people. Bojang was sent into exile for assisting Goguryeo revival movements, but was succeeded by his descendants. Go Jang's descendants declared independence from the Tang during the time at which An Shi Rebellion and Yi Jeonggi's rebellion in Shandong, China.[35][36] The Protectorate General to Pacify the East was renamed "Lesser Goguryeo" until its eventual

  • Goguryeo 11

    absorption into Balhae under the reign of King Seon of Balhae.Geom Mojam and Anseung rose briefly at Hanseong, but failed, when Anseung surrendered to Silla. Go Anseungordered the assassination of Geom Mojam, and defected to Silla, where he was given a small amount of land to ruleover. There, Anseung established the Kingdom of Bodeok, incited a rebellion, which was promptly crushed by KingSinmun. Anseung was then forced to reside in the Silla capital, given a Silla bride and had to adopt the Silla Royalsurname of "Kim."Dae Jung-sang and his son Dae Joyeong, both former Goguryeo generals, regained most of Goguryeo's northern landafter its downfall in 668, established the kingdom Great Jin, which was renamed to Balhae after the death of DaeJung-sang. To the south of Balhae, Silla controlled the Korean peninsula south of the Taedong River, and Manchuria(present-day northeastern China) was conquered by Balhae. Balhae considered itself (particularly in diplomaticcorrespondence with Japan) the successor state to Goguryeo.In the early 10th century, Gung-ye, a rebel general, established Taebong, later renamed to Hu-Goguryeo ("LaterGoguryeo"), which briefly rose in rebellion against Silla. Taebong also considered itself to be a successor ofGoguryeo, as did Goryeo, the state that replaced Silla to rule the unified Korean peninsula.

    MilitaryThe unified military of Goguryeo was actually a conglomerate of combined local garrisons and private militia.Military positions were hereditary, and there is no evidence of uniform structure or chain of command. A centralizedmilitary command structure was not instituted until the Goryeo Dynasty. Most likely in times of war manpower washastily conscripted from local populace, and a standing army of Goguryeo of about 50,000 remained extant at anytime.A Tang treatise of 668 records a total of 675,000 displaced personnel and 176 military garrisons after the surrenderof King Bojang.Every man in Goguryeo was required to serve in the military, or could avoid conscription by paying extra grain tax.Archeological finds over Guonei and in the tombs of neighboring kingdoms found spiked iron bronze sandals about11cm long. They were probably used for military applications. Similar copies were also found in Japanese imperialtombs of the Kofun era.

    Military EquipmentThe main projectile weapon used in Goguryeo was the bow. The bows were modified to be more composite andincrease throwing ability on par with crossbows. To a lesser extent, stone-throwing machines and crossbows werealso used. Polearms, used against the cavalry and in open order, were mostly spears. Two types of swords were usedby Goguryeo warriors. The first was a shorter double-edged variant mostly used for throwing. The other was longersingle-edged sword with minimal hilt and ring pommel, of obvious eastern han influence. The helmets were similarto helmets used by Central Asian peoples, decorated with wings, leathers and horsetails. The shield was the mainprotection, which covered most of the soldier's body. These cavalry were called Gaemamusa (, ), loosely translated as "Iron Horse Warriors".

    FortificationsThe most common form of the Goguryeo fortress was one made in the shape of the moon, located between a riverand its tributary. Ditches and ground walls between the shores formed an extra defense line. The walls were madefrom huge stone blocks fixed with clay, and even Chinese artillery had difficulty to break through them. Walls weresurrounded by a ditch to prevent an underground attack, and equipped with guard towers. All fortresses had sourcesof water and enough equipment for a protracted siege. If rivers and mountains were absent, extra defense lines wereadded.

  • Goguryeo 12

    For more information on fortification, see Cheolli Jangseong ().

    Military OrganizationTwo hunts per year, led by the king himself, maneuvers exercises, hunt-maneuvers and parades were conducted togive the Goguryeo soldier a high level of individual training.There were five armies in the capital, mostly cavalry that were personally led by the king, numbering approximately12,500. Military units varied in number from 21,000 to 36,000 soldiers, were located in the provinces, and were ledby the governors. Military colonies near the boundaries consisted mostly of soldiers and peasants. There were alsoprivate armies held by aristocrats. This system allowed Goguryeo to maintain and utilize an army of 50,000 withoutadded expense, and 300,000 through large mobilization in special cases.Goguryeo units were divided according to major weapons: spearmen, axemen, archers composed of those on footand horseback, and heavy cavalry that included armored and heavy spear divisions. Other groups like the catapultunits, wall-climbers, and storm units were part of the special units and were added to the common. The advantage ofthis functional division is highly specialized combat units, while the disadvantage is that it was impossible for oneunit to make complex, tactical actions.

    Military StrategyThe military formation had the general and his staff with guards in the middle of the army. The archers weredefended by axemen. In front of the general were the main infantry forces, and on the flanks were rows of heavycavalry ready to counterattack in case of a flank attack by the enemy. In the very front and rear was the light cavalry,used for intelligence, pursuit, and for weakening the enemy's strike. Around the main troops were small groups ofheavy cavalrymen and infantry. Each unit was prepared to defend the other by providing mutual support.Goguryeo implemented a strategy of active defense based on cities. Besides the walled cities and fortified camps,this active defense system used small units of light cavalry to continuously harass the enemy, de-blockade units andstrong reserves, consisting of the best soldiers, to strike hard at the end.Goguryeo also employed military intelligence and special tactics as an important part of the strategy. Goguryeo wasgood at disinformation, such as sending only stone spearheads as tribute to the Chinese court when they were in theIron Age. Goguryeo had developed its system of espionage. One of the most famous spies, Baekseok, mentioned inthe Samguk yusa, was able to infiltrate the Hwarangs of Silla.

    Culture

    Goguryeo King Crown

    The culture of Goguryeo was shaped by its climate, religion, andthe tense society that people dealt with due to the numerous warsGoguryeo waged. Not much is known about Goguryeo culture, asmany records have been lost.

    Lifestyle

    The inhabitants of Goguryeo wore a predecessor of the modernhanbok, just as the other cultures of the three kingdoms. There aremurals and artifacts that depict dancers wearing elaborate whitedresses.

  • Goguryeo 13

    Festivals and pastimes

    A mural of a three-legged bird in a Goguryeo tomb.

    Common pastimes among Goguryeo people were drinking,singing, or dancing. Games such as wrestling attracted curiousspectators.Every October, the Dongmaeng Festival was held. TheDongmaeng Festival was practiced to worship the gods. Theceremonies were followed by huge celebratory feasts, games, andother activities. Often, the king performed rites to his ancestors.

    Hunting was a male activity and also served as an appropriate means to train young men for the military. Huntingparties rode on horses and hunted deer and other game with bows-and-arrows. Archery contests also occurred.

    Religion

    A Goguryeo tomb mural.

    Goguryeo people worshipped ancestors and considered them to besupernatural.[37] Jumong, the founder of Goguryeo, wasworshipped and respected among the people. At the annualDongmaeng Festival, a religious rite was performed for Jumong,ancestors, and gods.

    Mythical beasts and animals were also considered to be sacred inGoguryeo. The phoenix and dragon were both worshipped, whilethe Samjogo, the three-legged crow that represented the sun, wasconsidered the most powerful of the three. Paintings of mythicalbeasts exist in Goguryeo king tombs today.

    They also believed in the 'Sasin', who were 4 mythical animals.Chungryong (blue dragon) guarded the east, baek-ho (white tiger) guarded the west, jujak (red phoenix (bird))guarded the south, and hyunmu (black turtle (sometimes with snakes for a tail)) guarded the north.Buddhism was first introduced to Goguryeo in 372.[38] The government recognized and encouraged the teachings ofBuddhism and many monasteries and shrines were created during Goguryeo's rule, making Goguryeo the firstkingdom in the region to adopt Buddhism. However, Buddhism was much more popular in Silla and Baekje, whichGoguryeo passed Buddhism to.[38]

    Cultural linkage

    Ssireum depicted on Goguryeo mural

    Goguryeo art, preserved largely in tomb paintings, is noted for thevigour of its imagery. Finely detailed art can be seen in Goguryeotombs and other murals. Many of the art pieces has an originalstyle of painting.

    Cultural legacies of Goguryeo may be found in modern Koreanculture, for example, Ssireum,[39] Taekkyeon,[40][41] Koreandance, ondol, Goguryeo's floor heating system, and the hanbok.(Brown 2006, p.18)

    Ethnic Composition

    Goguryeo's population was ethnically and culturally diverse. The Zizhi Tongjian records that a large proportion ofGoguryeo's population consisted of ethnic Chinese.

  • Goguryeo 14

    LegacyRemains of walled towns, fortresses, palaces, tombs, and artifacts have been found in North Korea and Manchuria,including ancient paintings in a Goguryeo tomb complex in Pyongyang. Some ruins are also still visible inpresent-day China, for example at W N Shn, suspected to be the site of Jolbon fortress, near Huanren in Liaoningprovince on the present border with North Korea. Ji'an is also home to a large collection of Goguryeo era tombs,including what Chinese scholars consider to be the tombs of kings Gwanggaeto and his son Jangsu, as well asperhaps the best-known Goguryeo artifact, the Gwanggaeto Stele, which is one of the primary sources for pre-fifthcentury Goguryeo history.

    World Heritage SiteUNESCO added Capital Cities and Tombs of the Ancient Koguryo Kingdom in present-day China and Complex ofGoguryeo Tombs in present-day North Korea to the World Heritage Sites in 2004.

    NameThe modern English name "Korea" derives from the Goryeo Dynasty (918-1392), which itself took one of thevarious names which Goguryeo had used in diplomatic language with its neighbours. Goguryeo is also referred to asGoryeo after 520 CE in Chinese and Japanese historical and diplomatic sources.[42][43]

    Language

    Detail of a rubbing of the Gwanggaeto Stele(414 CE), one of the few surviving records

    made by Goguryeo, written in ClassicalChinese.

    There have been some academic attempts to reconstruct the Goguryeowords based on the fragments of toponyms, recorded in the Samguk Sagi,of the areas once possessed by Goguryeo. However, the reliability of thetoponyms as linguistic evidence is still in dispute.[44] Some linguistspropose the so-called "Buyeo languages" family that includes thelanguages of Buyeo, Goguryeo, Baekje, and Old Japanese. Chineserecords suggest that the languages of Goguryeo, Buyeo, East Okjeo, andGojoseon were similar, while Goguryeo language differed from that ofMalgal (Mohe).[45][46][47]

  • Goguryeo 15

    Modern politics

    Goguryeo at territorial prime and modernpolitical boundaries

    The Chinese government's attempted characterization of Goguryeo as apossible regional Chinese power in recent times has spawned heateddisputes with both North Korea and South Korea, as well as mostscholars of Goguryeo history[48][49][50][51] including Chinese scholars,[52]

    . Historians debate the "possession" of Goguryeo history. Some arguethat Goguryeo is uniquely and exclusively Chinese or Korean, othersbelieve that it is independent of both, and still others believe that historyof an ancient fallen kingdom can only be shared, and not claimed. Atheart of the Goguryeo controversy is the "Koreanness" or "Chineseness"of Goguryeo.[53]

    References[1] 'Mark E. Byington, "A History of the Puyo State, its History and Legacy" 2003 PhD

    dissertation for the department of East Asian History, Harvard University, p. 234'[2] 'Daniel Kane, postdoctoral student, Korean History Department, University of Hawaii,

    personal web site http:/ / www2. hawaii. edu/ ~dkane/ Puyo. htm

    [3] 'Christopher I. Beckwith, "Koguryo, The Language Of Japan's Continental Relatives", 2004 Brill Academic Publishers, page 33'[4] 'Mark E. Byington, "A History of the Puyo State, its History and Legacy", p. 194'[5] See, e.g., Samguk Sagi, vol. 13. (http:/ / www. khaan. net/ history/ samkooksagi/ sagi1317. htm)[6] 'Mark E. Byington, "A History of the Puyo State, its History and Legacy", p. 233'[7]

    [8] Rhee, Song nai (1992) Secondary State Formation: The Case of Koguryo State. In Pacific Northeast Asia in Prehistory:

    Hunter-fisher-gatherers, Farmers, and Sociopolitical Elites, edited by C. Melvin Aikens and Song Nai Rhee, pp. 191196. WSU Press,Pullman ISBN 0-87422-092-0.

    [9] De Bary, Theodore and Peter H. Lee, "Sources of Korean Tradition", p. 711[10] De Bary, Theodore and Peter H. Lee, Editors, "Sources of Korean Tradition", p. 2425[11] Ilyon, "Samguk Yusa", Yonsei University Press, p. 45[12] Ilyon, "Samguk Yusa", p. 46[13] Encyclopedia of Korean Culture (http:/ / 100. empas. com/ dicsearch/ pentry. html?s=K& i=273624) (Korean)[14] Doosan Encyclopedia Online (http:/ / 100. naver. com/ 100. nhn?docid=828500) (Korean)[15] Ilyon, "Samguk Yusa", p. 4647[16]

    [17] (MyGoguryeo Unknown year)[18] 'Gina L. Barnes', "State Formation in Korea", 2001 Curzon Press, page 22'[19] 'Ki-Baik Lee', "A New History of Korea", 1984 Harvard University Press, page 24'[20] 'Ki-Baik Lee', "A New History of Korea", 1984 Harvard University Press, page 36'[21] 'Gina L. Barnes', "State Formation in Korea", 2001 Curzon Press, page 22-23'[22] 'Gina L. Barnes', "State Formation in Korea", 2001 Curzon Press, page 23'[23] 'Ki-Baik Lee', "A New History of Korea", 1984 Harvard University Press, page 20[24] Encyclopedia of World History, Vol I, P464 Three Kingdoms, Korea, Edited by Marsha E. Ackermann, Michael J. Schroeder, Janice J.

    Terry, Jiu-Hwa Lo Upshur, Mark F. Whitters, ISBN 978-0-8160-6386-4[25] 'Ki-Baik Lee', "A New History of Korea", 1984 Harvard University Press, page 38[26] 'William E. Henthorn', "A History of Korea", 1971 Macmillan Publishing Co., page 34[27] Szczepanski,Kallie.(2011). Inscription from Gwanggaeto the Great's Stele Retrieved from September 18, 2011 from

    [28] De Bary, Theodore and Peter H. Lee, "Sources of Korean Tradition", p. 2526[29] 'Ki-Baik Lee', "A New History of Korea", 1984 Harvard University Press, page 36[30] 'Korea Broadcasting System, "History Special Book Edition vol. 6" - How is it that Goguryeo a victory over Chinese Tang army, p. 96'[31] " (Mystery of the death of Tang Taizong and making the [[Zhonghua Minzu (http:/ / news.

    naver. com/ main/ read. nhn?mode=LSD& mid=sec& sid1=102& oid=037& aid=0000003498)])"] (in Korean). The Dong-a Ilbo (DongA

  • Goguryeo 16

    Weekly). 2007-09-28. .[32] In both Korean and Chinese sources, Tang Taizong lived three more years after the war.[33] Zizhi Tongjian, vols. 198, 199, 200, 201[34] Samguk Sagi, vol. 22. (http:/ / www. khaan. net/ history/ samkooksagi/ sagi2122. htm)[35] [36] [37] The Pride History of Korea (http:/ / www. mygoguryeo. net/ history01. htm)[38] (ScienceView Unknown year)[39] History of Ssireum (http:/ / ynucc. yeungnam. ac. kr/ ~ssi/ Introduction/ History/ history. html), Korea Ssireum Research Institute[40] Historical Background Of Taekwondo (http:/ / www. koreataekwondo. org/ KTA_ENG/ html/ ency/ intro01_1. asp) Korea Taekwondo

    Association[41] The Origin of Taekwondo (http:/ / www. wtf. org/ site/ about_taekwondo/ history/ ancient. htm), The World Taekwondo Federation[42] (http:/ / www. chosun. com/ culture/ news/ 200606/ 200606160471. html)[43] (http:/ / www. krsrt. com/ koguryo/ A/ koguryoA-13. html)[44] http:/ / www. historyfoundation. or. kr/ Data/ DataGarden/ Journal(02-2)(2). pdf[45] Fan Ye, Book of the Later Han, volume 85; the Dongyi Liezhuan[46] Wei Shou, Book of Wei, volume 100; the Liezhuan 88, the Wuji[47] Li Dashi, History of Northern Dynasties, volume 94; the Liezhuan 82, the Wuji[48] Bae, Young-dae; Min-a Lee (2004-09-16). "Korea finds some allies in Goguryeo history spat" (http:/ / joongangdaily. joins. com/ article/

    view. asp?aid=2470382). Joongang Ilbo. . Retrieved 2007-03-06.[49] China shock for South Korea By Bruce Klingner. Asia Times (http:/ / www. atimes. com/ atimes/ Korea/ FI11Dg03. html)[50] "About the Korea Institute" (http:/ / www. fas. harvard. edu/ ~korea/ about. html). Korea Institute. . Retrieved 2007-05-28.[51] "Korean-Russian academia jointly respond to Northeast Project" (http:/ / news. naver. com/ news/ read. php?mode=LSD& office_id=078&

    article_id=0000026912& section_id=117& menu_id=117) (in Korean). Naver. 2006-10-31. . Retrieved 2007-03-06.[52] "Chinese Scholar Slams Co-opting Korean History" (http:/ / web. archive. org/ web/ 20061019012559/ http:/ / english. chosun. com/

    w21data/ html/ news/ 200609/ 200609130027. html). Chosun Ilbo. 2006-09-13. Archived from the original (http:/ / english. chosun. com/w21data/ html/ news/ 200609/ 200609130027. html) on 2006-10-19. . Retrieved 2007-03-06.

    [53] The Korea-China Textbook War-What's It All About? (http:/ / hnn. us/ articles/ 21617. html)

    Further reading Byeon, Tae-seop (1999), (Outline of Korean history), 4th ed, Unknown Publisher,

    ISBN89-445-9101-6 US Library of Congress, Unknown Author (Unknown Year), South Korea:The Three Kingdom Periods (http:/ /

    lcweb2. loc. gov/ cgi-bin/ query/ r?frd/ cstdy:@field(DOCID+ kr0014)), Unknown Publisher Metropolitan Museum, Unknown Author (Unknown Year), Korea, 1-500 A.D) Korea, 1-500AD (http:/ / www.

    metmuseum. org/ toah/ ht/ 05/ eak/ ht05eak. htm), Unknown Publisher Yonson, Ahn (2006), Korea China Textbook War. What's It All About? (http:/ / hnn. us/ articles/ 21617. html),

    History News Network Ramzy, Austin (2004-08-16), Rewriting History (http:/ / www. time. com/ time/ magazine/ article/

    0,9171,501040823-682338,00. html), Time Magazine, retrieved 2010-05-03 Klingner, Bruce (2004), China Shock for South Korea (http:/ / www. atimes. com/ atimes/ korea/ FI11Dg03.

    html), Asia Time Shin, Hyoung-Sik (2003), History of Koguryo (http:/ / dprk-cn. com/ en/ history/ koguryo/ ), Ewha Womans

    University Press, South Korea Lee, Wha (Unknown Year), Forgotten Glory of Koguryo (http:/ / www. kimsoft. com/ KOREA/ kogu. htm),

    Kimsoft.com Brown, John (2006), China, Japan, Korea. Culture and Custom (http:/ / books. google. com/

    ?id=3r-3YH3t45cC& pg=RA1-PA81& lpg=RA1-PA81& dq=goguryeo+ hanbok), BookSurge Publishing,ISBN9781419648939

    Beckwith, Christopher I. (August 2003) (PDF), Ancient Koguryo, Old Koguryo, and the Relationship of Japaneseto Korean (http:/ / www. msu. edu/ ~jk13/ Abs. Beckwith. pdf), Michigan State University, retrieved 2006-03-12

  • Goguryeo 17

    [Note: The work "Sasse, Werner. 1976. Das Glossar Kogury o-pang on im Kyerim-yusa" cited in this articleactually is "Werner Sasse, Das Glossar Koryo-pangon im Kyerim-yusa" :-)] Britannica, Unknown Author (Unknown Year), Koguryo (http:/ / www. britannica. com/ ebc/ article-9369333),

    Britannica Encyclopedia "Koguryo" (http:/ / www. webcitation. org/ 5kyWWfWvl), Encarta (MSN), 2007, archived from the original

    (http:/ / encarta. msn. com/ encyclopedia_761586773/ Kogury. html) on 2009-11-01, retrieved 2007-03-12 Columbia Encyclopedia, Unknown Author (2005), Korea (http:/ / www. bartleby. com/ 65/ ko/ Korea. html),

    Bartleby.com, retrieved 2007-03-12 CIA World Factbook (2007), Korea, South (https:/ / www. cia. gov/ library/ publications/ the-world-factbook/

    geos/ ks. html), CIA, retrieved 2007-04-27 Sun, Jinji (2004a), Dongbei minzu yuanliu (The Ethnic Origin of the Northeast), Heilongjiang Renmin Chubanshe Sun, Jinji (1986), Zhongguo Gaogoulishi yanjiu kaifang fanrong de liunian (Six Years of Opening and Prosperity

    of Koguryo History Research), Heilongjiang Renmin Chubanshe Sun, Jinji (2004b), Renmin jiaoyu chubanshe lishixi (History Department of People's Education Press), Zhongguo

    lishi (Chinese History) II, Heilongjiang Renmin Chubanshe MyGoguryeo, Unknown (Unknown Year), The Pride History of Korea (http:/ / www. mygoguryeo. net/

    history01. htm), MyGoguryeo.net (WWW) Byington, Mark (2004a), Koguryo Part of China? (http:/ / koreaweb. ws/ pipermail/ koreanstudies_koreaweb. ws/

    2004-January/ 004054. html), Koreanstudies mailing list (WWW) Byington, Mark (2004b), The War of Words Between South Korea and China Over An Ancient Kingdom: Why

    Both Sides Are Misguided (http:/ / koreaweb. ws/ pipermail/ koreanstudies_koreaweb. ws/ 2004-January/ 004054.html), History News Network (WWW)

    ScienceView, Unknown Author (Unknown Year), Cultural Development of the Three Kingdoms (http:/ /scienceview. berkeley. edu/ VI/ handbooks_history. html), ScienceView (WWW)

    Rhee, Song nai (1992) Secondary State Formation: The Case of Koguryo State. In Pacific Northeast Asia inPrehistory: Hunter-fisher-gatherers, Farmers, and Sociopolitical Elites, edited by C. Melvin Aikens and SongNai Rhee, pp.191196. WSU Press, Pullman ISBN 0-87422-092-0.

    Asmolov, V. Konstantin. (1992). The System of Military Activity of Koguryo, Korea Journal, v. 32.2, 103116,1992.

    Jeon Ho-tae Goguryeo: In Search of Its Culture and History. Hollym.

    External links (English) Encyclopaedia Britannica (http:/ / www. britannica. com/ eb/ article-9045880/ Koguryo) (English) Encarta (http:/ / encarta. msn. com/ encnet/ refpages/ search. aspx?q=koguryo) ( Archived (http:/ /

    www. webcitation. org/ 5kwq5maPv) 2009-10-31) (English) Columbia Encyclopedia (http:/ / www. bartleby. com/ 65/ ko/ Korea. html) (Korean) Information about the ancient kingdom (http:/ / www. koguryo. org/ ) (English) Goguryeo of Korea (http:/ / www. mygoguryeo. com)

  • Article Sources and Contributors 18

    Article Sources and ContributorsGoguryeo Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=471656998 Contributors: 1tephania, ABCBBCKBS, ACSE, Aaron Schulz, Academic Challenger, Ace52387, Adimovk5, Aeaea,Alex Kov, Alex Shih, Alex earlier account, Allenellen, Altaicmania, Altikriti, Amphitere, Andrwsc, Anna Frodesiak, AnonMoos, Aocduio, Aphaia, Appleby, Archie, Assault11, Asure,Atalbert23, Aukes, AyaseHarukazeboy, AzaToth, Azalea pomp, Azure Dragon of the East, BD2412, BRcity, Babelfisch, Banchanseoul, Baristarim, Bason0, Bathrobe, Bezant, Boing! saidZebedee, Boothy443, Borahl8, Borgx, Born Gay, C.Fred, CBM, CSWarren, Caffelice, Caknuck, CaliforniaAliBaba, Can't sleep, clown will eat me, Caspian blue, Cbrown1023, Chadsnook,Chanjoon, Charles Matthews, ChinesePower, Chriskauri, Chrislk02, Chyuan, Cibeckwith, Coelacan, Colonies Chris, CommonsDelinker, Consoleman, Corpx, CronusXT, Cydevil, Cydevil38,DandanxD, Darkstyx, Datouerzi, Deadkid dk, DefenderofGaogouli, DefenseofChina, Deiaemeth, Denihilonihil, Dianaxiong, Dicting, Dixielander, Dkssuddksgody, DocWatson42, Dollarfifty,Doseiai2, Download, Drstuey, Dulylomo, EHRice, Easternknight, Ebizur, Ebyabe, Ecthelion83, Eiimsine, Eiorgiomugini, Eirikr, Elknz, Enbob89, Endroit, Epolk, Etimesoy, Evawen, Everyking,Exult, Fastfood, Fc57zj, Fgienr, FieldNorth, Flamarial, Flamebroil, Flora Cozzi, Formeruser0910, FrancoGG, Fuzheado, F, Gabsboy123, Gaia1CB3, Garion96, Geanixx, General Tiger, Ggrye,Ghasraspi, Gilgamesh, Gilliam, Giraffedata, Goguryeo, Goguryeohistory, Gojumong, Gomanari, Gomida, Gonnabehappy, Good Olfactory, Good friend100, Goodthings, Greenshed, GruntyThraveswain, Grutness, Guardian Tiger, Guidales, Gunman47, Gurch, H27kim, Hairwizard91, HappyDog, Haukurth, Heroeswithmetaphors, Historiographer, Hko2333, Hmains, Howcheng,Hp4j92, Hunnjazal, Iceager, Idh0854, Irafox, Iridescent, J.delanoy, JOHNDOE, Jack Greenmaven, Jagello, JakeLM, JarlaxleArtemis, Jcsnlee, Jeff G., Jh.daniell, Jhhwang7, Jiejunkong,Jihoon796, John Smith's, John of Reading, JohnDMarks, Johnfhilvaldellon, Jpbowen, JudahBlaze, Jungjun, Jupiter-1995, KEIM, Ka Faraq Gatri, Kamosuke, KaraKamilia, Kbthompson,Kdammers, Kejsimek, Keport, Kesaer, Keteshe, Kfc1864, Khazar, Kimchiii, Kingfuked, Kingj123, Kintetsubuffalo, Kjrocker, Knhj, Koavf, Koguryochina, Kokiri, Komdori, Komitsuki,KoreaisGreatestCountry, KoreanSentry, Koreanjenny, Koreo, Kprideboi, Krun00, Krusader6, Ksyrie, Ktsquare, Kuebie, Kummi, Kurpesiela, Kusunose, Kwamikagami, L46kok, LLTimes,LactoseTI, Lakshmix, Loren36, Lowellian, Lulusuke, Luna Santin, Maneatinghorse, Marco polo, Marian970, Master of the Orchalcos, Mellery, Melonbarmonster, Menchi, Metalseadramon,Michael G. Davis, Mincheol, Minimac, Miraculum, Mireflejo, Mmorabito67, Momys spageti, Mr Tan, Mr. Horse, Mr. Killigan, MrDarcy, Murderbike, Nanshu, Naraht, Nat Krause, Naus,Navernavernaver, Neo-Jay, Nightshadow28, Nike787, Niohe, Niteowlneils, Nixeagle, Nlu, Nobori, Norm mit, Nstott, Nv8200p, O Dong-gun, Ocon, Odst, Olivier, Omicronpersei8, Oncamera,Onomatos, Oyo321, PC78, Panarjedde, Pasquale, Paularblaster, Pharos, Phlegmswicke of Numbtardia, Pilgrim Tom, Pilotguy, Plu98, Pobody, Purelove, Quantpole, R'n'B, Ran, RandomXYZb,Rascalbear, Rcsprinter123, Reuben, RevolverOcelotX, Rhythm, Rich Farmbrough, Richard Harvey, RickK, Rjwilmsi, Rl, Roadrunner, Rob Hooft, Rolffff, Ronnb, Rst20xx, Ryuch, Ryulong, SamHocevar, Sammyy85, Sandycx, Saranghae honey, Sennen goroshi, Sentinel R, Seoyoon, Sewing, Sg2star93, Shogo Kawada, Shrigley, Sir Edgar, Sjc196, Skyfiler, Smartjin, SouthernNights,Spartan-James, Spartaz, Steel, Stopcyberbullying, StormDaebak, Straitgate, Superman0619, Sydneyphoenix, Tabletop, Taco325i, Talessman, Taranet, Tcjt, TerriersFan, ThaddeusB, Theelf29,Tim1357, Time of flight, Tjpark1111, Tnaniua, Tomyao666, Tortfeasor, Truthanado, Tumennokuri, Tyler111, Userask, Vanished 6551232, Vistasiela, Visviva, W950712, WangKon936, Warszk,Whlee, Why Not A Duck, Wik, Wiki pokemon, Wikimachine, Wikiment, Wikipeditor, Windersky, Wknight94, Woohookitty, Wsngk2, Xaos, Yamaguchi , Yeahsoo, Yik Lin Khoo,Ynhockey, Yug, Yuje, Zhou Yu, Zondi, 853 anonymous edits

    Image Sources, Licenses and ContributorsFile:Blank.png Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Blank.png License: Public Domain Contributors: Bastique, Chlewey, ChrisDHDR, It Is Me Here, Jed, Paradoctor,Patrick, Penubag, Rocket000, Roomba, Timeroot, TintazulFile:History of Korea-476.PNG Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:History_of_Korea-476.PNG License: Creative Commons Attribution-Sharealike 3.0 Contributors:MyselfFile:Goguryeo tomb mural.jpg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Goguryeo_tomb_mural.jpg License: Public Domain Contributors: Gryffindor, Isageum, KEIM, Maksim,Thib Phil, Wolfmann, Wst, , 1 anonymous editsFile:History of Korea-001.png Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:History_of_Korea-001.png License: GNU Free Documentation License Contributors: HistoriographerFile:Korea-Goguryeo-King.crown-01.jpg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Korea-Goguryeo-King.crown-01.jpg License: Public Domain Contributors: Original uploaderwas Good friend100 at en.wikipediaFile:Korean three-legged bird mural.jpg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Korean_three-legged_bird_mural.jpg License: Public Domain Contributors: Amcaja, Isageum,KEIMFile:Ddol-mangM.jpg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Ddol-mangM.jpg License: Creative Commons Attribution-Sharealike 2.0 Contributors: ddol-mang (a flickr user)File:Goguryeo-Gakjeochong-Ssireumdo-01.jpg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Goguryeo-Gakjeochong-Ssireumdo-01.jpg License: Public Domain Contributors:Caspian blue, Isageum, KEIMFile:Rubbing of the Gwanggaeto S.jpg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Rubbing_of_the_Gwanggaeto_S.jpg License: Creative Commons Attribution-Sharealike 2.5Contributors: JakeLMFile:Three Kingdoms of Korea Map with modernborders.png Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Three_Kingdoms_of_Korea_Map_with_modernborders.png License:GNU Free Documentation License Contributors: Himasaram, Jiejunkong

    LicenseCreative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 3.0 Unported//creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0/

    GoguryeoHistoryFounding of Goguryeo (c. 37 BCE)Jumong and the foundation myth

    Centralization and early expansion (mid 1st century CE)Goguryeo-Wei War (244 CE)Revival and further expansion (300 to 390)Zenith of Goguryeo's Power (391 to 531 CE)Internal strife (531 to 551)Conflicts of the late 6th and 7th centuries CEGoguryeo's loss of the Han River ValleyGoguryeo-Sui WarsGoguryeo-Tang War and Silla-Tang allianceFallRevival movements

    MilitaryMilitary EquipmentFortificationsMilitary OrganizationMilitary Strategy

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