OFC 2008Perspectives on Optical Communications

Herwig Kogelnikg gBell Labs, Alcatel-Lucent Crawford Hill Laboratory

Celebrate Telecom Anniversaries

Broadband, FTTH & FTTP

TERABITS/s and TERAMETERSTERABITS/s and TERAMETERSAdvanced Modulation Formats100 Gb/s per wavelengthAdvances in photonic integrationAdvances in photonic integration

Acknowledgements

Andy Chraplyvy, Y. K. Chen, Chris Doerr,

Rene Essiambre, Olivier Gautheron,

Randy Giles Alan Gnauck Peter KaiserRandy Giles, Alan Gnauck, Peter Kaiser,

Steve Korotky, Richard Mack, Greg Raybon,

Richard Wagner, Peter Winzer,

Happy 50th AnniversaryTo Optical CommunicationsTo Optical Communications

Three claims in first laser patent subm. 1958p

6,100 km

19881988

Happy Anniversary!

The first word across the AtlanticA t 16 1858August 16, 1858

Message from Queen Victoria to president James Buchanan

Cyrus Field, Lord Kelvin, Samuel Morse

Source: WikipediaH. Kogelnik OFC 2008 See: Stefan Zweig, Sternstunden der Menschheit

Today: > 500 000 km of undersea cable

Underseacablescables

Asia Pacific

Global Fiber Deployment (Mkm)Global Fiber Deployment (Mkm)courtesy: KMI Research, CRU Group

900

600

900MultimodeOther S-MCable TV600 Ca eOth. Local Tel.FTTB, _C, _NFTTP

300 Int'l Subm.Long-Distance

01989 1992 1995 1998 2001 2004 2007

Other S-M = utility, railway, highway, government, military, premises, etc.

Other local tel. =CO trunks, metro rings, business/office parks, CLEC, etc.

Worldwide Broadband Subscribers by Technologyt KMI R h CRU Gcourtesy: KMI Research, CRU Group

400Million Subscribers

400

FTTPOther (FWL, BPL, etc.)FTTC B N

200

FTTC, B, N CO ADSLCable Modem

00

02000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007

Factory installed aerial cable branch and d l ( R E W )drop closure (courtesy: R. E. Wagner)

Cost of fiber vs copperppprediction by P. W. Shumate and R. K. Snelling, IEEE Comm. Mag. 1991

$4,000

$3,000 Most Likely New LineFTTH

$2,000Cos

t

Most Likely New Line(Copper Distribution)

FTTC

$1 000

$ ,C

$1,000Life-Cycle Cost SavingsAccelerate Copper Parity

1990 1995 2000

FTTx deployment in North Americacourtesy: R E Wagnercourtesy: R. E. Wagner

489

)

35

40

45

35

40

45

45678

Homes connectedHomes passedbut not connectedd

(mill

ions

)

25

30

35

25

30

35

01234

conn

ecte

d

15

20

15

200

2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007

asse

d or

c

0

5

10

0

5

10

Hom

es p

02002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008

est2009est

2010est

2011est

2012est

0

Global FTTx deployment120 120

10

12

ChinaE

80

100

80

100

6

8EuropeNorth AmericaJapan

mill

ions

)

60 60

0

2

4

onne

cted

(

20

40

20

400

2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007

Hom

es c

o

02002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008

t2009

t2010

t2011

t2012

t

0

H

est est est est est

courtesy: R. E. Wagner

Bend-tolerant fiberd bi t ireduces cabinet size

2006 Inside

2004

20062006

courtesy: R. E. Wagner

Photonic Crystal Fibers

•www.bath.ac.uk/physics/

•www.crystal-fibre.com

www.nrl.navy.mil

P. Kaiser et al., 1972

GLOBAL TELECOMS TRAFFIC100000

10000[Gbi

t/s]

Data10000

1000traf

fic [ World

Voice

100

etw

ork

t

USA

10

1rage

ne

11996 1998 2000 2002 2004 2006 2008

YearAver

Sources: A. M. Odlyzko, Internet Traffic Growth: Sources and Implications (2003).S. Perrin et al., Worldwide Bandwidth End-Use Forecast and Analysis, IDC Market Analysis (2003).

Transistor Scaling Trend

Transistor Scaling Trend

Courtesy: Y.K. Chen

Computing & Networking Bandwidth

107 107

DEC RISC

Sources: Intel, DEC

104

105

106

104

105

106

Micro 2011Micro 2000M

IPS

)

10× each 5.5 years NIC

B

102

103

104

102

103

104

100BASE T

Gb-Ethernet

155 ATM

P6

Pentium

orm

ance

(MB

andwidt

10GbE

100

101

10

100

101

10

4M Token10BASE-T

FDDI100BASE-T

StarLAN

16M Token

486

386

2868086

Per

fo h (Mbps)

1980 1990 2000 201010-1 10-1

Year of Market Introduction

DCP

Amdahl’s Law: 1 MIPS networked computing power requires 1 Mbps I/O bandwidth

Commercial Lightwave System Capacity

1000

Total

100

AN

NEL

S

'98

'98

TotalCapacity

'01

'01100Tb/s

ptic

s

'03'03

10

ER o

f CH

A

'95

'96

'98

10Tb/s

Op

1NU

MB

E

’77 '83 '86'87

'89

'91'93

'95 1Tb/s

0.1

77 83 86 87

10Gb/s 100Gb/s

Electronics

0.01 0.1 1 10 100 1000DATA RATE per CHANNEL (Gb/s)

0.1

Integrated WDM PICs

• 100G parallel transport(= OTN VCAT)

0 G

b/s

MUX

100 Gb/s

100GE MAC

&( )

• Use multiple wavelengths & modulators

10 x

10

10 x 10-Gb/s Modulators(electrical optical)

100 Gb/s(10 λ’s)&

PCS

(electrical optical)

10-λ DWDM mux 10-λ DWDM de-mux

10xDWDM lasers10x10G modulators

10x10G receivers10xDWDM lasers

100Gb/s Tx PIC 100 Gb/s Rx PIC

R. Nagarajan, et. al, OFC/NFOEC, PDP32, 2007

25.6 Tb/s RZ-DQPSK Transmission on Single Fiber

TX 1

ODDC1..C79

CC/L C/L

DecorrelationMUX

C/L PCPC

A. H. Gnauck et al., Proc. OFC, 2007

INT

TX 1L

C/L C/L

Polarisation-

MUXL1..L79

C/L

C2..C80

PCErbium Fiber Amplifier

PC160 Wavelengths &

2x80 Gb/s per λPol-Mux

PC

TX 2

EVEN PCPolarisation-

Multipex

L

CC/L C/L

MUX

L2 L80

C/L PC

MUX 50GHz/100GHz Interleaver

Pol Mux

-10(d

B)

PCL2..L80

80 Gbit/s DQPSK

dB) -10

dB) -10

B]

9 THz @ 193 THz5% Bandwidth

-40

-30

-20la

tive

Pow

er (

ativ

e Po

wer

(d

-20

-30

-40ativ

e Po

wer

(d

-20

-30

-40 80 channels 80 channels

C-Band L-Band

pect

rum

[dB

-501548 1549 1550 1551

Wavelength (nm)

Rel

Wavelength (nm)

Rela

1520 1540 1560 1580 1600-50

Wavelength (nm)

Rela

1520 1540 1560 1580 1600-50

2 x 80 Gbit/s 2 x 80 Gbit/s

Wavelength [nm]Wavelength [nm]

Sp

Advanced modulation formats1 bit/symbol 2 bits/symbol 4 bits/symbol

~112 Gbaud(OOK, DB/PSBT, …)

~56 Gbaud(DQPSK, pol-muxed OOK, …)

~28 Gbaud(pol-muxed (D)QPSK, 16-QAM, …)

Im{Ex}

Re{Ex}

Im{Ex}

Re{Ex}

Im{Ex}

Re{Ex}

OOK

{ x} { x} { x}

Im{E }Im{Ex}DPSK

Im{Ey}

Re{Ey}Re{Ex}

Ex … Optical field, x-polarizationEy … Optical field, y-polarization

Optical Spectra of Modulation Formats

Spectra and eye diagrams have been generated through simulation tools.Inset of each figure shows intensity eye diagram the x-axis (Frequency) is normalized in terms of the bit-rate R

P. J. Winzer and R-J. Essiambre, Optical Fiber Telecommunications V P. J. Winzer and R-J. Essiambre, Advanced Optical Modulation Formats, Proceedings of the IEEE, vol 94, 2006

the x axis (Frequency) is normalized in terms of the bit rate R.

Fiber Capacity EstimateCapacity per unit bandwidth (spectral efficiency) for 2000-km transmission

7

8dw

idth

1-ASK, M-PSK4-ASK, M-PSK

Capacity per unit bandwidth (spectral efficiency) for 2000-km transmission

4 ASK M PSKExample

4

5

6

r uni

t ban

ds/

s/H

z)

,16-ASK, M-PSK

0

1

4-ASK, M-PSK

ield

( m

W1/

2)

1

2

3

paci

ty p

er(b

its

Record experiment -1 0 1

-1

0

R l t f fi ld ( W1/2 )

Imag

par

t of f

i

Sig l i di t t d b li t i i th i i t l

0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 400

1

SNR (dB)

Ca Record experiment

over 240 km Real part of field ( mW1/2 )

• Signal is distorted by nonlinear transmission there is a maximum spectral density of information that can be transmitted over optical fibers

• For 2000 km a spectral efficiency of ~5.5 bits/s/Hz can be achieved• This corresponds to an increase by a factor ~10 in distance and ~3 in • This corresponds to an increase by a factor 10 in distance and 3 in

spectral efficiency over record experiments

ASK: Amplitude-shift keying, M-PSK: M-ary Phase-shift keyingCourtesy: Rene Essiambre

100 k 100 k

NRZ-DQPSK on 100-GHz grid over 1200 km and 6 ROADMs

SwitchSwitchλ1

λ

100 kmNZDF

Raman

DCF

100 kmNZDF

DCFPre-comp

DFB

π/2

Raman

Express 1 x 4WSS

τ

53.5-Gb/s In-phase (I)

Pol. Pol.Pol

ROADM #2

10 dB

85 GHz

FrequencyTr

ansm

issi

on

400 kmLoop

100 km 100 km

λ10

Balanced RX

DFBAdd Drop53.5-Gb/s

Quadrature (Q)

Pol. Express

Drop / Add

(a)

(b)

Wavelength

ROADM in

q y 100 kmNZDF

DCF

100 kmNZDF

DCF

Post-compClock recovery

BERT

4:1Demux

Raman Raman

Express

nter

leav

er

1 x 9WSS

τOEQ

Pol

Pol.ROADM #1

AWG

g

Clock recovery In AddDropPol.

1 0 Tb/s capacity (10 x 107 Gb/s)1.0 Tb/s capacity (10 x 107 Gb/s)High spectral efficiency, 1.0 bit/s/Hz, (100-GHz channel spacing)

• No polarization multiplexing

P. Winzer et al., OFC 2007

107 Gb/s DQPSK over Commercial LambdaXtreme® Transport systemLambdaXtreme Transport system

λ1λ1λ1 z 100 km 100 km 100 km100 km100 km 100 km 100 km

ROADMROADM

100 km 100 km 100 km100 km100 km 100 km 100 km

Repeaters ROADM

107 Gb/ TX

λ21λλ

z

107 Gb/ RX

100 km LEAF

100 km TW-CL

100 km LEAF

100 km LEAF

100 km LEAF

100 km LEAF

100 km LEAF

100 km LEAF

100 km TW-CL

100 km LEAF

100 km LEAF

100 km LEAF

100 km LEAF

100 km LEAF

00 k i i i di ROAD f ll d d

λn

107 Gb/s TX λ1λ1λ1 zCW channels dropped

500 km 200 km 107 Gb/s RX

700-km transmission w/ intermediate ROADM successfully demonstratedLaboratory DemonstrationSingle wavelength 100 Gb/s – Alien wavelength (compatible Optics)21 th l th i f 10 Gb/ d CW21 other wavelengths, mix of 10 Gb/s and CWNo changes necessary to line system or monitoring and software control

Raybon, et. al, OFC/NFOEC 2008 paper OMQ4Note also: T. J. Xia et al., OFC 2008, NMC2, (Verizon field trial)

Monolithic InP 107-Gb/s RZ-DQPSK receiver

Photodiode pads

1 × 2 MMI coupler

2 × 4 star coupler

Monitor photodiode pads Current-injection phase shifter pad

n-contact pads

Monitor photodiode pads j p pThermo-optic phase shifter pad

C. R. Doerr et al. OFC 2008

High-capacity Research Experiments

Research records B)

-10

B)

-1025 6 Tb/s

10

100Research records

Optical AmplifierWDM

s elat

ive

Pow

er (

dB

-20

-30

-40

elat

ive

Pow

er (

dB

-20

-30

-40

25.6 Tb/s

1

10

cap

acit

y Tb/

Wavelength (nm)

Re

1520 1540 1560 1580 1600-50

Wavelength (nm)

Re

1520 1540 1560 1580 1600-50

100Syst

em

b/s

1986 1990 1994 1998 2002 2006

10

Year

Gb

53.5-Gbd DQPSK107-Gbd OOK

Coherent receivers in optical networking

Spectral efficiency:Richer symbol constellations, > 4-levelP lPol-mux

Digital signal processing:intradyningintradyningSimple impairment mitigation

From [1]:

x 90de

ghy

brid

P

xπ/2

Clock

xxFrom [1]

Pol.

yD

SP

90de

ghy

brid

Laser

y

π/2

ClockLaser Pol.

yy

Intradyne receiverP.J.Winzer et al.,

LEOS Summer Topicals, 2007C.R.S.Fludger et al., OFC, PDP22 (2007)From [1]

OFC 2008

Outlook

Broadband Services: FTTH, FTTP, GbE?strong technical progress :

- photonic integration vs increased complexityadvanced modulation formats- advanced modulation formats

- photonic crystal fibers, etc., etc.from pt-to-pt towards WDM networkingfrom pt to pt towards WDM networking

- network security- packet routing